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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

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http://www.archive.org/details/georgiaslandmark02knig 


Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials 
and  Legends 


COMPLETE  IN  TWO  VOLUMES 
VOLUME  II 

(ILLUSTRATED) 


BY       y 
LUCIAN  LAMAR  KNIGHT 

(A.  B.,  Georgia;  M.  A.,  Princeton) 
COMPILER  OF  THE  STATE  RECORDS  OF  GEORGIA 

Author  of  "Reminiscences  of  Famous  Georgians,"  in  two  volumes; 

"A  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Southern  Authors"; 

"Historical  Side-Lights";  Etc. 


FrI^ 


EDITION  DE  LUXE  FOR  PRIVATE  DISTRIBUTION 


Printed  for  the  Author  by 

THE  BYRD  PRINTING  COMPANY 

STATE  PRINTERS 

ATLANTA,  GEORGIA 
1914 


Copyright,  1914 

BY 

LUCIAN  LAMAR  KNIGHT 


DEDICATED 

TO 

FRANCES  AND  MARY 

WHOM  I  HAVE  LOVED  SINCE  THE  EARLIEST  DATS  OF  CRADLEDOM; 
AND  TO 

CLARA  CORINNE  KNIGHT, 

AN  EDUCATOR  OF  GEORGIA'S  BOYS  AND  GIRLS,"  FOR  TWENTY-FOUR  YEARS  A 
TEACHER  IN  ATLANTA'S  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS;  A  DAUGHTER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REVO- 
LUTION AND  A  DAUGHTER  OP  THE  CONFEDERACY;  BUT — ^FIRST  OF  ALL  AND  BEST 
OF  ALL — -A  MOTHER,  WHOSE  BEAUTIFUL  CHARACTER,  THE  SUM  OF  ALL  EXCELL- 
ENCE IN  WOMANHOOD,  HAS  KEPT  ME  TRUE  TO  ALL  TRUTH  AND  TENDER  TO  ALL 
WOMANKIND,  WHOSE  SHELTERING  ARMS  WERE  MY  FIRST  HAVEN  OP  REFUGE 
AND  WHOSE  WATCHFUL  EYES  WERE  MY  CHILDHOOd's  MORNING    STARS. 


PREFACE 

To  a  generous  public,  whose  favor  has  been  most  indulgent, 
this  concluding  volume  of  Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials, 
AND  Legends  is  presented  in  the  hope  that  its  gathered  lore  will 
be  graciously  and  kindly  received.  This  expectation  is  naturally 
excited  by  the  somewhat  wide  patronage  accorded  to  the  first 
volume.  There  is  not  a  public  library  of  any  magnitude  in  any 
State  of  the  Union  upon  whose  shelves  this  work  has  not  beeii 
placed,  a  fact  partially  explained  by  the  unique  prestige  which 
belongs  to  Georgia  as  one  of  the  original  thirteen  States  of  the 
Union  and  as  the  younge*^  of  the  English  Colonies  in  North 
America. 

Only  a  few  words  of  explanation  in  presenting  this  volume. 
The  apparent  inequalities  between  the  different  sections  of  the 
State,  with  respect  to  materials  possessing  historic  value,  are 
due  largely  to  the  fact  that  some  localities  are  much  older  than 
others  and  have  been  much  more  actively  and  vitally  concerned 
in  the  making  of  history.  There  has  also  been  a  difference  in 
the  degree  of  co-operative  encouragement  extended  to  the 
author.  Some  to  whom  the  writer  has  looked  for  help  have 
eagerly  embraced  an  opportunity  for  assisting  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  Georgia's  records;  but  others,  for  what  have  doubtless 
seemed  to  them  good  reasons,  have  been  strangely  indifferent. 
Such  has  ever  been  the  M^ay  of  the  world ;  and  many  who  are 
slow  to  help  are  prompt  to  criticize.  But  we  need  not  find  fault. 
It  is  only  natural  that  we  should  take  a  delight  in  doing  what 
we  can  do  best.  To  the  patriotic  women  of  our  State,  the  author 
wishes  to  renew  his  expressions  of  gratitude  for  assistance  most 
graciously  and  freely  given.  Their  kindness  has  been  a  cruse 
of  oil,  which  through  seasons  of  drought,  has  never  failed.  Else- 
where in  this  work  specific  acknowledgments  are  made  to  these 
gentle  contributors. 

The  reader's  attention  is  specially  directed  to  the  elaborate 
index  which  this  volume  contains,  an  index  which  embraces  both 
volumes  of  the  set,  traversing  the  whole  history  of  the  State, 
since  the  time  of  Oglethorpe,  and  aggregating  nearly  20,000 
names.  Historical  research  has  heretofore  been  greatly  handi- 
capped by  a  lack  of  good  indexes.  In  fact,  most  of  our  earlier 
histories  are  wholly  without  this  important  aid  to  investigation. 
Much  time  and  labor  have  been  spent  in  the  preparation  of  this 
feature.      To   ascertain   whether   an   ancestor  is  represented   in 


VI  Preface 

this  work  tlic  i-eader  needs  ouly  to  consult  the  index,  in  which 
a  thorough  analysis  of  the  work  is  presented  in  an  alphabetical 
scheme  of  arrangement.  Special  attention  is  also  called  to  the 
numerous  inscriptions  grouped  together  in  the  section  on 
** Historic  Churchyards  and  Burial-Grounds";  to  the  somewhat 
extended  list  of  early  settlers  who  served  either^  as  town  commis- 
sioners or  as  academy  trustees ;  and  to  the  monograph  entitled 
"Under  the  Code  Duello."  Most  of  the  information  herein  set 
forth  has  been  derived  at  first  hand  from  personal  visits  to 
various  parts  of  the  State  and  from  direct  and  immediate 
access  to  official  records.  Quite  a  number  of  rare  Indian 
Legends  have  been  dug  out  of  old  reports  in  the  Library  of 
Congress;  and  some  of  these,  because  of  the  novelty  which 
attaches  to  them,  will  be  read  with  much. interest. 

Intervals  of  leisure,  extending  over  a  period  of  five  years, 
have  lieen  occupied  in  gathering  the  materials  for  this  wovk  and 
in  putting  them  into  permanent  literary  form.  Professional 
engagements  have  not  been  seriously  disturbed,  nor  the  routine 
of  official  labors  interrupted.  The  writer  has  accomplished  his 
task  by  making  the  field  of  Georgia  history  his  playground.  He 
has  given  to  it  his  early  morning  hours,  frequently  beginning 
his  day's  work  at  dawn  and  outlining  a  full  chapter  before 
breakfast.  The  other  end  of  the  day  has  always  found  him 
taxed  to  exhaustion  and  ready  for  sleep.  He  has  l)urned  no 
midnight  oil. 

Infallibility  is  not  vouchsafed  to  mortals.  Exact  Truth,  if 
the  hope,  is  also  the  despair  of  historians.  To  no  one  are  the 
shortcomings  of  this  work  more  painfully  apparent  than  to  the 
authoi-  himself.  Mindful  of  his  human  frailties  and  limitations, 
he  has  sought  only  to  render  conscientious  and  faithful  service 
to  his  State.  This  has  ever  been  his  endeavor.  He  will  be  satis- 
fied if  Georgia  "s  benediction  rests  upon  his  labors ;  happier 
still  if,  when  his  day's  work  is  done,  he  can  fall  asleep  in  the 
clasp  of  her  violets — around  him  the  ashes  of  his  loved  ones 
and  over  him  an  epitaph  like  this:  "Here  lies  one  who  gave 
his  pen  to  Georgia's  memories,  whose  ambition  was  to  brighten 
the  names  on  her  fading  records  and  to  deepen  the  epitaphs  on 
her  mouldering  monuments,  whose  richest  recompense  of  reward 
was  found  in  the  all-sufficient  joy  of  service,  and  who  coveted 
naught  within  the  gift  of  the  old  mother  State,  save  the  privilege 
of  loving  every  foot  of  her  soil  and  every  page  of  her  history." 

LuciAx  Lamar  Knight. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

SECTION  I. 

Under  the  Code  Duello 1-48 

SECTION  II. 

Landmarks  And  Memorials 51-271 

Chapter  1 Hernando  DeSoto:  Memorials  of  his  March 

Through  Georgia  in  1540 51-52 

Chapter  II "Home,  Sweet  Home:"  John  Howard  Paj'ne's 

Georgia  Sweetheart  and  Imprisonments     62-71 

Chapter  III Lost  for  114  Years:  the  Mystery  of  General 

Greene's  Place  of  Entombment 71-89 

Chapter  IV Georgia's  Great  Seals 89-99 

Chapter  V Georgia  Issues  the  First  Patent  for  a  Steam- 
boat       99-102 

Chapter  VI President  Washington's  Georgia  Visit:  the 

Diary  of  his  Trip 102-106 

Chapter  VII General  Elijah  Clarke's  Trans-Oconee  Re- 
public    106-1 1 5 

Chapter  VIII Fannin  at  Goliad:  Story  of  thfe  Brutal  Mass- 
acre of  1836  115-121 

Chapter  IX William  H.  Seward:  a  Georgia  School  Mas- 
ter    121-131 

Chapter  X Crawford  W.  Long:  The  Discoverer  of  Anes- 
thesia     13 1- 138 

Chapter  XI John  Clark:    His    Grave    Overlooking    St. 

Andrew's    Bay 138-142 

Chapter  XII Liberty  Hall:  The  Historic  Home  of  Mr. 

Stephens 142-154 

Chapter  XIII The  Last  Order  of  the  Confederate  Govern- 
ment   154-156 

Chapter  XIV Memorial  Day:  its  True  History 156-167 

Chapter  XV Thomas  Holley  Chivers:  an  Eratic  Genius_.   167-170 

Chapter  XVI Georgia's  First   Governor:  His  Mvsterious 

Death I 170-172 

Chapter  XVII Two  Pioneer  Baptists:  the  Story  of  the  Mei-- 

cers 172-179 

Chapter  XVIII Ebenezer:  the  Story  of  the  Salzburgers 179-193 

Chapter  XIX Sunbury:  an  Extinct  Metropolis 193-198 

Chapter  XX Fort  Morris:  The  Last  to  Lower  the  Colonial 

Flag 198-202 

Chapter  XXI New  Inverness:  The  Story  of  the  Scotch 

Highlanders 202-207 


VIII  Table  of  Contents 

Chaptkk  XXII The  Acadians  in  Georgia 207-211 

Chapter  XXIII The  Moravians  in  Georgia . 211-215 

Chapter  XXIV Roswell:  The    Home    of  Mr.    Roosevelt's 

Mother 215-222 

Chapter  XXV Dr.  Francis  R.  Goulding:  The  Author  of'The 

Young   Marooners" 222-225 

Chapter  XXVI Who  Invented  the  Sewing-Machine? 225-228 

Chapter  XXVII "The  Savannah":  Her  Maiden  Trip  Across 

the  Atlantic  in  1819 228-2.31 

Chapter  XXVIII How   the   "General"    was   Captured:   The 

Story  of  the  Famous  Andrews'  Raid 231-235 

Chapter  XXIX How  Mr.  Bryan  Secured  his  Nomination  in 

1896 235-239 

Chapter  XXX The  Wren's  Nest :  its  Memories  of  Joel  Chan- 
dler Harris  239-245 

Chapter  XXXI Stone  Mountain:  a  Monolith  of  Prehistoric 

Times 245-252 

Chapter  XXXII The  Old  Field  School 252-263 

Chapter  XXXIII Georgia's  Early  Masonic  History:  an  Im-' 

portant  Volume  Discovered 263-269 

Chapter  XXXIV Mrs.  Wilson  Comes  Home 269-271 

SECTION  III. 

Historic  Church- Yards  And  Burial-Grounds 275^38 

Colonial  Park,  Savannah 275-286 

Bonaventure,  Savannah 286-299 

Laurel  Grove,  Savannah 299-311 

Catholic  Cemetery,  Savannah " 311-311 

Old  Jewish  Burial  Ground,  Savannah 311-312 

St.  Paul's,  Augusta 312-317 

Summerville,  Augusta 317-323 

Arsenal,  Augusta 323-325 

City  Cemetery,  Augusta 325-338 

Old  Midway,  Liberty  County .  _ .  338-344 

Old  Cemetery,  Louisville 344-346 

New  Cemetery,  Louisville 346-348 

Town  Cemetery,  Milledgeville 347-352 

Rest  Haven,  Washington 352-354 

Smyrna  Church-Yard,  near  Washington 354-356 

Presbyterian  Cemetery,  Lexington 356-357 

Town  Cemetery,  Greensboro 357-362 

Oconee  Cemetery,  Athens 362-372 

Town  Cemetery,  Sparta 372-375 

Alta  Vista  Cemetery,  Gainesville 375-378 

Town  Cemetery,  Forsyth 378-381 

Ro,seHiU,  Macon 381-391 

Oak  Hill,  Griffin 391-394 

Oak  Grove,  Americus 394-395 


Table  of  Contents  ix 

Town  Cemetery,  Oxford 395-397 

Linnwood,  Columbus 397-404 

Town  Cemetery,  Decatur 404-407 

Confederate  Cemetery,  Marietta 407-410 

Town  Cemetery,  Cartersville 410-414 

Myrtle  Hill,  Rome 414-417 

Oakland,  Atlanta 417-428 

Westview,  Atlanta. _., 428^32 

Town  Cemetery,     Greenville : 432-435 

Oak  Hill,  Newnan 435-438 

SECTION  IV. 

Myths  And  Legends  of  The  Indians 441-480 

I The  Legend  of  Nacoochee 441-442 

II The  Legend  of  Hiawassee 442-445 

HI The  Legend  of  the  Cherokee  Rose 445-446 

IV The  Legend  of  Lover's  Leap 446-449 

V The  Legend  of  Sweetwater  Branch 449-450 

VII Yahula 450-452 

VIII TheUstutli 452-454 

IX Agan-Unitsi's  Search  for  the  Uktena 454-457 

X The  Enchanted  Mountain 1 457-460 

XI The  Burnt  Village :  a  Tale  of  Indian  Wars 460-464 

XII The  Enchanted  Island ., 464-467 

XIII Tamar  Escapes  from  the  Indians 467-468 

XII DeSoto  and  the  Indian  Widow 468-471 

XIV The  Man  who  Married  the  Thunderer's  Sister 471-474 

XV A  Tragedy  of  the  Swamp 474-478 

XVI Queen  Elancydyne 478-480 

SECTION  V. 

Tales  Of  The  Revolutionary  Camp-Fires 484-521 

I Gunpowder  for  Bunker  Hill 484-485 

II Georgia  Commissions  the  First  Warship 484-486 

III The  Arrest  of  Governor  Wright 486-488 

IV The  Adventures  of  Robert  Sallatte 484-491 

V The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  of  Terror 491-500 

VI Mcintosh  at  Fort  Morris:"Come  and  Take  it"._-  500-503 

VII How  Savannah  was  Captured 503-504 

VIII Elijah  Clarke:  The  Bedford  Forrest  of  the 

Revolution 504-509 

IX The  Story  of  Austin  Dabney 509-512 

X The  Siege  of  Augusta 512-516 

XI St.  John's  Parish 616-518 


X  Table  of  Contents 

XII Col.  John  White:  Hero  of  the  Great  Ogecchee 518-520 

A  Revolutionary  Puzzle 520-521 

Sergeant  Jasper  and  Count  Pulaski  see  Savannah's 
Revolutionary  Monuments,  Vol.  I. 

SECTION  VI. 

Georgia  Miscellanies 525-551 

SECTION  VII. 

HisTOKic  County  Seats,  Chief  Towns,  and  Noted  Localities .  556-1054 


ERRATA : 


Page  558 — Read   Major   Stephen   F.    Miller  instead  of  Major  Stephen  H. 

Miller. 
Page  614 — Read  Jacob  A^'eed  instead  of  Jacob  ^^'cbb. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Liberty  Hall Frontispiece. 

James  Jackson:  Famous  for  his  Exposure  of  the  Yazoo 

Fraud  and  for  his  Frequent  Meet  ings  on  the  Field  of 

Honor Facing  Page         8 

The  Yann  House,  at  Spring  Place,  Ga.,  Where  John  How- 
ard Payne  was  Imprisoned  in  1836 Facing  Page       62 

John  Ross:  Chief  of  the  Cherokee  Nation Facing  Page       68 

The  Greene  ]Monument,  Savannah,  Ga Facing  Page       72 

Bronze  Tablet  on  the  Greene  Monument Facing  Page       86 

Bulloch  Hall:  The  Old  Home  of  Ex-President  Roosevelt's 

Mother,  at  Roswell,  Ga Facing  Page     218 

The  Wren's  Nest:  Where  the  Famous  "Uncle  Remus 

Stories"  were   Written  by  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  in 

West  End,  Atlanta,  Ga .- . Facing  Page     240 

Stone  Mountain:  The  Greatest  Solid  Mass  of  Exposed 

Rock  in  the  World Facing  Page     246 

Myrtle  Hill:  The  Last  Resting  Place  of  Mrs.  Woodrow 

Wilson Facing  Page     270 

Bonaventure  Cemetery:  A  Scene  in  Savannah's  Historic 

Burial  Ground,  Showing  the  Long  Pendant  Mosses Facing  Page     286 

Horizontal  Slab  Over  the  Tomb  of  Commodore  Oliver 

Bowen,  St.  Paul's  Church  Yard,  Augusta,  Ga Facing  Page     314 

Old  Midway  Church  and  Burial-Ground,  Liberty  County 

Ga Facing  Page     338 

Historic  Tombs  in  the  Old  Church- Yard  at  Midway Facing  Page     342 

Historic  Tombs  at  Westview,  Atlanta,  Ga Facing  Page     430 

The  Varner  House:  Where  Gen  Mcintosh  Signed  his 

Death  Warrant  in  the  Famous  Treaty  at  Indian 

Springs Facing  Pace     612 

Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long's  Old  Home,  at  Athens.  Ga Facing  Page     658 

Boyhood's  Home  of  Henr}'  W.  Grady,  at  Athens,  Ga Facing  Page     662 

Joseph  Rucker:  Planter  and  Financier  who  Stamped  his 

Impress  upon  Ante-Bellum  Georgia Facing  Page     714 

Home  of  Joseph  Rucker,  at  Old  Ruckersville,  Ga Facing  Page     718 

The  Burns  Memorial  Cottage,  Atlanta,  Ga Facing  Page     762 

Burning  the  Yazoo  Act Facing  Page     800 

Gov.  Troup's  Old  Home:  Remains  of  the  Valdosta  Man- 
sion, in  Laurens  County,  Showing  the  Sand  Stone 

Chimney,  in  the  Midst  of  a  Deserted  Ruin Facing  Page     830 

Tomb  of  Gov.  George  M.  Troup,  on  the  Rosemont  Plant- 
ation, in  Montgomery  County,  Ga Facing  Page     890 

Two  Interesting  Views  of  Rosemont Facing  Page     892 

Sequoya :  Inventor  of  the  Cherokee  Alphabet Facing  Page     900 

The  Cradle  of  Emory  College:  Home  of  the  Late  Col  W. 

W.  Clark,  Covington,  Ga.,  Including  Part  of  the  old 

Manual  School  Established  by  Dr.  Olin Facing  Page     912 

Overseer's  Cabin,  on  the  Mitchell  Place,  in  Wheeler  Co. 

Where  Gov.  George  M .  Troup  Breathed  his  Last Facing  Page   1030 

Mount  Pleasant :  The  Old  Home  of  the  Talbots,  near 

Washington,  Ga Facing  Page   1050 


SECTION  I 


Under  the  code  Duello. 


GEORGIA'S  LANDMARKS,  MEMORIALS 
AND  LEGENDS 


SECTION  1 


Under  the  Code  Duello 


What  is  known  as  the  Code  Duello  is  supposed  to  have 
originated  in  the  judicial  combats  of  the  Celtic  nations. 
Trial  by  battle — or  wager  of  battle — represented  a  crude 
form  of  justice  to  which  the  Lombards  began  to  resort 
as  early  as  the  year  659  of  the  Christian  era  and  which, 
subsequent  to  the  battle  of  Hastings,  in  1066,  was  intro- 
duced into  England  by  William  the  Conqueror.  But  the 
general  practice  of  duelling  to  settle  aifairs  of  honor  be- 
tween gentlemen  may  be  said  to  have  commenced  in  1527, 
when  Francis  I,  of  France,  issued  a  challenge  to  Charles 
.V,  of  Germany,  directing  him  to  name  his  own  time  and 
place  and  to  make  his  own  choice  of  weapons  with  which 
to  fight. 

The  aifair  seems  to  have  grown  out  of  an  abrogated 
treaty,  in  consequence  of  which  the  German  Emperor  sent 
a  curt  message  to  King  Francis,  through  the  latter 's  her- 
ald, declaring  him  to  be  not  only  a  base  violator  of  public 
faith  but  a  stranger  to  the  honor  becoming  a  gentleman.* 
Incensed  at  this  message,  which  he  considered  a  wanton 
insult,  the  impetuous   French   sovereign  instantly  sent 


*Truman:   The  Field  of  Honor,   Introduction,   pp.    9-17. 


2  Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

back  the  bearer  with  a  cartel  of  defiance,  in  which  he 
gave  the  lie  to  Emperor  Charles  and  incidentally,  by 
way  of  royal  precedent,  laid  the  foundations  for  the  mod- 
ern duel.  Equally  high-spirited,  Charles  V  promptly 
accepted  the  challenge  of  the  French  King;  but,  during 
the  correspondence  which  ensued,  there  arose  complica- 
tions of  an  international  character,  and  after  exchanging 
several  messages  in  which  German  expletives  were  well 
matched  with  French  epithets,  the  idea  of  meeting  each 
other  in  mortal  encounter  was  finally  abandoned. 

Nevertheless,  the  spectacle  of  a  quarrel  between  two 
of  the  most  illustrious  potentates  of  Christendom,  on  a 
mooted  question  of  honor,  attracted  too  much  attention 
and  carried  too  great  a  weight  of  authority  to  be  without 
its  effect  upon  the  chivalry  of  Europe ;  and,  from  this  time 
on,  the  practice  of  duelling,  especially  at  the  royal  courts, 
in  the  university  towns,  and  among  officers  of  the  army, 
l)ecame  prevalent.  During  a  period  of  eighteen  years, 
under  the  reign  of  Henry  IV,  it  is  said  that  4,000  lives 
were  sacrificed  on  the  Field  of  Honor. 

France  became  the  chief  patron  of  the  Code ;  but  the 
mania  for  duelling  swept  the  civilized  world  like  a  besom 
of  fire,  involving,  on  both  sides  of  the  water,  men  of  the 
highest  political  and  social  distinction.  Its  effect  was 
most  tellingly  felt  upon  Democratic  America,  where  it 
struck  deep  root  and  began  to  spread  like  the  deadly. 
Upas.  Formerly,  duels  were  fought  under  judicial  ap- 
pointment; but  the  precedent  set  by  Francis  I,  of  France, 
caused  impetuous  Hotspurs  instantly  to  adopt  this  method 
of  redress  for  private  wrongs,  without  the  intervention 
of  the  courts;  and  thus,  until  public  sentiment  began 
to  insist  u]ion  a  return  to  saner  measures,  the  duel  be- 
came one  of  the  established  institutions  of  society,  among 
men  of  Caucasian  blood. 


Georgia  was  one  of  the  first  States  of  the  Union  to 
find  the  duel  an  effective  instrument  for  the  adjustment 
of  differences  between  gentlemen;  and  likewise  one  of 


Under  the  Code  Duello  3 

the  last  States  to  abandon  a  custom,  perhaps,  more  hon- 
ored in  the  breech  than  in  the, observance.  At  a  time 
when  party  strife  was  most  intense  and  bitter,  it  was  an 
ahnost  daily  occurrence  for  men  to  cross  swords  or  to 
exchange  shots  in  personal  encounters,  but  everything 
was  done  according  to  prescribed  form  and  with  punc- 
tilious regard  for  the  Code  of  Honor.  There  was  scarcely 
a  public  man  in  Georgia  who  was  not  credited  with  at 
least  one  duel,  fought  usually  in  the  earlier  stages  of  his 
career.  If  one  refused  to  fight  when  challenged  by  a 
gentleman  he  was  at  once  posted ;  and  such  an  open  dis- 
grace meant  social  ostracism.  Political  honors  were  not 
awarded  to  cowards  nor  to  those  who,  weighed  in  the 
balances  of  an  imperious  custom,  were  found  wanting  in 
courage ;  and,  for  upwards  of  a  hundred  years,  the  public 
life  of  this  State  was  ruled  with  a  rod  of  iron  by  that 
grim  arbiter  of  destinies :  the  Code  Duello. 

For  the  paramount  sway  of  the  duelling-pistol  in  a 
State  like  Georgia  there  were  sound  reasons.  To  begin 
with,  the  partisanship  of  the  Revolution  entailed  upon 
us  a  host  of  feudal  animosities.  It  also  engendered  the 
military  spirit,  to  which  life  on  the  frontier  gave  con- 
stant exercise,  through  the  ever  present  dread  of  an 
Indian  outbreak.  Children  at  play  revelled  in  the  use  of 
toy  weapons,  with  which  they  stormed  imaginary  forts 
and  citadels.  The  long  protracted  warfare  between 
Clark  and  Crawford,  at  a  later  period,  divided  the  State 
into  two  hostile  camps,  in  consequence  of  which  there 
were  personal  wrangles  and  disputes  without  number. 

Scores  of  the  best  families  'of  our  State  traced  de- 
scent from  the  nobility  of  England;  and  there  was  in- 
grained in  the  very  nature  of  the  average  Georgian  an 
inherent  love  of  personal  encounter,  as  old  as  the 
tilt-yards  of  the  Norman  Conqueror.  While  the  main 
body  of  our  population  was  of  English  origin,  there  was 
an  intermingling  of  two  other  strains  in  which  the  duel 
found  a  congenial  soil :  the  Scotch-Irish,  grim  and  silent, 
tenacious  of  personal  opinion,  untaught  to  yield  an  inch 


4  Georgians  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  ground ;  and  the  French  Huguenot,  fiery  and  impulsive, 
full  of  the  military  spirit,  and  prone,  without  thought  of 
consequences,  to  seek  the  bubble,  Eeputation,  at  the  can- 
non's mouth.  N'or  is  it  strange  that  in  a  State  which 
knew  nothing  of  the  austere  Puritan  there  should  have 
flourished  an  institution  reflecting  the  love  of  swords- 
manship, the  relish  for  adventure,  and  the  contempt 
of  personal  danger,  which,  from  time  immemorial,  have 
been  jieculiar  to  the  English  Cavalier. 


Gwinnett  and      The  earliest  duel  of  which  there  is  any 
Mcintosh.  mention  in  the  records  of  Georgia  was  the 

fatal  encounter  which  occurred,  on  May 
15,  1777,  between  Button  Gwinnett  and  Lachlan  Mcin- 
tosh.* It  was  just  after  the  adoption  of  our  first  State 
Constitution  and  when  the  State  was  in  the  midst  of 
preparations  for  an  expected  invasion  by  the  British. 
Both  combatants  were  zealous  Whigs  and  men  of  the 
highest  distinction  in  public  affairs.  Button  Gwinnett 
had  been  one  of  the  revered  trio  of  patriots  to  sigTi  the 
immortal  scroll  of  independence  on  behalf  of  Georgia  and 
had  subsequently  administered  the  affairs  of  the  Province 
as  President  of  the  Executive  Council.  Lachlan  Mcintosh 
was  at  this  time  the  commanding  officer  of  Georgia's  first 
battalion  of  State  troops  and  was  destined  to  attain  high 
rank  as  a  soldier  under  Washington.  The  misunder- 
standing between  the  two  men  grew  out  of  a  heated  con- 
troversy in  which  they  were  both  rivals  for  the  same 
office :  that  of  commandant  of  the  new  battalion  lately  or- 
ganized in  Georgia  for  service  in  the  Continental  Army. 
Mcintosh  was  the  successful  candidate.  Later,  on 
the  death  of  Archibald  Bulloch,  who  was  then  President 
of  the  Executive  Council,  Gwinnett  succeeded  to  the 
helm  of  civil  affairs  in  Georgia;  and,  while  acting  in 
this  capacity,  he  planned  an  expedition  against  St.  Au- 


•Jones:  History  of  Georgia,  Vol.   2,  p.   270;  McCall:   History  of  Georgia, 
Vol.    2,    pp.    331-335,    reprint. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  5 

gnstine,  whicli  lie  expected  to  command  in  person,  ignor- 
ing General  Mcintosh.  At  the  same  time,  in  various  other 
ways,  he  evinced  his  hostility  toward  his  former  rival 
and  sought  to  magTiify  the  civil  at  the  expense  of  the 
military  department  of  the  State  government. 

But  the  projected  advance  on  St.  Augustine  failed  to 
materialize.  Moreover,  in  the  first  election  for  Governor 
by  the  State  Legislature,  held  on  May  8,  1777,  Gwinnett, 
an  avowed  candidate  for  the  office,  was  defeated  by  John 
Adam  Treutlen,  who,  by  virtue  of  his  election  at  this 
time,  became  the  first  Governor  of  Georgia  under  the 
Constitution. 

Gwinnett  was  naturally  chagrined  at  his  defeat.  On 
the  other  hand,  Mcintosh  was  elated ;  and,  with  the  blunt- 
ness  of  the  Scotch  Highlander  he  not  only  expressed  his 
gratification  at  the  result  but  went  so  far  as  to  denounce 
Gwinnett  as  a  scoundrel,  in  the  presence  of  the  Execu- 
tive CounciL  This  open  insult  was  more  than  the  im- 
perious nature  of  Gwinnett  could  endure  and,  chafing 
already  under  his  disappointment,  he  at  once  challenged 
Mcintosh  to  mortal  combat. 

Preliminaries  were  arranged  and  at  day-break  next 
morning  they  met  on  the  outskirts  of  Savannah.  At  a 
distance  of  only  twelve  feet  apart,  they  exchanged  pistol 
shots  and  both  fell  to  the  ground.  It  was  discovered  on 
examination  that  each  was  wounded  in  the  thigh.  Mc- 
intosh recovered.  But  Gwinnett's  wound  proved  fatal; 
and,  after  lingering  in  great  pain  for  twelve  days,  he  ex- 
pired: the  first  known  victim  in  Georgia  to  the  Code  of 
Honor. 


Excitement  in  Georgia  ran  high.  As  a  Signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  Gwinnett  was  much  revered 
by  the  people,  notwithstanding  his  impetuosity  of  tem- 
per. Dr.  Lyman  Hall,  a  former  colleague  in  Congress, 
who  signed  the  scroll  of  independence  with  Gwinnett, 
brought  the  matter  before  the  Legislature  and  accused 


6  Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tlie  judicial  officers  of  criminal  neglect  in  not  ordering 
Mcintosh's  arrest.  At  this  critical  moment,  Mcintosh, 
of  his  own  accord,  surrendered  himself  to  the  civil  au- 
thorities. 

But  the  Gwinnett  faction  was  not  appeased.  In  the 
face  of  a  common  enemy,  Georgia  was  threatened  with 
a  serious  division  in  her  ranks.  To  avoid  a  rupture  of 
the  State,  at  a  time  when  the  cause  of  liberty  called  for 
a  solid  phalanx.  Colonel  George  Walton,  of  Georgia,  and 
Colonel  Henry  Laurens,  of  South  Carolina,  both  members 
of  Congress,  acting  as  friends  of  Mcintosh,  obtained  for 
him  a  command  in  the  Northern  Department;  and  thus 
an  embarrassing  situation  was  relieved.  With  his  trans- 
fer to  the  Northern  Department,  Mcintosh  gradually 
rose  to  high  rank  and  won  by  his  gallantry  the  personal 
friendship  and  esteem  of  Washington. 

Later  he  returned  to  Georgia  in  time  to  participate 
in  the  defence  of  Savannah.  There  was  no  longer  any 
feeling  of  animosity  toward  him  and  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolution  he  re-established  his  home  in  Savannah, 
where  he  was  made  President  of  the  Georgia  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati.  Gwinnett  was  an  Englishman  who  came 
to  Georgia  only  four  years  prior  to  the  Revolution.  He 
purchased  St.  Catharine's  Island  and  became  an  exten- 
sive planter  of  rice  and  indigo.  His  home  was  just  oppo- 
site the  old  town  of  Sunbury,  in  the  Parish  of  St.  John. 


Duel  on  Horse-  Two  of  the  most  distinguished  officers 
Back  Prevented,  in  command  of  Georgia's  State  troops 
during  the  Revolution  were  Colonel 
John  Baker  and  Major  John  Jones,  both  of  whom  were 
devoted  patriots.  But  they  came  near  shedding  each 
other's  blood  in  a  most  spectacular  fashion,  while  await- 
ing an  expected  encounter  with  the  British  soon  after 
the  fall  of  Savannah.  As  the  result  of  a  misinterpreta- 
tion of  orders  they  quarreled ;  and,  one  thing  bringing  on 
another,  they  agreed  to  settle  the  issue  between  them  by 


Under  the  Code  Duello  7 

fighting  a  duel  on  horse-back.  Accordingly  they  repaired 
to  a  grove,  near  old  Midway  church,  somewhat  back  from 
the  travelled  highway;  but,  when  the  hour  for  combat 
arrived,  an  officer  whose  uniform  told  that  he  was  a 
Brigadier-Greneral  suddenly  appeared  upon  the  scene  of 
action. 

It  was  General  James  Screven.  Only  a  few  moments 
before  while  seated  in  camp,  a  courier  had  brought  him 
word  of  the  affair;  and,  putting  spurs  to  his  horse,  he 
dashed  like  a  bolt  of  lightning  through  the  forest.  Breath- 
less with  excitement,  he  arrived  just  in  time;  for  the 
two  men  were  already  facing  each  other  with  deadly  in- 
tent. Lifting  his  hand  as  he  drew  rein,  he  commanded 
them  to  desist;  and  then  pleading  the  country's  sore  need 
he  reminded  the  combatants  that  it  was  no  time  for 
brother  officers  to  be  seeking  each  other's  life,  when  the 
cause  of  liberty  was  imperiled. 

High-spirited  though  both  men  were,  they  yielded  to 
the  importunities  of  General  Screven,  realizing  the  force 
of  his  argument.  The  spirit  of  patriotism  prevailed 
over  the  mere  desire  for  personal  redress ;  and,  shaking 
hands  on  the  field  of  honor,  the  would-be  duellists  agreed 
to  bury  their  quarrel  there  on  the  spot  and  to  reserve 
their  fire  for  the  British  Red-Coats,  who  were  already 
beginning  to  swarm  over  Georgia  like  a  plague  of  locusts. 
But  strange  are  the  ways  of  fate.  Within  a  few  months. 
General  Screven  was  shot  from  ambush  near  this  same 
place,  while  engaged  in  reconnoitering. 


Gov.  Jackson  Old  Governor  James  Jackson — illustrious 
As  a  Duellist.  in  the  annals  of  Georgia  for  his  crusade 
of  fire  against  the  Yazoo  conspirators — 
was  the  most  inveterate  duellist  of  his  day.  He  was  con- 
stantly on  the  war-path.  Growing  out  of  the  spectacu- 
lar part  played  by  him  in  causing  the  famous  Yazoo  Act 
of  1795  to  be  rescinded,  he  was  drawn  at  frequent  inter- 
vals into  affairs  of  honor,  from  few  of  which  he  escaped 


8  Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

without  loss  of  blood.  For  at  least  ten  years,  his  life  was 
literally  a  round  of  duels. 

When  the  Yazoo  measure  became  a  law  in  1795,  the 
old  Governor  was  then  serving  his  first  term  in  the 
United  States  Senate.  Incensed  at  what  he  considered 
the  trickery  by  which  this  legislation  was  accomplished, 
he  relinquished  his  toga  of  office  and  took  his  seat  in  the 
Legislature  of  Georgia  as  a  member  from  Chatham.  The 
infamous  measure  in  question  conveyed  to  four  separate 
and  distinct  land  companies  the  whole  of  Georgia's  west- 
ern domain,  in  return  for  which  the  State  was  to  be 
compensated  in  the  sum  of  $500,000,  or  at  the  rate  of  one 
and  a  half  cents  per  acre,  for  thirty-five  million  acres  of 
land.  Such  a  transaction  was  regarded  by  the  old  Gov- 
ernor as  a  blot  upon  Georgia's  escutcheon,  and  with  im- 
passioned eloquence  he  sought  to  erase  this  iniquitous 
measure  from  the  statute  books.  He  accomplished  his 
purpose.  The  Legislature  of  1796  rescinded  the  obnox- 
ious Act;  and  on  the  State  House  Square,  in  the  solemn 
presence  of  the  General  Assembly,  every  record  pertain- 
ing to  the  transaction  was  burned,  with  impressive  cere- 
monies. It  was  on  this  occasion  that  Governor  Jackson, 
by  means  of  a  sun-glass,  called  down  the  fire  of  heaven. 
Thus  was  Georgia's  honor  redeemed. 

But  the  old  Governor  reaped  a  harvest  of  feudal  en- 
mities. His  duelling-pistols  were  rarely  ever  cool.  But 
so  violent  was  the  Jacksonian  temper,  that  he  did  not 
always  wait  upon  the  tardy  formalities  of  the  Code.  Oc- 
casions arose  when  he  demanded  satisfaction  instanter. 
Writing  to  John  Mill  edge,  in  a  letter  dated  Savannah, 
March  8,  1796,  he  describes  one  of  these  extemporaneous 
encounters,  in  which  he  proceeded  to  bite  his  antagonist's 
finger,*  On  ordinary  occasions  the  Governor  was  a 
great  stickler  for  decorum.  Hotspur  though  he  was, 
booted  and  spurred  for  battle,  he  always  bore  himself 
with  the  urbanity  of  a  Chesterfield.  No  one  was  ever 
more  considerate  of  the  rights  of  others.    But  whenever 


♦Charlton:    Life   of   Jackson,   p.    162. 


JAMES    JACKSON 

Famous  for  His   Exposure  of  the  Yazoo  Fraud,  and  for  His   Frequent 
Meetings    on    the    Field    of    Honor. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  9 

liis  own  rights  were  invaded  or  whenever  an  insult  was 
wantonly  offered  him,  James  Jackson  was  ready  to  fight 
at  a  moment's  notice;  and,  under  strong  provocation, 
could  employ  with  telling  effect  the  weapons  of  primitive 
man. 


Kills  Gov.  Wells.     However,  Governor  Jackson's  first  duel 
in  a  Duel.  antedated   b}^   some  fifteen  years   the 

dramatic  era  of  the  Yazoo  Fraud.  To- 
ward the  close  of  the  Revolution,  he  became  involved  in 
a  controversy  with  Lieutenant-Governor  Wells,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  two  men  met  in  deadly  encounter 
some  time  during  the  year  1780.  The  latter  lost  his  life 
in  this  exchange  of  shots.  Governor  Jackson — then  a 
Major  in  command  of  partisan  troops — was  severely 
wounded  in  both  knees.  If  there  were  any  eye  witnesses 
to  this  duel,  the  details  were  never  divulged,  and  tradition 
is  strangely  silent  upon  the  subject.  Judge  Charlton, 
the  authorized  biographer  of  Governor  Jackson,  says 
this — "We  only  know  that  they  went  upon  the  ground 
without  seconds  and  fought  at  the  desperate  distance  of 
a  few  feet."  However,  among  the  papers  of  Governor 
Jackson  has  been  discovered  a  letter  in  which  he  laments 
the  necessity  of  the  duel,  stating  that  it  was  imposed  upon 
him  "by  the  overbearing  disposition  of  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor.*  But  if  the  temper  of  Governor  Wells  took 
fire  any  more  readily  than  did  Governor  Jackson's,  it 
must  have  been  more  explosive  than  nitro-glycerine. 


His  Duels  with  Perhaps  the  most  inveterate  iDolitical 
Robert  Watkins.  enemy  of  the  old  Governor  was  Robert 
Watkins,  of  Augusta.  Watkins  was  at 
this  time  one  of  the  recognized  leaders  of  the  Georgia  bar. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Yazoo  Legislature  of  1795  and 
a  supporter  of  the  bill  for  the  sale  of  Georgia's  western 


♦Charlton:   Life  of  Jackson,   p.   IS,  reprint. 


10         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

lands,  regarding  this  measure  purely  in  the  light  of  a 
real  estate  transaction.  With  his  brother,  George,  he 
compiled  the  earliest  Digest  of  Georgia  Laws. 

But,  most  unfortunately,  when  the  volume  appeared, 
in  1800,  it  contained  the  obnoxious  Yazoo  Act,  rescinded 
by  the  Legislature  of  1796 ;  and  Governor  Jackson,  who 
was  then  occupying  the  Executive  Chair,  refused  to  draw 
his  warrant  upon  the  treasury  and  in  other  ways  put 
the  seal  of  his  oflficial  condemnation  upon  this  earliest 
Digest  of  Georgia  Laws.  In  vain  Watkins  expostulated. 
He  showed  that  while  his  digest  carried  the  obnoxious 
measure,  it  also  carried  the  Eepealing  Act,  the  one  coun- 
ter-balancing the  other.  But  the  old  Governor  was  ob- 
durate. He  regarded  the  Yazoo  Act  as  a  usurpation  and 
he  did  not  wish  to  see  it  monumentalized  upon  the  statute- 
books.* 

Thus  the  issue  was  joined.  On  both  sides  there  was 
much  bitterness  of  feeling.  At  least  three  separate  duels 
were  fought  between  Gov.  Jackson  and  Robert  "Watkins. 
In  the  last  of  these  encounters,  the  old  Governor  was  se- 
verely wounded  in  the  right  hip.  He  was  lifted  from  the 
ground  and,  finding  that  he  could  still  stand  alone,  in- 
sisted upon  another  exchange  of  shots.  But  the  surgeon 
urged  an  examination.  He  pried  into  the  wound  and, 
fearing  that  the  bullet  might  have  entered  the  cavity, 
ordered  a  cessation  of  hostilities.  With  great  civility, 
so  it  is  said,  Mr.  Watkins  helped  to  bear  the  wounded  man 
from  the  field;  whereupon,  the  old  Governor,  who  re- 
mained perfectly  rational  throughout  and  who  was  not 
to  be  outdone  in  courtesy  by  his  antagonist,  was  heard 
to  observe : 

''Hang  it,  Watkins,  I  thought  I  could  give  you  another 
shot."* 


Though  a  small  appropriation  was  secured  for  the 
Watkins  Digest,  the  book  was  never  authorized.     Capt. 


•Shipp:    Life  of   Crawford,   pp.    38-39. 
•Dutcher:    History    of   Augusta,   p.    227. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  11 

Horatio  Marbury,  then  Secretary  of  State,  witli  two 
commissioners,  was  subsequently  appointed  to  make  a 
Digest.  William  II.  Ch*awford  and  George  Watkins  were 
chosen  to  assist  him;  but  the  latter,  on  account  of  his 
aggrieved  feelings,  declined  to  serve.  Marbury  and  Craw- 
ford prosecuted  the  task  alone  and,  in  due  time,  com- 
pleted the  undertaking.  It  is  known  to  this  day  as  Mar- 
bury and  Crawford's  Digest  of  Georgia  Laws. 

Besides  the  formal  encounters  which  took  place  be- 
tween Jackson  and  Watkins,  they  met  somewhat  uncere- 
moniously on  certain  occasions  and  engaged  in  fisticuff 
fights.  One  of  these  occurred  soon  after  the  Yazoo  Act 
was  rescinded,  showing  that  the  enmity  between  the  two 
men  ran  back  to  the  famous  land  speculation  in  which 
some  of  the  most  influential  men  of  Georgia  were  in- 
volved. The  difficulty  occurred  in  Louisville,  at  the  close 
of  the*  Legislative  session.  We  quote  this  paragraph 
from  a  letter  describing  the  affair:  ,  "This  was  done  to 
bring  on  dispute.  Flesh  and  blood  of  such  texture  as 
mine  would  not  bear  it  (i.  e.,  the  provocation  offered  by 
Watkins),  and  the  lie  and  stick  involuntarily  flew  on 
him."*  In  this  encounter,  Gov.  Jackson  was  stabbed  in 
several  places  and  for  a  time  his  wounds  were  thought 
to  be  mortal. 


His  Duel  Thomas  Gibbons,  a  law^yer  of  Savannah, 

With  Gibbons.  who  as  early  as  the  year  1800  is  said  to 
have  earned  $15,000  per  annum  from  the 
practice  of  law,  an  income  equivalent  to  $60,000  at  the 
present  time,  was  frequently  on  opposing  sides  to  Gov- 
ernor Jackson  in  civil  litigation  before  the  courts.  He 
was  also  extensively  engaged  in  land  speculations.  Con- 
sequently, there  was  little  in  common  between  the  two 
men  except  a  violent  temper,  the  effect  of  which  was  to 
hasten  them  to  the  field.    But  they  appear  to  have  met 


♦Charlton:   Life  of  Jackson,  p.   161. 


12         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

only  onco,  at  wliidi  time  tliree  shots  were  exchanged 
between  them,  without  effect. 

There  is  notliing  in  the  records  on  which  to  base  any 
positive  statement  to  the  effect  that  Grov.  Jackson  ever 
became  involved  in  personal  difficulties  with  Gen.  Gunn, 
but  the  latter  was  a  notorious  Yazooist  and  was  a  col- 
league of  Gov.  Jackson  in  the  United  States  Senate  when 
the  latter  relinquished  the  toga  to  begin  his  fight  against 
the  speculators.  If  they  did  not  meet  on  the  field  of 
honor,  it  is  little  short  of  marvelous.  In  the  opinion  of 
not  a  few  commentators  upon  the  subject,  the  Yazoo 
Fraud  has  been  overworked  by  historians.  Some  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  State  were  concerned  in  it  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  merely  a  real  estate  transaction ;  and 
when  we  remember  that  it  was  before  the  days  of  railway 
and  telegraph  communication,  we  must  admit  that  Geor- 
gia's western  lands  were  comparatively  worthless.  Even 
so  pronounced  a  patriot  as  Patrick  Henry  headed  one  of 
the  Yazoo  companies  organized  in  Virginia. 

But  Governor  Jackson  was  undoubtedly  sincere  in  his 
fight  against  the  Yazooists,  whom  he  regarded  in  the 
light  of  conspirators.  No  man  was  ever  more  inflamed 
with  the  ardor  of  a  righteous  indignation.  But  he  jiaid 
the  penalty.  According  to  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  with 
whom  he  served  in  the  United  States  Senate,  his  death, 
in  1806,  was  due  directly  to  wounds  received  in  a  duel, 
the  last  of  many  caused  by  his  opposition  to  the  Yazoo 
Fraud.  More  than  any  other  man  in  Georgia,  Governor 
Jackson  was  distinguished  for  his  prowess  in  personal 
combat;  and  he  carried  to  his  grave  the  scars  of  count- 
less hostile  meetings  on  the  field  of  honor. 


Taliaferro  Even  the  Bench  became  infected  by  this 
and  Willis,  homicidal  mania.  C^ol.  Benjamin  Taliaferro, 
a  comrade-in-arms  of  the  fiery  Jackson, 
was  also  a  duellist,  though  he  is  credited — in  the  authentic 
records — with  only  one  encounter.    Col.  Taliaferro  lived 


Under  the  Code  Duello  13 

at  a  time  when  lawyers  were  scarce  in  Upper  Georgia. 
He  was  not  liimself  a  disciple  of  Blackstone,  but  such 
was  his  reputation,  throughout  the  County  of  Wilkes, 
both  for  sound  business  judgment  and  for  strict  probity 
of  character  that,  layman  though  he  was,  the  Legislature 
which  rescinded  the  Yazoo  Act  elevated  him  to  the  Bench 
and  made  him  the  first  judge  of  what  was  then  known  as 
the  Western  Circuit.  He  was  a  man  whose  sense  of  de- 
corum was  unusually  acute,  but  such  was  the  ethical 
standard  of  the  times  with  respect  to  duelling  that  his 
position  on  the  Bench  did  not  prevent  him  from  meeting 
Col.  Francis  Willis  for  a  round  of  bucF-shot. 

This  was  in  1796.  Col.  Willis  was  a  man  of  means. 
He  was  also  a  prominent  Yazooist.  Aggrieved  by  some 
decision  adverse  either  to  his  political  faction  or  to  his 
personal  interests,  he  challenged  Col.  Taliaferro  to  a 
duel,  which  the  latter  lost  no  time  in  accepting.  The 
Judge's  aim  was  unerring;  and,  in  the  encounter  which 
followed,  Col.  Willis  received  a  wound  in  his  right  breast, 
so  near  the  vital  center,  that  he  declined  a  second  shot. 
Col.  Taliaferro,  in  this  engagement,  used  the  old  horse- 
man's pistols  worn  by  him  when  he  belonged  to  Lee's 
Legion** 


Golden  Age  But  the  Golden  Age  of  the  Code  Duello  in 
of  the  Duel.  Georgia  was  the  period  extending  from 
1800  to  183'0,  when  the  public  life  of  this 
State  was  dominated  by  two  powerful  personalities :  Gen. 
John  Clark  and  tlon.  William  H.  Crawford.  Party  spirit 
in  this  State  has  never  been  more  rancorous  than  during 
tills  period ;  and,  indeed,  to  the  feudal  animosity  between 
these  two  noted  Georgians,  making  them  the  most  invet- 
erate personal  and  political  enemies,  some  writers  have 
even  traced  the  origin  of  parties  in  Georgia.  But  this  is 
not  entirely  accurate.  During  the  Revolutionary 
period,  our  State  was  divided  between  the  Whigs  and  the 


♦Gilmer:    Georgians,    p.    IGO. 


14         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Tories.  For  a  score  of  years  after  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution was  adopted,  the  Eepnblicans  and  the  Federalists 
were  rival  political  parties  in  Georgia;  and  while  the 
latter  was  never  numerically  very  strong  in  this  State, 
due  to  the  fact  that  some  of  its  leaders  were  actively  in- 
volved in  the  Yazoo  transaction,  it  was  nevertheless  at 
one  time  sufficiently  entrenched  in  the  citadel  of  wealth 
to  force  Josiah  Meigs  from  the  Presidency  of  Franklin 
College,  on  the  ground  that  he  was  an  extreme  Jeffer- 
sonian.* 


Gen.  John  Clark.  At  the  close  of  the  war  for  independ- 
ence, John  Clark  with  the  prestige  of 
his  gallant  record  as  a  soldier,  became  a  dominant  figure 
in  the  politics  of  Upper  Georgia.  "When  only  fourteen 
years  of  age,  he  had  fought  by  his  father's  side  at  Kettle 
Creek  and  later  had  won  military  renown  by  his  cam- 
paigns and  forays  against  the  Indians.  The  battle  of 
Jack's  Creek  was  so  called  in  honor  of  John  Clark  whose 
nickname  among  his  intimate  friends  and  comrades  of 
the  army  was  "Jack."  Trained  in  the  exercise  of  arms, 
it  is  not  strange  that  he  should  have  carried  his  eharac- 
teristics  as  a  fighter  into  the  arena  of  politics ;  nor  is  it 
strange  that  the  veterans  who  followed  his  distinguished 
father  and  who  knew  John  Clark  himself  in  the  perilous 
days  of  battle  should  have  remained  his  loyal  supporters 
to  the  very  last. 

Though  not  an  educated  man,  at  least  in  the  academic 
sense,  he  was  a  man  of  strong  intellect,  rugged  in  char- 
acter, somewhat  blunt  of  expression,  full  of  bold  initiative, 
and  with  a  rare  capacity  for  leadership.  According  to 
Gov.  Gilmer,  he  possessed  the  temper  of  the  clansman 
and  was  domineering  and  dictatorial;  but  Gov.  Gilmer 
was  identified  with  the  Crawford  faction,  few  of  whom 
could  discover  any  virtue  in  John  Clark.  Gen.  Jackson, 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  State,  was  for  years  a  stumbling- 


•W.  H.  Meigs:   Life  of  Josiah  Meigs,  p.  92. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  15 

block  in  the  way  of  Clark's  ambition,  for  the  old  Gov- 
ernor did  not  approve  of  the  latter 's  land  speculations. 

But  in  the  politics  of  Upper  Georgia,  John  Clark  was 
an  imperious  figure.  Here  he  was  on  his  native  heath; 
and  here  the  frontiersmen  flocked  to  his  standard  like 
the  Highland  clans  to  the  horn  of  Rhoderick  Dim.  Here 
as  a  leader  whose  word  was  law  and  gospel,  he  exercised 
an  unopposed  sway  until  a  new  star  began  to  loom  upon 
the  horizon  just  north  of  Augusta  and  a  new  political 
Warwick  arose  to  divide  with  him  the  honors  of  public 
life,  in  the  person  of  his  future  hated  rival,  William  H. 
Crawford. 


William  H.  Mr.  Crawford  was  a  man  of  Titanic  propor- 
Crawford.  tions.  At  the  Court  of  France,  in  after 
years,  his  majestic  figure  caught  the  admir- 
ation of  the  great  Nai^oleon  who  impulsively  declared 
that  Mr.  Crawford  was  the  only  man  to  whom  he  ever 
felt  constrained  to  bow.  Better  educated  than  John 
Clark,  he  was  a  man  of  unusual  culture  for  the  times,  a 
most  etfective  public  speaker,  and  a  born  leader  of  men. 
These  qualities  eventually  made  him  United  States  Sen- 
ator, Minister  to  France,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and, 
except  for  an  unfortunate  stroke  of  paralysis,  might  have 
placed  him  in  the  Presidential  chair  of  the  nation. 

The  settlers  of  Upper  Georgia  were  at  this  time,  in 
the  main,  either  from  Virginia  or  from  North  Carolina; 
and,  according  to  ancestral  bias,  took  sides  in  the  politi- 
cal wrangles  of  this  early  period.  As  a  rule,  the  North 
Carolinians  attached  themselves  to  Clark,  while  the  Vir- 
ginians allied  themselves  with  Crawford,  who  likewise 
derived  strong  support  from  the  aristocratic  families  of 
the  Georgia  coast.  The  elimination  of  Crawford  became 
naturally  the  first  strategic  move  of  the  Clark  faction; 
and  to  accomplish  this  end  a  duel  offered  the  most  con- 
venient instrument  and  promised  the  most  effective 
results. 

Mr.    Crawford,   unlike   Gen.    Clark,  possessed   little 


16         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

knowledge  of  tlie  use  of  arms.  He  was  not  a  cliild  of 
the  camp.  For  this  reason,  his  opponents  argued  that 
he  would,  in  all  likelihood,  decline  a  challenge  to  the 
field  of  combat.  In  fact,  such  a  refusal  to  fight  was  ex- 
actly what  his  enemies  wanted,  since  they  could  then 
post  him  as  a  coward  and  easily  accomplish  his  political 
undoing. 


Crawford  and       To  put  into  effect  this  proposed  plan  of 
Van  Allen.  strategy,  the  first  champion   to   repre- 

sent the  Clark  faction  and  to  test  the  met- 
tle of  Mr.  Crawford's  arm  was  a  young  Elberton  lawyer: 
Peter  Lawrence  Van  Allen.  Mr.  Van  Allen  was  by  birth 
a  New  Yorker.  He  came  of  an  old  Dutch  family  o'f  the 
Empire  State  and,  on  the  authority  of  tradition,  was  a 
kinsman  by  marriage  to  Martin  Van  Buren,  the  sage  of 
Kinderhook.  Locating  in  Georgia  for  the  practice  of 
law,  he  identified  himself  with  the  Clark  faction  and  be- 
came Solicitor-General  of  the  Western  Circuit.  He  was 
also  a  Yazooist  and  a  Federalist.  Van  Allen  was  a  good 
speaker,  witty  and  eloquent,  and  early  in  the  year  1800 
began  hostile  tactics  against  the  opposite  faction  by 
bringing  a  petty  suit  against  Judge  Charles  Tait,  of  El- 
berton, who  was  then  Mr.  Crawford's  law  partner  and 
most  intimate  friend.  In  his  speech  to  the  jury.  Van  Al- 
len assailed  Judge  Tait  with  merciless  satire,  and  natur- 
ally the  effect  of  this  tirade  was  to  nettle  Judge  Tait, 
who  finally  challenged  him  to  fight. 

But  Judge  Tait  was  not  the  game  for  which  Van  Allen 
was  hunting;  and  on  the  ground  that  the  judge  was  not 
a  gentleman  and,  therefore,  beyond  the  pale  of  the  Code, 
he  refused  to  meet  him,  expecting  Mr.  Crawford,  of 
course,  as  Judge  Tait's  second,  to  take  up  the  gage  of. 
battle  and  to  carry  on  hostilities.  However,  Mr.  Craw- 
ford was  loath  to  step  into  his  principal's  shoes,  since 
the  quarrel  was  not  one  of  his  own  seeking;  and  on  this 
account  he  exposed  himself  to  animadversion,  incurring 
the  well-meant  criticism  of  many  of  his  own  faction. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  17 


But  circumstances  soon  goaded  him  into  a  change  of 
mind.  While  stopping  at  the  Willis  Hotel,  in  Washing- 
ton, Ga.,  he  chanced  in  an  unexpected  manner  to  encoun- 
ter Van  Allen,  who  grossly  insulted  him  in  the  lobby  of 
the  hotel  and  challenged  him  to  fight.  According  to  the 
imperious  standard  of  the  times,  there  was  no  alternative 
for  Mr.  Crawford;  and,  rather  than  jeopardize  his  polit- 
ical fortunes  by  exposing  himself  to  the  charge  of  cow- 
ardice, he  agreed  to  meet  his  antagonist. 

As  to  what  followed,  we  quote  an  account  of  the  duel 
from  a  well-known  historical  writer:  "It  was  arranged 
that  Van  Allen  and  Crawford  should  meet  at  Fort  Char- 
lotte, the  famous  old  duelling  ground,  twelve  miles  below 
Petersburg,  on  the  Carolina  side.  Crawford's  bravery 
was  not  without  stoicism,  for  he  went  to  the  place  of 
meeting  without  the  slightest  preparation.  He  had  bor- 
rowed a  pair  of  old  pistols  to  be  used  by  him,  and  these 
he  did  not  examine  until  the  morning  of  the  meeting,  and 
in  trying  them,  they  snapped  twice.  On  the  first  fire  nei- 
ther party  was  touched.  Crawford  afterwards  stated 
to  Judge  Garnett  Andrews  that  he  was  disconcerted  on 
the  first  fire  by  an  ugly  grimace  made  by  Van  Allen,  and 
that  on  the  second  fire  he  drew  down  his  hat  brim  so  that 
he  could  not  see  it.  On  the  second  round  both  combat- 
ants again  fired,  and  Van  Allen  was  seen  to  fall  mor- 
tally wounded.    Crawford  was  unharmed."* 


Crawford  Two  years  elapsed  before  Mr.  Crawford  was 
and  Clark.  again  asked  to  vindicate  his  courage  on  the 
field  of  honor.  This  time  it  was  John  Clark 
himself  who  stepped  into  the  lime-light  and  became  one 
of  the  principals.  On  the  resignation  of  Judge  Thomas 
P.  Carnes  from  the  judgeship  of  the  Western  Circuit, 
Judge  Griffin,  a  brother-in-law  of  Gen.  Clark-both  having 
married  daughters  of  Col.  Micajah  Williamson — received 
from  Gov.  John  Millodge  an  acl  interim  appointment  to 


♦Shipp:  Life  of  Crawford,  p.  49. 


18         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  vacant  seat.  When  the  regular  election  was  held  by 
the  State  Legislature  some  time  later,  Judge  Tait,  a 
member  of  the  Crawford  faction,  successfully  opposed 
Judge  Griffin  for  this  office,  though  Judge  Griffin  was  un- 
questionably a  fine  lawyer  and  a  man  of  blameless  rep- 
utation. Thereupon  an  acrimonious  controversy  ensued 
between  Gen.  Clark  and  Mr.  Crawford,  growing  out  of 
the  issues  of  the  campaign. 

Smarting  from  the  defeat  of  his  candidate,  Gen.  Clark 
called  Mr.  Crawford  to  task  for  certain  pre-election  state- 
ments made  by  him  to  the  effect  that  he.  Gen.  Clark,  had 
influenced  the  grand  juries  of  certain  counties  to  recom- 
mend his  brother-in-law.  This  brought  forth  a  reply  from 
Mr.  C^rawford.  With  pens  dipped  in  vitriol  both  men 
indited  bitter  diatribes  and  branded  each  other  witli 
harsh  epithets  until  finally  Mr.  Crawford,  exasperated 
beyond  control,  challenged  Gen.  Clark  to  a  duel,  which 
challenge  was,  of  course,  promptly  accepted  by  the  im- 
petuous old  warrior. 

Col.  Thomas  Flournoy,  acting  as  second  to  Mr.  Craw- 
ford, and  Capt.  Howell  C^obb,  serving  in  a  like  capacity 
for  Gen.  Clark,  arranged  the  detmls  for  the  hostile  en- 
counter. As  the  place  of  meeting,  a  secluded  spot  was 
chosen  on  the  Carolina  side  of  the  Savannah  Elver,  just 
below  historic  old  Petersburg  and  some  eleven  miles 
from  where  Van  Allen,  two  years  previous,  fell  before 
Mr.  (h-awford's  deadly  fire.  But  the  duel  was  never 
fought.  At  this  stage  of  the  proceedings,  a  number  of 
disinterested  friends  besought  Gov.  Milledge  to  inter- 
vene, urging  the  value  to  the  State  of  both  men,  whose 
deadly  intent  portended  fatal  results. 

With  much  difficulty.  Gov.  Milledge  obtained  the  con- 
sent of  both  principals  to  the  apioointment  of  a  board  of 
arbitration,  charged  with  adjusting  the  difficulties  be- 
tween them.  Each  belligerent  was  given  the  right  to 
choose  two  friends  to  represent  him,  and  these  in  turn 
selected  a  fifth  arbitrator  who  was  really  to  hold  in  his 
hands  the  balance  of  power.     Jared    Irwin,    Abraham 


Under  the  Code  Duello  19 

Jackson,  James  Seagrove,  David  B.  Mitdiell,  and  J.  Ben 
Maxwell  constituted  this  court  of  appeals;  and,  on  De- 
cember 12,  1804,  a  plan  of  arbitration  was  submitted,  to 
which  both  parties,  without  loss  of  prestige,  yielded 
assent. 


Another  Issue  But  the  hatchet  was  only  temporarily  bur- 
Arises,  ied.  The  smoldering  fires  of  hostility 
began  to  leap  into  renewed  flame  ere  the 
ink  was  dry  upon  the  paper  which  both  signed  in  appar- 
ently good  faith.  Still,  more  than  a  year  elapsed  before 
matters  reached  anything  like  a  crisis.  On  Feb.  24,  1806, 
Josiah  Glass,  a  North  Carolinian,  appeared  upon  the 
scene  in  Georgia  with  a  warrant  for  one  Robert  Clary, 
charged  with  the  offence  of  stealing  a  negro.  Judge  Tait, 
in  his  capacity  as  a  judge,  was  called  upon  to  endorse 
this  warrant,  which  he  readily  did  as  a  matter  of  form, 
expecting  a  trial  of  the  case  to  establish  the  facts. 

In  a  few  days  thereafter,  while  on  the  Bench,  he  re- 
ceived a  note  from  Glass  in  which  the  latter  stated  that 
Clary  was  ready  to  make  an  affidavit  in  which  there 
would  be  some  startling  revelations.  After  tea,  on  the 
evening  of  this  particular  day.  Judge  Tait,  taking  with 
him  a  Mr.  Oliver  Skinner,  repaired  to  the  room  where 
Clary  was  held  a  prisoner  in  charge  of  Glass.  Thereupon 
followed  a  long  confession  in  which  statements  w^ere  in- 
cidentally made  involving  Gen,  John  Clark,  who  it  ap- 
pears from  this  affidavit  was  charged  with  a  land  trans- 
action for  which  the  money  paid  in  exchange  was  coun- 
terfeit. 

Judge  Tait  attached  no  importance  to  this  affidavit, 
for  the  deponent's  character  was  such  that  he  could 
not  be  trusted;  and  while  he  was  none  too  friendly  with 
Gen.  Clark,  he  was  above  listening  to  a  slanderous  story 
in  the  mouth  of  a  low  criminal;  so  he  informed  Glass 
that  the  matter  would  not  be  prosecuted  and  need  not 
be  made  public. 


20         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But  Glass  nevertlieless  took  a  copy  of  the  affidavit 
which,  in  some  mysterious  way,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Gen.  Clark.  The  latter  on  ascertaining  that  the  affidavit 
was  taken  at  night,  immediately  jumped  to  the  conclusion 
that  a  foul  conspiracy  was  on  foot  to  wreck  him  and 
that,  back  of  this  dark  proceeding,  was  his  arch-enemy, 
William  H.  Crawford. 

Passion  often  beclouds  the  truth.  As  a  matter  of 
fact.  Clary  was  an  unprincipled  fellow  who,  knowing 
the  differences  between  Clark  and  Crawford,  sought  to 
help  his  own  case,  while  under  arrest,  by  trumping  up 
a  charge  against  Gen.  Clark;  but  Judge  Tait  was  too 
just  a  man  to  give  ear  to  what  was  manifestly  a  mali- 
cious fabrication. 


Clark  Appeals  to  Contrary  to  the  General's  past  record, 
the  Legislature.  and  at  variance  with  his  well-known 
fiery  disposition,  instead  of  inviting- 
Judge  Tait  to  meet  him  on  the  field  of  honor,  he  strangely 
enough  presented  a  memorial  to  the  State  Legislature, 
asking  for  Judge  Tait's  impeachment.  At  this  time,  Mr. 
Crawford  was  a  member  of  the  House  from  Oglethorpe, 
and  naturally  he  espoused  Judge  Tait's  cause.  As  chair- 
man of  the  special  investigating  committee,  he  submitted 
a  report  to  the  House,  in  which  Judge  Tait's  good  name 
was  upheld,  with  the  further  statement  that  no  evidence 
could  be  found  on  which  to  base  an  impeachment.  This 
report  was  supported  l)y  Mr.  Crawford  in  an  eloquent 
speech  upon  the  floor.  His  po\yers  of  logic,  of  sarcasm, 
and  of  invective,  were  never  heard  to  better  advantage; 
and,  when  a  call  of  the  roll  was  taken,  on  the  adoption 
of  the  committee's  report,  there  were  only  three  votes 
cast  in  opposition,  to  fifty-seven  in  favor  of  exonerating 
Judge  Tait. 

Thus  the  matter  ended.  Gen.  Clark  was  willing  to 
let  Judge  Tait  escape  now  that  larger  game  was  in  sight ; 
and,  taking  offence  at  Mr.  Crawford's  partisan  activities 
in  Judge  Tait's  behalf,  and  especially  at  his  speech  be- 


Under  the  Code  Duello  21 

fore  the  House,  he  sent  him  a  challenge  through  his 
friend,  John  Forsyth,  Mr.  Crawford  yielded  compliance 
to  this  demand  for  satisfaction  and  selected  George 
Moore  to  arrange  the  details  for  the  meeting.  On  account 
of  engagements  in  the  Federal  Court,  John  Forsyth  was 
prevented  from  acting  as  Gen,  Clark's  second,  whereupon 
the  latter  chose  Gilbert  Hay,  of  Washington,  Ga.,  to  fill 
this  post. 

Duelling  Ground  High  Shoals,  on  the  Appalachee  Eiver, 
at  High  Shoals.  in  what  was  then  Indian  Territory,  was 
the  site  selected  for  the  proposed  en- 
counter. Xear  the  scene  of  this  hostile  meeting,  three 
counties  to-day  converge,  viz.,  'Walton,  Morgan  and  Oco- 
nee. Before  the  duel  took  place,  a  code  of  rules  was 
agreed  upon  by  the  seconds ;  and,  on  account  of  the  light 
which  these  rules  will  serve  to  throw  upon  the  history 
of  the  times,  especially  in  showing  how  affairs  of  honor 
were  conducted  after  the  arrival  of  the  combatants  upon 
the  scene  of  action,  they  are  herewith  reproduced  in  full, 
for  the  better  information  of  those  interested: 

Art.  1.  The  pistols  are  to  be  smooth  bore,  and  loaded  with  a  single 
ball  by  the  seconds  of  the  parties,  in  the  presence  of  each  other  and  of 
the    principals. 

Art.   2.  The  distance  shall  be  ten  yards,  the  parties  facing. 

Art.  3.  The  seconds  of  each  party  shall  place  the  pistol  in  the  right 
hand  of  his  friend,  cocked,  with  the  barrel  as  nearly  perpendicular  as  pos- 
sible, pointing  up  or  down,  and  neither  of  the  principals  shall  alter  the 
position  of  the  pistol  until  the  word  of  command  is  given. 

Art.  i.  The  signal  for  a  discharge  shall  be:  "Make  ready;  fire!"  At  the 
word  "fire,"  each  party  shall  discharge  his  pistol  as  near  as  possible  after 
receiving  the  word;  and  should  either  party  withhold  his  fire  it  shall  be  lost. 

Art.  5.  A  snap  or  a  flash  will  be  considered  the  same  as  a  shot. 

Art.  6.  Whenever  the  challenger  shall  express  himself  satisfied  or  shall 
receive  a  wound,  judged  by  the  survivors  mortal,  or  whenever  the  chal- 
lenged shall  have  received  a  wound  and  expresses  himself  satisfied,  then 
the   contest   shall    cease. 

Art.    7.  No  conversation   between  the   parties   direct. 

Art.  S.  To  prevent  the  possibility  of  suspicion,  relative  to  improper 
wearing  apparel,  each  party  shall  submit  to  an  examination  by  the  second 
of  his  opponent  immediately  before  taking  positions. 

Art.   9.   Choice  of  ground  and  the  word  to  be  decided  by  lot. 

Art.  10-.  The  seconds  shall  be  properly  armed  to  prevent  a  transgression 
of    these   rules    and    the   interposition    of    any   other    person. 

Art.  11.  If  either  of  the  principals  deviate  from  the  foregoing  rules, 
or  attempt  to  take  any  undue  advantage,  either  or  both  of  the  seconds  are 
at  liberty  to  fire  at  him. 


22         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Art.    12.  If   either   party   falls,    no   person    except   the   surgeon    shall   be 
admitted  until   the   opposite   party   leaves   the   ground.* 
*Shipp:    Life  of  Crawford,    p.    73. 

On  December  12,  180G,  ac'('ordin<>-  to  agTeement,  tlie 
jmrties  met  at  the  place  appointed ;  but  due  to  some  little 
dispute  between  the  seconds  as  to  details  of  arrange- 
ment, an  hour  elapsed  beyond  the  time  set  for  the  affair 
at  high  noon  and  it  was  one  o'clock  before  the  belliger- 
ents were  brought  face  to  face.  In  the  meantime,  Mr. 
Crawford,  keyed  for  combat,  became  restless  and  impa- 
tient. To  quote  his  biographer,  ''he  was  temperament- 
ally unfitted  for  a  duellist,"  while  Clark,  on  the  other 
hand,  "was  a  practiced  fighter,  thoroughly  skilled  in 
the  use  of  weapons,  and  equally  courageous."  Quoting 
still  further,  from  this  same  authority,  "The  result  was 
what  might  have  been  anticipated.  Crawford  swaggered 
to  the  peg  with  the  same  degree  of  carelessness  that  he 
was  wont  to  exhibit  when  addressing  a  jurj^  in  Ogle- 
thorpe. His  left  arm  was  forgotten  and  heedlessly  held 
unprotected  by  his  body  in  a  way  to  catch  the  ball  of 
the  rawest  duellist.  At  the  first  fire,  Clark  was  un- 
touched and  Crawford's  left  wrist  was  shattered  and  the 
bones  crushed  in  a  way  to  cause  him  many  weeks  of  ex- 
cruciating pain.  Clark  was  not  satisfied  and  insisted 
that  the  shots  be  continued;  but  George  Moore  declined 
to  allow  his  principal  to  proceed  further,  the  terms  of 
the  agreement  having  been  fully  met."* 


Humor  of  With  this  decision  the  affair  ended.     But 

an  Irishman.  Gen.  Clark  was  not  appeased.  He  still 
hungered  for  satisfaction;  and  no  sooner 
was  Mr.  Crawford  well  enough  to  resume  professional 
activities  than  he  received  from  Gen.  Clark  a  second 
challenge  to  mortal  combat,  without  any  fresh  grievance 
to  warrant  a  renewal  of  hostilities.  Mr.  Crawford  could 
now  decline  to  meet  him,  without  incurring  adverse  crit- 
icism or  hazarding  his  reputation  as  a  man  of  courage. 

♦Shipp:   Life  of  Crawford,   p.   73. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  23 

But  the  partisan  warfare  still  continued  between  the 
loyal  followers  of  the  two  men  and,  as  time  went  on,  the 
feudal  inheritance  was  transmitted  from  sire  to  son, 
with  solemn  abjuration.  Greorgia  was  divided  into  two 
hostile  camps;  and  even  churches,  while  preaching  a 
gospel  of  forgiveness,  insisted  upon  a  sharp  line  of  di- 
vision. Perhaps  an  amusing  anecdote  will  illustrate  the 
temper  of  the  times : 

"To  introduce  the  subject  of  politics  in  any  promis- 
cuous gathering  was  to  promote  a  quarrel.  A  son  of 
Erin,  lately  from  Limerick,  opened  a  bar-room  in  a  vil- 
lage in  Greene  County,  Ga.  He  endeavored  by  strenu- 
ous neutrality,  to  catch  the  trade  of  both  parties.  After 
a  week's  trial,  he  gave  it  up  in  disgust.  When  describing 
this  experience  he  said:  'As  soon  as  a  Crawford  man 
would  come  in,  he  would  at  once  inquire  if  this  was 
a  Crawford  bar;  and,  faith,  when  I  told  him  it  was  nai- 
ther,  he  cursed  me  for  a  Clarkite  and  refused  to  drink. 
When  a  Clark  man  came  in  and  I  told  him  I  was  naither, 
he  cursed  me  for  a  Crawfordite,  and  I  sold  not  a  gill  to 
anyone.    Faith,  it  pays  to  be  a  politician  in  Georgia.'  "* 


After  Judge  Tait  Tliough  Gen.  Clark  did  not  call  Judge 
With  a  Cow-Hide.  Tait  to  the  field  of  honor,  as  a  result 
of  the  alleged  conspiracy  for  which  he 
sought  his  impeachment  by  the  Legislature,  he  did  visit 
him  in  a  most  spectacular  manner  and  in  a  most  literal 
sense,  with  the  marks  of  his  displeasure.  The  story  is 
thus  told : 

One  day,  in  the  summer  of  1807,  when  Judge  Tait,  then 
an  occupant  of  the  Superior  Court  Bench,  Avas  driving 
along  Jefferson  Street,  in  Milledgeville,  Gen.  Clark  came 
up,  gracefully  cantering  on  a  handsome  sorrel.  The  Gen- 
eral always  rode  a  fine  horse,  with  best  accoutrements, 
and  rarely  failed  to  make  an  impression.  Whatever  else 
might  be  said  of  him,  John  Clark  was  a  born  soldier. 


*Shipp:  Life  of  Crawford,   p.   67. 


24         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  he  aiDpeared  to  special  advantage  on  horse-back. 
Riding  up  to  Judge  Tait,  he  engaged  him  in  a  brief  con- 
versation : 

"This  is  the  first  time  I  have  seen  you,  sir,"  began 
Gen.  Clark,  "at  least  since  your  hasty  departure  from 
Louisville." 

"Yes,"  replied  the  Judge,  "I  have  not  seen  you 
since  then." 

"Tait,"  resumed  the  General,  after  a  moment's 
pause,  "under  the  cloak  of  judicial  authority,  you  have 
sought  to  destroy  my  reputation,  and  for  your  infamous 
attempt  to  do  so  I  shall  give  you  the  lash." 

Thereupon,  before  any  reply  could  be  made.  General 
Clark  came  down  with  his  riding  whip  upon  the  shoul- 
ders of  the  jurist,  inflicting  severe  blows  upon  him  with 
the  aid  of  powerful  muscles.  On  account  of  his  wooden 
leg.  Judge  Tait  was  no  match  for  his  irate  antagonist. 
While  the  interview  was  in  progress,  Tait's  horse  took 
fright,  but  Clark  kept  along  side  of  him  until  his  wrath 
was  appeased. 

For  this  attack  upon  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court, 
Gen.  Clark  was  duly  prosecuted. and,  on  conviction,  was 
sentenced  by  Judge  Early  to  pay  a  fine  of  $2,000  and 
to  give  security  for  his  good  behavior  for  a  period  of 
five  years.  However,  this  sentence  was  never  put  into 
effect.  Governor  Jared  Irwin,  an  old  comrade-in-arms, 
feeling  that  Gen.  Clark  was  an  injured  man,  afterwards 
issued  an  executive  order  remitting  the  fine  imposed 
upon  him  by  Judge  Early  and  furthermore  releasing  the 
old  soldier  from  any  and  all  other  legal  consequences 
attached  to  his  rash  conduct.  As  for  Judge  Tait,  he  af- 
terwards became  a  United  States  Senator,  but  eventu- 
ally removed  to  Alabama  where  he  spent  his  last  days. 


Judge  Dooly's    When  Peter  Van  Allen  fell  at  Fort  Char- 
Bee-Gum.  lotte,  before  Mr.  Crawford's  fire,  the  so- 
licitorship  of  the  Western  Circuit,  made 
vacant  by  his  death,  was  conferred  by  appointment  upon 


Under  the  Code  Duello  25 

a  gentleman  noted  in  the  annals  of  Georgia  for  his  Attic 
salt:  Hon.  John  M.  Dooly.  Judge  Dooly  was  afterwards 
elevated  to  the  Bench,  from  which  circumstance  arose 
the  title  by  which  he  was  universally  known.  He  was 
easily  the  greatest  wit  of  his  day  in  Georgia,  a  master 
of  satire  and  as  quick  at  repartee  as  chained  lightning. 
Public  speakers  seldom,  if  ever,  engaged  with  him  in 
joint  debate,  for  prudential  reasons.  Crowds  thronged 
his  court-room  whenever  he  appeared  on  the  circuit ;  and 
if  Charles  Dickens  could  only  have  met  this  unique  char- 
acter, he  might  have  improved  upon  the  drolleries  of 
Pickwick. 

On  a  certain  occasion,  when  this  same  feud  between 
Clark  and  Crawford  was  still  alive.  Judge  Dooly  became 
involved  in  a  controversy  with  his  predecessor  upon  the 
Bench:  Judge  Charles  Tait.  As  a  result  Judge  Tait 
challenged  him  to  mortal  combat.  There  are  several  ver- 
sions to  this  story,  but,  according  to  one  of  them,  Judge 
Dooly  accepted  the  challenge  and  actually  appeared  upon 
the  scene  of  encounter,  though  he  was  notoriously  op- 
posed to  shedding  blood,  especially  from  his  own  veins. 

Gen.  Clark  was  Judge  Dooly's  second,  while  Mr.  Craw- 
ford, in  a  like  capacity,  served  Judge  Tait;  and  the  af- 
fair was  probably  planned  with  the  utmost  seriousness 
by  the  friends  of  both  parties.  Now,  it  happened  that 
one  of  Judge  Tait's  bodily  infirmities  was  a  wooden  leg, 
and  it  was  a  knowledge  of  this  fact  which  inspired  Judge 
Dooly's  singular  feat  of  valor.  At  the  appointed  time, 
Judge  Tait,  with  his  second,  Mr.  Crawford,  appeared 
upon  the  scene  of  action,  where  he  discovered  Judge 
Dooly  sitting  patiently  alone  upon  a  stump.  In  reply 
to  an  inquiry  from  ]\fr.  Crawford,  concerning  the  where- 
abouts of  Gen.  Clark,  with  whom  he  wished  to  confer 
in  advance  of  the  duel,  Judge  Dooly  replied : 

''Gen.  Clark  is  in  the  woods  looking  for  a  bee-gum." 

"May  I  inquire,"  asked  Mr.  Crawford,  "what  use  he 
intends  to  make  of  a  bee-gum?" 

"I  want  to  put  my  leg  in  it,"  replied  Judge  Dooly. 


26         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

''Do  you  suppose  for  a  minute  that  I  am  going  to  risk  a 
good  leg  of  flesh  and  blood  against  Tait's  wooden  stump? 
If  I  hit  his  leg,  he  can  get  him  another  one  before  tomor- 
row morning;  but  if  he  hits  mine  I  may  lose  my  life,  cer- 
tainly my  leg;  and  to  put  myself  on  equal  footing  with 
Tait,  I  must  have  a  bee-gum  for  j^rotection.  I  can  then 
fight  him  on  equal  terms." 

"Then  am  I  to  understand  that  you  do  not  intend  to 
fight  Judge  Tait?",  inquired  Mr.  Crawford. 

''Well,"  responded  Judge  Dooly,  "I  thought  every 
one  knew  that." 

"Perhaps  so,"  replied  Mr.  Crawford,  "but  you  will 
fill  a  newspaper  column  in  consequence  of  this  day's 
business." 

"So  be  it,"  replied  the  Judge,  with  an  arch  smile,  "I 
would  rather  fill  a  dozen  newspapers  than  one  coffin." 

There  was  nothing  more  to  be  said.  Judge  Tait  was, 
of  course,  chagrined  at  this  unexpected  turn  of  affairs. 
He  expected  to  humiliate  Judge  Dooly,  even  if  he  could 
not  force  him  to  fight ;  but  Judge  Dooly  had  cleverly  man- 
aged the  situation  and,  without  putting  his  good  legs  in 
jeopardy,  had  come  off  the  victor.  Gallant  Jack  Falstaff 
himself  could  not  have  managed  the  affair  with  keener 
strategy  or  with  cooler  discretion. 


Duelling  Forbidden    Prior  to  December  12, 1809,  there  was 
By  Statute.  no  law  on  the  statute  books  of  Geor- 

gia forbidding  the  practice  of  duel- 
ling, though  it  was  customary  for  belligerents  to  cross 
the  State  lines,  to  avoid  indictment  on  the  general  charge 
of  murder,  in  the  event  of  fatal  consequences.  But  the 
frequency  of  such  affairs,  involving  men  of  the  highest 
intellectual  type  and  of  the  greatest  public  usefulness, 
eventually  produced  a  revulsion  of  sentiment.  The  kill- 
ing of  Alexander  Hamilton  by  Aaron  Burr,  perhaps  more 
than  any  other  event,  served  to  call  nation-wide  atten- 
tion to  the  imperative  need  of  reform  in  this  direction. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  27 

It  is  hardly  an  exaggeration  to  say  that  not  less  than  a 
thousand  duels  were  fought  in  Greorgia  in  consequence 
of  this  feudal  enmity  between  Clark  and  Crawford;  and 
there  were  few  households  in  the  State  which  were  not 
bereaved,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  by  the  countless 
sacrifices  which  were  made  during  this  period  to  ap- 
pease the  demands  of  this  bloody  Moloch. 

Consequently,  on  December  12,  1809,  Gov.  David  B. 
M-itchell  signed  a  measure,  passed  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  Georgia,  making  it  unlawful  either  to  extend  or 
to  accept  a  challenge,  or  to  be  concerned  in  any  way 
therein,  either  as  principals  or  as  seconds;  and  on  con- 
viction the  offender  was  to  be  excluded  from  the  right 
to  hold  any  office  of  trust,  honor,  or  emolument  in  this 
State.*  Gov.  David  B.  Mitchell,  whose  signature 
as  Chief-Magistrate  was  attached  to  this  measure,  him- 
self figured  on  one  occasion  in  an  affair  of  honor. 

It  was  well  enough  to  have  such  a  law  upon  the  stat- 
ute-books, in  deference  to  humane  public  opinion.  But 
for  years  it  was  practically  a  dead-letter ;  and,  to  procure 
an  acquittal  from  an  average  jury  it  was  only  necessary 
to  show  that  the  duel  was  fought  in  a  decorous  manner, 
according  to  the  strict  ethics  of  the  Code  of  Honor.  Here 
the  law  stopped.  It  required  something  more  than  a  leg- 
islative enactment  to  uproot  the  traditions  of  chivalry 
in  a  land  of  Cavaliers. 


General  Floyd's  Duel  Perhaps  the  most  famous  of  Geor- 
With  Three  Weapons  gia's  Indian  fighters  was  General 
John  Floyd,  who  won  renown  on  the 
frontier  during  the  war  of  1812.  Skilled  in  the  exercise 
of  arms,  there  was  scarcely  any  sort  of  weapon,  from  a 
shot-gun  to  a  bowie-knife,  with  whose  effective  use  he 
was  not  familiar;  nor  was  it  solely  with  Indian  warriors 
that  this  seasoned  old  regular  engaged  in  hand-to-hand 
encounters.     Down  in  Camden  County,  Ga.,  where  Gen. 


♦Clayton's    Compilation,    p.    529. 


28         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Floyd  spent  most  of  his  life  and  where  he  lies  buried  on 
one  of  his  plantations,  tradition  credits  liim  with  having 
fonglit  what  in  some  respects  was  the  most  extraordinary 
duel  of  which  there  is  any  record  in  the  bloody  chronicles 
of  the  Code. 

His  antagonist,  a  Mr.  Hopkins,  was  equally  skilled  in 
the  use  of  weajions,  and  equally  fearless.  It  w^as  Greek 
against  Greek.  As  the  challenged  party,  Mr.  Hopkins 
claimed  the  right  to  choose  weapons ;  but,  instead  of  sat- 
isfying himself  with  one  kind,  he  chose  three — a  most 
radical  departure  from  the  venerated  traditions.  To 
settle  the  grievance  l)etween  them  it  was  agreed  to  fire 
a  round  with  shot-guns,  at  a  certain  specified  distance. 
In  the  event  neither  was  killed  or  disabled  in  this  ex- 
change of  shots,  they  were  to  approach  several  feet  near- 
er with  drawn  pistols,  and  if  both  remained  on  foot  after 
this  second  fire,  they  were  to  end  the  affair  in  a  hand-to- 
hand  grai)ple  with  bowie-knives,  fighting  till  one  or  both 
should  fall  mortally  wounded. 

On  both  sides,  this  program  was  commenced  in  deadly 
earnest.  But  Gen.  Floyd's  antagonist,  in  either  the  first 
or  second  round  was  so  effectually  disabled  by  loss  of 
blood  that  resort  to  bo'wie-knives  as  a  finality  was  aban- 
doned. The  incident  suffices  to  show  Gen.  Floyd's  grim 
hardihood  as  a  fighter.  His  characteristics  in  this  re- 
spect were  transmitted  to  his  son,  Gen.  Charles  L.  Floyd, 
and  to  his  grandson,  Capt.  Richard  S.  Floyd,  both  of 
whom  are  credited  with  affairs  of  honor.  Hon.  Wm.  G. 
McAdoo,  the  present  distinguished  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  in  President  Wilson's  Cabinet,  and  the  latter 's 
son-in-law,  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  Gen.  Floyd;  and, 
while  he  has  not  emulated  the  prowess  of  his  ancestor  as 
a  duellist,  he  has  turned  the  fighting  spirit  of  his  family 
into  industrial  channels,  with  the  result  that  he  is  to-day 
credited  with  one  of  the  greatest  achievements  of  modern 
times :  the  construction  of  the  Hudson  River  tunnels. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  29 

Grim  Relic  Owned  Hon.  Eb.  T.  Williams,  of  Atlanta,  a 
by  Col.  Williams.  distingTiislied  member  of  the  Georgia 
Bar,  owns  a  duelling-pistol  which  fig- 
ured in  one  of  the  most  dramatic  episodes  of  Georgia's 
history  prior  to  the  Civil  "War.  It  is  an  old  flint-and-steel 
weapon,  made  by  Manton  and  Son,  of  Lf:'ndon,  famous  in 
an  earlier  day  for  the  "manufacture  of  fire-arms  used  on 
the  field  of  honor.  The  barrel  is  one  of  very  large  bore, 
inlaid  with  platinum  and  encircled  by  silver  bands.  The 
device  for  sighting  is  also  of  silver,  while  the  powder 
pan  is  covered  with  a  layer  of  platinum.  From  end  to 
end,  the  pistol  measures  some  eighteen  inches  in  length. 
It  is  handsomely  engraved,  and  when  fresh  from  the  lab- 
oratory of  Manton  and  Son,  must  have  been  a  work  of 
art.  The  pistol  was  purchased  by  Col.  Williams  years 
ago  from  an  old  locksmith  of  Augusta,  by  the  name  of 
Eogers.* 


Duel  Between     According  to  legendary     accounts,     this 
Gumming  grim  relic  of  duelling  days  in  Georgia  fig- 

and  McDuffie.  ured  in  more  than  one  tragic  encounter ; 
but  the  affair  of  honor  to  which  its  rust- 
covered  cylinder  unmistakably  points,  after  a  lapse  of 
nearly  one  hundred  years,  was  a  duel  which  occurred 
at  Sister's  Ferry,  on  June  8,  1822,. between  Col.  William 
Cumming,  of  Augusta,  and  Hon.  George  McDuffie,  of 
South  Carolina,  the  latter  of  whom  afterwards  became 
Governor  of  the  Palmetto  State  and  United  States  Sen- 
ator. Colonel  Cumming  was  a  distinguished  soldier  of 
the  United  States  in  the  war  of  1812.  He  held  the  rank 
of  Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  but  was  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral of  the  army  operating  on  the  Canadian  frontier  and 
was  severely  wounded  in  one  of  the  battles  of  that  cam- 
paign. Having  resigned  from  the  army,  after  the  war, 
he  was  subsequently  offered  a  Brigadier-General's  com- 


*This    information    obtained    from    Col.    Eb.    T.    Williams   in   a    personal 
interview. 


30         Georcua's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

mission  by  President  Jackson,  l)ut  declined  the  appoint- 
ment. At  the  outlireak  of  the  Mexican  War,  in  1846,  he 
was  ai)pointed  a  Major-General  in  the  U.  S.  Army,  by 
President  Polk,  bnt  declined  this  appointment  also,  main- 
ly, no  doubt,  on  account  of  his  age,  which  was  then  about 
sixty. 

It  is  difficult  to  vouch  for  the  circumstances  at  this 
late  day;  but  as  gleaned  from  newspaper  accounts  the 
duel  originated  in  this  wise  :*  An  article,  without  signa- 
ture, appeared  in  one  of  the  Augusta  papers,  supporting 
the  claims  of  Mr.  Crawford  against  those  of  Mr.  Calhoun 
for  President  of  the  United  States.  This  article  provoked 
a  salty  reply  from  a  gentleman  of  South  Carolina,  whose 
name  was  likewise  undisclosed.  The  Georgia  writer  re- 
joined on  the  assumption  that  the  South  Carolina  writer 
was  Mr.  McDuffie,  which  gentleman  nettled  by  the  strict- 
ures therein  contained  replied  in  the  'belief  that  his  op- 
ponent was  Col.  Cumming,  a  gentleman  whose  pen  was 
famous  in  the  controversies  of  his  time. 

Both  men  were  mistaken.  The  affair  proved  to  be  a 
comedy  of  errors.  But  no  explanation  was  made  on 
either  side  and  subsequent  developments  led  to  a  chal- 
lenge, which  was  promptly  accepted.  It  is  understood 
that  a  proposition  to  which  Mr.  McDuffie  gave  assent  but 
to  which  Col.  Cumming  demurred  was  made  by  mutual 
friends  in  the  hope  of  a  satisfactory  adjustment;  and, 
this  effort  failing,  the  details  of  the  meeting  were  ar- 
ranged by  seconds  after  the  uSual  custom. 

According  to  newspaper  accounts,  Col.  Cumming 
wished  to  fight  in  round-jackets  or  shirt-sleeves;  but  his 
antagonist  suggested  the  conventional  frock  coat.  This 
dress  was  accepted.  At  the  appointed  hour.  Col.  Cum- 
ming appeared  upon  the  field  in  a  suit  of  cotton;  Mr.  Mc- 
Duffie came  attired  in  silk.  The  combatants,  facing  each 
other  at  a  distance  of  ten  paces,  exchanged  shots.  Mc- 
Dtiffie's  ball  struck  the  ground  about  four  paces  from  his 
own  feet,  while  the  bullet  of  his  antagonist  entered  the 


*Dr.  R.  J.  Massey:  Scrap-book. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  31 

former's  back  obliquely  just  below  the  short  ribs  and  de- 
flected. Only  one  round  was  fired,  the  surgeons  agreeing 
that  Mr.  McDuffie  was  too  severely  wounded  to  continue 
the  hostile  interview. 

This  wound  eventually  caused  the  great  orator's 
death.  As  a  reason  why  the  bullet  did  not  penetrate 
deeper,  the  Augusta  Chronicle,  some  time  afterwards,  in 
giving  a  purported  authentic  account  of  the  affair,  made 
this  statement:  '^Cumming's  bullet  was  loaded  for  the 
side,  not  for  the  back;  and  for  the  resistance  of  common 
drapery,  not  for  several  folds  of  strong  silk."*  On  the 
authority  of  Judge  John  B.  O'Neill,  in  his  "Bench  and 
Bar  of  South  Carolina,"  the  wound  received  by  Mr.  Mc- 
Duffie in  this  duel  changed  his  entire  disposition,  embit- 
tered his  life,  and  sent  him  a  wreck  to  his  tomb. 


Mr.  Forsyth  John  Forsyth  was  one  of  the  ablest  men 
Wounded  by  a  of  his  day  in  the  arena  of  national  politics. 
Sword  Thrust.  While  United  State  Minister  to  Spain,  he 
negotiated  with  Ferdinand  VII  for  the 
purchase  of  Florida.  He  represented  Georgia  in  both 
wings  of  the  Federal  Congress  and  succeeded  the  daunt- 
less Troup  in  the  chair  of  Governor.  Mr.  Forsyth  round- 
ed his  career  in  public  life  as  Secretary  of  War,  holding 
his  portfolio  under  two  Presidents :  Jackson  and  Van 
Buren.  As  an  orator,  he  was  superior,  in  the  judgment 
of  many,  even  to  Judge  Berrien,  our  American  Cicero, 
with  whom,  in  the  famous  Tariff  Convention  of  1833,  he 
engaged  in  a  grapple  of  argument  lasting  for  three  days. 
From  this  contest  he  bore  off  the  laurels. 

But  Mr.  Forsyth,  when  a  young  man,  came  near  los- 
ing his  life  in  a  duel  which  he  fought  with  a  Mr.  Williams, 
an  affair  in  which  the  weapons  used  were  small  swords. 
Mr.  Forsyth  received  a  severe  wound  in  the  nock.  When 
Gen.  John  Clark  invited  William  II.  Crawford  to  mortal 


♦Sabine:    Notes   on   Duelling,    p.    242.      Dr.    R.    .L   Massey:    Article   in   the 
"Sunny  South." 


32         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

comibat,  on  the  eve  of  the  famous  duel  at  High  Shoals,  it 
was  Mr.  Forsyth  who,  as  the  former's  second,  bore  the 
challenge  to  Mr.  Crawford ;  but  the  duties  in  the  Federal 
Court  prevented  him  from  serving  in  this  role  when  the 
duel  occurred.  The  father  of  Mr.  Forsyth,  while  holding 
the  office  of  United  States  Marshal  for  Georgia,  was 
instantly  killed  in  a  difficulty  with  the  noted  Beverly 
Allen,  whom  he  sought  to  arrest.  His  grave  in  the 
church-yard  of  old  St.  Paul's  at  AugTista,  is  marked  by 
a  tombstone,  on  which  an  account  of  the  affair  is  in- 
scribed.   Allen  succeeded  in  making  his  escape. 


Dr.  Ambrose  Baber.       One  of  the  most  distinguished     of 

Georgia's  ante-bellum  physicians 
was  Dr.  Ambrose  Baber;  and  there  were  few  men  in  the 
State  before  the  war  who  possessed  a  wider  circle  of 
friends  or  left  a  profounder  impress  upon  public  affairs. 
Dr.  Baber  was  long  a  resident  of  Macon.  Though  an 
active  practitioner  of  medicine,  the  fascinations  of  pub- 
lic life  became  a  charm  too  powerful  to  be  resisted,  es- 
pecially by  one  whose  intellect  and  information  fitted 
him  to  adorn  any  station.*  He  represented  this  country 
at  one  time  as  Minister  to  Sardinia.  He  also  sat  re- 
peatedly in  the  State  Senate  of  Georgia,  and  for  some 
time  prior  to  his  death  held  the  office  of  Grand  Master  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Georgia  Masons.  He  was  a  power 
in  politics.  But  among  the  other  distinguishing  marks 
of  this  accomplished  gentleman  was  his  deadly  aim  with 
a  pistol  and  his  expert  use  of  the  sword. 


Surgeon  in  Beall-      Dr.  Baber  was  a  duellist.     His  first 
Mitchell  Affair.  connection  with  an  affair    of    honor 

was  in  1825,  when  he  was  present  in 
the  capacity  of  a  surgeon  at  the  famous  duel  fought  be- 
tween Hon.  Thomas  D.  Mitchell  and  Maj.  Kobert  A.  Beall. 


♦Judge  R.  H.   Clark:  Memoirs. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  33 

Col.  Mitchell  was  allied  with  the  Clark  faction  in  politics 
and  at  the  time  of  the  duel  was  the  newly  elected 
Solicitor-General  of  the  Southern  Circuit.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Laurens  District,  S.  C,  but  studied  law  at  Eaton- 
ton,  Ga.,  under  Judge  Eli  S.  Shorter,  after  which  he 
settled  at  Hartford,  Ga.,  to  practice  his  profession.  Major 
Beall  was  residing  at  this  time  in  Talbotton,  Ga.,  but  af- 
terwards removed  to  Macon,  where  he  became  the  first 
mayor  of  the  young  town.  At  a  later  period  in  his  life 
he  also  held  a  Brigadier-General's  commission  in  the 
State  militia. 

The  difficulty  between  the  two  men  grew  out  of  a  triv- 
ial remark  made  by  Col.  Mitchell  at  the  dinner  table  of 
a  friend,  to  which  remark  Major  Beall  took  exception. 
As  a  result  there  sprang  up  between  these  gentlemen  a 
quarrel  which  proved  to  be  so  persistent  that  a  resort  to 
weapons  offered  the  only  sane  solution  and  accordingly 
they  agreed  to  adjust  matters  between  them  by  fighting 
a  duel  at  Hamburg,  S.  C,  just  opposite  the  citj?-  of  Au- 
gusta. Capt.  Joseph  Morgan,  second  for  Major  Beall, 
and  Mr.  John  P.  Booth,  second  for  Col.  Mitchell,  arranged 
the  details.  Two  rounds  were  fired  without  effect,  after 
which,  mutual  friends,  a  number  of  whom  were  present, 
intervened  to  prevent  further  hostilities.  The  courage 
of  both  men  having  been  attested,  a  reconciliation  was 
effected  and  the  combatants  shook  hands  on  the  field. 


Duel  With  Unfortunately,  some  comment    up- 

Thomas  D.  Mitchell.      on  the  duel  made  by  Dr.  Baber,  who 

attended  as  surgeon  to  Major  Beall 
at  Hamburg,  S.  C,  was  resented  by  Col.  Mitchell.  The 
latter  subsequent!}^  published  a  card  which  gave  offence 
to  Dr.  Baber,  who,  after  a  brief  controversy  on  the  sub- 
ject, demanded  of  Col.  Mitchell  the  satisfaction  due  a 
gentleman  under  the  Code.  The  challenge  was  accepted, 
and  rifles,  at  a  distance  of  ten  paces,  were  selected  as  the 
weapons.    In  the  spring  of  1826,  the  parties  met  at  Ham- 


34         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

burg,  S.  C,  the  scene  of  the  former  duel ;  and,  on  the  sec- 
ond fire.  Col.  Mitchell  fell,  mortally  wounded.  The  ball 
13enetrated  the  lungs  causing  almost  instant  death. 

Dr.  Isaac  W.  Mitchell,  a  brother  of  the  deceased,  was 
present  at  the  duel,  acting  in  the  capacity  of  surgeon, 
and  attended  upon  the  dying  man  in  his  last  moments. 
It  was  a  sad  duty  to  perform,  but  the  ordeal  was  soon 
over,  and  there  were  no  pangs  of  lingering  distress, 
thanks  to  the  deadly  work  of  the  bullet.  Dr.  Mitchell  was 
a  life-long  resident  of  Thomas  County,  Ga.,  where  he 
amassed  a  large  proj^ierty  and  died  well  advanced  in  years. 
Col.  Mitchell,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  still  a  young 
man,  aged  thirty-three,  and  unmarried.  Exceptionally 
well-equipped  for  his  profession,  he  was  a  man  of  splen- 
did talents,  but  sensitive  to  a  fault  and  inclined  to  be 
somewhat  rash  and  dictatorial,  especially  when  aroused 
by  anger. 


Tragic  Death  Dr.  Baber  survived  his  hostile  encounter 
of  Dr.  Baber.  with  Col.  Mitchell  by  twenty  years  and 
was  still  in  the  prime  of  life  when  he  came 
to  his  death  in  a  most  tragic  and  sudden  manner.  As 
narrated  by  Judge  Richard  H.  Clark,  the  circumstances 
are  these:  Among  the  patients  of  Dr.  Baber  was  a  man 
with  consumption,  named  Jarrell,  in  East  Macon.  On 
Saturday  the  doctor  made  for  him  a  prescription  which 
contained  cyanuret  of  potassium.  This  drug  consists 
largely  of  the  elements  of  prussic  acid,  and  if  taken  in  too 
large  a  dose  is  a  deadly  poison.  The  prescription  was 
put  up  by  George  Payne,  then  and  now,  a  prominent  drug- 
gist of  Macon  and  a  most  excellent  man.  Detecting  the 
mistake,  Mr.  Payne,  nevertheless,  filled  the  prescription, 
but  tied  it  to  the  valve  and  wrote  the  patient  not  to  take 
it,  that  it  was  a  killing  dose,  and  to  show  the  prescription, 
with  his  note,  to  Dr.  Baber,  when  he  arrived.  The  next 
morning  early  Dr.  Baber  made  his  accustomed  visit  and 
was  disappointed  and  irritated  that  his  patient  had  not 


Under  the  Code  DuELiiO  35 

taken  the  medicine  the  day  before,  as  he  directed.  The 
dose  was  a  teaspoonfnl. 

' '  To  satisfy  you  there  is  no  danger  in  it. ' '  said  the  doc- 
tor to  the  patient,  on  the  impulse  of  the  moment,  ' '  I  will 
take  a  double  dose." 

Suiting  the  action  to  the  word,  he  swallowed  two  tea- 
spoonsful,  staggered  to  a  chair,  and  in  seventeen  min- 
utes, drew  his  last  breath.  The  mistake  was  due  to  a 
misprint  in  the  formulary  used  by  Dr.  Baber.  After- 
wards, due  to  the  notoriety  which  this  affair  attained,  the 
entire  edition  was  called  in  and  destroyed  by  the  publish- 
er, but  no  amends  could  restore  the  life  of  one  of  the 
most  useful  public  men  of  the  State.  The  excitement 
which  prevailed  throughout  the  city  of  Macon  on  the  fatal 
Sunday  morning  which  witnessed  this  tragic  occurrence 
was  most  intense.    It  was  Macon's  dark  Sabbath. 


Crawford         On  January  25,  1828,  at  Fort-  Mitchell,  in 
and  the  Creek  Nation,  on  what  is  now  the  Ala- 

Burnside.  bama  side  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  just 
below  the  present  city  of  Columbus,  occur- 
red the  famous  duel  between  George  W.  Crawford  and 
Thomas  E.  Burnside.  Both  principals  were  then  talented 
young  lawyers,  residing  at  Appling,  in  Columbia  County, 
Ga.  The  former  was  a  kinsman  of  the  renowned  William 
H.  Crawford  and  was  himself  destined  to  become  scarcely 
less  distinguished  in  the  political  history  of  Georgia.  He 
served  his  State  as  Governor  and  held  the  portfolio  of 
Secretary  of  War  in  the  cabinet  of  Gen.  Taylor,  after 
which  he  presided  over  the  historic  Secession  Convention, 
at  Milledgeville,  in  1861.  As  a  lawyer,  he  encountered  few 
equals  at  the  Bar;  and  for  his  services  in  prosecuting 
the  celebrated  Galphin  claim  against  the  United  States 
government,  he  received  a  fee  of  $80,000. 

Burnside,  who  was  fated  to  fall  in  this  encounter  on 
the  threshold  of  what  promised  to  be  a  brilliant  career 
in  public  life,  was  an  uncle  of  the  noted  Federal  comman- 


36         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

der  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  afterwards  Governor  of 
Rhode  Island  and  United  States  Senator. 

The  duel  between  Crawford  and  Burnside  grew  out 
of  a  newsj^aper  article  jDUblished,  without  signature,  in 
one  of  the  Augusta  j^apers,  criticizing  Hon.  Peter  Craw- 
ford, a  Whig.  Peter  Crawford  was  for  years  prominent 
in  Georgia  politics  and  was  at  this  time  in  very  poor 
health.  George  W.  Crawford,  incensed  at  this  attack 
upon  his  father  by  an  unknown  writer,  demanded  the 
authorship  of  this  offensive  card.  But  the  editor  de- 
clined to  disclose  the  writer's  name.  Col.  D.  W.  Lewis, 
who  was  afterw^ards  Gov.  Gilmer's  private  secretary, 
says  that  the  writer  of  the  article  in  question  was  a  lady 
and  that  it  was  for  this  reason  that  Mr.  Crawford's  de- 
mand was  refused. 

However,  Thomas  E.  Burnside  assumed  responsibil- 
ity for  the  article,  whereupon  he  jDromptly  received  a 
challenge  from  George  W.  Crawford  to  mortal  combat. 
He  seems  to  have  been  reluctant  to  fight,  but  at  a  time 
when  the  Code  Duello  was  in  vogue,  he  well  knew  the 
consequences  to  himself  and  to  his  political  fortunes, 
should  he  refuse  to  meet  his  antagonist  on  the  field.  He, 
therefore,  accepted  the  challenge  and  repaired  at  once 
to  the  scene  of  combat.  But,  on  the  night  before  the  fatal 
meeting— perhaps  with  some  premonition  of  the  result 
in  mind — he  dispatched  the  following  note  to  Mrs. 
Burnside : 

Port  Mitchell,   Jan.   24,   1828. 
Dear  Wife  and  Mother: 

Tomorrow  I  fight.  I  do  it  on  principle.  Whatever  may  be  my  fate, 
I  believe  I  am  right.  On  this  ground  I  have  acted  and  will  act.  I  be- 
lieve I  shall  succeed,  but  if  I  do  not  I  am  prepared  for  consequences. 
Kiss  the  children  and  tell  them  that  if  I  fall  my  last  thought  was  of 
them.  ,  Yours  most  affectionately, 

THOMAS  E.  BURNSIDE. 

This  pathetic  fragment  sounds  not  unlike  the  message 
which  Alexander  Hamilton,  on  the  eve  of  his  fatal  meet- 
ing with  Aaron  Burr,  addressed  to  Mrs.  Hamilton,  on  the 
subject  of  duelling.     Nor  was  the  fate  of  the  two  men 


Under  the  Code  Duello  37 

dissimilar.  Thomas  E.  Burnside  fell  mortally  wounded 
in  the  encounter  which  followed.  His  body  was  interred, 
with  every  show  of  respect,  in  the  private  burial  ground 
of  Col.  Crowell,  whose  residence  was  not  far  from  the 
spot  on  which  the  unfortunate  man  fell.  More  than  two 
weeks  elapsed  before  Burnside 's  family  received  the  sad 
news,  which,  when  it  finally  came,  after  so  long  a  period 
of  suspense,  almost  cost  Mrs.  Burnside  her  life ;  but  she 
rallied  her  strength  for  the  sake  of  her  children  and  af- 
terwards removed  to  Dahlonega,  Ga.,  where  she  resided 
until  her  death. 

Burnside  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  countless 
friends  and  colleagues  at  the  Bar.  He  was  a  native  of 
South  Carolina,  where  he  was  born  in  1794,  and  after 
settling  at  Appling  for  the  practice  of  law,  he  represented 
Columbia  County  in  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia. 
The  late  Judge  W.  A.  Burnside,  for  years  a  trustee  of 
the  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  was  his  son. 
Numerous  tributes  were  i3aid  to  Burnside 's  character,  and 
from  these  honors  it  may  be  inferred  that  he  was  a  man 
of  splendid  parts.  At  Appling,  a  mass-meeting  of  his 
personal  and  political  friends  was  held,  over  which  Tur- 
ner Clanton  presided.  There  was  also  a  meeting  of  the 
Bar  of  his  circuit  at  which  resolutions  were  adopted  and 
a  movement  launched  for  erecting  a  monument. 

According  to  Col.  W.  P.  Price,  this  duel  between  Burn- 
side and  Crawford  caused  great  excitement  in  Georgia 
and,  more  than  any  other  personal  conflict,  it  led  the 
people  of  this  State  to  make  a  crusade  against  duelling 
and  to  demand  reform  in  the  method  of  seeking  satisfac- 
tion for  aggrieved  honor.  Gov.  Crawford  always  de- 
plored the  unfortunate  affair  and,  down  to  the  day  of  his 
death,  expressed  the  tenderest  solicitude  for  the  bereaved 
widow  and  children,  whose  helpless  condition  he  caused. 
On  more  than  one  occasion  it  is  said  that  he  substantially 
befriended  them,  by  seeking  the  help  of  intermediate 
parties,  without  letting  his  own  name  be  given,  and  for 
more  than  one  act  of  kindness  from  an  unknown  friend 
the  family  was  indebted  to  George  W.  Crawford. 


38         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Judge  Cone's  Assault  Alexander  H.  Stephens  was  not  an 
Upon  Mr.  Stephens,  athlete.  It  is  doubtful  if  the  former 
Confederate  Vice-President  ever 
tijiped  the  scales  at  more  than  ninety-six  pounds,  his 
exact  weight  in  1843,  when  he  made  his  maiden  speech 
in  tlie  national  House  of  Representatives.  Throughout 
his  long  career  in  public  life,  he  presented  the  typical 
look  of  an  invalid,  wan  and  emaciated.  But  Mr.  Stephens 
was  an  utter  stranger  to  the  sense  of  fear,  either  moral 
or  physical.  He  was  game  to  the  core;  and  every  ounce 
of  flesh  which  gripped  his  spare  bones  contained  as  much 
real  pluck  as  Caesar  ever  displayed  in  Gaul. 

On  the  steps  of  the  old  Thompson  Hotel,  in  Atlanta, 
during  the  fall  of  1848,  there  occurred  an  incident  which 
well  illustrates  the  courage  of  Mr.  Stephens.  It  will  also 
serve  to  show  that  he  bore  a  charmed  life.  At  this  time 
he  encountered  somewhat  unexpectedly  Judge  Francis 
H.  Cone,  of  Greensboro,  with  whom  he  was  then  on 
strained  terms.  Judge  Cone  had  severely  criticized  Mr. 
Stephens'  for  something  which  the  latter  had  either  said 
or  done  in  'Congress,  and  among  other  choice  epithets 
which  the  Judge  is  said  to  have  used  was  the  term 
' '  traitor ' '. 

Difficulties  almost  immediately  ensued.  Mr.  Stephens 
probably  infuriated  Judge  Cone  by  returning  his  vituper- 
ative adjectives,  whereupon  Judge  Cone,  delving  under- 
neath his  broadcloth,  whipped  out  a.  knife  with  which  he 
made  a  leap  toward  Mr.  Stephens.  The  latter  was  doubly 
at  a  disadvantage,  not  only  because  in  avoirdupois  he  was' 
a  pigmy  beside  Judge  Cone,  but  also  because  he  was 
unarmed,  except  for  an  umbrella  which  shot  out  from  his 
left  elbow.  With  this  somewhat  unheroic  weapon,  Mr. 
Stephens  sought  to  parry  the  blow  of  Judge  Cone;  but 
he  was  soon  overpowered  by  his  antagonist  and  fell  bleed- 
ing upon  the  floor. 

''Retract!"  demanded  the  irate  jurist,  who  now  bent 
over  his  prostrate  foe. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  39 

"Never!"  replied  Mr.  Stephens,  the  blood  gurgling 
from  his  wounds,  but  the  proud  spirit  of  the  man  still 
uuquenched.  Again  the  knife  descended,  severing  an 
intercostal  artery,  but  Mr.  Stephens  still  refused  to 
retract.  He  continued  to  grapple  with  his  adversary, 
growing  momentarily  weaker  and  weaker,  until  at  last 
rescue  came  from  some  of  the  hotel  guests  who,  hastening 
to  the  scene  of  encounter,  separated  the  belligerents. 
Though  Mr.  Stephens  received  the  best  medical  attention, 
he  lay  for  weeks  hovering  between  life  and  death.  Finally 
he  arose  from  his  sick  bed  to  renew  his  campaign  for  re- 
election. But  he  never  fully  regained  the  use  of  his  right 
hand  which  was  frightfully  lacerated  in  the  struggle ;  and 
his  penmanship  as  well  as  his  person  bore  the  marks  of 
the  encounter  as  long  as  he  lived.  In  justice  to  Judge 
Cone,  who  was  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the  State  and 
a  man  much  beloved  in  his  social  and  domestic  relations, 
it  may  be  said  that  he  was  completely  upset  by  his  violent 
anger  and  did  not  perhaps  stop  to  think  of  the  difference 
in  physical  strength  between  himself  and  Mr.  Stephens. 
They  had  once  been  good  friends,  in  spite  of  professional 
tilts  and  rivalries;  and  later  on  in  life  the  cordial  rela- 
tions of  earlier  years  were  resumed. 


Benjamin  H.   Hill     But  this  is  only  an  incidental  story. 
Challenged  The  affair  between  Mr.  Stephens  and 

by  Mr.  Stephens.  Judge  Cone  could  hardly  be  called  a 
duel.  It  was  not  fought  according  to 
the  ethics  of  the  Code  and  was  a  one-sided  battle,  at  least 
with  respect  to  weapons.  But  there  came  a  time  when 
Mr.  Stephens  appeared  in  the  role  of  challenger.  It  was 
during  the  presidential  campaign  of  1856,  and  the  invita- 
tion to  mortal  combat  grew  out  of  a  joint  debate  between 
Mr.  Stephens  and  Mr.  Hill  in  the  town  of  Lexington. 
The  period  was  one  of  transition.  Mr.  Stephens  and  Mr. 
Toombs  had  both  left  the  old  Wliig  party  and  had  now 
come  into  the  Democratic  ranks;  while  Mr.  Hill  stood 
squarely  upon  the  American  or  Know-nothing  platform. 


40         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

With  merciless  oratory  Mr.  Hill  pilloried  Mr. 
Stephens  on  his  change  of  front.  Mr.  Stephens,  in  his 
speech  assailed  the  American  candidate  for  President, 
characterizing  him  as  Judas,  to  which  Mr.  Hill  retorted 
by  saying  that  while  Judas  did  betray  his  Master  for 
thirty  pieces  of  silver  he  did  not  abuse  his'  Master  after 
he  betrayed  Him.  There  was  an  implication  in  this  lan- 
guage which  Mr.  Stephens  did  not  like;  but  nothing 
further  was  said  on  the  subject  at  this  time.  In  a  joint 
debate  with  Mr.  Toombs  at  Washington,  the  latter  was 
taxed  in  pretty  much  the  same  fashion.  It  was  a  novel 
spectacle  to  see  a  youngster  like  Mr.  Hill  touch  the  breast- 
plates of  old  veterans  like  Mr.  Toombs  and  Mr.  Stephens ; 
and  stories  of  Jack  the  Giant-Killer  began  to  circulate 
up  and  down  the  State. 

What  Mr.  Toombs  thought  on  the  subject  does  not 
appear,  but  Mr.  Stephens  was  by  no  means  pleased  with 
the  garbled  accounts  which  reached  him  within  the  next 
few  days,  and,  putting  some  vitriol  into  his  ink  bottle,  he 
wrote  to  Mr.  Hill  for  information.  Said  he  in  substance : 
*'I  have  been  informed  that  in  your  speeches  at  Thomson 
and  Augusta  you  declared  that  you  had  charged  upon  Mr. 
Toombs  and  myself  that  we  had  betrayed  the  Whig  party 
and  had  acted  toward  it  worse  than  Judas  Iscariot,  for 
though  he  betrayed  his  Master  he  did  not  abuse  Him 
afterward;  that  you  had  thundered  this  in  our  ears  and 
that  we  had  cowered  under  your  charges.  Please  let  me 
know  if  this  be  true,  at  least  so  far  as  I  am  concerned." 

To  this  letter  Mr.  Hill  replied  in  substance  that  he 
had  repeated  at  Thomson  and  Augusta  exactly  what  had 
taken  place  at  Lexington  and  Washington,  no  more  and 
no  less;  that  he  met  argument  with  argument,  sarcasm 
with  sarcasm,  and  ridicule  with  ridicule;  that  he  dis- 
claimed any  personal  ill-will  and  made  shots  only  at 
those  who  built  batteries. 

Mr.  Stephens  was  not  satisfied  with  the  terms  in 
which  this  reply  was  couched,  and  several  additional 
love-letters  were  exchanged  in  which  Judas  was  the  only 


Under  the  Code  Duello  41 

one  of  the  disciples  whose  name  was  mentioned;  and 
finally  Mr.  Stephens,  nettled  by  what  he  considered  an 
admission  of  the  rumors  with  an  effort  to  escape  the  con- 
sequences, challenged  Mr.  Hill  to  mortal  combat.  It  was 
quite  a  predicament  in  which  the  latter  was  placed.  He 
knew  the  risk  which  he  was  bound  to  incur,  if  he  declined 
an  invitation.  At  the  same  time,  he  shrank  from  fighting 
an  invalid.  He  did  not  wish  Mr.  Stephens  to  take  his  life, 
nor  did  he  wish  to  take  the  life  of  Mr.  Stephens.  More- 
over, he  was  anxious  to  serve  his  State.  Accordingly  he 
declined  the  challenge;  but- be  gave  a  summary  of  his 
reasons  therefor  and  closed  his  letter  with  this  para- 
graph: ''While  I  have  never  at  any  time  had  an  insult 
offered  to  me  nor  an  aggression  attempted,  I  shall  yet 
know  how  to  meet  and  repel  any  that  may  be  offered  by 
any  gentleman  who  may  presume  on  this  refusal." 

Unable  to  obtain  satisfaction  through  this  avenue  of 
redress,  Mr.  Stephens  published  a  card  in  which  he  set 
forth  the  result  of  the  correspondence  and  lambasted  Mr. 
Hill  with  picturesque  epithets ;  but  Mr.  Hill,  who  was  an 
adept  at  the  same  art,  came  back  with  his  own  review  of 
the  controversy  and  wound  up  by  giving  as  his  last 
reason  for  declining  a  duel  with  Mr.  Stephens  his  now 
celebrated  rejoinder: 

''I  have  a  family  and  a  conscience;  you  have  neither." 


Mr.  Hill  Hurls  There  have  been  many  exaggerated  ac- 
an  Ink  Bottle  counts  of  a  personal  difficulty  which  oc- 
at  Mr.  Yancey,  curred  in  1862  between  Benjamin  H.  Hill 
and  William  L.  Yancey  on  the  floor  of 
the  Confederate  Senate.  The  dispute  grew  out  of  an 
argument  with  which  Mr.  Plill  as  usual  was  defending 
some  policy  of  the  Davis  administration.  It  may  have 
been  on  the  bill  for  establishing  a  Supreme  Court.  At 
any  rate,  an  exciting  debate  had  been  in  progress  for 
several  days  and  Mr.  Yancey  ,had  made   some  severe 


42         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

strictures  upon  certain  executive  matters.  Indeed,  he 
had  gone  so  far  as  to  declare,  in  the  heat  of  towering 
argument,  that  Mr.  Hill  had  spoken  what  he  knew  to  be 
false. 

This  was  a  declaration  which  carried  a  challenge,  and, 
reaching  for  a  missile  with  which  to  repel  the  charge,  he 
chanced  to  strike  an  ink  bottle  upon  his  desk.  Swiftly 
calculating  the  distance,  he  hurled  this'  projectile  at  Mr. 
Yancey,  with  the  force  of  a  catapult  and  with  the  aim 
of  a  rifleman,  striking  the  surprised  Senator  upon  the 
cheek-bone.  He  had  shown  himself  an  adept  in  the  use 
of  ink-bottles,  whether  employed  in  the  gentle  art  of 
letters  or  in  the  deep-chested  and  muscular  science  of 
pugilism ;  but  he  had  also  nettled  the  Titan  wrath  of  one 
of  the  superb  invincibles. 

Things  looked  serious.  Mr.  Yancey  was'  not  a  man 
to  brook  an  affront.  But  the  possibility  of  further  diffi- 
culties was  prevented  by  the  interference  of  Senators 
who  now  rushed  between  the  combatants;  and  the  doors 
being  closed  the  affair  was  amicably  adjusted  by  med- 
iating friends.  With  some  difficulty,  Mr.  Yancey  sup- 
pressed his  resentment,  feeling  that  the  hot  haste  in 
which  Mr.  Hill  had  acted  was  perhaps  natural  under  the 
circumstances  and  that  the  subject-matter  of  disagree- 
ment was  too  trivial  to  estrange  patriots. 

Both  subsequently  became  fast  friends.  The  story 
that  Mr.  Yancey's  death,  which  occurred  not  long  after 
this  encounter,  was  due  to  the  effect  of  the  blow  received 
from  Mr.  Hill,  is  only  artistic  fiction.  The  wound  pro- 
duced an  effusion  of  blood,  but  it  was  never  regarded  as 
serious,  and  Mr.  Yancey  resumed  his  argument  soon 
after  the  difficulty  occurred.  He  subsequently  died  of 
kidney  trouble.  Both  his  brother.  Col.  B.  C.  Yancey,  of 
Rome,  and  his  son,  Capt.  Goodloe  H.  Yancey,  of  Athens, 
continued  to  be  numbered  among  Mr.  Hill's  steadfast 
friends  and  supporters.* 

♦Benj.  H.  Hill,  Jr.:  Senator  Benj.  H.  Hill  of  Georgia— His  Life,  Speeches 
and  Writings,   pp.    43-44. 


Under  the  Code  Duello  43 

General  Toombs  and  Between  General  Toombs  and  Gov- 
Governor  Brown.  eruor  Brown  there  arose  an  issue 

during  the  days  of  lieconstruction 
which  reached  an  acute  stage  during  the  summer  of  1872, 
and  while  these  distinguished  Georgians  never  met  on 
the  field  of  honor  they  became  involved  in  an  acrimonious 
controversy  which  threatened  at  every  moment  to  end 
in  a  resort  to  weapons.  It  was  intimated  by  Gen. 
Toombs,  in  language  which  amounted  almost  to  an  open 
declaration,  that  Gov.  Brown  had  been  guilty  of  lobbying 
certain  claims  through  the  State  Legislature,  to  wliicli 
Gov.  Brown  returned  an  indignant  answer,  stating  that 
if  Gen.  Toombs  meant  to  accuse  him  of  lobbying  he  was 
an  unscrupulous  liar. 

Up  to  this  time  Gen.  Toombs  and  Gov.  Brown  had 
been  staunch  friends.  In  the  latter 's  famous  issue  with 
President  Davis,  over  the  Conscript  Act,  Gen.  Toombs 
had  sided  with  Gov.  Brown.  But  the  two  men  parted 
company  under  the  bayonet  regime  of  Reconstruction, 
Gen.  Toombs  urging  resistance,  while  Gov.  Brown  advo- 
cated su'bmission  to  the  Federal  authorities.  With  philo- 
sophic composure,  Gov.  Brown  endured  the  ostracism  to 
which  his  unpopular  course  exposed  him;  but  his  habit- 
ual calmness  forsook  him  when  Gen.  Toombs  stepped 
forward  with  his  offensive  implication. 

At  this  stage  of  the  controversy,  there  appeared  upon 
the  scene  a  gentleman,  acting  on  behalf  of  Gen.  Toombs, 
who  wished  to  know  if  Gov.  Brown  was  prepared  for 
personal  hostilities,  to  which  Gov.  Brown  replied  that  he 
would  reserve  his  answer  until  he  received  a  challenge. 
In  the  meantime,  however,  with  characteristic  delibera- 
tion, he  began  to  put  his  house  in  order  and  to  arrange 
his  private  affairs  so  as  to  be  prepared  for  whatever 
might  happen.  It  is  said  that  he  even  contemplated 
withdrawing  his  letter  from  the  Baj^tist  churcli  until  the 
affair  was  concluded;  but  there  was  never  any  ground 
for  this  statement.  Mr.  Grady's  imagination  hatched  it 
up  in  order  to  give  color  to  a  sensational  newspaper 


44         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

report.  If  a  challenge  was  contemplated  by  Gen. 
Toombs,  it  failed  to  materialize  into  a  cartel.  Con- 
troversial warfare  was  carried  on  in  the  public  prints; 
but  no  invitation  to  go  blood-hunting  was  ever  issued 
or  received. 

Discussing  the  threatened  hostile  meeting  between 
Gen.  Toombs  and  Gov.  Brown  in  1872,  Mr.  Grady  in- 
dulged in  some  humorous  speculations.  Said  he:  "In  the 
first  place,  Gen.  Toombs  made  no  preparation  for  the 
duel.  He  went  along  in  his  careless  and  kingly  way, 
trusting  presumably  to  luck  on  quick  shot.  Gov.  Brown, 
on  the  contrary,  made  the  most  careful  and  deliberate 
preparation.  Had  the  duel  come  off.  Gen.  Toombs  would 
have  fired  with  his  usual  magnificence  and  his  usual  dis- 
regard of  rule.  I  do  not  mean  to  imply  that  he  would  not 
have  hit  Gov.  Brown ;  on  the  contrary,  he  might  have  hit 
him  in  a  dozen  places  at  once.  But  one  thing  is  sure — 
Gov.  Brown  would  have  clasped  his'  long  white  fingers 
around  the  pistol  butt,  adjusted  it  to  his  gray  eye,  and 
set  his  bullet  within  an  eighth  of  an  inch  of  the  place  he 
had  selected.  I  should  not  be  surprised  if  he  drew  a 
diagram  of  Gen.  Toombs,  and  marked  off  with  square 
and  compass  the  exact  spot  he  wanted  to  hit." 


Last  Duel  Fought     On  August  10,  1889,  perhaps  the  last 
in  the  South.  duel  fought  in  the  Southern  States, 

according  to  the  strict  ethics  of  the 
Field  of  Honor,  occurred  in  Alabama,  near  the  Georgia 
State  line,  between  J.  E.  Williamson  and  Patrick  Cal- 
houn, both  of  whom  were  captains  of  industry  and  rail- 
way magnates  interested  in  Southern  rehabilitation. 
The  former,  since  deceased,  was  then  President  of  the 
Rome,  Chattanooga  and  Columbus  E.  E.,  with  head- 
quarters in  Eome;  while  the  latter,  a  direct  lineal  de- 
scendant of  the  Great  Nullifier  of  South  Carolina,  was  at 
this  time  attorney  for  the  West  Point  Terminal  Company, 
with  offices  in  Atlanta.     Mr.  Calhoun  has  since  become 


Under  the  Code  Duello  45 

a  national  figure,  due  to  liis  connection  with  the  great 
street  railway  system  of  San  Francisco. 

From  an  eye-witness  to  the  affair,  Mr.  Gordon  Noel 
Hurtel,  who  was  present  in  the  capacity  of  a  newspaper 
corresj)ondent,  the  following  account  of  the  duel  has  been 
obtained.    Says  this  writer  :* 

During  a  certain  investigation  before  a  legislative  committee  at  the 
Georgia  State  eapitol,  Mr.  Calhoun  made  a  remark  which  reflected  on 
the  integrity  of  Captain  Williamson,  and  Captain  Williamson  denounced 
the  statement  as  a  falsehood.  Mr.  Calhoun  sent  a  letter  by  Captain 
Harry  Jackson  to  the  offending  party,  in  which  he  demanded  an  apology. 
Captain  Williamson  referred  the  bearer  to  Captain  Jack  King.  There 
was  no  retraction., 

Cedar  Bluff,  where  it  was  planned  to  fight  the  duel,  can  be  reached 
from  Atlanta  over  the  Rome  and  Decatur  Railroad,  via  Rome,  or  over 
the  Southern  Railroad,  via  Anniston.  It  was  strictly  against  the  Code 
for  newspaper  reporters  to  attend  a  duel,  and  in  the  palmy  days  of  the 
Code  it  was  not  difficult  for  duellists  to  rid  themselves  of  too  much 
publicity;  but  when  the  Calhoun- Williamson  duel  was  fought  not  even 
tlie  Field  of  Honor  was  too  sacred  for  the  staff  correspondent. 

Mr.  Calhoun,  with  his  second.  Captain  Jackson,  went  to  Cedar  Bluff 
by  the  Anniston  route,  and  were  accompanied  by  Edward  C.  Bruffey, 
of  "The  Constitution."  Captain  Williamson,  with  his  second,  Captain 
King,  went  to  Rome  over  the  Western  and  Atlantic  route,  and  they 
were  accompanied  by  Dr.  Hunter  P.  Cooper,  surgeon;  Judge  Henry  B. 
Tompkins,  Ed.  W.  Barrett,  of  "The  Constitution,"  now  editor  of  "The 
Birmingham  Age-Herald,"  and  myself.  When  our  party  reached  Rome 
we  were  on  Captain  Williamson 's  private  car,  and  it  was  decided  to 
rush  the  car  through  Rome  to  avoid  any  legal  interference.  Ed  Barrett 
and  I  knew  there  was  going  to  be  an  effort  made  to  prevent  our  attend- 
ing the  duel,  and  so  we  hid  on  the  rear  end  of  the  private  car  by 
crouching   down   on   the   steps   on   either   side. 

The  car  was  pulled  rapidly  through  Rome,  and  Mr.  Barrett  and  I 
went  with  it,  but  when  we  had  gone  some  three  miles  west  of  Rome 
we  were  discovered  and  the  car  stopped.  We  were  kindly  but  firmly 
ordered  to  get  off.  It  was  a  hot  day  in  the  middle  of  summer  and  a 
thick  dust  had  been  stirred  up  by  the  fast-moving  train.  Through  the 
heat  and  dust  Mr.  Barrett  and  I  had  to  walk  three  miles  back  to  Rome. 
When  we  reached  there  we  met  Captain  Seay,  who  assisted  us  in  char- 
tering a  locomotive.  We  found  an  engineer  who  knew  the  schedule  on 
the  Rome  and  Decatur  Railroad,  but  we  could  hire  no  fireman.  Mx. 
Barrett  and  I  fired  the  engine  and  we  were  soon  ready  to  pull  out  after 
Captain  Williamson's  special   car. 


►Article    in    the    "Atlanta   Constitution." 


46         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

We  found  the  special  side-tracked  just  outside  of  Rome  because 
Captain  Williamson's  eugiueex  could  not  operate  a  train  over  the  R.  & 
D.  Just  as  we  came  up  Captain  Williamson  was  shooting  a  pistol  at  a 
tree.  In  order  to  secure  our  engineer  the  duelling  party  were  forced  to 
allow  Mr.  Barrett,  Captain  Seay  and  myself  to  become  passengers  in 
the  special  car.  I  remember  that  Mr.  Barrett,  still  feeling  deeplj'  ag- 
grieved at  the  way  we  had  been  treated  ordered  a  bottle  of  wine  from 
the  porter  just  to  show  that  he  felt  perfectly  at  home  on  the  special. 

We  reached  Cedar  Bluff  in  due  time.  The  regular  train  from 
Anniston,  on  which  were  Mr.  Calhoun,  Captain  Jackson  and  Mr.  Bruffey, 
had  already  been  held  up  by  a  typical  sheriff  with  a  picturesque  wide- 
brimmed  white  hat,  who  swore  that  no  darn  train  was  going  to  move 
until  he  got  Pat  Calhoun.  We  spent  about  a  half  hour  at  Cedar  Bluff, 
and  as  no  one  would  point  out  Mr.  Calhoun  to  the  sheriff  there  did  not 
seem  any  good  prospect  of  moving.  It  was  then  that  Mr.  Bruffey 
stepped  up  to  the  sheriff  and  said,  "Well,  there  is  no  use  in  causing 
any  more  trouble.  I'm  Pat  Calhoun."  The  sheriff  grabbed  his  prisoner 
and  was  about  to  move  off  with  him  to  the  jail  when  a  Cedar  Bluff 
storekeeper  remarked,  "That  ain't  Pat  Calhoun,  that's  Ed  Bruffey." 
Even  in  that  remote  country  village,  Ed  Bruffey  was  known. 

Captain  Jackson,  calling  me  to  one  side,  told  me  to  inform  the  sheriff 
that  the  United  States  mail  train  was  held  up,  and  a  very  serious  offense 
was  being  committed.  The  sheriff  decided  to  let  the  mail  train  go  on 
through  to  Rome,  and  we  passed  the  word  around  so  that  all  of  the 
party  which  had  been  on  the  special  boarded  the  regular  train.  Our 
engineer  was  told  to  follow  us  as  soon  as  possible.  We  rode  on  the 
regular  passenger  some  two  or  three  miles  east  of  Cedar  Bluff  and  dis- 
embarked. In  a  few  minutes  the  special  came  up.  It  was  decided  to 
fight  the  duel  then  and  there,  and  in  a  small  open  field  a  distance  of 
fifteen  paces  was  marked  off  and  preparations  made  for  the  fight. 

' '  Look  out, ' '  some  one  in  our  party  yelled,  ' '  here  comes  the  sheriff 
and  his  posse." 

Sure  enough,  down  a  hill  there  came  clattering  some  dozen  men  on 
horseback,  and  armed  with  Winchesters. 

"Everybody  on  the  ear,"  Mr.. Barrett  cried  out,  and  we  were  quickly 
aboard  and  soon  speeding  down  the  railroad  still  going  in  the  direction 
of  Rome  and  nearer  to  the  State  line.  We  must  have  gone  some  ten 
miles  when  the  special  was  stopped  and  the  pajty  again  disembarked. 
I  do  not  know  to  this  day  whether  we  were  in  Alabama  or  Georgia. 
Objection  was  made  by  Mr.  Calhoun  to  Judge  Tompkins  going  on  the 
field,  and  the  judge  remained  in  the  car.  The  train  had  stopped  in  a 
cut,  and  we  had  to  walk  about  fifteen  yards  to  reach  a  level  place,  and 
this  was  found  to  the  left  of  the  railroad  and  about  a  hundred  feet 
therefrom. 

Fifteen  steps  were  paced  off  and  Mr.  Calhoun  was  placed  facing  the 
west,  and  Captain  Williamson   facing  the  east.     The  sun   at  that  time 


Under  the  Code  Duello  47 

was  just  descending  below  the  horizon  and  the  skies  and  woods  were 
flooded    with    a    golden   light. 

It  was  discovered  that  the  box  of  cartridges  had  been  left  on  the 
car,  and  I  was  sent  back  after  them.  I  opened  the  box  with  my  knife 
and  handed  it  to  Captain  Jackson.  The  pistols  which  had  been  agreed 
upon  were  the  new  improved  hammerless  Smith  &  Wesson,  and  each 
party  was  to  have  five  shots.  Right  here  it  might  be  mentioned  that 
Captain  Williamson  was  under  the  impression  that  the  five  shots  were 
to  be  continuous.  Captain  King  loaded  Captain  Williamson 's  weapon 
and  placed  it  in  his  hand.  Captain  Jackson,  after  having  slipped  one 
cartridge  into  Mr.  Calhoun's  pistol,  could  not  make  the  cylinder  revolve. 
Mr.  Bruffey  volunteered  to  assist  and,  taking  the  pistol  from  Captain 
Jackson's  hand,  began  to  load  it.  Everything  was  so  deathly  still  that 
the  rustling  of  a  leaf  sounded  like  the  rumbling  of  a  train,  when  sud- 
denly there  rang  out  a  sharp  report — 

Bang! 

''There,"  exclaimed  Mr.  Bruffey,  "I  have  shot  my  finger  off." 

Dr.  Cooper  offered  to  bind  up  the  wound,  but  Mr.  Bruffey,  using  his 
handkerchief  to  stop  the  hemorrhage,  placed  his  hand  against  a  sapling 
and  said: 

"Don't  worry  about  me,  gentlemen,  go  on  with  the  duel." 

When  all  was  in  readiness  the  command  was  given  by  Captain  King. 
Both  pistols  were  raised  and  several  sharp  reports  rang  out.  Captain 
Williamson  had  fired  all  five  of  his  shots  and  none  had  taken  effect. 
Mr.   Calhoun  had  fired   only  one  shot   and  still   had  four  in  reserve. 

"Now,  Captain  Williamson,"  said  Mr.  Calhoun,  "1  have  four  balls 
left,  and  I  demand  that  you  retract  the  insult  you  offered  me." 

Captain  Williamson  called  to  his  second.  Captain  King,  but  Captain 
Jackson  drew  a  pistol  from  his  pocket,  stating  that  he  would  be  forced 
to  shoot  any  person  who  moved  upon  the  field. 

To  his   antagonist,   Captain   Williamson   then   said: 

"I  have  no  shots  left  and  you  have  four.    You  will  have  to  fire  them." 

Mr.  Calhoun,  after  hesitating  a  few  moments,  called  to  his  second. 
Captain  Jackson.  But  at  this  point.  Captain  Seay  stepped  forward  and 
said  that  under  Captain  Jackson's  own. ruling  no  one  ought  to  move. 
Captain  Jackson  admitted  this  to  be  correct,  whereupon  Mr.  Calhoun, 
facing    Captain    Williamson,    said: 

"Sir,  I  have  your  life  in  my  hands,  but  I  will  say  to  you  now  that 
I  meant  no  reflection  on  your  character  by  my  remark  before  the  legis- 
lative committee,  and,  saying  this,  I  fire  my  shots  into  the  air."  The 
four  shots  were  so  fired.  Captain  Williamson,  then  said  to  Mr.  Calhoun, 
"iSince  you  have  made  your  statement,  I  gladly  retract  what  I  said 
to  you."  All  parties  shook  hands  and  boarded  the  train  for  Eome, 
where  tlie  special  was  coupled  to  a  train  for  Atlanta,  and  so  ended  without 
bloodshed  what  promised  to  be  a  fatal  encounter. 


48         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But  the  Code  Duello  lias  passed.  Tlhere  is  not  a 
State  in  tlie  Union  nor  a  country  on  the  globe  in  which 
the  practice  has  not  been  condemned  by  public  sentiment, 
crystallized  into  forms  of  law ;  and  even  in  France,  where 
the  custom  originated,  its  expiring  gasp  has  at  last  been 
heard.  On  this  side  of  the  water  it  has  slept  the  sleep 
of  the  dead  for  a  score  of  years;  and,  except  in  the 
literature  of  a  former  time,  its  baleful  effect  upon  our 
civilization  is  no  longer  seen  or  felt.  In  some  respects, 
it  was  not  an  unmixed  evil.  It  made  men  observant  of 
the  proprieties  of  speech,  knowing  full  well  the  respon- 
sibility which  attached  to  words.  It  protected  the  weak 
against  the  strong;  and  it  safeguarded  the  honor  of 
woman.  There  was  no  place  for  cowardice  under  a  Code 
which  put  an  iron  emphasis  upon  manly  virtue  and  which 
served  to  revive,  in  many  of  its  finer  phases,  the  heroic 
age  of  knighthood.  But,  wlien  everything  to  the  credit 
of  duelling  has  been  said  and  written,  it  still  remains 
that  for  sheer  destructiveness,  its  only  rivals  in  the 
world's  modern  life  have  been  pestilence  and  war.  No 
arithmetic  can  count  the  graves  it  has'  dug,  compute  the 
hopes  of  happiness  it  has  dashed  to  the  ground,  or  num- 
ber the  hearthstones  over  which  it  has  hung  the  pall  of  a 
premature  desolation.  But  the  Fates  have  kindly  inter- 
vened. With  remorseless  irony  it  has  come  to  pass  that, 
for  this  writer  of  epitaphs,  an  epitaph  has  at  last  beer, 
written ;  that,  for  this  insatiate  archer,  there  has  come  at 
length  an  arrow  whose  point  has  found  the  pulsing  heart- 
center  of  life;  and  that,  goaded  by  the  nightmare  of  its 
own  hideous  dreams,  this  nmrderous  custom  has  at  last 
fallen  underneath  its  own  fire  on  the  Field  of  Honor, 


SECTION  II 


Landmarks  and  Memorials 


SECTION  II 


Landmarks  and  Memorials 


CHAPTER  I 


Hernando  De  Soto:  Memorials  of  his  March 
through  Georgia  in  1540 


ON  March  30,  1539^ — nearly  two  centuries  before 
Georgia  received  her  charter  from  the  Crown  of 
England — there  landed  at  Tampa  Bay,  on  the 
coast  of  West  Florida,  a  band  of  Spaniards,  six  hundred 
strong,  under  the  command  of  the  renowned  adventurer, 
Hernando  De  Soto.  These  cavaliers  of  Spain  were  clad 
in  handsome  armor  and  provided  with  horses  splendidly 
caparisoned,  and  resembled  rather  a  cavalcade  of  knights 
en  route  to  tournament  than  a  band  of  adventurous 
argonauts  seeking  for  hidden  treasure  in  an  unsubdued 
wilderness.  The  avowed  purpose  of  the  expedition  was 
to  discover  the  fabulous  wealth  of  the  New  "World;  and, 
after  claiming  the  country  in  the  name  of  Charles  V  and 
planting  the  flag  of  Spain  in  the  white  sands  of  Florida, 
De  Soto  pointed  his  jeweled  sword  toward  the  North. 

So  far  as  authentic  records  go,  these  were  the  first 
Europeans  to  set  foot  upon  the  soil  of  Georgia.  From 
time  to  time  navigators  had  skirted  the  coast,  entering 
perhaps  for  a  short  distance  the  mouths  of  rivers,  but 
none  had  ventured  to  explore  the  interior,  at  least  beyond 
the  rano-e  of  tide  water.     Tt  w^as  still  an  unknown  land 


52         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

when  De  Soto  stood  upon  its  borders  and  peered  into 
its  vast  solitudes  in  the  spring  of  1540.  But  before 
tracing  the  route  which  lay  before  these  bold  but  deluded 
Spaniards,  let  us  cross  the  water  to  the  ancient  town  of 
Seville  and  take  a  hasty  survey  of  the  events  to  which 
this  strange  spectacle  on  the  shores  of  the  New  World 
was  only  the  dramatic  culmination.* 


Hernando  De  Soto,  at  the  time  of  this  expedition  to 
America,  was  perhaps  the  foremost  man  of  his  age  at  the 
Court  of  Spain.  As  a  lieutenant-general  under  the  re- 
nowned Pizarro,  he  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  con- 
quest of  Peru  and  returned  home  flushed  with  distinction 
and  enriched  with  the  spoils  of  the  Incas.  But  life  at  the 
Spanish  Court  grew  tame  to  one  whose  breast  was  aglow 
with  the  spirit  of  adventure;  and,  envious  of  the  greater 
fame  of  his  old  chieftain,  he  sought  and  obtained  from 


♦Original  Sources.  Four  original  manuscripts  deal  with  the  history  of 
De    Soto's    expedition: 

(1)  The  brief  report  of  Biedma,  an  officer  of  the  expedition,  presented 
to  the  King,  in  1544,  immediately  after  the  return  to  Spain. 

(2)  Next,  in  point  of  time,  but  of  first  importance  for  detail  and  gen- 
eral appearance  of  reliability,  is  the  narrative  of  an  anonymous  Portugese 
cavalier  of  the  expedition,  commonly  known  as  the  Gentleman  of  Elvas, 
originally   published   in    the  Portugese   language,    in    1557. 

(3)  Third,  in  order,  comes  the  Spanish  narrative  of  Garcilaso,  written 
but  not  published  in  15S7,  a  document  which  deals  in  gross  exaggerations. 

(4)  The  last  original  account  is  an  unfinished  report  in  Spanish  by 
Ranjel,  Secretary  of  the  expedition,  written  soon  after  reaching  Mexico, 
but  not   published,    except   in   mutilated   extracts,    until   1851. 

Secondary    Authorities: 

(1)  Researches  on  America,  by  James  H.   McCulloh   (1S16). 

(2)  The   Conquest   of   Florida,    by   Theodore   Irving   (1S45). 

(3)  History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
by  John  M.  Monette,   M.  D.    (184S). 

(4)  History  of  Georgia,  by  Bishop  Wm.  B.  Stevens,  M.  D.,  Vol.  I  (1847). 

(5)  Synopsis  of  the  Indian  Tribes  within  the  United  States,  East  of 
the   Rocky   Mountains,    by    Albert   Gallatin    (1836). 

(6)  History  of  Alabama,  and  incidentally  of  Georgia  and  Mississippi, 
by  Albert   J.    Pickett   (1851). 

(7)  History  of  Hernando  De  Soto  and  Florida,  by  Barnard  Shipp  (1881). 

(8)  History  of  Georgia,   by  Chas.    C.   Jones,   Jr.,   Vol.   I   (1883). 

(9)  Romantic  Passages  in  Southwestern  History,  by  A.  B.  Meek  (1857), 
including  Pilgrimage  of  De  Soto   (1839). 

(10)  Myths  of  the  Cherokee  by  James  Mooney  (1900),  House  Docu- 
ment, Vol.   118. 


Hernando  de  Soto  53 

tlie  Spanish  Crown  permission  to  explore  an  indefinite 
region  of  the  New  World,  then  known  by  the  name  of 
Florida.  It  will  doubtless  be  remembered  that  the  ill- 
fated  Ponce  de  Leon,  in  search  of  his  fabled  fountain  of 
youth,  some  years  before,  had  bestowed  this  name  upon 
what  he  took  to  be  an  island  of  vast  magnitude  and  of 
untold  wealth. 


Dazzled  by  the  prospect  of  enlarging  the  boundaries 
of  his  empire,  the  King  readily  granted  this  coveted 
boon.  It  was  agreed  that  certain  royalties  accruing  from 
the  treasures  obtained  on  the  expedition,  whether  taken 
from  graves  and  temples  or  discovered  in  mines,  were  to 
revert  to  the  Crown;  and,  in  order  that  he  might  the 
more  readily  command  a  convenient  base  of  operations 
for  the  hazardous  enterprise,  De  Soto  was  commissioned 
Governor  of  the  Island  of  Cuba.  It  was  not  a  difficult 
task  to  obtain  followers.  The  age  was  one  of  romance. 
Tales  of  fabulous  wealth  had  fired  the  imagination  of  the 
Spaniard.  De  Soto  himself  was  sanguine  of  success;  and 
though  the  conquest  of  Peru  had  netted  him  180,000 
crowns  of  gold,  he  expected  to  find  still  vaster  treasures 
on  this  new  voyage  to  the  West. 

Six  hundred  men,  picked  with  discrimination  from 
the  chivahy  of  Spain,  were  obtained  for  the  expedition. 
Says  Jones:*  ''This  little  army  was  composed  of  men 
accustomed  to  wars,  skilled  in  the  use  of  weapons,  and 
inured  to  hardships.  Scarcely  a  gray  head  appeared 
amongst  them,"  Twelve  priests,  eight  clergymen  of  in- 
ferior rank,  and  four  monks  accompanied  the  army, 
showing  that,  in  the  feverish  thirst  for  conquest,  the  con- 
version of  the  aborigines  was  not  forgotten.  Moreover, 
men  of  letters,  to  perpetuate  the  events  of  the  march  and 
to  acquaint  posterity  with  the  details  of  an  affair  so 
momentous,  were  found  eager  to  accompany  the  ad- 
venturous knights. 


*Jones:  History  of  Georgia,   Vol.   I,   p.    38. 


54         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

In  due  time  De  Soto  embarked  for  Cuba.  Here, 
busy  with  preparations  for  a  protracted  march  over 
land,  he  remained  until  the  spring  of  the  year  following. 
On  Sunday,  May  18,  1539,  in  a  fleet  of  nine  vessels,  he 
sailed  from  Havana  to  Florida,  arriving  at  Tampa  Bay 
within  twelve  days  thereafter,  where  he  set  up  the  royal 
standard  of  his  sovereign.  Thus  began  one  of  the  most 
eventful  marches  in  the  history  of  time.  But  fate  de- 
lights  in  strange  ironies.  Four  years  later,  after  wander- 
ing to  the  distant  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a 
remnant  of  the  once  buoyant  band,  haggard  and  exhaust- 
ed, found  themselves  upon  the  borders  of  Mexico.  But 
De  Soto  was  not  among  them.  The  bold  leader  of  the 
enterprise,  who  expected  to  eclipse  the  fame  of  Pi^arro, 
slept  beneath  the  turbid  waters  of  the  Mississippi. 


Memorials  of  De  Soto's  march  still  abound.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  Tallahassee,  where  most  of  the  his- 
torians locate  the  ancient  town  called  by  the  Spaniards, 
Anhayca,  pieces  of  Spanish  armor  have  been  found,  in 
addition  to  other  European  relics  of  a  remote  period. 
Wliile  the  accounts  furnished  by  the  Spanish  narrators 
are  quite  full  it  is  difficult,  in  a  study  of  ancient  towns 
and  villages,  to  make  the  descriptions  in  each  case  con- 
form to  modern  landmarks;  but  there  are  monumental 
remains  still  extant  which  will  serve  as  sign-boards  to 
the  antiquarian. 

On  Wednesday,  March  3,  1540,  after  wintering  at 
Anha^^ca,  the  army  began  once  more  to  move  northward. 
Its  objective  point  at  this  time  was  Yupaha,  a  province 
governed  by  a  woman,  whose  chief  city  was  reported  to 
be  one  of  great  size.  Among  some  Indians  captured  by 
a  roving  party  of  Spaniards  was  a  lad  who  spoke  know- 
ingly of  this  queen  and  of  certain  chiefs  who  paid  tribute 
to  her  in  gold;  and  so  vividly  did  he  describe  the  process 
of  taking  the  yello^v  metal  from  the  earth,  of  melting  it 
in  crucibles,  and  of  taking  it  therefrom  refined  and  jiuri- 


Hernando  de  Soto  55 

fied  that  the  eyes  of  the  Spaniards  began  to  sparkle  with 
triumph.    At  last,  they  were  fringing  the  Land  of  Gold. 

Four  days  later,  beyond  a  doubt,  the  Spaniards  stood 
upon  Georgia  soil,  having  crossed  the  Ocklockonee  River. 
Within  forty-eight  hours  they  came  to  an  Indian  village 
called  Capachiqui.  Here,  at  sight  of  the  Europeans, 
there  was  at  first  great  consternation  among  the  natives, 
who  took  flight  as  the  Spaniards  approached;  but  when 
five  of  the  Spaniards  visited  some  Indian  cabins,  encom- 
passed by  a  thicket,  they  were  attacked  from  ambush. 
As  a  result,  one  was  killed  and  three  were  badly  wounded. 
Says  Jones:  ''Thus  does  the  Gentleman  of  Elvas  record 
the  death  of  the  first  Spaniard  who  fell  upon  what  is  now 
the  soil  of  Georgia." 


Toalli,  the  next  Indian  village  at  which  the  Spaniards 
arrived,  on  the  21st  of  March,  is  located  by  Jones  at  some 
point  south  of  O'cmulgee  River,  perhaps  in  the  present 
county  of  Irwin;  and,  after  remaining  here  for  three 
days,  they  made  a  short  journey  to  Achese,  a  village 
located  upon  the  above-named  stream,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  what  is  now  the  town  of  Abbeville.  According 
to  Gallatin,  Achese  or  O'chis  was  the  Muscogee  name  for 
the  O'cmulgee  River.  Here  the  inhabitants  likewise  fled 
before  the  Europeans ;  but  the  chief  was  found  to  be 
friendly  and  he  informed  De  Soto  that  further  on  there 
reigned  a  powerful  king  whose  country  was  called  Ocute. 
To  assist  him  in  finding  the  place  a  guide  was  furnished. 
On  the  first  of  April,  De  Soto  resumed  his  march,  skirt- 
ing the  edge  of  a  river  whose  shores  were  found  to  be 
thickly  inhabited.  Within  four  days,  he  arrived  at  Alta- 
maco,  the  locality  of  which  is  unidentified;  but  on  the 
tenth  day  he  reached  Ocute,  the  principal  town  of  which 
was  probably  somewhere  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
present  city  of  Dublin.  According  to  Colonel  Jones,  the 
banks  of  the  Oconee  River  in  this  neighborhood  give 
token  that  in  former  times  the  aboriginal  population  was 


56  .       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

somewhat  dense.  On  approaching  the  town,  he  was  met 
by  2,000  Indians,  bearing  as  a  present  from  the  chief  an 
abundance  of  wild  game,  including  partridges  and 
turkeys. 

Here  he  remained  until  April  the  12th.  When  ready 
to  depart,  he  obtained  from  the  chief  four  hundred 
burden-bearers  to  accompany  him  on  the  march;  and, 
after  passing  through  Cofaqui,  he  came  to  Patofa,  the 
chief  of  which  town  received  him  with  every  mark  of 
consideration.  It  is  astonishing  how  kindly  the  Span- 
iards were  treated  by  the  natives  when  the  rapacious 
character  of  the  expedition  is  taken  into  account.  They 
misused  women;  they  employed  men  as  beasts  of  burden; 
supplies  of  every  kind  were  appropriated  by  them;  and 
in  quest  of  costly  ornaments  they  even  ransacked  temples 
and  burial  places  of  the  dead. 


On  leaving  Patofa,  De  Soto  taxed  the  king  for  enough 
maize  to  last  the  expedition  four  days ;  but  it  so  happened 
that  soon  after  leaving  the  Indian  village,  he  lost  the  trail 
which  he  was  following.  For  several  days,  the  Spaniards 
wandered  blindly  through  the  pine  barrens,  fording  with 
diffi'culty  two  rivers,  probably  the  sources  of  the  Great 
Ogeechee;  and  swimming  another,  supposed  by  Jones  to 
be  Briar  Creek,  in  what  is  now  the  county  of  Burke.  On 
the  28th  day  of  April,  the  expedition  arrived  at  Cuti- 
fachiqui ,  a  town  which  Monette  locates  just  north  of 
Augusta  at  a  point  where  Broad  Eiver  enters  the  Savan- 
nah. McCulloh  places  it  on  the  Ocmulgee  River,  near 
Macon;  but,  according  to  other  authorities',  including 
Pickett,  Gallatin,  Jones,  Mooney  and  others,  it  occupied 
the  site  of  Silver  Bluff,  on  the  Carolina  side  of  the 
Savannah  River,  some  twenty-five  miles  below  Augusta. 
It  was  here  that  George  Galphin,  the  celebrated  Indian 
trader,  afterwards  lived  during  Colonial  times.  Mooney 
thinks  it  was  probably  an  ancient  capital  of  the  lichees. 


Hernando  de  Soto  57 

It  was  not  without  the  greatest  difficulty  that  the 
Spaniards  reached  Cutifachiqui.  Four  Indians  were 
captured  who  refused  to  give  them  any  information  con- 
cerning adjacent  villages;  but  one  of  them'  having  been 
burned  alive  the  information  was  at  last  forthcoming 
that  Cutifachiqui  was  only  two  days  off  and  was  ruled 
by  a  woman.  Yupaha,  therefore,  seemed  to  be  at  hand. 
On  learning  of  De  Soto's  approach,  the  queen  sent  canoes 
to  assist  him  across  the  river;  and  when  he  came  into  her 
presence  she  threw  over  his  head  a  string  of  pearls. 
Moreover,  food  in  abundance  was  given  to  his  famished 
men  and  horses. 

But  De  Soto  ill-requited  the  queen's  kindness.  He 
began  a  systematic  search  for  pearls  of  which  he  learned 
that  she  possessed  a  goodly  number;  desecrated  graves, 
taking  therefrom  many  costly  ornaments',  including 
figures  made  from  iridescent  shells ;  and  even  invaded  the 
temple,  leaving  it  poorer  in  sacred  relics.  On  hearing 
that  the  queen's  mother  was  a  widow,  he  expressed  a 
desire  to  meet  her  and  tried  persistently  to  do  so ;  but  her 
ladyship  eluded  him  at  every  turn.  At  last  the  queen 
herself  became  so  incensed  at  the  outrages  perpetrated 
upon  her  subjects  by  the  Spaniards  that  when  De  Soto 
announced  his  purpose  to  continue  his  journey  she 
refused  either  to  grant  him  supplies  or  to  give  him 
directions. 

Thereupon  the  Spanish  Governor  put  her  under 
arrest;  and,  upon  resuming  his  march,  on  the  third  day 
of  May,  he  compelled  her  to  accompany  him  on  foot, 
escorted  by  female  attendants.  "While  at  Cutifachiqui^ 
the  Spaniards  found  hatchets  and  other  implements  made 
of  copper,  some  of  which  appeared  to  be  mixed  with  gold. 
On  inquiry  they  were  informed  that  the  metal  had  come 
from  an  interior  mountain  province  called  Chisca,  but  the 
country  was  represented  as  thinly  populated  and  the  way 
as  impassible  for  horses.  Some  time  before,  while  advanc- 
ing through  lower  Georgia,  they  had  heard  of  a  rich  and 
plentiful  province  called  Coosa,  toward  the  north-west; 


58         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  now  by  the  people  of  Cutifacliiqui  they  were  informed 
that  Chiaha,  tlie  nearest  town  of  the  Coosa  province  was 
twelve  days  inland.  As  both  men  and  animals  were 
already  nearly  exliansted,  De  Soto  determined  not  to 
attempt  the  passage  of  the  mountains  then,  but  to  push 
on  at  once  toward  Coosa  and  recuperate  before  under- 
taking further  exploration. 


However,  the  first  ol)jective  point  of  the  Spaniards, 
after  resuming  the  journey,  was  Gauxule,  situated  near 
the  extreme  northern  limits  of  the  queen's  domain,  in  a 
mountainous  region.  Hardships  multiplied,  but  in  seven 
days  itlie  province  of  Chelaque  was  reached.  Both 
Mooney  and  Jones  identify  Chelaque  as  Cherokee,  Geor- 
gia; and,  according  to  the  latter,  De  Soto  was  now 
probably  within  the  confines  of  the  present  county  of 
Franklin.  The  country  was  almost  destitute  of  maize. 
It  was  also  extremely  uneven;  and  not  less  than  five  days 
were  spent  in  reaching  Xualla,  the  next  town  at  which 
the  Spaniards  stopped.  Pickett  locates  this  town  in 
Habersham  County,  near  what  is  now  the  fown  of  Clarks- 
ville;  and  there  are  Spanish  antiquities  in  the  neighbor- 
hood which  seem  to  warrant  this  impression.  Irving 
locates  it  on  the  site  of  a  former  Indian  town  at  the  head 
of  the  Chattahoochee  River;  while,  according  to  Jones, 
it  was  situated  in  Nacoochee  Valley,  near  the  foot  of 
Mount  Yonah.  There  are  also  numerous  relics  in  this 
vicinity,  which  point  to  the  Spaniards. 

Pi'om  this  place,  De  Soto  seems  to  have  moved  in  a 
westerly  direction;  but  scarcely  were  his  columns  in 
motion  before  the  queen  succeeded  in  making  her  escape 
into  the  forest,  and  so  effectually  did  she  elude  pursuit 
that  efforts  to  recapture  her  proved  fruitless.  The 
journey  from  Xualla  to  Gauxule  consumed  five  days. 
Mountains  arose  on  every  hand,  with  intervening  valleys, 
rich   in    pasturage    and   irrigated    by   clear    and   rapid 


Hernando  de  Soto  59 

streaiiLS.  Gauxule,  according  to  Jones,  occupied  the  site 
of  Coosawattee  Old  Town  in  the  county  of  Murray.  Two 
more  days  of  travel  brought  the  Spaniards,  on  the  22nd 
day  of  May  to  Conasauga,  which,  according  to  Meek  and 
Pickett,  was  a  town  on  the  Conasauga  River,  in  Murray 
County,  hut  which,  according  to  Jones,  was  between  the 
Conasauga  and  the  Coosawattee  Rivers,  in  Gordon  Coun- 
ty, on  the  site  of  New  Echota.  Thence  dispatching  an 
Indian  messenger  ahead  to  announce  his  arrival,  De  Soto, 
on  June  5,  1540,  reached  Chi  aha,  which  most  of  the  au- 
thorities identify  as  the  modern  city  of  Rome,  between 
the  Oostanaula  and  the  Etowah  Rivers. 


It  may  be  of  interest  in  this  connection  to  state  that 
an  eminent  investigator,  James  Mooney,  dissents  from 
the  majority  view  on  this  subject  and  locates  Chiaha  on 
the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Columbus.  While  his 
opinion  in  the  matter  may  strike  the  average  reader  as 
somewhat  erratic,  it  cannot  be  lightly  dismissed.  Mr, 
Mooney  is  a  recognized  authority  on  American  antiq- 
uities. He  is  connected  with  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  is  not  only  the  latest 
scholar  to  investigate  the  route  of  De  Soto  but,  what 
entitles  his  view  to  special  weight  is  the  fact  that  he  has 
based  his  researches  largely  upon  an  original  document 
which  was  not  published,  except  in  a  mutilated  form, 
until  1851,  and  which  was  not  consulted  by  the  other 
investigators,  namely,  an  unfinished  report  in  Spanish 
by  one  Ran j el,  secretary  to  the  expedition. 

There  is  no  essential  deviation  between  Jones  and 
Mooney  until  the  Spaniards  leave  Cutifachiqui,  which 
both  identify  as  Silver  Bluff.  Then  the  two  commenta- 
tors j)art  company;  and  where  Jones  locates  Xualla  in 
Nacoochee  Valley,  Mooney  locates  it  at  the  head  of  the 
Broad  River  in  Western  North  Carolina,  where  a  tribe 
of  Indians  then  lived  called  the  Suwali,  better  known 


60         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

later  as  Cheraws.  Gauxule,  a  town  wliieli  the  Spaniards 
reached  after  traveling  in  a  westerly  direction,  he  locates 
in  Nacoochee  Valley.  Thence  proceeding  down  the  Chat- 
tahoochee River,  he  identifies  Conasauga  as  an  old  Indian 
town  near  the  banks  of  this  stream,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Kennesaw  Mountain,  a  name  whose  similarity  of 
sound  may  be  something  more  than  a  mere  coincidence; 
and  finally  he  comes  on  down  to  Columbus,  in  the  situa- 
tion of  which  town  he  recognizes  the  Chiaha  of  the 
Spanish  narratives. 


Whether  it  be  Rome  or  Columbus,  De  Soto  reniained 
at  'Chiaha  for  nearly  a  month.  At  the  expiration  of  this 
time,  he  parted  from  the  king  with  kind  words,  and  left 
on  July  1, 1540,  for  the  far  west,  accompanied  by  a  retinue 
of  slaves  as  the  king's  gift.  In  a  short  while  he  was  be- 
yond the  territory  of  Georgia.  To  trace  his  wanderings 
through  a  trackless'  forest,  exposed  Avithout  protection 
to  the  torrid  heat  of  summer  and  to  the  rigorous  cold  of 
winter,  exhausted  by  hunger,  enfeebled  by  disease,  is  not 
within  the  purview  of  this  sketch.  It  suffices  to  say  that 
the  gold  for  which  the  Spaniards  relinquished  home  and 
braved  the  solitudes  of  an  unknown  wilderness  proved  an 
illusive  phantom.  Most  of  them  looked  no  more  upon 
Spain.  At  last,  on  Sept.  10,  1543,  a  pathetic  remnant 
reached  Panuca,  in  Mexico,  after  suffering  untold  hard- 
ships ;  but  not  until  they  had  lowered  the  body  of  De  Soto 
secretly  at  night  into  the  bosom  of  the  Great  Father  of 
Waters,  where  at  last  his  splendid  fabric  of  dreams 
literally  crumbled  into  dust. 


Hernando  de  Soto 


61 


ITINERARY    OF    HERNANDO    DE    SOTO 

(1)  According  to   Jones: 

Left  Anhayea  (Tallahassee,  Fla.). 

Crossed  a  deep  river  (Ocklockonee). 

Arrived  at  Capachiqui. 

Came  to  Toalli,  in  Irwin  County   (near  the  Ocmulgee). 

Left  Toalli. 

Arrived  at  Achese,  in  Wilcox  Co.   (on  the  Ocmulgee). 

Departed   from    Achese. 

Passed  through  the  Town  of  Altamaca. 

Arrived  at  Ocute,  in  Laurens  Co.   (near  the  Oconee). 

Left  Ocute.  Passed  through  a  town  whose  lord  was 
called  Cofaqui,  and  came  to  the  province  of  an- 
other lord,   named  Patofa. 

Departed  from  Patofa. 

Lost  in  a  pine  barren.  Six  days  consumed  in  fording 
two  rivers   (sources  of  the  Great  Ogeechee). 

Set  out  for  Aymay,  a  village  reached  at  nightfall. 

Departed  for  Cutifachiqui  (Silver  Bluflf,  on  the  Savan- 
nah, 25  miles  below  Augusta). 

Left  Cutifachiqui.. 

Left  Cutifachiqui  (Cherokee,  Ga„  probably  in  Frank- 
lin County). 

Arrived  at  Xualla  (Nacoochee  Valley,  near  Mount 
Yonah). 

Arrived  at  Gauxule  (Coosawattee  Old  Town  in  Murray 
County). 

Arrived   at   Conasauga   (New   Eehota,  in   Gordon  Co.). 

Arrived  at  Chiaha   (Rome,  Ga.). 

Departed  from  Chiaha. 

(2)  According  to   Mooney: 


March 

3, 

1540. 

March 

7, 

1540. 

March 

9, 

1540. 

March 

21, 

1540. 

March 

24, 

1540. 

March 

25, 

1540. 

April 

1, 

1540. 

April 

4, 

1540. 

April 

10. 

1540. 

April 

12, 

1540. 

April 

14, 

1540. 

April 

20, 

1540, 

April 

26, 

1540. 

April 

28, 

1540. 

May 

3, 

1540. 

May 

10, 

1540. 

May 

15, 

1540. 

May 

20, 

1540. 

May 

90 

1540. 

June 

5, 

1540. 

July 

1, 

1540. 

March 

1 

3, 
to 

1540 

May 

10, 

1540. 

May 

15, 

1540. 

May 

20, 

1540. 

May 

22, 

1540. 

June        5,  1540. 
July         1,  1540. 


In  substantial  agreement  with  Jones. 

Arrived  at  Xualla   (town  in  Western  North  Carolina, 

belonging  to  the  Suwalli  Indians,  at  the  head  of 

Broad  River). 
Arrived  at  Gauxule  (Nacoochee  Valley). 
Arrived  at  Conasauga   (town  of  this  name,  near  Ken- 

nesaw  Mountain). 
Arrived   at  Chiaha    (Columbus,   Ga.). 
Departed  from  Chiaha. 


CHAPTER    II 


'Home,  Sweet  Home:"  John  Howard  Payne's 
Georgia  Sweetheart  and  Imprisonment 


IT  is  one  of  the  ironies  of  Fate  that  the  poet  from 
wliose  pen  lias  come  the  best-known  lyric  of-  the 
hearthstone  was  himself  a  homeless  wanderer. 
With  little  knowledge  of  domestic  happiness,  he  sang  of 
home,  not  as  a  possession,  bnt  as  a  want;  and,  for  more 
than  thirty  years,  he  was  even  fated  to  fill  an  exile's 
grave,  on  the  far  shores  of  the  Mediterraneon.  The  ab- 
sence of  any  strong  domestic  ties  first  led  him,  when  a 
mere  lad,  to  seek  his  fortune  abroad.  On  returning  to 
America,  after  a  lapse  of  two  full  decades,  his  wandering 
footsteps  at  length  brought  him  to  Georgia,  where  two 
experiences  of  a  widely  different  character  awaited  him ; 
a  jail  and  a  sweetheart.  From  the  former  of  these  bind- 
ing spells  he  was  soon  released,  through  the  prompt  inter- 
vention of  an  influential  friend.  But,  in  gentle  bondage 
to  the  latter,  he  remained  a  life-long  prisoner.  His  heart 
underwent  no  change.  As  for  the  fair  object  of  his  affec- 
tions, she  retained  her  maiden  name  to  the  end  of  her 
days  and,  dying  at  the  ripe  age  of  seventy-six,  carried  to 
her  grave  in  Oconee  Cemetery,  at  Athens,  an  undimmed 
image  of  her  poet-lover:  the  immortal  author  of  ''Home, 
Sweet  Home." 


The  world  has  not  forgotten  the  pathetic  story  of 
John  Howard  Payne.  But  the  tendency  to  exaggerate 
has  led  a  host  of  writers,  eager  for  dramatic  effect,  into 


"Home,  Sweet  Home"  63 

gross  misstatements.  Indeed,  tliere  are  few,  who,  in 
sketching  Payne's  life,  have  not  drawn  more  largely  upon 
fancy  for  materials  than  upon  fact. 

Payne  was  never  at  any  time  the  shiftless,  ne'er-do- 
well,  or  the  penniless  vagabond  which  he  has  often  been 
made  to  appear  by  these  caricature  artists.  Most  of 
his  life,  it  is  true,  was  spent  in  bachelor  quarters  and 
among  remote  scenes.  He  also  lacked  business  acumen; 
but  those  ui)on  whom  nature  bestows  the  divine  afflatus 
are  seldom  merchants  or  bankers.  With  the  conveniences 
of  an  assured  income,  he  was  unacquainted ;  and  the  ca- 
prices of  Fortune  often  entailed  upon  him  financial  em- 
barrassment. On  more  than  one  occasion  he  knew  what 
it  was  to  be  without  a  dollar  in  his  pocket  when  creditors 
were  clamorous.  But  he  earned  a  fair  livelihood.  At 
times,  his  wares  brought  him  a  substantial  recompense; 
and,  while  his  money  lasted,  he  was  a  Prince  of  Bohem- 
ians. During  the  last  years  of  his  life,  he  held  an  im- 
portant consular  position  at  Tunis,  in  Morocco. 

Born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  on  June  9,  1792,  the 
early  boyhood  days  of  John  Howard  Payne  were  spent 
at  East  Hampton,  on  Long  Island,  where  the  old  family 
homestead,  a  quaint  two-story  structure,  with  an  attic 
built  of  cedar  shingles,  is  owned  and  preserved  as  a  lit- 
erary Mecca,  by  Mr.  Buek,  of  Brooklin,  a  wealthy  admirer 
of  the  poet.  In  summer,  the  cottage  is  charmingly  covered 
with  wisteria  vines,  contrasting  with  the  silvery  tones  of 
color  which  nearness  to  the  sea  invariably  gives.  Stretch- 
ing away  to  the  rear  of  the  house  is  an  old  apple  orchard ; 
while,  in  the  distance,  can  be  seen  the  sand  dunes  of  the 
North  Atlantic*  The  interior  paneling  of  the  house  is 
said  to  have  been  the  work  of  a  ship  carpenter,  trained 
in  one  of  the  navy  yards  of  England.  The  building  is 
heated  by  a  huge  central  chimney,  twelve  feet  in  diam- 
eter, in  which  is  built  a  fire-place  after  the  ample  pattern 
of  the  Dutch.  The  house  is  furnished  exactly  as  it  was 
in  the  day's  of  Payne's  childhood,  with  quaint  dressing- 

*James   Callaway,   in   the   "Macon  Telegraph,"    February   IS,   1914. 


64         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tables,  liigli  bedsteads,  old  Windsor  chairs,  and  other 
furnishings  reminiscent  of  the  Colonial  period.  It  was 
doubtless  a  recollection  of  this  early  home  beside  the  sea 
which,  in  after  years,  inspired  his  deathless  anthem. 


But  to  go  back.  At  the  age  of  thirteen,  when  a  clerk 
in  a  mercantile  establishment  in  New  York,  Payne  began 
secretly  to  edit  a  weekly  newspaper,  devoted  to  the  dra- 
ma. Such  precocity  of  genius  induced  the  lad's  father  to 
plan  for  him  a  good  education;  but,  while  a  student  at 
Union  College,  his  prospects  were  suddenly  disturbed  by 
the  elder  Payne's  failure  in  business.  John  Howard  then 
decided  to  go  upon  the  stage.  His  debut  as  an  actor 
was  made  at  the  Park  Theatre  in  New  York,  on  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1809,  as  Young  Norval  in  the  Douglass;  and 
the  success  of  his  initial  performance,  both  from  a  pe- 
cuniary and  froln  an  artistic  standpoint,  was  such  that 
he  afterwards  toured  the  New  England  and  Middle  States. 

In  1813  he  sailed  for  England;  and  from  this  time 
dates  his  protracted  sojourn  abroad.  As  an  actor  he  was 
well  received  by  the  public;  but,  anxious  to  increase  his 
earnings,  he  essayed  theatrical  management,  with  disas- 
trous results.  Due  to  his  lack  of  business  ability,  he 
found  himself  frequentlj^  in  financial  straits.  Fortune 
did  not  seem  to  favor  him.  In  1815,  he  published  a  vol- 
ume of  verse  entitled:  "Lispings  of  the  Muse,"  from 
which  his  returns  were  only  meagre.  Better  success 
attended  him  as  a  playwright.  He  produced  a  number 
of  musical  drainas,  for  one  of  which,  an  opera,  entitled : 
"Clari,  or  the  Maid  of  Milan,"  he  composed  the  world- 
renowned  stanzas  of  "Home,  Sweet  Home." 

This  opera  was  first  produced  at  the  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  in  May,  1823".  The  music  was  adapted  by 
Henry  R.  Bishop,  from  an  old  melody  which  caught 
Payne's  fancy  while  visiting  one  of  the  Italian  cities.*    It 


*New  International  Encyclopedia,  article  on  Payne. 


''Home,  Sweet  Home"  65 

is  said  that  the  song  itself  came  to  him,  when,  oppressed 
by  debt,  he  wandered  one  day,  in  great  heaviness  of  spirit, 
along  the  banks  of  the  Thames  River.  During  the  first 
year  it  netted  his  publishers  over  2,000  guineas.  Payne 
himself  derived  little  pecuniary  profit  from  the  song 
which  was  destined  to  make  him  immortal ;  but  he  lived 
to  see  it  put  a  girdle  of  music  around  the  globe,  to 
charm  alike  the  king  and  the  peasant,  and  to  become 
in  literal  truth  the  song  of  the  millions. 

The  original  draft  of  "Home,  Sweet  Home"  ran  as 
follows: 

'Mid  pleasures  and  palaces,  though  we  may  roam, 
Be  it  ever  so  humble,  there's  no  place  like  home; 
A  charm  from  the  skies  seems  to  hallow  us  there, 
Like  the  love   of   a  mother 
Surpassing  all  other, 
Which,  seek  through  the  world,  is  ne  'er  met  with  elsewhere. 
There's  a  spell  in  the  shade 
Where   our  infancy  played, 
Even  stronger  than  time  and  more  deep  than  despair. 

An  exile  from  home,  splendor  dazzles  in  vain, 
O,  give  me  my  lonel}'  thatched  cottage  again! 
The  birds  and  the  lampkins  that  came  at  my  call — 

Those  who  named  me  with   pride — 

Those  who  played  at  my  side — 
Give  me  them,  with  the  innocence  dearer  than  all. 
The  joys  of  the  palaces  through  which  I  roam 
Only  swell  my  heart 's  anguish — there 's  no  place  like  home. 

Later  Payne  re-wrote  the  poem.  But  in  order  to  se- 
cure brevity  he  sacrificed  poetic  charm.  The  lines  with 
which  the  public  are  to-day  familiar  hardly  measure  up 
to  the  original;  but  they  are  doubtless  better  adaf)ted 
to  the  air.    Here  is  the  poem  as  re-written: 

'Mid  pleasures  and  palaces,  though  we  may  roam, 
Be  it  ever  so  humble,  there's  no  place  like  home. 
A  charm  from  the  skies  seems  to  hallow  us  there, 
Which,  seek  through  the  world,  is  ne'er  met  with  elsewhere. 
Home,   home,   sweet,   sweet   home! 
There's   no   place  like   home! 
I  There's  no  place  like   home! 


66         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legend^ 

An  exile  from  home,  splendor  dazzles  in  vain, 

O,  give  me  my  lowly  thatched  cottage  again! 

The  birds  singing  gaily  that  came  at  my  call — 

Give  me  them — and  the  peace  of  mind  dearer  than  all. 

Home,   home,  sweet,   sweet  home! 

There's  no  place  like  home! 
1  There's  no   place  like  home! 


In  1832  Payne  returned  to  New  York.  The  question 
agitating  the  public  mind  at  this  time  was  the  removal  of 
the  Cherokee  Indians  to  a  trans-Mississippi  region.  To 
one  of  Payne's  fine  poetic  temperament,  the  idea  of 
using  force  to  drive  these  primitive  inhabitants  of  the 
soil — these  native  Americans — into  an  unwilling  exile 
was  most  repugnant.  He  thought  of  himself  as  an  out- 
cast and  a  wanderer ;  and  it  was  only  natural  for  the  man 
who  wrote  ''Home,  Sweet  Home"  to  espouse  the  cause 
of  those  who  were  soon  to  be  homeless,  even  though  they 
were  savage  tribes  of  the  forest. 

To  ascertain  the  real  facts  in  regard  to  the  Cherokees, 
Mr.  Payne  came  to  Georgia  in  1836,  on  the  eve  of  the 
famous  deportation.  It  so  happened  that,  at  this  time, 
Georgia  was  in  a  turmoil  of  excitement.  Events  were 
rapidly  approaching  a  climax;  and,  in  order  to  deal,  on 
the  one  hand,  with  meddlesome  interlopers  whose  pur- 
pose was  to  inflame  the  Red  Men,  and,  on  the  other,  with 
lawless  characters  escaping  across  the  State  line  into 
Indian  Territory,  it  was  necessary  for  Georgia  to  extend 
her  jurisdiction,  with  a  rod  of  iron,  over  the  domain  of 
the  Cherokees. 

There  was,  at  this  time,  among  the  Indians,  two  dis- 
tinct parties,  one  of  which,  under  Major  Ridge,  strongly 
favored  removal  as  the  wisest  course  for  the  nation  to 
adopt.  The  other,  headed  by  John  Ross,  strenuously  op- 
posed removal;  and  these  were  regarded  as  the  sworn 
enemies  of  the  State.  Between  the  two  factions  there 
was  war  to  the  knife,  deadly  and  bitter.  When  John 
Howard  Payne  came  to  Georgia,  he  visited  the  Cherokee 


"Home,  Sweet  Home''  67 

nation  as  the  guest  of  Jolm  Eoss,  then  as  afterwards, 
the  principal  chief.  His  oTbject  in  making  this  visit  was 
unknown  to  the  civil  authorities;  but  his  affiliation  with 
John  Eoss  put  him  at  once  under  suspicion.  He  con- 
templated nothing  sinister.  His  i^urpose  was  merely  to 
gather  information.  But  Tray  was  in  bad  company,  at 
least,  to  Georgia's  way  of  thinking;  and,  while  visiting 
John  Eoss,  he  was  put  under  arrest  and  imprisoned  in  the 
old  Vann  house,  at  Spring  Place,  in  what  is  now  Murray 
County,  Ga.  Capt.  A.  B.  Bishop,  who  commanded  the 
Georgia  Guards,  at  this  place,  made  the  arrest.  He 
found  the  poet  at  Eoss's  home,  near  the  head  of  the  Coosa 
Eiver. 

It  is  said  that  while  imprisoned  at  Spring  Place  he 
heard  the  soldiers  singing  his  familiar  anthem,  "Home, 
Sweet  Home,"  and  that,  when  he  eventually  satisfied 
his  captors  that  he  was  the  author  of  this  renowned  song, 
he  received  from  them  the  most  considerate  treatment.* 
Nevertheless,  he  was  held  a  prisoner  until  his  release  was 
finally  procured  by  Gen.  Edward  Harden,  of  Athens,  to 
whom  he  had  brought  a  letter  of  introduction.  The  his- 
toric site  of  the  poet's  imprisonment  at  Spring  Place  is 
soon  to  be  marked  by  the  John  Milledge  Chapter  of  the 
D.  A.  E. 


As  above  stated,  Mr.  Payne,  on  coming  to  Georgia, 
brought  with  him  a  letter  of  introduction  to  an  old 
citizen  of  Athens,  Gen.  Edward  Harden.  The  latter 
was  formerly  a  resident  of  Savannah;  and,  during  the 
famous  visit  of  LaFayette  to  this  country,  in  1825,  he 
entertained  the  illustrious  nobleman  of  France.  Gen. 
Harden  was  typically  a  gentleman  of  the  old  school, 
courtly  in  his  manners,  refined  and  cultured,  in  fact, 
a  man  of  letters,  thiougli  his  chosen  profession  was 
the  law.     Payne  expected  to   stop  at  the  public  inn; 


*Rev.  W.  J.  Cotter,  in  the  Wesleyan  Christian  Advocate. 


68         Georgia's  Landmarks.  JNIemorials  and  Legends 

but  to  this  Geu.  Hardoii  deiimrred,  iusisting  that  ho 
become  bis  giiest  for  an  indefinite  stay. 

Thus  it  was  that  the  aiitlior  of  ''Home,  Sweet  Home," 
fomid  himself  an  inmate  of  the  famous  old  Harden 
borne  in  Athens.  Tbe  story  that  Payne  caught  the 
inspiration  for  bis  poem  at  this  time  is,  of  course, 
sheerest  fiction,  for  more  than  twelve  years  had  elapsed 
since  tbe  first  rendition  of  the  song  in  public.  Equally 
imaginative  is  tbe  yarn  that  on  entering  the  door  of 
bis  prison  at  Spring  Place,  be  raised  both  bands  in 
anguish  above  bis  bead,  exclaiming  with  bitter  sar- 
casm, "Home,  Sweet  Home,"  and  then  proceeded  to 
"v\Tite  tbe  poem,  in  a  moment  of  silent  communion 
with  the   Muses. 

But  while  Payne  did  not  write  bis  poem  in  Georgia, 
he  enjoyed  the  hospitality  which  Gen.  Harden  lavished 
without  stint  upon  friend  and  stranger  alike;  and  there 
came  into  his  life  at  this  time  an  influence  which,  for 
tbe  rest  of  bis  days,  was  destined  to  cast  upon  bim 
tbe  spell  of  a  most  subtle  enchantment.  He  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  General's  lovely  daughter,  Mary.  So 
fascinated  was  the  poet  with  this  gentle  lady  of  Athens 
that  the  main  purpose  of  his  visit  to  Georgia  was  almost 
forgotten.  The  poor  Cherokees  became  a  secondary  con- 
sideration. Even  bis  Yankee  scruples  against  Southern 
biscuit  were  overcome  when  he  tasted  one  of  the  dainty 
products  of  Miss  Mary's  oven. 


Still,  he  did  visit  tbe  Cherokee  nation;  and,  it  was 
while  on  this  trip  that  bis  imprisonment  at  Spring  Place 
occurred.  On  bearing  of  bis  predicament,  Gen.  Harden 
hastened  to  bis  release.  But  tbe  poet  was  so  mortified 
over  tbe  treatment  to  which  be  bad  been  subjected  that 
be  lost  no  time  in  returning  to  the  Xortli,  avowing  his 
purpose  never  again  to  visit  Georgia,  without  a  formal 
invitation.     To  this  resolution  he  adhered.     However, 


JOHN    ROSS. 
Chief  of  the  Cherokee    Nation. 


"Home,  Sweet  Home"  69 

t]iere  were  some  memories  connected  witli  his  visit  wliich 
he  did  not  care  to  forget  and  which,  through  the  lonely 
days  and  nights  succeeding  his  return  to  New  York, 
continued  softly  to  serenade  hira,  to  the  music  of  his 
own  ''Home,  Sweet  Home." 

Between  Miss  Harden  and  Payne  there  douhtless 
passed  a  numher  of  letters.  But  one  in  particular  de- 
serves our  attention.  In  a  wild  flutter  of  hope,  he  wrote 
to  her,  on  July  18,  1836,  telling  her  that  he  could  offer 
her  naught  save  his  hand  and  heart  and  entreating  her 
to  smile  upon  his  suit.  What  her  answer  to  this  pro- 
posal of  marriage  was,  no  one  knows.  She  was  always 
silent  upon  the  subject;  but  the  fact  remains  that  they 
were  never  married,  though  each  remained  loyal  till 
death.  Perhaps  the  old  General  himself  barred  the  way. 
He  knew  that  Payne  was  a  rolling  stone;  and  while  he 
admired  the  poet's  genius  he  may  have  doubted  his 
ability  to  support  a  helpmeet. 

In  after  years,  Payne  was  sent  with  a  consular  ap- 
pointment to  Morocco,  by  the  United  State  government. 
On  the  eve  of  his  departure,  Miss  Harden  requested  of 
him  an  autographed  copy  of  his  renowned  song,  a  boon 
which  he  promptly  granted.  In  some  mysterious  manner, 
this  copy  disappeared  at  the  time  of  Miss  Harden 's 
death,  giving  rise  to  the  not  unnatural  presumption  that 
it  was  buried  with  her;  but  her  niece,  Miss  Mary  Jackson, 
to  whom  the  old  Harden  home  in  Athens  was  willed  and 
who  assisted  in  preparing  the  body  of  her  beloved  aunt 
for  burial  states  that,  for  this  supposition,  there  is  no 
ground  whatever.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  Miss  Harden 
herself,  when  warned  of  approaching  death,  destroyed 
with  her  own  hands  what  was  never  meant  for  the  eyes  of 
the  idly  curious. 


Payne,  after  leaving  for  Morocco,  returned  to  America 
but  once  in  life.  On  this  occasion,  he  received  a  won- 
derful tribute  from  the  famous  Jennie  Lind,  who,  turn- 


70         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ing  toward  the  box  in  which  he  sat,  in  a  crowded  theatre, 
sang  in  the  richest  accents  which  have  doubtless  ever 
been  heard  on  this  continent,  the  familiar  words  of  his 
inspired  song.  The  great  Daniel  Webster  was  a  witness 
to  this  impressive  scene,  the  memory  of  which  he  carried 
to  his  grave  at  Marshfield. 

Soon  after  returning  to  Morocco,  Payne  died,  on  April 
9, 1852,  at  the  age  of  threescore  years.  He  was  buried  at 
Tunis,  where  his  body  rested  for  more  than  three  full 
decades,  in  a  foreign  exile,  on  the  shores  of  North  Africa. 
But  finally,  in  1883,  through  the  efforts  of  the  great  phil- 
anthrophist,  Mr.  W.  W.  Corcoran,  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
the  ashes  of  the  poet  were  brought  back  to  his  native 
land  and  re-interred  in  Oak  Hill  Cemetery,  on  the  out- 
skirts of  the  nation's  capital.  Here,  underneath  the  same 
ground  slab  which  marked  his  grave  in  Tunis,  sleeps  the 
gentle  poet  of  the  hearthstone.  But  overlooking  the 
sacred  spot  there  stands  a  more  recent  structure  of  pure 
white  marble,  reared  by  thousands  of  voluntary  con- 
tributions. It  is  surmounted  by  a  life-size  bust  of  the 
lamented  bard  and  lettered  underneath  it,  is  the  fol- 
lowing epitaph: 


JOHN    HOWAUD    PAYNE 

Author  of  "Home, 

Sweet  Home." 

Born,  June  9,  1792. 

Died,  April 

9, 

1852. 

"Sure,  when  thy  gentle  spirit  fled 

To  realms  above  the 

dome, 

With  outstretched  arms  God's  angels 

sai 

d: 

Welcome  to  Heaven's 

home,  sweet  home 

> 

CHAPTER  III 


Lost  for  114  Years:  the  Mystery  of  General  Greene's 
Place  of  Entombment 


MAJOR-GENERAL  Nathanael  G-reene  was,  next  to 
Washington,  perhaps  the  most  illustrious  sol- 
dier of  the  American  Revolution.  His  campaign 
in  the  Southern  Department  checked  the  victorious  ca- 
reer of  Cornwallis  and  opened  a  direct  path  to  Yorktown. 
More  than  any  other  one  commander,  he  was  instrumental 
redeeming  Georgia  from  the  British  yoke;  and, 
at  the  close  of  hostilities  with  England,  the  Legislature 
of  Georgia  conferred  upon  General  Greene,  an  exten- 
sive plantation,  known  as  Mulberry  Grove,  some  twelve 
miles  above  the  city  of  Savannah.  This  handsome  estate 
was  formerly  the  country-seat  of  Lieutenant-Governor 
John  Graham,  but  was  confiscated  by  the  State  on  ac- 
count of  the  latter 's  pronounced  Toryism.  Within  a 
few  months  after  receiving  this  gift  from  the  State,  Gen- 
eral Greene  transferred  his  residence  from  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  to  the  balmier  climate  of  the  South  At- 
lantic. 

But  he  was  destined  to  enjoy  the  delights  of  his  new 
home  on  the  Georgia  coast  for  only  a  brief  season.  While 
overseeing  his  plantation  one  day,  during  the  heat  of  mid- 
summer, he  was  suddenly  seized  with  a  violent  illness, 
due  it  is  thought  to  sunstroke ;  and  from  this  attack  he 
never  rallied.  His  death  occurred  on  June  19, 1786.  Gen- 
eral Greene  was  buried  in  the  old  Colonial  Cemetery  in 
the  city  of  Savannah.  There  was  a  vast  concourse  of 
people  present  to  witness  the  impressive  ceremonies  of 


72         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

burial.  Savannah  was  then  the  chief  city  of  Georgia; 
and,  on  account  of  General  Greene's  eminence  as  a  sol- 
dier in  the  recent  war  for  independence,  he  was  laid  to 
rest  with  profuse  military  honors.  The  surviving  mem- 
bers of  the  Georgia  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  attended 
the  funeral  in  a  body;  while  the  Chatham  Artillery  acted 
as  an  escort  of  honor. 


But,  notwithstanding  the  august  ceremonies  attach- 
ing to  the  burial  of  this  illustrious  hero,  in  the  heart  of 
Georgia's  most  important  center  of  population,  the  exact 
place  of  General  Greene's  entombment,  due  to  circum- 
stances which  will  be  explained  hereafter,  faded  from 
the  memory  of  the  oldest  inhabitant  of  Savannah;  and, 
for  a  period  of  one  hundred  and  fourteen  years,  the 
last  resting  place  of  Major-General  Nathanael  Greene 
remained  a  profound  mystery  as  baffling  as  the  riddle 
of  the  Sphynx.  To  the  superstitious  imagination  of  the 
Georgia  darkies  along  the  seacoast,  it  furnished  a  most 
powerful  stinmlus;  and  weird  stories  began  to  circulate 
touching  the  strange  disappearance  of  General  Greene's 
body  at  the  dead  hour  of  midnight. 

It  looked  as  if  the  secret  was  fated  never  to  be  un- 
earthed. But  finally  the  Rhode  Island  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati,  of  which  General  Greene  was  the  founder, 
resolved  to  make  one  more  elfort  to  locate  his  remains; 
and,  on  March  4,  1901,  this  final  search  bore  successful 
fruit.  The  circumstances  connected  with  the  discovery 
in  the  old  Colonial  burial-ground  have  been  obtained 
from  a  detailed  report  made  by  the  Society's  President, 
Hon.  Asa  Bird  Gardiner,  to  the  General  Assembly  of 
Rhode  Island;  and  the  extraordinary  account  is  in  sub- 
stance given  below.    Says  Dr.  Gardiner:* 


In  my  telegram  of  March  4,  1901,  I  announced  the 
finding  of    the    remains    of    Major-General    Nathanael 


*The    Remains    of    Major-General    Nathaniel    Greene:    A    Report    of    the 
Joint   Special   Committee,    etc.,    pp.    28-4 S. 


THE    GREEN     MONUMENT,    SAVANNAH,    GA. 


Underneath   the    Handsome    Bronze    Tablet    Repose   the   Ashes   of   the 
Renowned    Commander. 


Lost  for  114  Years  73 

Greene  in  the  Colonial  Cemetery,  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  by 
a  committee  of  the  Khode  Island  State  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati,  and  I  now  have  the  honor  to  make  a  more 
detailed  report  on  this  interesting  subject.  *  *  *  Major- 
General  Greene  was  born  in  Rhode  Island,  on  August  7, 
1742,  and  throughout  his  life  retained  his  citizenship  in 
this  State,  and  during  the  E evolutionary  War  was  cred- 
ited to  the  quota  of  Rhode  Island  in  the  Continental  ser- 
vice. When  he  last  departed,  a  few  months  before  his 
decease,  from  Newport  for  Savannah,  he  still  retained 
hi  ;  residence  in  Newport,  R.  I.  By  reason  of  his  po- 
tential services  to  the  State  of  Georgia  in  compelling  its 
evacuation  by  the  British  army,  the  Legislature  of  that 
State  gave  him  the  confiscated  estate  of  the  former  Tory 
Lieutenant-Governor  Graham.  This  property,  known 
as  Mulberry  Grove,  is  located  about  twelve  miles  above 
Savannah,  on  the  Savannah  River. 

Here  General  Greene  died  suddenly,  on  June  19,  1786, 
of  a  congestive  chill ;  and,  on  the  following  day,  his  re- 
mains were  taken  by  boat  to  Savannah,  where  they  were 
interred  in  the  Colonial  CVnnetery  belonging  to  Christ 
Episcopal  Church,  in  the  very  center  of  the  town  of  Sa- 
vannah, with  imposing  civic  and  military  ceremonies. 
The  Georgia  Gazette,  of  June  22,  1786,  gives  in  detail  the 
ceremonies  at  the  obsequies  and  mentions  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati  in  Georgia  at  that  time,  but  since  ex- 
tinct, as  the  principal  mourners.  The  entire  town  united 
in  showing  honor  to  the  remains  of  this  distinguished 
patriot,  who,  next  to  Washington,  had  shown  himself  the 
greatest  of  our  Generals  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 
The  Georgia  Gazette,  with  reference  to  the  place  of  in- 
terment, merely  uses  this  language : 

"When  the  military  reached  the  vault  in  which  the  body  was  to  be 
entombed  they  opened  to  the  right  and  left  and,  resting  on  reverse  arms, 
let  it  pass  through.  The  funeral  services  performed  and  the  corjDse  de- 
posited, thirteen  discharges  from  the  artillery  and  three  from  the  mus- 
ketiy  closed  the  scene.  The  whole  was  conducted  with  a  solemnity 
befitting  the  occasion," 


74         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

It  is  noticeaTble  that  the  particular  vault  in  which  the 
remains  were  deposited  is  not  mentioned.  The  cemetery- 
was  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall,  twelve  feet  high,  of 
which  but  one  side  now  remains.  To  the  erection  of  this 
wall,  General  Washington  contributed.  Several  years 
ago  Christ  Church  gave  this  cemetery  to  the  city  of  Sa- 
vannah, to  be  made  into  a  park,  on  condition  that  the 
remains  should  not  be  disturbed  by  the  city  authorities. 
Thereupon  the  wall  was  taken  down  on  three  sides,  leav- 
ing but  the  rear  wall  on  an  alley-way,  separating  the 
cemetery  from  the  police  barracks,  and,  in  lieu  of  trees, 
shrubs  were  planted  and  walks  laid  out. 

When  General  W.  T.  Sherman's  army,  on  its  march 
from  Atlanta,  Ga.,  came  to  Savannah,  many  of  the  vaults 
were  opened  by  the  soldiers  in  search  of  valuables  and 
much  wanton  destruction  of  monuments  and  tablets  en- 
sued, so  that  to-day  many  of  the  vaults  are  without  means 
of  identification.  Some  of  these  were  erected  before  and 
some  after  General  Greene's  decease.  There  are,  how- 
ever, four  well-known  Colonial  vaults,  in  a  row,  at  that 
part  of  the  park  which  would  be  intersected,  if  Lincoln 
Street  were  prolonged. 

It  is  remarkable  that  within  a  few  years  after  1786 
there  should  have  been  a  doubt  as  to  the  location  of  Gen- 
eral Greene's  remains.  One  might  suppose  that  General 
Greene's  widow  and  immediate  descendants  who  were  at 
Mulberry  Grove  when  he  died  would  have  known  of  the 
location.  However,  a  very  few  years  after  his  decease, 
Mrs.  Nathanael  Greene  married  Phineas  Miller,  Esq.,  and 
removed  with  her  family  to  Dungeness  House,  on  Cum- 
berland Island,  distant  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles 
from  Savannah;  and  for  upward  of  forty  years  none 
of  the  Green  family  resided  in  or  near  Savannah. 

Mrs.  Phineas  Miller,  the  General's  widow,  died  at 
Dungeness  House,  on  September  2,  1814,  when  the  estate 
became  the  property  of  her  second  daughter,  Mrs.  Louisa 
Shaw.  Climatic  and  local  conditions  at  that  time  in  Sa- 
vannah were  not  conducive  to  longevity  and  many  of 


Lost  for  114  Years  75 

the  residents  there  in  the  Revolutionary  period  soon 
passed  away.  The  place  where  General  Greene's  remains 
were  deposited  was  not  indicated  by  any  tablet  and,  in 
a  few  years,  many  of  those  informed  on  the  subject  were 
deceased. 


Accordingly,  in  1820,  the  council  of  Savannah  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  make  an  inquiry.  The  report 
made  by  this  committee  was  only  a  brief  and  partial  one. 
They  did  not  discover  the  locality  and,  owing  to  obstacles 
in  the  way,  they  did  not  examine  the  Jones  vault,  one  of 
the  four  Colonial  structures  to  which  reference  has  been 
made.  The  council  immediately  appointed  another  com- 
mittee, which,  however,  appears  never  to  have  done  any- 
thing. In  1840,  the  late  George  II.  Johnstone,  of  Savan- 
nah, who  married  a  grand-daughter  of  General  Greene, 
and  the  late  Phineas  Miller  Nightingale,  grand-son  to 
General  Greene  and  half-brother  to  Mr.  Johnstone's  wife, 
made  another  search,  which  was  also  very  inconclusive. 


Thereupon  tradition,  ever  unreliable,  invented  several 
theories  as  to  the  disposition  of  General  Greene's  body. 
One  was  that  the  remains  had  been  deposited  in  the  vault 
of  former  Lieutenant-Governor  Graham,  whose  estate 
had  been  confiscated  and  awarded  to  General  Greene  as 
aforesaid,  and  that  the  sister  of  Graham's  wife,  Mrs. 
Mossman,  returning  to  Savannah  several  years  after  the 
Revolution,  had  directed  the  negro  slaves  to  remove  the 
remains;  and  one  traditional  story  said  that  they  had 
been  thrown  into  Negro  Creek,  while  another  said  that 
they  had  been  buried  in  the  cemetery  at  night. 

To  support  this  latter  theory,  a  gentleman  named 
Wright,  now  in  his  ninetieth  year,  residing  in  Atlanta, 
who  has  been  a  memlber  of  the  Chatham  Artillery  for 
seventy  years,  stated  that  when  a  boy  he  played  in  the 
cemetery  and  that  he  and  his  playmates  understood  that 


76         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

a  certain  mound,  near  the  corner  of  Oglethorpe  Avenue 
and  Bull  Street,  covered  the  remains  of  General  Greene. 
Last  August  he  came  to  Savannah,  and,  although  the 
mound  had  been  leveled,  he  indicated  where,  after  a  per- 
iod of  seventy-five  years  or  more,  he  thought  the  mound 
had  stood. 

Another  tradition  was  that  the  remains  had  been  taken 
secretly  to  Cumberland  Island  by  a  member  of  the  fam- 
ily, and  several  persons  asserted  positively  that  they 
had  seen  the  tombstone  there.  But  this  tombstone  is  that 
of  General  Greene's  widow.  In  the  center  of  the  epi- 
taph his  name  appears  in  large  characters,  and,  there- 
fore, from  a  cursory  observation,  gave  rise  to  this  belief. 


The  late  President  of  the  Rhode  Island  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati,  Nathanael  Greene,  M.  O.,  L.  L.  D.,  grand- 
son of  General  Greene,  was  born  at  Dungeness  House, 
Cumberland  Island,  Ga.,  June  2, 1809,  and  died  at  Middle- 
town,  R.  I.,  July  8,  1899,  in  his  ninety-first  year.  He  re- 
membered his  grandfather  Greene  and  had  spent  much 
of  his  earlier  life  in  Georgia  and,  except  during  the  per- 
iod of  the  Civil  War,  was  for  about  seventy  years  accus- 
tomed to  visit  there  every  year.  He  was  very  desirous 
of  having  a  more  thorough  search  made  for  the  remains 
of  his  grandfather,  and  frequently  gave  me,  as  told  him 
by  his  own  father,  Nathanael  Ray  Greene,  a  description 
of  the  remarkable  head  of  his  grandfather  and  its  unusual 
brain  development. 

Recently,  the  subject  having  again  been  agitated  in 
Savannah  as  to  the  whereabouts  of  General  Greene's  re- 
mains, the  Rhode  Island  Society  of  the  Cincinnati  adopted 
resolutions  for  an  inquiry,  which  in  substance,  are  as 
follows : 

"Whereas,  after  diligent  inquiry  it  is  believed  that  full  investiga- 
tion has  never  yet  been  made  to  ascertain  definitely  where  the  remains 
of    Major-General    Nathanael    Greene,    President    of    the    Khode    Island 


Lost  for  114  Years  77 

State  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  were  finally  deposited  after  his  decease 
at  Mulberry  Grove,  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1786; 

And  whereas,  it  is  believed  that  a  thorough  search  of  the  four  old 
burial  vaults  in  the  old  cemetery  forming  a  part  of  Colonial  Park,  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.,  will  determine  whether  the  remains  are  deposited  in  a 
certain  one  of  said  vaults,  as  believed  bj'  persons  well  informed  in 
matters  of  local  history  and  as  substantiated  by  authentic  record; 

And  whereas,  it  is  particularly  appropriate  that  the  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati  in  the  State  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations 
should  do  whatever  may  be  necessary  toward  ascertaining  the  burial 
place  of  its  first  president,  the  great  patriot  and  soldier,  who,  next  to 
Washington,  aided  so  potentially  in  securing  the  independence  of  the 
United    States; 

Therefore,  be  it  resolved,  that  a  committee  to  make  a  thorough  in- 
quiry into  the  whereabouts  of  General  Greene 's  burial  place  in  Savannah, 
Ga.,  be  appointed,  etc. ' ' 

This  committee  consisted  of  the  following  members: 
Hon.  George  Anderson  Mercer,  President  of  the  Geor- 
gia Historical  Society;  Hon.  Walter  G.  Charlton,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Society  of  Sons  of  the  Eevoliition  in  the  State 
of  Georgia ;  Philip  D.  Baffin,  Esq.,  Chairman  of  the  Sa- 
vannah Park  and  Tree  Commission;  Hon.  William  Har- 
den, Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Sons  of  the  Kevolution 
in  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  Librarian  of  the  State  His- 
torical Society;  Alfred  Bearing  Harden,  Esq.,  of  the 
Savannah  Bar,  member  of  the  South  Carolina  State 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  with  myself  as  chairman. 


These  gentlemen  entered  heartily  into  the  subject  of 
the  inquiry  and  carefully  weighed  and  considered  every- 
thing of  a  traditional  nature  on  this  subject,  in  order 
that,  if  the  special  search  should  prove  ineffective,  then 
such  weight  should  be  given  to  the  traditional  stories 
as  might  be  deemed  proper  from  the  evidence.  The 
direct  intention  of  the  committee  was  from  the  outset  to 
examine  one  particular  vault;  but,  as  a  matter  of  punc- 
tilious courtesy,  the  examination  of  this  vault  was  de- 
layed until  the  last,  in  order  to  communicate  with  the 
descendants  of  the  original  owners. 


78         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

The  greatest  interest  was  manifested  by  the  people 
of  tlie  city  of  Savannah.  Several  members  of  the  com- 
mittee were  always  present,  besides  a  large  concourse 
of  citizens.  The  committee  was  continually  assisted  by 
Eobert  Tyler  Waller,  Esq.,  who  is  a  grandson  of  ex- 
President  John  Tyler,  and  who  married  Major-General 
Greene's  great  grand-daughter.  He  resides  in  Savannah, 
and  represented  the  junior  branch  of  the  Greene  family. 
Although  not  descended  from  General  Greene,  I  rep- 
resented, at  their  request,  the  elder  branch  of  his  de- 
scendants, resident  in  Rhode  Island.  Otis  Ashmore,  Esq., 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  Edward  J.  Kelly,  Esq.,  of 
Savannah,  also  continuously  assisted. 

The  committee's  attention  was  first  given  to  an  Ex- 
amination of  the  many  vaults  where  tradition  said  the 
remains  had  been  deposited.  Some  of  these  were  found  to 
be  in  very  bad  condition,  for  want  of  proper  rej^airs ;  but 
the  most  careful  scrutiny  was  made  in  a  reverent  and 
proper  manner,  and  records  kept  of  the  coffin-plates  which 
were  found,  to  the  gratification  of  many  people  in  Savan- 
nah, who  in  the  absence  of  distinguishing  marks  to  these 
vaults — owing  to  the  vandalism  of  which  I  have  spoken — 
did  not  know  with  certainty  where  the  remains  of  par- 
ticular relatives  had  been  deposited.  When  the  exam- 
ination was  over,  each  vault  was  immediately  reclosed 
with  cemented  brick  before  opening  another. 

Finally,  there  remained  but  one  vault  to  be  examined, 
namely,  the  Jones  vault.  This  had  been  erected  by  Hon. 
Noble  Wymberley  Jones,  who  died  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
January  9, 1805.  He  had  been  Speaker  in  Georgia  of  both 
Colonial  and  State  Legislatures,  had  been  twice  a  Dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress,  was  made  a  prisoner 
of  war  at  the  capitulation  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  May  12, 
1780,  and  was  a  tried  patriot  and  friend  of  Major-Gen- 
eral  Greene. 


Lost  for  114  Years  79 

On  Monday  morning,  March  4,  the  vault  which  was 
perfectly  well-kno"\\Ti  as  the  Jones  vault  was  opened.* 
The  late  George  Wymberley  Jones  DeEenne,  Esq.,  senior 
representative  of  the  Jones  family  and  Vice-President  of 
the  Georgia  Historical  Society,  many  years  ago  opened 
this  vault  and  found  and  identified  the  remains  of  all 
the  members  of  the  Jones  family  deposited  there,  and 
thereupon  removed  them  all  to  Bonaventure  Cemetery, 
near  Savannah,  and  closed  wp  the  vault.  He  afterwards 
told  the  Hon.  William  Harden,  of  the  committee,  pre- 
cisely what  he  had  done,  as  herein  narrated.  That  he  was 
able  to  identify  the  remains  of  the  several  members  of 
the  Jones  family  was  due  to  the  fact  that  this  vault  is 
drier  and  sandier  in  its  soil  than  the  others  which  the 
committee  examined.  In  the  center  of  the  vault  the  com- 
mittee found  probably  a  cart  load  of  broken  brick,  which 


*In  Colonial  Park,  at  the  time  of  this  investigation,  there  were  four 
brick  vaults,  standing  in  a  row,  at  right  angles  to  Oglethorpe  Avenue,  each 
without  marks  of  identification,  and  known  as  Colonial  vaults.  Dr.  Gardi- 
ner, in  a  subsequent  address,  delivered  before  the  Rhode  Island  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati  in  the  Representative  Chamber  at  Newport,  on  July  4,  1901, 
explained  his  mistake  in  assuming  that  the  vault  in  which  the  discovery 
was  made  was  the  Jones  vault,  whereas  it  was  the  Graham  vault.    Says  he: 

"As  to  the  Colonial  vaults,  no  one  in  recent  years  knew  to  whom  three 
of  the  four  belonged,  nor  which  was  the  Graham-Mossman  vault.  As  to 
the  fourth,  or  Jones  vault,  it  was  supposed  to  be  the  second  in  the  row 
from  Oglethorpe  Avenue.  This  supposition  afterward  proved  to  be  incor- 
rect. *  *  *  The  first  of  these,  nearest  to  the  avenue,  although  like  the 
rest  without  distinguishing  mark,  was  found  to  be  the  family  vault  of 
Colonel  Richard  Wylly,  Deputy  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Continental 
Army  in  the  Revolution,  and  member  of  the  Georgia  State  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati.      His   remains   and    coffin-plate   were    there   found. 

"The  next  in  line  was  supposed  to  be  the  Jones  vault,  and  its  examina- 
tion, as  a  matter  of  courtesy,  was  deferred  by  the  committee  until  the  last, 
in  order  to  communicate  first  with  Wymberley  Jones  DeRenne,  Esq.,  the 
proper  representative  of  the  Jones  family  in  Georgia. 

"The  third  vault  in  line,  upon  being  opened,  was  found  to  be  empty, 
but  the  committee  afterwards  ascertained  that  this  vault  was  really  the 
Jones  vault,  from  which  all  remains,  properly  identified,  had  been  removed, 
as  before  stated,  to  Bonaventure  Cemetery,  by  the  late  George  Wymberley 
Jones   DeRenne. 

"The  fourth  vault  in  line  was  found  to  be  that  of  an  old  Savannah 
family,    the   Thiot   family,   whose   representatives   still   reside   there. 

"Mr.  Robert  Scott,  whose  body  was  discovered  in  the  same  vault  which 
contained  General  Greene's,  was  a  relative  by  marriage  of  Lieutenant 
Governor  Graham.  He  married  Miss  Margaret  Oliver,  a  niece  of  James 
Mossman,  whose  wife  was  a  Graham.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1845, 
he  was  placed  in  what  was  then  known  as   the   Graham-Mossman  vault," 


80         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  first  removed  before  further  inquiry.  An  opening 
through  the  rear  brick  wall  was  also  made,  to  permit 
admission  of  light  and  air.  (However,  it  was  afterwards 
discovered  that  what  the  committee  took  to  be  the  Jones 
vault  was  in  reality  the  Graham  vault,  and  of  this  fact 
there  is  an  abundance  of  proof.) 

Upon  examination,  there  was  found  on  one  side  of 
the  vault  in  a  remarkable  state  of  preservation  a  casket 
containing  the  remains  of  Mr.  Robert  Scott,  who  died 
on  June  5,  1845,  at  the  age  of  seventy  years.  The  silver 
plate  to  his  coffin  was  hardly  discolored. 

On  the  other  side  of  the  vault,  nearest  the  wall,  were 
noticed  the  rotting  fragments  of  a  coffin.  When  these 
were  removed,  there  appeared  a  man's  skeleton  quite 
intact,  except  some  of  the  smaller  i'il)H,  which  clearly 
showed  that  the  body  had  never  been  disturbed.  Two 
experienced  workmen  were  employed  inside  the  vault.  As 
the  fragments  of  the  coffin  were  removed  from  the  re- 
mains, both  workmen  commented  upon  the  remarkably 
prominent  configuration  of  the  skull.  Mr.  Kelly,  who 
watched  the  proceeding  through  the  opening,  at  once  no- 
ticed the  same  fact  and  called  the  attention  of  several 
members  of  the  committee  present  to  this  circumstance. 
The  workmen  then  removed  the  remaining  fragments  of 
the  coffin  and  looked  for  the  jilate,  which  was  found, 
where  it  should  be,  among  the  bones  of  the  breast. 

As  Mr.  Gattman,  one  of  the  workmen,  passed  this 
plate  up  through  the  opening,  he  remarked  that  he  no- 
ticed the  date,  "1786."  He  did  not  know  that  such  was 
the  exact  date  of  General  Greene's  decease.  The  plate 
was  silver  gilt.  Upon  the  face  were  not  only  the  figTires, 
"1786,"  but  also,  upon  careful  inspection,  Messrs.  Wal- 
ler and  Kelly,  members  of  the  committee,  discovered  the 
final  letters  of  the  word  "Greene,"  in  proper  position; 
and  Judge  Charlton  was  able,  after  some  care,  to  discern 
the  letters,  just  i:)receding  these,  namely,  "ael,"  of  the 
word  "Nathanael."  This  plate,  at  the  desire  of  the  com- 
mittee, will  be  taken  to  General  L,  P.  di  Cesnola,  Director 


Lost  for  114  Years  81 

of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  to  ascertain  whether  it  can  be  restored  by  any 
systematic  process. 


Some  of  the  bones  crumbled  on  being  handled,  but 
the  larger  bones,  including  the  skull  and  the  jaw-bones, 
were  all  preserved.  These  were  carefully  placed  in  a 
box.  Search  was  then  made  for  metal  buttons.  Three 
were  discovered,  badly  corroded,  upon  one  of  which  how- 
ever, could  be  traced  the  form  of  an  eagle,  which  was 
the  distiuguishing  mark  upon  the  buttons  of  a  Major- 
Ueneral  in  the  (/ontinoutal  army  of  the  Revolution.  In 
no  other  vault  were  there  other  than  wooden  buttons 
found,  which  had  originally  been  covered  with  silk,  cloth, 
or  velvet.  All  the  mould  of  General  Greene's  remains 
was  carefully  put  into  a  box,  which  was  then  nailed  up. 

Another  peculiarly  significant  fact,  which  cannot  be 
overlooked,  was  the  discovery  of  fragments  of  heavy 
white  silk  gloves,  much  discolored  and  containing  bones 
of  the  fingers.  These  gloves  were  such  as  general  offi- 
cers in  the  French  army  usually  wore  and  were,  doubtless, 
a  present  from  the  Marquis  de  LaFayette  to  Major-Gen- 
eral  Greene  in  1784.  The  Marquis  was  in  the  habit  of 
making  presents  to  his  brother  officers  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army,  and  each  time  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  he  brought  a  great  many  gifts  of  a  military  char- 
acter. Among  other  things,  he  gave  General  Greene  a 
number  of  silver  camp  mugs  or  cups,  such  as  were  used 
by  Marshals  of  France.  These  are  preserved  in  the  fam- 
ily of  the  late  Prof.  George  Washington  Greene,  in  Rhode 
Island. 

His  very  deep  attachment  for  General  Greene  is  well 
authenticated.  The  Rhode  Island  Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati entertained  him  at  Newport,  in  October,  1784,  on  his 
first  arrival  after  the  Revolution,  and  he  saw  General 
Greene  while  then  in  the  United  States.  When  he  came 
again,  in  1824,  he  gave  to  General  Greene's  second  daugh- 


82         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ter,  Mrs.  Louisa  Shaw,  a  steel-plate  engraving  of  lier 
father,  with  this  inscription,  in  LaFayette's  well-known 
hand-writing,  viz. : 

"To   dear  Mrs.   Shaw,  from  her  father's   most   intimate  friend   and 
companion  in  arms —  LA  FAYETTE." 


This  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Eohert  Tyler 
Waller,  General  Greene's  great  grand-daughter.  The 
workmen  reported  another  body  alongside,  with  frag- 
ments of  a  coffin.  On  removing  these  fragments,  Mr. 
Gattman,  whose  experience  in  such  matters  is  somewhat 
unusual,  remarked  that  they  were  the  remains  of  a  male 
person,  probably  eighteen  or  nineteen  years  of  age.  '  He 
did  not  know  at  this  time  that  General  Greene's  son, 
George  Washington  Greene,  had  been  drowned  in  the  Sa- 
vannah River,  off  Mulberry  Grove,  on  March  28,  1793', 
and  his  remains  interred  beside  his  father's. 

Most  of  these  bones  crumbled  upon  being  handled. 
They  were,  however,  carefully  collected  with  all  the  mould 
and  put  into  another  box,  which  was  nailed  up.  The  cof- 
fin-plate was  too  badly  corroded  for  anything  upon  it  to 
be  deciphered.  The  boxes  were  removed  to  the  police  bar- 
racks near  by  and  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Captain 
of  Police  over  night,  and  the  vault  re-bricked  and  ce- 
mented. These  proceedings  were  all  witnessed  by  a  large 
concourse  of  people. 

On  the  following  day,  suitable  boxes  were  procured, 
zinc-lined,  and  taken  to  the  police  barracks,  where  Mr. 
Keenan,  one  of  the  workmen  who  assisted  in  the  vault, 
in  the  presence  of  several  witnesses,  carefully  removed 
the  remains  of  General  Greene  to  the  zinc-lined  box  pre- 
pared for  the  purpose.  In  doing  so,  Mr.  Otis  Ashmore, 
assisted  by  Mr.  Edward  J.  Kelly,  made  measurements  of 
the  skull  which  corresponded  to  the  details  in  Sully's 
original  portrait  of  Major-General  Greene,  and  to  the 
statements  made  by  the  late  Hon.  Nathanael  Greene  and 
others. 


Lost  for  114  Years  83 

In  the  Life  of  Major-General  Natlianael  Greene,  by 
his  grandson,  the  late  Prof.  George  Washington  Greene, 
there  will  be  found  as  a  frontispiece  to  the  first  volume, 
a  portrait  of  General  Greene,  the  skull  of  which  exactly 
corresponds  to  the  one  found.  My  lamented  friend,  the 
late  Colonel  John  Screven,  of  Savannah,  President  of 
the  Georgia  Sons  of  the  Eevolution,  once  proposed  to 
make  this  investigation  and  repeatedly  declared  that 
General  Greene's  remains  would  be  recognized  by  his 
skull.  It  was  of  the  same  distinctive  character  as  the 
skull  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Humbolt,  Cuvier,  and  Dan- 
iel Webster.  The  teeth,  both  upper  and  lower,  were  re- 
markably well  preserved,  in  a  jaw  which  showed  great 
determination  and  firmness  of  character,  and  plainly 
indicated  the  age  to  be  about  forty-five  years. 


After  the  remains  of  Major-General  Greene  had  all 
been  deposited  in  the  zinc-lined  box,  the  zinc  cover  was 
placed  upon  the  box  and  soldered  in  its  place ;  the  wooden 
cover  was  then  screwed  down,  handles  put  to  the  end  of 
the  box,  and  a  coffin-plate  affixed,  bearing  this  inscrip- 
tion: 


MAJOR-GENERAL  NATHANAEL   GREENE 

Born,  August  7,  1742. 

Died,  June  10,  1786. 


In  like  manner,  the  remains  of  George  Washington 
Greene  were  transferred  to  the  other  zinc-lined  box, 
which  was  closed  in  the  same  manner,  the  coffin-plate 
containing  this  inscription: 


GEORGE  W.  GREENE 
Son  of  Major-General  Natlianael  Greene. 


The  remains  were  then  taken  by  the  undertaker,  Mr. 
W.  T.  Dixon,  accompanied  by  members  of  the  committee 


84         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  representatives  of  tlie  press,  to  the  Soutliern  Bank 
of  the  State  of  Georgia,  which  is  a  depository  of  the  State 
in  Savanuali.  Here  they  were  received  by  Horace  A. 
Crane,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  and  James  Sullivan,  Esq., 
Cashier,  and  taken  in  the  presence  of  these  gentlemen 
and  deposited  in  the  safe  deposit  vanlt  of  the  hank,  where 
they  now  remain,  subject  to  the  order  of  the  undersigned, 
and  Alfred  Bearing  Harden,  Esq.,  of  the  committee,  as 
trustees. 

After  the  remains  had  been  discovered  in  the  manner 
indicated  and  placed  for  safe-keeping  in  the  custody  of 
the  Southern  Bank,  on  Monday,  March  4,  1901,  the  com- 
mittee met  in  final  session  at  the  residence  of  Hon. 
George  Anderson  Mercer,  and  immediately  thereafter, 
at  a  numerously  attended  meeting  of  the  Historical  So- 
ciety of  Georgia,  he,  as  President  thereof,  announced, 
on  behalf  of  the  committee,  the  discovery  of  the  remains. 


But  one  circumstance  needs  yet  to  be  brought  to  your 
attention,  namely,  the  authentic  evidence  on  this  subject 
which  satisfied  the  committee  from  the  outset  that  the 
proper  place  to  inquire  was  the  Jones  vault.  In  1821, 
"William  Johnson  copyrighted  his  Life  of  Major-General 
Nathanael  Greene,  a  work  to  which  he  had  given  special 
care  and  attention.  In  its  preparation  he  had  visited  all 
the  scenes  of  General  Greene's  military  operations  and 
interviewed  many  who  had  been  participants  with  him  in 
the  War  of  the  Revolution. 

Johnson,  in  this  work,  says  that  the  funeral  ceremony 
of  the  Church  of  England  was  read  over  the  corpse  by 
the  Hon.  William  Stephens,  as  there  was  not  at  the  time 
a  minister  of  the  gospel  in  Savannah.  ^He  adds,  in  a 
foot-note,*  that  Judge  Stephens,  who  read  the  funeral 
service,  repeatedly  told  him  that  the  body  of  General 
Greene  lay  in  the  Jones  vault,  a  vault  which  had  not  been 


*Vol.    2,   p.    120,   original   edition. 


Lost  for  114  Years  85 

searched,  according  to  the  author,  when  this  foot-note  was 
penned. 

Judge  Stephens  was  then  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Georgia,  and  was  afterwards,  until  his  decease, 
on  August  6,  1819,  United  States  District  Judge  for  the 
State  of  Georgia.  He  had  been  the  first  Attorney-Gen- 
eral of  the  State,  Colonel  of  the  ChathatQ  County  Militia, 
and  Grand  Master  of  the  Masons  of  the  State,  and  had 
been  a  close  friend  of  the  illustrious  soldier. 

Had  the  Georgia  Gazette,  in  1786',  mentioned  the  par- 
ticular vault,  where  General  Greene's  remains  had  been 
deposited,  there  would  never  have  been  any  doubt  upon 
the  subject.  When  word  was  received  in  New  York 
City  of  General  Greene's  untimely  decease,  the  Revolu- 
tionary officers  who  composed  the  New  York  Society  of 
the  Ginciimati,  assembled  with  members  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  and  public  officials  and  functionaries 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  in  St.  Paul's  Chapel  on  Broad- 
way, to  listen  to  a  masterful  oration  by  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, upon  the  career  and  character  of  Major-General 
Greene. 

This  oration  was  one  of  the  greatest  ever  delivered 
in  this  country  and  can  still  be  read  and  studied  with 
profit  by  the  military  student.  The  Continental  Con- 
gress, on  August  8,  1786,  decreed  a  monument  to  General 
Greene's  memory.  When  my  honored  friend,  the  late 
senior  Senator  from  Rhode  Island,  Hon.  Henry  B.  An- 
thony, on  behalf  of  the  State,  in  an  address  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  presented  on  January  20,  1870,  the  life- 
sized  statue  of  General  Greene  for  the  old  hall  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  he  remarked  that  Greene 
stood,  in  the  judgment  of  his  contemporaries  and  by  the 
assent  of  history,  second  only  to  the  man  who  towers 
without  a  peer  in  the  annals  of  America. 

All  the  expenses  of  the  investigation  just  concluded 
have  been  defrayed  by  the  Rhode  Island  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati  from  the  interest  on  its  permanent  fund,  to 
which  General  Greene  contributed  his  month's  pay  in 


86         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

1783.  At  tlie  last  annual  meeting  of  the  Society,  before 
his  decease,  he  officiated  as  President.  Upon  his  last 
trip  South,  he  still  retained  his  residence  at  Newport. 
In  any  final  determination  as  to  where  his  remains  shall 
be  deposited,  his  descendants  and  the  State  of  Georgia, 
as  well  as  Rhode  Island,  should  all  be  consulted. 


To  the  foregoing  account  by  Dr.  Gardiner,  a  few 
facts  may  be  added  relative  to  the  re-interment  of  Gen- 
eral Greene's  body  in  Savannah.  Most  of  the  descend- 
ants of  the  illustrious  soldier,  when  canvassed  in  regard 
to  the  matter,  preferred  that  his  ashes  should  continue 
to  rest  in  the  beautiful  home  of  his  adoption. 
To  this  list  there  were  only  three  exceptions, 
whose  preference  was  for  Guildford,  N.  C,  the 
scene  of  one  of  his  greatest  battles.  It  was  therefore 
decided  to  re-inter  the  remains  under  the  Greene  monu- 
ment, on  Bull  Street,  in  Savannah.  The  date  fixed  for 
this  solemn  ceremonial  was  November  14,  1902;  and  at 
this  time  there  assembled  in  Savannah,  a  vast  concourse 
of  people,  including  relatives  of  the  distinguished  soldier, 
official  members  of  the  Rhode  Island  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati, his  excellency,  Hon.  Charles  D.  Kimball,  Gov- 
ernor of  Rhode  Island,  and  numerous  invited  guests. 

First  among  the  day's  impressive  events  was  the 
unveiling  of  a  bronze  tablet  on  the  Graham  vault,  in  Co- 
lonial Park,  where  the  remains  of  General  Greene  were 
first  discovered.  Right  Reverend  C.  K.  Nelson,  Bishop 
of  Georgia,  offered  the  prayer  of  invocation,  after  which 
in  a  brief  speech,  Hon.  Walter  G.  Charlton,  of  Savannah, 
on  behalf  of  the  descendants  of  General  Greene,  made 
a  formal  presentation  of  the  tablet  to  the  city  authorities. 
At  the  conclusion  of  Judge  Charlton's  address,  young 
George  Washington  Greene  Carpenter,  of  Manton,  R.  L, 
then  unveiled  the  tablet,  which  Alderman  Robert  L.  Cold- 
ing,  in  the  absence  of  the  Mayor,  formally  accepted.  The 
inscription  on  the  tablet  reads  as  follows : 


Lost  for  114  Years  87 


THE  GRAHAM  VAULT 
Here  rested  for  114  years  the  remains  of  MAJOR- 
GENERAL  NATHANAEL  GREENE.     Born  in  Rhode 
Island,    August    7,    1742.      Died    at    Mulberry    Grove, 
June    19,    1786. 


His  remains  and  those  of  his  eldest  so;i,  GEORGE 
WASHINGTON  GREENE,  now  lie  under  the  monu- 
ment   in    Johnson    Square. 


From  Colonial  Park  the  scene  next  shifted  to  the 
Greene  monument  on  Bull  Street ;  and,  as  the  impressive 
pageant  moved  slowly  toward  this  point  a  profound  si- 
lence fell  upon  the  vast  multitudes.  The  Chatham  Ar- 
tillery, under  the  command  of  Capt.  George  P.  Walker, 
acted  as  a  special  escort  to  the  remains ;  but  all  the  mili- 
tary, patriotic  and  civic  organizations  of  Savannah  took 
part  in  the  long  parade,  while  twenty  carriages  were 
filled  with  invited  guests.  The  formal  exercises  of  re- 
interment began  with  a  prayer  by  Bishop  Nelson.  Then 
the  remains  were  placed  in  a  chamber  specially  prepared 
for  them  underneath  the  flag-stones  on  the  south  side 
of  the  monument.  The  artillerymen,  acting  as  pall-bear- 
ers, brought  up  the  receptacle  and  workmen  lowered  it 
into  the  vault. 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  part  of  the  ceremony,  Mrs. 
Edward  Karow,  Eegent  of  Savannah  Chapter,  D.  A.  R., 
unveiled  on  behalf  of  the  Chapter,  a  handsome  bronze 
tablet,  embedded  in  the  monument  just  above  the  vault 
containing  General  Greene's  remains.  The  design  of 
this  tablet  is  a  wreath  of  laurel,  tied  at  the  top  with  rib- 
bon; and  in  this  wreath  is  the  insignia  of  the  D.  A.  P., 
the  wheel  and  the  distaff,  while  underneath  is  this  in- 
scription : 


To  commemorate  the  reinterment  of  the  remains  of 
MAJOR-GENERAL  NATHANAEL  GREENE,  beneath 
this  shaft,  on  November  14,  1902.  This  tablet  was 
erected  by  the  Savannah  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution.  , 


88         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Alderman  Robert  L.  Colding,  representing  the  mu- 
nicipality, accepted  the  tablet,  after  which  Governor  Kim- 
ball, of  Rhode  Island,  advanced  to  the  front  and  placed 
the  tribute  of  General  Greene's  native  State  upon  the 
monument.  This  was  a  large  wreath  of  bronze  galcx, 
crossed  with  sycus  palms,  and  tied  with  purple  ribbons, 
on  which  were  embossed  in  gold  the  arms  of  Rhode  Is- 
land. Standing  u]3on  a  tripod,  the  wreath  occupied  a 
place  at  the  base  of  the  monument  throughout  the  cere- 
monies. Next,  the  orator  of  the  occasion,  Hon.  Asa  Bird 
Gardiner,  L.  L.  D.,  President  of  the  Rhode  Island  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati,  was  introduced  to  the  assemljlkge  and, 
in  a  speech  replete  with  eloquence,  paid  a  magnificent 
tribute  to  the  illustrious  soldier.  Bishop  Nelson  then 
pronounced  the  benediction. 


CHAPTER  IV 


Georgia's  Great  Seals 


SINCE  the  granting  of  Georgia's  Colonial  Charter, 
in  1732,  by  Greorge  II,  of  England,  for  whom  this 
State  was  named,  there  have  been  four  Great  Seals 
by  which  the  stamp  of  her  authority  has  been  affixed  to 
her  most  important  official  transactions:  first,  the  Co- 
lonial Seal,  or  Seal  of  the  Trustees;  second,  the  Pro- 
vincial Seal,  or  Seal  of  the  Royal  Governors;  third,  the 
Great  Seal  of  1777 ;  and,  fourth,  the  Great  Seal  of  1799. 
The  earliest  of  these  seals  was  used  for  a  period  of 
twenty-one  years,  covering  the  administration  of  Geor- 
gia's Colonial  affairs  by  the  official  Board  of  Trustees. 
Both  the  Provincial  Seal  and  the  Great  Seal  of  1777  were 
likewise  used  for  approximately  the  same  length  of  time. 
But  the  Great  Seal  of  1799  is  still  in  vogiie,  linking  the 
Georgia  of  to-day  with  the  Georgia  of  the  Eigliteenth 
Century,  and  putting  us  in  touch  with  the  closing  scenes 
of  the  American  Revolution. 


The  Colonial  Seal  of  Georgia,  on  its  reverse  side,  bore 
the  famous  motto  adopted  by  the  Trustees — "Non  Sibi 
Sed  Aliis,"  the  meaning  of  which  is,  ''Not  for  ourselves 
but  for  others."  It  also  pictured  silk  worms  in  the  va- 
rious stages  of  labor.  Efforts  to  find  a  clear  jorint  of 
this  side  of  Georgia's  first  Seal  have  been  fruitless.  How- 
ever, there  are  numerous  impressions  of  the  obverse  side, 
which  represents  two  figures  resting  upon  urns;  while 


90         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

out  of  these  urns  proceed  streams  typifying  the  rivers 
which  then  formed  the  Colony's  upper  and  lower  bounda- 
ries, viz.,  the  Savannah  and  the  Altamaha.  In  the 
hands  of  each  figure  is  a  spade,  suggesting  agriculture 
as  the  chief  employment  of  the  settlers.  Further  in  the 
background  is  seated  the  Genius  of  the  Colony,  with  her 
left  hand  resting  upon  a  cornucopia,  a  spear  in  her  right 
hand  and  a  liberty  cap  on  her  head.  Behind  this  figure 
rises  a  tree  above  which  is  inscribed  the  legend:  ^'Colonia 
Georgia  Augeat" — "May  the  Colony  of  Georgia  Wax 
Strong."  This  face  of  the  Seal — or  the  Great  Seal  prop- 
er— ^was  used  in  attesting  legislative  acts,  deeds,  and  com- 
missions, while  the  opposite  face  formed  the  common  seal, 
used  in  attesting  order,  certificates,  and  ordinary  con- 
veyances of  land.*  The  original  Seal  of  the  Trustees  is 
still  preser\^ed  in  the  British  Museum  in  London. 


Wlien  Georgia  became  a  Province,  the  old  Seal  of 
the  Trustees  was  superceded  by  the  new  Seal  of  the 
Province,  approved  by  his  majesty  on  June  21, 1754.  The 
design  was  as  follows :  On  one  face  a  figure  repre- 
senting the  Genius  of  the  Colony  offering  a  skein  of  silk 
to  his  majesty,  with  the  motto,  "Hinc  Laudem  Sperate 
Coloni,"  and  this  inscription  around  the  circumference: 
"Segillium  Provinciae  Nostrae  Georgiae  in  America." 
On  the  other  side  appeared  his  majesty's  arms,  together 
with  his  crown,  garter,  and  supporters,  and  this  inscrip- 
tion : ' '  Georgius  II,  Dei  Gratia,  Magnae  Britanniae,  Fran- 
ciae  et  Hibernia  Rex,  Fidei  Defensor,  Brunswici  et  Lun- 
eburgi  Dux,  Sacri  Romani  Imperii  Archi  Thesaurius  et 
Princeps  Elector."* 


But  this  emblem  of  authority  was  likewise  discarded 
when  Georgia  became  a  State.    Following  the  separation 


♦Jones,   Vol.   I,   p.    97,   History  of  Georgia. 
•Jones,   Vol.   I,   p.   462,  History   of  Georgia. 


Georgia's  Great  Seals  91 

of  the  Province  from  the  Crown  of  England,  a  convention 
to  be  held  in  Savannah  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October 
1776  was  cahed  by  the  General  Congress  over  which  Arch- 
ibald Bulloch  presided.  For  nearly  four  months  this 
august  body  remained  almost  constantly  in  session ;  and, 
on  February  5,  1777,  Georgia's  first  State  Constitution 
was  adopted,  known  as  the  Constitution  of  1777.  The 
Great  Seal  of  the  State  adopted  by  this  convention  is 
thus  described:  "On  one  side  a  scroll  whereon  shall  be 
engraved  'The  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Georgia'  and 
the  motto  'Pro  Bono  Publico';  on  the  other  side  an  ele- 
gant house  and  other  buildings,  fields  of  corn,  and  mead- 
ows covered  with  sheep  and  cattle;  a  river  running 
through  the  same,  with  a  ship  under  full  sail;  and  the 
motto,  'Deus  Nobis  Haec  Otia  Fecit.'  "* 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  the  foregoing  description 
there  is  no  reference  whatever  to  the  silk  industry,  which 
entered  so  largely  into  the  dreams  of  the  great  founder 
of  the  Province  and  which  the  Trustees  of  Georgia  did 
so  much  to  encourage,  but  without  success.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  mulberry  trees  was  at  first  quite  general.  It 
seemed  that  every  one  in  the  Colony  was  eager  for  the 
experiment.  But  the  soil  of  the  Georgia  lowlands  was  ill- 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  silk-worms,  out  of  which  it 
was  hoped  that  millions  of  pounds  sterling  might  event- 
ually be  realized.  Before  many  years  elapsed,  the  faith- 
ful Salzburgers  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ebenezer  were 
the  only  ones  who  still  persevered  in  a  fruitless  effort  to 
place  the  industry  upon  a  remunerative  basis.  Due  to 
the  frugality  of  these  German  settlers,  they  succeeded  for 
a  while  in  making  the  culture  of  silk-worms  paj^  but 
eventually  they  too  became  discouraged ;  and  thus  ended 
in  failure  the  Utopian  project  of  the  Trustees  to  clothe 
the  nobility  of  England  with  American  silk. 


Georgia's  present  Great  Seal  was  authorized  by  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1798,  but  was  not  adopted 


♦Jones,  Vol.  II,  p.  258,  Historj-  of  Georgia. 


92         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

until  Febriuiry  8,  1799,  and,  ex('oi)t  for  a  brief  period 
durinc:  the  days  of  Keconstrnetion,  it  lias  1)een  constantly 
in  use  for  more  than  a  Imndred  years.  On  account  of 
its  extreme  age,  it  now  makes  a  very  indistinct  impres- 
sion and  needs  to  be  retouched  by  tlie  skillful  hand  of 
the  engraver.  It  consists  of  two  solid  plates  of  silver, 
each  of  which  is  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick  by  two  inches 
and  a  quarter  in  diameter.  The  Great  Seal  is  kept  by 
authority  of  law  in  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State.  Ac- 
cording to  the  records,  it  was  first  used  on  July  4,  1799. 
The  following  description  of  the  Great  Seal  is  taken  ver- 
batim from  the  Code  of  Georgia.* 

*^The  device,  on  one  side,  is  a  view  of  the  seashore, 
with  a  ship  bearing  the  flag  of  the  United  States  riding 
at  anchor  near  a  wharf,  receiving  on  board  hogsheads 
of  tobacco  and  bales  of  cotton,  emblematic  of  the  exports 
of  this  State;  at  a  small  distance  a  boat,  landing  from 
the  interior  of  the  State,  with  hogsheads,  etc.,  on  board, 
representing  the  internal  traffic,  in  the  back  part  of 
the  same  side  a  man  in  the  act  of  plowing,  and  at  a  small 
distance  a  flock  of  sheep  in  different  pastures,  shaded 
by  a  flourishing  tree;  the  motto  thereon:  'Agriculture 
and  Commerce,  1799.'  " 

''The  device  on  the  other  side  is  three  pillars,  suj)- 
porting  an  arch,  with  the  word  "Constitution"  engraven 
within  the  same,  emblematic  of  the  Constitution,  sup- 
ported by  the  three  departments  of  government,  viz., 
legislative,  judicial  and  executive — the  first  pillar  hav- 
ing engraven  on  it  "Wisdom,"  the  second  "Justice,"  the 
third  "Moderation;"  on  the  right  of  the  last  pillar  a 
man  standing  with  a  drawn  sword,  representing  the  aid 
of  the  military  in  defence  of  the  Constitution ;  the  motto, 
'State  of  Georgia,  1799.'  " 

When  the  present  Great  Seal  of  the  State  was  adop- 
ted, in  1799,  tobacco  furnished  the  chief  agricultural  crop 
of  the  State  and  there  were  numerous  warehouses  erected 


♦Code   of  1895,   Vol.    I,    p.    66. 


Georgia's  Great  Seals  93 

for  the  inspection  of  the  plant,  hnt  with  the  invention  of 
the  cotton  gin  by  Eli  Whitney,  cotton  gradually  gained 
the  ascendancy  over  tobacco,  nntil  the  cultivation  of  the 
latter  was  finally  discontinued. 


To  use  the  Great  Seal,  wax  is  rolled  out  into  thin 
wafers.  Gilt  paper,  cut  circular  in  form,  the  exact  size 
of  the  die,  with  serrated  edges,  is  next  laid  upon  each 
side  of  the  wax  wafer ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  ribbons  are 
inserted  between  the  wafer  and  the  paper  discs.  This 
done,  the  wafer  is  then  placed  between  the  plates  of  the 
die  and  stamped  tightly,  leaving  the  devices  imprinted 
on  either  side  of  the  soft  wax  and  revealed,  like  an  en- 
graving, on  the  gilded  paper,  which  is  attached  by  nar- 
row ribbons  to  the  document  of  state,  forming  what  is 
known  as  a  wax  pendant. 

The  custom  of  attaching  seals  of  this  character  to 
official  documents  is  extremely  ancient,  dating  back  to  the 
earliest  manuscripts  of  record  in  the  oldest  States  of 
the  Union.  Since  then  a  method  of  stamping  which  cuts 
an  impression  in  the  paper  to  be  attested  has  come  into 
general  vogue,  and  the  use  of  the  wax  wafer  by  means 
of  ribbons,  in  the  manner  above  described,  has  become 
obsolete.  Georgia  is  the  only  State  which  still  adheres  to 
this  antiquated  custom,  and  the  unwillingness  of  our  law- 
makers to  adopt  the  new  method  is  only  an  expression 
of  the  conservative  spirit  which  has  always  character- 
ized the  typical  Georgian.  The  influence  of  patriotic  or- 
ganizations throughout  the  State  is  also  a  tremendous 
factor  in  keeping  the  Great  Seal  in  use.  But  Capt.  B.  F. 
Johnson,  the  veteran  chief-clerk  of  the  State  Depart- 
ment, is  not  controlled  entirely  by  sentiment  on  this 
subject.  It  takes  him  on  an  average  of  twenty  minutes 
to  attach  the  Great  Seal  to  each  document  which  he  at- 
tests; and  though  he  venerates  the  old  heirloom  which 
for  years  past  has  been  his  peculiar  charge  he  neverthe- 
less belongs  to  the  vanguard  of  progress  and  is  a  stout 


94         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

apostle  of  reform.  He  favors  placing  the  Great  Seal  on 
the  retired  list,  but  wishes  to  see  it  safeguarded  and  pre- 
served in  a  manner  worthy  of  its  historic  associations. 

As  to  the  purposes  for  which  the  Great  Seal  is  used, 
there  is  a  lack  of  correct  information  even  on  the  part 
of  some  who  are  supposed  to  be  well  informed.  It  is 
not  used  on  all  papers,  issuing  from  the  Secretary  of 
State's  office,  but  only  on  documents  of  an  extraordinary 
character,  such  as  charters,  land-grants,  and  commissions 
to  public  servants,  including  Governors,  State  House  offi- 
cials, Judges  of  the  Superior  Court  and  Solicitors  Gen- 
eral. It  is  also  used  in  attesting  all  interstate  and  in- 
ternational documents.  Everj^  paper  going  out  of  the 
State,  for  which  Georgia's  official  attestation  is  required, 
must  carry  the  Great  Seal ;  but  for  ordinary  official  trans- 
actions what  is  known  as  the  seal  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  is  employed. 


When  Georgia  gave  her  allegiance  to  the  Confeder- 
ate States  of  America  in  1861,  she  continued  to  use  the 
Great  Seal,  but  adopted  a  slight  modification  of  the  Seal 
of  Secretary  of  State,  inserting  the  date  ^'1861"  imme- 
diately under  the  arch  of  the  Constitution,  while  the 
date  *'1776"  was  retained  underneath  the  pillars.  This 
Seal  is  still  used  in  the  State  Department.  There  is 
only  one  plate  to  the  Seal  of  Secretary  of  State;  that 
of  three  pillars  supporting  the  Constitutional  arch,  each 
bearing  its  appropriate  motto,  "Wisdom,"  "Justice" 
and  "Moderation." 


In  an  old  issue  of  the  Louisville  Gazette,  dated  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1799,  Governor  Joseph  M.  Brown,  during  his 
second  term  of  office,  found  an  executive  order,  signed 
by  Thomas  Johnson,  Secretary  to  Governor  James  Jack- 
son. It  calls  upon  artists  throughout  the  world  to  sub- 
mit drawings  for  the  proposed  new  Great  Seal  of  the 


(teorgia's  Great  Seals  95 

State,  an  outline  sketch  of  which  was  furnished,  in  terms 
of  the  Act  approved  February  8,  1799 ;  and  to  supply  an 
adequate  incentive  to  genius,  the  sum  of  $30  was  offered 
as  a  premium.  It  was  further  stipulated  that  the  draw- 
ings were  to  be  lodged  in  the  Executive  office  at  Louis- 
ville, on  or  before  the  20th  of  April,  1799.  At  the  same 
time,  it  was  ordered  that  proposals  be  submitted  by  the 
same  date  for  making  and  engraving  the  device;  and 
July  3,  1799,  was  fixed  as  a  limit  within  which  to  com- 
plete the  contract. 

Governor  Brown  was  fortunate  enough  to  procure 
copies  of  the  Louisville  Gazette  for  subsequent  dates; 
and,  in  an  issue  of  the  paper,  dated  March  7,  1799,  he 
found  this  paragraph,  the  statement  contained  in  which 
throws  an  important  side-light  upon  the  history  of  the 
Great  Seal.    The  paragraph  reads  as  follows : 

"We  understand  that  the  device  approved  of  by  the  Governor  for 
the  Great  Seal  of  this  State  was  drawn  by  Mr.  Sturges,  the  state  sur- 
veyor-general. The  most  elegant  drawing  sent  to  the  Executive  De- 
partment was  performed  by  Mr.  Charles  Frazer,  of  South  Carolina,  and 
which  we  are  assured  would  have  obtained  the  premium  had  he  not 
through  mistake  placed  all  the  figures  on  one  side  instead  of  making 
a  reverse.  This  young  artist  we  are  informed  is  but  sixteen  years  of 
age — his  genius  is  great,  and  deserves  encouragement.  Several  other 
handsomei  performances  were  sent     to   the   Executive. 

In  a  still  later  issue  of  the  same  paper.  Governor 
Brown  completed  his  quest  for  information  in  regard 
to  the  Great  Seal  by  discovering  the  full  name  and  title 
of  the  designer,  in  a  card  announcing  his  business — Dan- 
iel Sturges,  Surveyor-General.  It  is  late  in  the  day  to 
bestow  upon  the  designer  of  the  Great  Seal  of  Georgia 
the  honor  to  which  he  is  undeniably  entitled.  But  justice 
often  lags.  The  historic  page  is  full  of  tardy  recogni- 
tions ;  and,  after  the  lapse  of  more  than  a  century,  Geor- 
gia, with  the  help  of  an  honored  Governor,  removes  the 
dust  which  has  long  rested  upon  one  of  her  brightest 
names.  Hereafter  let  no  one  forget  to  honor  this  pio- 
neer Georgian  to  whose  artistic  genius  is  due  the  Great 
Seal  of  the  Commonwealth. 


96         Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Contrary  to  the  general  impression  which  prevails 
in  Georgia,  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State  has  never  been 
carried  beyond  the  State  limits.  Historians  have  erred 
in  attributing  to  Governor  Charles  J.  Jenkins,  a  rescue 
of  Georgia's  precious  heir-loom  from  the  hands  of  mil- 
itary usurpers.  The  episode  in  which  Governor  Jenkins 
figured  is  not  underrated.  It  constitutes  one  of  the  most 
dramatic  chapters  in  the  history  of  a  troubled  era.  But 
the  instrument  of  office  which  Governor  Jenkins  bore 
into  exile  was  not  the  Great  Seal  of  Georgia,  but  the  Seal 
of  the  Executive  Department;  and  it  was  a  facsimile  of 
this  Seal,  executed  in  gold,  with  the  inscription,  "In 
Arduis  Fidelis,"  which  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
awarded  to  the  noble  old  Roman  for  his  fidelity  in  safe- 
guarding Georgia's  honor. 

The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  remained  in  the  custody 
of  Hon.  Nathan  C.  Barnett  throughout  the  entire  period 
known  as  the  Carpet  Bag  regime.  To  prevent  it  from 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemies  of  Georgia,  Col. 
Barnett  secretly  removed  it  from  the  State  Capitol  to 
his  home  in  Milledgeville,  where  he  buried  it  under  the 
house  at  dead  of  night.  He  shared  the  secret  with  no 
one  except  his  wife,  whom  he  took  into  his  confidence 
so  that  in  the  event  of  his  death  it  might  be  restored  to 
the  State  when  the  proper  time  arrived. 

As  soon  as  General  Sherman  reached  Milledgeville, 
which  was  then  the  seat  of  government,  he  caused  the 
Secretary  of  State  to  be  arrested  and  ordered  him  to  sur- 
render the  Great  Seal.  But  Col.  Barnett  refused  to  do 
so,  stating  that  if  death  were  the  only  alternative,  he 
chose  rather  to  forfeit  his  life  than  to  betray  his  trust. 
He  was  put  into  prison;  but  the  efforts  of  his  tormentors 
to  extort  from  him  any  information  concerning  the  hiding- 
place  of  the  revered  relic  were  fruitless.  He  remained 
obdurate.  There  was  no  attempt  at  actual  torture  to 
force  him  into  submission,  though  he  was  equal  even  to 
this  test. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  his  majestic  bearing  and 
resolute  spirit  overawed  his  inquisitors,  for  mentally  and 


Georgia's  Great  Seals  97 

physically  he  was  one  of  nature's  noblemen,  a  giant  both 
in  statue  and  in  strength.  Like  the  heroic  old  Scotch  re- 
former, no  fear  of  death  ever  made  him  quail  before  the 
face  of  mortal  man.  When  Georgia  resumed  her  right- 
ful place  in  a  Union  of  equal  sovereignties.  Col.  Barnett 
restored  the  Great  Seal.  For  a  period  of  nearly  four  de 
cades,  he  held  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  beloved 
by  every  one  who  knew  him  and  at  each  successive  elec- 
tion he  was  practically  without  opposition  at  the  polls. 
When  eighty  years  whitened  the  locks  of  Col.  Barnett, 
his  towering  figure  was  still  unbent.  It  was  like  his 
robust  character.    Peace  to  his  ashes ! 


With  the  advent  of  Eeconstruction,  when  the  Carpet 
Bag  element  sought  to  reorganize  Georgia,  a  second  ef- 
fort was  made  to  unearth  the  Great  Seal.  Some  pre- 
tence of  legal  form  was  needed  to  give  authority  to  fraud- 
ulent transactions.  But  failing  in  this  repeated  attempt 
to  obtain  the  emblem  of  Georgia's  sovereignty,  resort 
was  made  to  subterfuge  and  an  imitation  seal  was  sub- 
stituted for  the  original  instrument.  The  utmost  skill 
was  employed  in  an  effort  to  counterfeit  the  Great  Seal. 
No  expense  was  spared  by  the  Bullock  administration. 
But  when  the  contrivance  was  finished,  it  bore  upon  its 
reverse  side  the  bar  sinister.  At  first  the  difference  was 
not  detected;  but  this  wonderful  likeness  was  planned 
by  an  avenging  Nemesis.  In  the  course  of  time,  the 
fraudulent  character  of  the  Seal  was  brought  to  light, 
for  the  soldier  standing  between  the  pillars,  "Justice" 
and  "Moderation,"  held  his  sword  in  his  left  hand, 
whereas,  iu  the  original,  he  held  it  in  his  right  hand.  Thus, 
with  laughing  irony,  fate  exposed  the  artful  deception 
and,  in  a  measure  at  least,  thwarted  the  nefarious  de- 
signs of  the  Reconstructionists. 


So  much  for  the  history  of  Georgia's  Great  Seal.    It 
was  probably  cast  in  Charleston,  S.  C.    There  is  nothing 


98         Georgia's  Landmarks,  IVIemorials  and  Legends 

in  the  records  to  warrant  a  positive  statement  upon  this 
point,  ])ut  tlie  present  Secretary  of  State,  Hon.  Pliilip 
Cook,  is  strongly  of  the  oi)inion  that  it  came  from  the  Pal- 
metto metropolis.  In  1868  a  resolution  was  passed  by 
the  General  Assembly,  authorizing  the  Secretary  of  State 
to  have  the  Great  Seal  re-engraved,  but  doubtless  at 
the  time  there  were  no  funds  in  the  Treasury  available 
for  this  purpose.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  resolution  was 
not  carried  into  effect,  and  to  this  day  it  remains  a  dead 
letter  upon  the  statute  book.  Mr.  Cook  has  recently 
called  executive  attention  to  this  unfulfilled  duty  on  the 
part  of  the  State,  and  perhaps  in  the  near  future  our 
lawmakers  will  do  themselves  the  honor  and  Georgia  the 
justice  of  restoring  the  Great  Seal. 


CHAPTER  V 


Georgia  Issues  the  First  Patent  for  a  Steamboat 


ON  February  1,  1788,  an  act  was  passed  by  the 
General  Assembly  at  Airgusta  conferring  npon 
two  inventors,  Isaac  Briggs  and  William  Long- 
street,  exclusive  patent  rights  for  a  term  of  fourteen 
years,  to  a  steam  engine,  constructed  by  them  for  pur- 
poses of  navigation.  There  are  certain  things,  in  regard 
to  this  legislative  act,  which  give  it  a  peculiar  interest 
to  students  of  American  history.  In  the  first  place,  it 
constitutes  the  only  patent  ever  issued  by  the  State  of 
Georgia.  At  this  time,  the  Articles  of  Confederation 
were  still  in  vogue,  but  within  a  few  montl;s  a  new  cen- 
tral government  was  organized,  under  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution of  1787,  after  which  the  right  to  issue  patents 
became  a  special  prerogative  of  the  United  States. 

We  must  furthermore  observe  that  the  date  of  this 
patent  is  anterior,  by  nearly  two  full  decades,  to  the  suc- 
cessful experiments  made  by  Robert  Fulton  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  in  1807.  It  was  also  the  first  patent  for  a 
steamboat  ever  granted.  Just  what  part  Isaac  Briggs 
took  in  the  construction  of  this  pioneer  steamboat  is 
unknown;  but  tradition  credits  William  Longstreet  with 
a  series  of  experiments  on  the  Savannah  River,  extend- 
ing over  a  period  of  twenty  years.  The  proposition  at 
first  excited  only  ridicule.  As  an  indication  of  this 
popular  attitude,  the  musty  old  volume  in  which  the  pat- 
ent is  recorded  in  the  Secretary  of  State's  office  contains 
this  entry,  on  the  first  page  of  the  index:  "Briggs  and 
Longstreet:  Steam  Nothing,  245."     On  the  page  thus 


100       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

indicated  in  Book  *'C,"  Bills  of  Sale  and  Deeds  of  Gift, 
this  earliest  patent  for  a  steamboat  is  recorded  as  fol- 
lows: 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CONSTRUCTION  AND  PRIN(JIPLES  OF 
BRIGGS'  AND  LONGSTREET 'S  STEAM  ENGINE;  FOR  THE 
EXCLUSIVE  USE  OF  WHICH  A  PRIVILEGE  WAS  GRANTED 
TO  THE  INVENTORS,  FOR  FOURTEEN  YEARS,  BY  AN  ACT 
OF  THE  LEGISLATURE  PASSED  AT  AUGUSTA,  THE  FIRST 
DAY  OF  FEBRUARY,  1788. 

This  engine  consists  of  a  Boiler,  two  Cylinders  and  a  Condenser,  con- 
structed in  the  following  manner,  viz. : 

THE  BOILER 

Consists  of  two  metallic  vessels,  globular,  or  nearly  so,  placed  one 
within  the  other,  so  as  to  leave  a  small  interstice  between,  in  which 
interstice  the  boiling  water  is  contained.  The  inner  vessel  contains  the  fuel, 
the  flame  of  which  passes  through  a  spiral  flue  winding  round  the  out- 
side of  the  outer  vessel  from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  The  steam  is  con- 
veyed by  a  pipe  from  the  boiler  into  an  interstice  between 

THE    TWO    CYLINDERS, 

Which  are  placed,  horizontally,  one  within  the  other,  from  whence 
it  is  admitted  alternately  into  each  end  of  the  inner  cylinder,  in  which 
it  impels  a  piston  to  vibrate  both  ways  with  equal  force.  It  is  also 
admitted  alternately  to  pass  from  each  end  of  the  inner  cylinder  (all 
the  communications,  to  and  from  which,  are  opened  and  shut  by  a 
single   cock)    by  means   of  pipes   into 

THE    CONDENSER, 

Which  is  a  metallic  vessel  having  a  large  surface  in  contact  with 
cold  water.  The  condensed  steam  or  warm  water  is  drawn  out  of  it 
by  a  pump. 

I.  BRIGGS, 
WM.    LONGSTREET. 
Recorded  30th  Jan.  1789. 

When  the  renowned  inventor,  James  Watt,  in  1774, 
perfected  a  patent  which  embodied  the  essential  features 
of  the  modern  steam-engine,  an  effort  to  apply  its  prin- 
ciples to  navigation  followed  at  once.  Simultaneously, 
in  various  places,  men  with  a  genius  for  mechanics  be- 


Georgia  Patents  First  Steamboat  101 

gan  to  make  experiments.  James  Rumsey,  on  the  Ohio, 
in  1784,  and  John  Fitch,  on  the  Delaware,  in  1785,  both 
succeeded  in  obtaining-  definite  and  brilliant  results. 
However,  it  may  be  gravely  doubted  if  either  of  these 
pioneer  inventors  forestalled  William  Longstreet.  The 
Georgian  was  probably  eng-aged  in  experimenting  with 
his  steamboat  on  the  Savannah  River,  for  some  time  be- 
fore receiving  his  patent  from  the  State,  in  1788 ;  and  he 
continued  for  years  thereafter  to  improve  his  inven- 
tion, in  the  hope  of  making  it  commercially  successful. 
There  were  still  others  who,  at  this  early  date,  were  ac- 
tive in  this  same  line  of  endeavor.  But,  while  they 
demonstrated  the  feasibility  of  steam  navigation,  they 
came  short  of  the  coveted  goal.  Dame  Fortune  eluded 
them  at  every  turn ;  and  it  was  reserved  finally  for  Rob- 
ert Fulton,  a  New  Yorker,  with  his  little  boat,  the  Cler- 
mont, on  the  waters  of  the  Hudson  River,  in  1807,  to 
overtake  the  fleet  wings  of  the  fickle  goddess. 


CHAPTER  VI 


President  Washington's  Georgia  Visit:  the  Diary 
of  His  Trip 


ON  March  21,  1791,  at  eleven  o'clock  in  the  fore- 
noon, President  Washington  left  Philadelphia  on 
a  tour  of  the  Southern  States.  Besides  his  "char- 
iot," drawn  by  four  horses,  the  outfit  for  the  journey 
included  a  light  two-horse  wagon  which  carried  the  bag- 
gage, four  saddle  hors'es,  and  a  "led"  horse,  provided 
for  his  convenience,  in  the  event  he  desired  to  ride 
horseback.  He  was  accompanied  by  Major  Jackson,  and 
five  servants,  to-wit:  a  valet  de  chambre,  a  postilion,  a 
coachman  and  two  footmen.  The  presidential  party  en- 
countered rough  roads,  soon  after  leaving  the  capital. 
En  route  to  Georgia,  he  visited  Wilmington,  N.  C,  and 
Charleston,  S.  C.  Wednesday  night.  May  11,  1791,  he 
spent  with  Judge  Heyward,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Sa- 
vannah River.  From  this  point  the  narrative  will  be 
continued  in  the  President's  own  language,  copied  ver- 
batim from  the  diary  of  his  trip,  the  original  of  which  is 
preserved  in  the  Library  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 
D.  C.  Here  is  the  record,  entered  with  the  greatest  care 
in  the  President's  own  familiar  hand-writing: 


"Thursday  12th.  Bj'  5  o'clock  we  set  out  from  Judge  Heyward 's 
and  road  to  Purisburgh,  22  miles  to  breakfast.  At  that  place  I  was  met 
by  Messrs.  Jones,  Coin.  Habersham,  Mr.  John  Houston,  Geul.  Mcintosh 
and  Mr.  Clay,  a  comee.  from  the  city  of  Savanna  to  conduct  me  thither— 
Boats  also  were  ordered  there  by  them  for  my  accommodation;  among 
which    a    handsome    8    oared    barge    rowed    by    S    American    Captns.    at- 


Diary  op  Washington's  Visit  103 

tended. — In  my  way  down  the  River,  I  called  upon  Mrs.  Green,  the 
Widow  of  the  deceased  Genl.  Green  (at  a  place  called  Mulberry  Grove). 
I  asked  her  how  she  did— At  this  place  (2  miles  from  Purisburgh)  my 
horses  and  carriages  were  landed,  and  had  12  miles  further  by  land  to 
Savanna — The  wind  &  tide  being  against  us,  it  was  6  o'clock  before 
we  reached  the  city  where  we  were  received  under  every  demonstration 
that  could  be  given  of  joy  &  respect. — We  were  seven  hours  in  making 
the  passage,  which  is  often  performed  in  4,  tho  the  computed  distance 
is  25  miles — Illums.  at  night.  I  was  conducted  by  the  Mayor  &  Wardens 
to  very  good  lodgings  which  had  been  provided  for  the  occasion  and 
partook  of  a  public  dinner  given  by  the  Citizens  at  the  Coffee  Room. 

"Friday  13th.  Dined  with  the  members  of  the  Cincinnati  at  a  public 
dinner  given  at  the  same  place — ^and  in  the  evening  went  to  a  dancing 
assembly  at  which  there  was  about  100  well  dressed  &  handsome  ladies. 

"Saturday  14th.  A  little  after  81  o'clock,  in  Company  with  Genl. 
Mcintosh,  Genl.  Wayne,  the  Mayor  and  many  others  (principal  Gentle- 
men of  the  city)  I  visited  the  city  and  the  attack  &  defence  of  it  in 
the  year  1779,  under  the  combined  forces  of  France  and  the  United 
States,  commanded  by  the  Count  de  Estaing  &  Genl.  Lincoln — To  form 
an  opinion  of  the  attack  at  this  distance  of  time,  and  the  change  which 
has  taken  place  in  the  appearance  of  the  ground  by  the  cutting  away 
of  the  woods  &c,  is  hardly  to  be  done  with  justice  to  the  subject;  espe- 
cially as  there  is  remaining  scarcely  any  of  the  defences— Dined  today 
with  a  number  of  Citizens  (not  less  than  200)  in  an  elegant  Bower 
erected  for  the  occasion  on  the  Bank  of  the  River  below  the  Town — 
In  the  evening  there  was  a  tolerable  good  display  of  fire-works. 

"Sundaj^  15.  After  morning  service  and  receiving  a  number  of  visits 
from  the  most  respectable  ladies  of  the  place  (as  was  the  ease  yester- 
day) I  set  out  for  Augusta,  Escorted  beyd  the  limits  of  the  city  by  most 
of  the  Gentlemen  in  it,  and  dining  at  Mulberry  Grove  the  gest  of  Mrs. 
Green — lodged  at  one  Spencer's — distant  15  miles. 

"Savanna  stands  on  what  may  be  called  high  ground  for  this  Coun- 
try— ^It  is  extremely  Sandy,  wch  makes  the  walking  very  disagreeable; 
&  the  houses  uncomfortable  in  warm  and  windy  weather,  as  they  are 
filled  with  dust  whenever  these  happen — ^The  town  on  3  sides  is  sur- 
rounded with  cultivated  Rice  fields  which  have  a  rich  and  luxuriant 
appearance.  On  the  4th  or  backside  it  is  a  fine  sand — The  harbour 
is  said  to  be  very  good  &  often  filled  with  square  .rigged  vessels,  but 
there  is  a  bar  below  over  which  not  more  than  12  water  can  be  brot 
except  at  sprg  tides — The  tide  does  not  flow  above  12  or  14  miles  above 
the  City  though  the  River  is  swelled  by  it  more  than  double  that  dis- 
tance— Rice  and  Tobacco  (the  last  of  wch  is  greatly  increasing)  are  the 
principal  exports — Lumber  &  Indigo  are  also  exported  but  the  latter  is 
on  the  decline,  and  it  is  supposed  by  Hemp  &  Cotton — Ship  timber,  viz. 
live  Oak  &  Cedar  is   (and  may  be  more  so)   valuable  in  the  exptn. 


104       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

"Monday  16tli.  Breakfasted  at  Eussells — 15  miles  from  Spancer's — 
dined  at  Garnet's  19  miles  further  &  lodged  at  Pierces  8'  miles  more; 
in  all — 42  miles  today. 

"Tuesday  17th.  Breakfasted  at  Spinners  17  miles — dined  at  Lam- 
berts 13 — and  lodged  at  Waynesborough  (wch  was  coming  6  miles  out 
of  our  way)  14,  in  all  43  miles — Waynesborough  is  a  small  place 
but  tlie  Seat  of  Burkes  County — Q  or  8  dwelling  houses  is  all  it  con- 
tains;— an  attempt  is  making  (without  much  apparent  effect)  to  estab- 
lish an  academy  at  it,  as  is  the  case  also  in  all  the  Counties. 

"Wednesday  18th.  Breakfasted  at  Tulcher's,  15  miles  from  Waynes- 
borough; and  within  4  miles  of  Augusta;  met  the  Governor  (Telfair), 
Judge  Walton,  the  Attorney  Genl.  and  most  of  the  principal  Gentlemen 
of  the  place;  by  whom  I  was  escorted  into  the  Town  &  reed  under  a 
discharge  of.  Artillery — the  distance  I  came  today  was  about  32  miles — 
Dined  with  a  large  Company  at  the  Governors,  &  drank  tea  there  with 
many   well   dressed   ladies. 

"The  road  from  Savanna  to  Augusta  is  for  the  most  part  through 
Pine  barrens;  but  more  uneven  than  I  had  been  accustomed  to  since 
leaving  Petersburg  in  Virginia,  especially  after  riding  about  30  miles 
from  the  City  of  that  name;  and  here  &  there  indeed  a  piece  of  Oak 
land  is  passed  on  this  Road  but  of  small  extent  &  by  no  means  of  the 
first  quality. 

"Thursday  19th.  Eeceived  &  answered  an  address  from  the  Citizens 
of  Augusta; — dined  with  a  large  Company  at  their  Court  Ho — and  went 
to  an  assembly  in  the  evening  at  the  Academy;  at  which  there  were 
between    60   &   70  well   dressed  ladies. 

"Friday  20th.  Viewd  the  Euins  or  rather  small  Eemns  of  the  Works 
which  had  been  erected  by  the  British  during  the  War  and  taken  by 
the  Americans — Also  the  falls  which  are  about  2  miles  above  the  Town; 
and  the  Town  itself. — These  falls  (as  they  are  called)  are  nothing  more 
than  rapids^ — They  are  passable  in  their  present  state  by  boats  with 
skillful  hands  but  may  at  very  small  expense  be  improved  by  removing 
a  few  rocks  only  to  straighten  the  passage — Above  them  there  is  a  ■ 
good  boat  navigation  for  many  miles;  by  which  the  produce  may  be  & 
in  some  measure  is  transported — At  this  place,  i.  e.  the  falls,  the  good 
lands  begin;  &  encrease  in  quality  to  the  westward  &  no.  ward.  All 
below  them  except  the  interval  lands  on  the  Rivers  and  Rice  Swamps 
which  extend  from  them,  the  whole  country  is  a  Pine  barren — The  town 
of  Augusta  is  well  laid  ou't  with  wide  &  spacious  streets — It  stands  on 
a  large  area  of  a  perfect  plane  but  is  not  yet  thickly  built  tho  surpris- 
ingly so  for  the  time;  for  in  1783  there  were  not  more  than  half  a 
dozen  houses;  now  there  are  not  less  than — containing  about — souls  of 
which — are  blacks.  It  bids  fair  to  be  a  large  Town  being  at  the  head 
of  the  present  navigation  &  a  fine  country  back  of  it  for  support,  which 
is  settling  very  fast  by  Tobacco  jjlanters — The  culture  of  which  article 


Diary  op  Washington's  Visit  105 

is  increasing  very  fast  and  bids  fair  to  be  the  principal  export  from 
the  State;  and  from  this  part  of  it,  it  certainly  will  be  so. 

"Augusta,  though  it  covers  more  ground  than  Savanna,  does  not 
contain  as  many  Inhabitants,  the  latter  having  by  the  late  census  be- 
tween 14  and  1500  hundred  whites  and  about  800  blacks. 

"Dined  at  a  private  dinner  with  Govr.  Telfair  today;  and  gave  him 
dispatches  for  the  Spanish  Govr  of  East  Florida,  respecting  the  Counte- 
nance given  by  that  Governt  to  the  fugitive  Slaves  of  the  Union — 
wch  dispatches  were  to  be  forwarded  to  Mr.  Seagrove,  C'ollector  at  St. 
Marys,  who  was  requested  to  be  the  bearer  of  them,  and  instructed  to 
make  arrangements  for  the  prevention  of  these  evils,  and  if  possible 
for  the  restoration  of  the  property — especially  of  those  slaves  wch  had 
gone  off  since  the  orders  of  the  Spanish  Court  to  discountenance  this 
practice   of   recg.   them. 

"Saturday  21.  Left  Augusta  about  6  o'clock  and  takg  leave  of 
the  Governor  &  principal  Gentlemen  of  the  place  at  the  Bridge  over 
Savanna  River  where  they  had  assembled  for  the  purpose  I  proceeded 
in  Company  with  Coins  Hampton  and  Taylor  &  Mr.  Lithgow,  a  com- 
mittee from  Columbia  (who  had  come  to  meet  &  conduct  me  to  that 
place)  &  a  Mr.  Jameson  from  the  Village  of  Granby  on  my  Rout — 
Dined  at  a  house  about  20  miles  from  Augusta  and  lodged  at  one  Oden 
about  20  miles  further." 


CHAPTER  VII 


General  Elijah  Clarke's  Trans-Oconee  Republic 


GENERAL  Elijali  Clarke  was  undoubtedly  a  patriot. 
But  during  the  last  years  of  liis  life  the  old  sol- 
dier's fame  as  a  fighter  was  somewhat  ecKpsed 
by  an  enterprise,  the  precise  nature  of  which  was  not 
perhaps  fully  understood  by  his  critics.  At  any  rate,  its 
collapse  exposed  him  to  consequences  which  failure  in- 
variably entails.  His  purpose  was  to  organize  an  inde- 
pendent civil  government  on  the  west  side  of  the  Oconee 
River,  a  domain  of  country  still  occupied  by  the  Indians. 
But,  in  justice  to  the  stern  old  warrior,  it  must  be  said 
that  he  fully  expected,  when  the  proper  time  came,  to 
annex  this  republic  to  the  State  of  Georgia. 

General  Clarke  was  weary  of  incessant  troubles  along 
the  exposed  frontier.  To  put  an  effectual  quietus  upon 
the  Indians  and  to  solve  by  the  sword  a  problem  which 
was  dark  with  menace  to  the  peace  of  thousands,  became 
his  fixed  resolve;  and,  while  it  was  born  of  a  sudden  im- 
pulse, it  gripped  him  with  the  power  of  a  divine  inspi- 
ration. Trained  in  the  use  of  weapons,  he  preferred, 
like  a  true  frontiersman,  to  argue  a  disputed  point  by  re- 
sort to  arms  rather  than  by  appeal  to  reason.  Besides, 
during  the  unsettled  period  which  followed  the  Revolu- 
tion, force  was  still  a  greater  power  than  law. 


But  the  entry  of  General  Clarke  upon  the  territory 
of  the  Indians  formed  no  part  of  his  original  intentions. 
He  sought  in  the  beginning  an  altogether  ditf erent  object. 


Clarke's  Trx\ns-Oconee  Republic  107 

When  the  Frencli  emissary,  Genet,  came  to  this  comitiy, 
in  1794,  to  arouse  popular  hostility  toward  Spain,  lie 
found  General  Clarke  a  sympathetic  listener.  More- 
over the  latter,  whose  hatred  of  the  Spaniards  amounted 
to  an  obsession,  was  easily  prevailed  upon  to  accept  a 
commission  from  France  in  a  campaign,  the  declared 
purpose  of  which  was  to  seize  Florida  and  to  recover 
Louisiana.  As  it  happened,  the  resources  granted  him 
for  this  purpose  were  wholly  inadequate,  and  the  scheme 
itself  proved  abortive ;  but,  finding  himself  at  the  head  of 
an  organized  force,  on  the  borders  of  Georgia,  he  cast 
his  eyes  toward  the  fertile  lands  beyond  the  Oconee 
River;  and,  into  the  meshes  thus  invitingly  spread  by 
the  tempter.  General  Clarke  fell. 

There  was  no  thought  of  treason  to  Georgia  involved 
in  this  scheme  of  conquest.  But  he  acted  in  an  arbitrary 
manner,  without  consulting  the  State  authorities,  and  in 
bold  defiance  of  treaty  agreements.  Colonel  Absalom  H. 
Chappell,  an  accurate  historian,  has  given  us  a  full  ac- 
count of  the  whole  affair]  and,  while  he  does  not  uphold 
the  General's  course,  he  acquits  him  of  any  wrongful 
intent.  The  following  review  of  one  of  the  most  dra- 
matic episodes  in  the  history  of  our  State  is  summarized 
from  Colonel  Chappell 's  graphic  account.  After  giving 
us  a  sketch  of  Alexander  McGillivray,  the  wily  half- 
breed  chief,  who  commanded  the  Creeks  at  this  time,  he 
then  takes  up  General  Clarke.     Says  he: 


On  the  civilized  side  [i.  e.,  of  the  Oconee  War],  there 
was  also  a  prominent  representative  character  whom  we 
should  not  overlook:  a  nobly  meritorious  yet  unhap])ily, 
before  the  end  of  his  career,  a  somewhat  erring  soldier 
and  patriot  — General  Elijah  Clarke.  The  very  military 
reputation  which  he  had  brought  out  of  the  ]?evo!ution 
made  him  the  man  to  whom  all  the  upper  now  settle- 
ments looked  as  the  most  competent  of  leaders  and  the 
most  fearless  of  fighters.     There  never  failed  to  come 


108       Georgia's  Landmarks,  MEMORiAiiS  and  Legends 

trooping  to  him,  at  his  bugle  call,  from  field  and  forest, 
bands  of  armed  men,  at  the  head  of  whom  he  would 
repel  incursions  and  pursue  and  punish  the  Hying  foe 
even  in  the  distant  recesses  of  his  wild  woods.  To  be 
forward  and  valiant  in  defending  the  settlements  from 
the  Indian  tomahawk  was,  in  those  days,  a  sure  road  to 
lasting  gratitude  and  admiral  ion. 

But  destiny,  which  had  hitherto  been  his  friend,  be- 
gan at  length  to  be  his  enemy  and  to  impel  General 
Clarke  into  improper  and  ill-starred  but  not  ill-meant 
courses.  His  first  error  was  in  lending  himself  to  the 
schemes  of  the  mischief-making  French  minister,  Genet; 
his  next  in  setting  on  foot  the  Oconee  Rebellion,  as  it 
was  called — ^missteps,  both  of  which  were  owing  rather 
to  accidental  circumstances  at  the  particular  time  than 
to  any  intentional  wrongdoing  on  his  part. 

Genet  was  worthy  to  represent  such  a  crew  as  the 
Jacobins  under  Robespierre ;  and  he  became  drunk  with 
the  wild  unschooled  spirit  of  liberty.  Nowhere  did  he 
meet  with  more  encouragement  than  in  South  Carolina, 
due  to  the  Huguenot  element  in  the  south  of  the  State. 
The  strong  feeling  of  French  consanguinity  added  force 
to  the  universally  prevalent  sentiment  of  gratitude  to 
France  as  our  ally  in  the  Revolution.  General  Clarke's 
strong  and  bold  nature  sympathized  with  France.  Genet 
wanted  to  seize  Florida  and  to  recover  Louisiana  from 
the  Spaniards.  He  therefore  presented  the  matter  to 
General  Clarke.  The  latter  was  not  a  diplomat,  but  a 
frontiersman,  who  was  more  familiar  with  woods  than 
with  courts,  and  who  saw  nothing  whatever  in  the  way  of 
international  com])lications.  He  disliked  Spain  as  much 
as  he  loved  Georgia.  She  was  the  ancient  enemy  of  his 
State.  He  sought  to  render  a  patriotic  service — for  which 
reason  he  accepted  the  commission.* 


*Stevens  and  White  both  state  that  he  was  commissioned  a  Major- 
General  in  the  French  Army,  with  a  pay  of  $10,000,  but  neither  of  them 
cites   the   documentary   evidence   on   which    this  statement   is    based. 


Clarke's  Tbans-Oconee  Republic  109 

Commissions  for  subordinate  officers  were  likewise 
placed  in  liis  hands.  He  was  given  money  and  means 
also,  but  in  too  limited  an  amount  for  so  great  an  enter- 
prise. His  authority  was  everywhere  recognized  by 
French  emissaries,  and  from  the  Ohio  to  the  St.  Mary's, 
his  orders  were  obeyed  in  the  making  of  preparations. 
Men  thronged  to  him  from  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
fired  by  the  splendor  of  the  project  and  the  renown  of  the 
leader.  The  points  of  rendezvous  were  principally  along 
the  Oconee.  Nor  did  the  Indians  manifest  any  hostility 
toward  the  adventurers,  for  they  were  ancient  friends  of 
the  French,  with  whom  they  were  allied  in  the  French 
and  Indian  Wars. 

But  the  enterprise  never  reached  the  stage  where 
General  Clarke  was  to  stand  forth,  truncheon  in  hand, 
the  avowed  leader.  Washington's  administration  was 
too  strong  and  vigilant  for  Genet.  Our  obligations  of 
neutrality  toward  Spain  were  fully  maintained.  The  re- 
call of  Genet  was  demanded.  Of  course,  the  consequences 
were  disastrous  to  General  Clarke.  He  was  left  standing, 
blank,  resourceless,  aimless,  on  the  Indian  side  of  the 
wilderness. 


It  was  in  these  untoward  circumstances  that  General 
Clarke,  with  his  men,  in  May,  1794,  began  to  bestow 
thought  upon  the  Indian  territory,  where  already  they 
saw  themselves  quartered  in  arms.  Nor  did  they  think 
long  before  they  took  the  overstrong  resolution  of  seiz- 
ing upon  the  country  and  of  setting  up  for  themselves 
an  independent  government.  No  scruples  or  impedi- 
ments deterred  them.  To  a  man,  they  regarded  the  coun- 
try as  lost  to  Georgia  by  the  perpetual  guarantee  made 
to  the  Indians  by  the  treaty  of  New  York.  A  written 
Constitution  was  adopted.  General  Clarke  was  chosen 
civil  and  military  chief.  A  Committee  of  Safety  was  or- 
ganized, with  law-making  functions.  But  whether  a  name 
was  ever  bestowed  on  the  infant  State  or  whether  it  ex- 


110       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

pired  without  baptism,  iio  record  or  tradition  remains  to 
tell.  Nor  is  there  any  copy  of  the  C^onstitution  now  to  be 
found.  But  in  the  first  volume  of  tlie  American  State 
Papers  on  Indian  Affairs  tliere  is  preserved  a  letter  from 
General  Clarke  to  the  Committee  of  Safety,  dated  Fort 
Defiance,  September  5,  1794,  which  places  beyond  doubt 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  and  the  other  facts  of 
organization.* 

The  new  trans-Oconee  Eepublic  was  too  splendid  a 
scheme  for  the  petty  numbers  and  resources  of  General 
Clarke's  command.  Stevens,  in  his  history  of  Georgia, 
has  mixed  matters.  He  represents  the  Oconee  War  as 
eventuating  in  the  French  project,  with  which  General 
Clarke  became  identified.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  the 
failure  of  the  French  project  which  led  to  the  Oconee 
War. 

In  justification  of  General  Clarke's  course  may  be 
pleaded  the  animosity  which  had  long  prevailed  between 
tlie  State  of  Georgia  and  the  Creek  Indians.  The  latter 
had  been  the  allies  of  the  British.  In  the  treaty  of  Au- 
gusta, in  1783,  they  had  ceded  the  Oconee  lands,  but  had 
refused  to  let  Georgia  enjoy  them.  They  kept  no  faith; 
and,  during  the  very  next  year,  not  only  raised  the  war- 
whoop  again,  but  rushed  into  an  alliance  with  Spain. 
Later  they  were  parties  to  another  treaty,  by  which  they 
ceded  the  Tallassee  country,  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
State,  only  to  repudiate  it  afterwards.  Both  at  Augusta 
and  at  Galphinton,  General  Clarke  had  been  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  Georgia.  He  was  actuated  less  by  the 
prevailing  land-greed  than  by  sagacious  statesmanship, 
and  he  looked  to  a  permanent  preservation  of  peace  with 
the  Indians.  Still  another  treaty  had  been  signed  at 
Shoulder  Bone,  in  1870.    Yet  the  war  had  not  ceased. 


Such  was  the  status  of  affairs  when  the  new  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  was  launched  in  1789  and 


♦American   State  Papers,   Indian   Affairs,   Volume  I,   pp'.    riOO-.oni,   Library 
of   Congress,    Washington,   D.    C. 


Clarke's  Trans-Oconee  Republic  111 

Washington  called  to  the  helm.  It  was  barely  a  year 
thereafter  that  the  treaty  of  New  York  was  consum- 
mated, abrogating  the  other  treaties  and  buying  peace  at 
the  price  of  a  retrocession  of  Tallassee,  in  addition  to 
a  perpetual  guarantee  to  the  Indians,  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States,  regardless  of  Georgia's  paramount  rights. 
Yet  the  Indians  did  not  keep  even  this  treaty,  because 
it  did  not  concede  to  them  everything  else  which  they 
claimed. 

General  Clarke  was  speedily  overwhelmed  by  ])ublic 
censure  and  total  discomfiture.  National  and  State  gov- 
ernments acted  in  concert  against  him  and  finally  put 
him  down.  Governor  Matthews,  with  his  Revolutionary 
laurels  untainted  at  this  time  by  the  Yazoo  fraud,  thun- 
dered at  the  obnoxious  General,  prompted  by  Washing- 
ton, who  preferred  wisely  to  remain  behind  the  scenes 
and  to  be  neutral  where  the  authorities  of  the  States 
were  adequate *to  deal  with  the  local  situations.  Judge 
Walton  also  condemned  him  in  charges  to  grand  juries, 
though  in  language  of  marked  consideration  and  respect. 
These,  however,  were  not  sufficient.  The  next  step  was 
more  decisive.  The  citizen  soldiery  were  called  out; 
and,  to  General  Clarke's  surprise,  they  promptly  obeyed 
orders.  As  the  storm  thickened  around  him,  there  were 
none  to  come  to  his  succor.  Even  his  hosts  of  friends 
stood  aloof.  They  could  not  uphold  him  in  violating  the 
treaty  of  New  York,  which  the  State  was  bound  to  re- 
spect. 

It  redounds  to  General  Clarke's  honor,  however,  that 
he  no  sooner  became  aware  of  the  great  error  in  which 
he  was  entangled  than  he  abandoned  it,  ere  he  had  shed 
a  drop  of  blood.  He  never  expected  to  raise  his  hand 
against  any  foe  save  the  hostile  Indians  and  Spaniards. 
This  explains  his  ready  and  absolute  submission  when, 
on  being  assured  that  neither  his  men  nor  himself  would 
be  molested,  he  struck  colors  and  disbanded  his  followers 
and  returned,  chagrined,  to  his  home  in  Wilkes,  on  the 
approach  of  Generals  Twiggs  and  Irwin,  under  the  Gov- 
ernor's order,  with  a  body  of  the  State  troops. 


112       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

In  further  defence  of  General  Clarke  it  may  be  said 
fhat,  with  the  Oconee  Kiver  as  a  permanent  guaranteed 
boundary  between  the  State  of  Georgia  and  the  Indians, 
it  was  clear  to  him  that  the  State  could  never  attain  to 
much  prosperity  or  importance,  but  must  continue  feeble 
and  poor.  Enlargement  toward  the  West  was  what  she 
needed  to  make  her  powerful.  So  he  seized  the  oppor- 
tunity which  confronted  him  in  1794  of  making  himself 
master  of  the  trans-Oconee  territory  by  means  of  the 
French  resources  and  preparations,  to  which  he  had 
fallen  heir. 


On  July  28,  1794,  at  the  suggestion  of  General  Knox, 
Secretary  of  War,  Governor  Matthews  issued  this  procla- 
mation : 

'' Whereas,  I  have  received  official  information  that 
Elijah  Clarke,  Esq.,  late  a  Major-General  of  the  militia 
of  this  State,  has  gone  over  the  Oconee  Eiver,  with  intent 
to  establish  a  separate  and  independent  government  on 
lands  allotted  to  the  Indians  for  hunting  grounds  within 
the  boundaries  and  jurisdictional  rights  of  the  State 
of  Georgia  aforesaid,  and  has  induced  numbers  of  good 
citizens  of  the  said  State  to  join  him  in  the  said  unlawful 
enterprise;  and  whereas,  such  acts  and  proceedings  are 
not  only  a  violation  of  the  laws  of  this  State,  but  tend 
to  subvert  the  good  order  and  government  thereof,  I 
have  therefore  thought  fit  to  issue  this  proclamation, 
warning  and  forbidding  the  citizens  of  the  said  State 
from  engaging  in  such  unlawful  proceedings,  hereby 
strictly  enjoining  all  persons  whatsoever  who  have  been 
deluded  to  engage  therein  immediately  to  desist  there- 
from, as  they  will  answer  the  contrary  to  their  peril ;  and 
I  do  hereby  strictly  command  and  require  all  judges, 
justices,  sheriffs,  and  other  officers,  and  all  other  good 
citizens  of  this  State  to  be  diligent  in  aiding  and  assisting 
to  apprehend  the  said  Elijah  Clarke  and  his  adherents,  in 
order  that  they  may  be  severally  brought  to  justice." 


Clarke's  Trans-Oconee  Republic  113 

No  sooner  did  Governor  Matthews  issue  this  procla- 
mation against  General  Clarke  than  the  latter  reappeared 
in  Wilkes  and  surrendered  himself  to  the  authorities ; 
but  after  examining  the  laws  and  the  treaties,  both  State 
and  Federal,  it  was  ordered  by  the  court  that  Elijah 
Clarke  be  and  is  hereby  discharged.  The  vote  of  the 
jury  was  unanimous.  The  effect  was  to  embolden  Clarke. 
Being  pronounced  guiltless  of  any  offence,  he  recrossed 
the  Oconee  to  his  posts. 

Thereupon  the  President  authorized  the  Governor  to 
embody  the  militia  and  to  call  into  service  the  Federal 
troops,  if  necessary,  in  order  to  disperse  the  settlers. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Gaither,  of  the  United  States  Army, 
was  on  hand  to  co-operate.  Before  Governor  Matthews, 
in  accordance  with  instructions,  resorted  to  force,  he  once 
more  tried  the  effect  of  negotiations  and  sent  Generals 
Twiggs  and  Irwin  to  Fort  Advance. 

Says  General  Twiggs,  in  his  official  report:  ''I  pro- 
ceeded to  the  unauthorized  settlement  on  the  southwest 
side  of  the  Oconee  and,  on  the  presentation  of  Georgia's 
claim,  read  the  letter  from  the  War  Department,  together 
with  Judge  Walton's  charge  to  the  Grand  Jury  of  Wilkes 
and  the  law  opinion  of  the  attorney  and  Solicitor  Gen- 
eral. After  a  full  explanation  of  the  papers  above  re- 
cited, I  entered  into  a  friendly  conference  with  him,  point- 
ing out  the  danger  of  the  situation,  but  without  effect. 
Lastly,  I  ordered  them  to  move  within  th^  temporary 
lines  between  us  and  the  Creek  Indians ;  but  after  an 
interview  with  his  men  he  answered  that  he  preferred 
to  maintain  his  ground.  Troops,  both  State  and  Federal, 
were  therefore  concentrated  at  Fort  Fidius,  on  the 
Oconee,  and  such  a  disposition  made  of  them  that  Gen- 
eral Clarke,  upon  promise  of  General  Irwin  of  immun- 
ity if  he  should  vacate  the  post,  marched  out  of  the  place 
and  the  State  troops  took  possession  of  the  works.  On 
September  28,  they  were  set  on  fire,  together  with  Fort 
Defiance,  and  several  other  garrisoned  places  were  com- 
pletely demolished. ' ' 


114       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

On  October  12,  1794,  the  Governor  informed  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  that  the  posts  were  burnt  and  destroyed, 
and  the  wliole  affair  happily  terminated  without  loss  of 
blood. 


General  Clarke  was  most  unfortuiiate  in  these  trans- 
actions of  his  last  j'^ears.  But  because  he  fell  into  error, 
we  cannot  submit  that  his  merits  should  be  unduly  shaded 
or  shut  out  from  view  and  his  character  transmitted  to 
the  future,  aspersed  with  epithets  of  disparagement.  He 
died,  ranking  to  the  last,  among  Georgia's  most  cherished 
heroes  and  benefactors.  He  was  emphatically  the  Ajax 
Talamon  of  the  State  in  her  days  of  greatest  trial.  In 
weighing  such  a  man — such  a  doer  and  sufferer  for  his 
country — indictments  which  might  have  crushed  meaner 
persons  are  but  as  dust  in  the  balance  against  the  rich 
ponderous  ore  of  his  services,  and  we  hasten  to  shed  a 
tear  on  whatever  may  tend  to  soil  his  memory  and  to 
pronounce  it  washed  out  forever.  Georgia  has  been 
blessed  with  many  signal  favors.  But  never  has  it  fallen 
to  her  lot  to  have  a  son,  native  or  adopted,  whom  s'fee 
could  more  proudly  boast  and  justly  honor,  or  who  has 
imprinted  himself  more  deeply  on  her  heart,  than  Elijah 
Clarke. 


CHAPTER  VIII 


Fannin  at  Goliad:  Story  of  the  Brutal  Massacre  of  1836 


ONE  of  the  most  brutal  massacres  of  history  was 
the  inhuman  sacrifice  of  life  at  Goliad  during*  the 
war  for  Texan  independence,  in  1836.  Colonel 
James  W.  Fannin,  who  lost  his  life  in  this  massacre,  was 
a  native  Georgian,  who,  removing  to  Texas  in  183'4,  raised 
a  company,  which  he  called  the  Brazos  Volunteers,  a]id 
joined  the  army  of  General  Houston.  On  the  fall  of  the 
Alamo,  Fannin  received  orders  from  his  commander  to 
destroy  the  SiDanish  fort  at  Goliad  and  to  fall  back  to 
Victoria.  He  delayed  his  retreat  for  some  time,  in  order 
to  collect  the  women  and  children  of  the  neighborhood, 
whose  lives  were  exposed  to  imminent  peril.  But  he 
finally  set  out  for  Goliad  with  350  men. 

En  route  to  this  point  he  -was  overtaken  by  General 
Urrea,  at  the  head  of  1,200  Mexican  troops.  There  fol- 
lowed a  battle  which  lasted  for  two  days,  during  which 
time  the  Mexicans  lost  between  300  and  400  in  killed  and 
wounded,  and  the  Texans  only  about  70;  but  Fannin, 
having  been  wounded  in  the  engagement,  was  forced  l)y 
the  exigencies  of  the  situation  to  surrender.  He  agreed 
to  capitulate  only  on  condition  that  his  troops  should  lie 
paroled.  But,  instead  of  being  set  at  liberty,  they  were 
marched  to  Goliad  as  prisoners  of  war,  and,  on  March  27, 
1836,  in  pursuance  of  orders  said  to  have  been  received 
from  Santa  Anna,  were,  in  the  absence  of  General  Urrea, 
massacred  in  cold  blood. 

Four  men  to  assist  in  the  hospital  and  four  surgeons, 
in  addition  to  the  women,  received  exemption  from  the 


116       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

bloody  edict  of  death,  besides  which  some  few  of  the  men 
wlio  were  fired  i\Y)on  afterwards  escaped;  but  the  rest 
were  inhumanly  butchered.  Some  two  weeks  before  he 
was  captured  and  put  to  death,  Fannin  wrote  to  a  friend 
in  the  United  States:  ''I  have  about  four  himdred  and 
twenty  men  here,  and  if  I  can  get  provisions  to-morrow 
or  next  day,  I  can  maintain  myself  against  any  force.  I 
will  never  give  up  the  ship. " 


Henderson  Yoakum,  the  pioneer  historian  of  Texas, 
gives  the  frightful  details  of  the  tragedy  at  Goliad  as 
follows.*  Says  he:  ''The  Texans  now  raised  a  white 
flag,  which  was  promptly  answered  by  the  enemy.  Major 
Wallace  and  Captain  Chadwick  went  out,  and  in  a  short 
time  returned  and  reported  that  General  Urrea  would 
treat  only  with  the  commanding  officer.  Colonel  Fan- 
nin, though  lame,  went  out,  assuring  his  men  that  he 
would  make  none  other  than  an  honorable  capitulation. 
He  retuniecl  in  a  short  time  and  communicated  the  terms 
of  agreement  which  he  had  made  with  Urrea.  They 
were  in  substance  as  follows :  1.  That  the  Texans  should 
be  received  and  treated  as  prisoners  of  war,  according  to 
the  uses  of  the  most  civilized  nations.  2.  That  private 
property  should  be  respected  and  restored,  but  the  side- 
arms  of  the  officers  should  be  given  up.  3.  That  the  men 
should  be  sent  to  Copano  and  thence,  in  eight  days,  to 
the  United  States,  or  so  soon  thereafter  as  vessels  could 
be  secured  to  take  them.  4.  That  the  officers  should  be 
paroled  and  returned  to  the  United  States,  in  like  man- 
ner. General  Urrea  immediately  sent  Holzinger  and 
other  officers  to  announce  the  agreement.  It  was  reduced 
to  writing  in  both  English  and  Spanish  languages,  read 
over  two  or  three  times,  signed,  and  the  writings  ex- 
changed, 'in  tlie  most  formal  and  solemn  manner.'    The 


•History   of   Texas,    1085    to    1845,    by   Henderson   Yoakum;    embodied    in 
Wooten's  "Comprehensive  History  of  Texas,"  Vol.  I,  pp.  254-2G0,  Dallas,  1.898. 


Fannin  at  Goliad  117 

Texans  immediately  piled  arms,  and  such  of  them  as  were 
able  to  march  were  hurried  off  to  Goliad,  where  they  ar- 
rived at  sundown  on  the  same  day  (the  20th).  The 
wounded,  among  whom  was  Colonel  Fannin,  did  not  reach 
the  place  till  the  22nd.  At  Goliad  the  prisoners  were 
crowded  into  the  old  church,  with  no  other  food  than  a 
scanty  pittance  of  beef,  without  bread  or  salt.  Colonel 
Fannin  was  placed  under  the  care  of  Colonel  Holzinger, 
a  German  engineer  in  the  Mexican  service.  So  soon  as 
Fannin  learned  how  badly  his  men  were  treated,  he  wrote 
to  General  IJrrea,  stating  the  facts,  and  reminding  him  of 
the  terms  of  capitulation." 


''On  the  23rd,  Colonel  Fannin  and  Colonel  Holzinger 
proceeded  to  Copano  to  ascertain  if  a  vessel  could  be 
procured  to  convey  the  Texans  to  the  United  States ;  but 
the  vessel  which  they  expected  to  obtain  had  already  lef^ 
port.  They  did  not  return  until  the  26th.  On  the  23'rd, 
Major  Miller,  with  eighty  Texan  volunteers,  who  had 
just  landed  at  Copano,  were  taken  prisoners  and  brought 
into  Goliad  by  Colonel  Vara.  Again,  on  the  25th,  Colonel 
Ward  and  his  men,  captured  by  Urrea,  were  brought  in. 
The  evening  of  the  26th  passed  off  pleasantly  enough. 
Colonel  Fannin  was  entertaining  his  friends  with  the 
prospect  of  returning  to  the  United  States ;  and  some  of 
the  young  men  who  could  perform  well  on  the  flute  were 
playing  'Home,  Sweet  Home.'  How  happy  we  are  that 
the  veil  of  the  future  is  suspended  over  us !  At  seven 
o'clock  that  night,  an  order,  brought  by  special  courier 
from  Santa  Anna,  required  the  prisoners  to  be  shot !  De- 
tailed regulations  were  sent  as  to  the  mode  of  executing 
this  cold-blooded  and  atrocious  order.  Colonel  Portilla, 
the  commandant  of  the  place,  did  not  long  hesitate  to  put 
it  into  execution.  He  had  four  hundred  and  forty-five 
prisoners  under  his  charge.  Eighty  of  these,  brought 
from  Copano,  having  just  landed,  were  therefore  con- 


118        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

sidered  as  not  within  the  scope  of  the  order,  and  for  the 
time  were  excused.  The  services  of  four  of  the  Texan 
physicians — Drs.  Field,  Hall,  Shackleford  and  Joseph 
H.  Bernard* —  being  needed  to  take  care  of  the  Mexican 
wounded,  were  among  those  spared.  So  likewise  were 
four  others,  who  were  assistants  in  the  hospital." 

''At  dawn  of  day,  on  Palm  Sunday,  March  27,  the 
Texans  were  awakened  by  a  Mexican  officer,  who  said 
he  wished  them  to  form  a  line,  that  they  might  be  counted. 
The  men  were  marched  out  in  separate  divisions,  under 
different  pretexts.  Some  were  told  that  they  were  to 
be  taken  to  Copano,  in  order  to  be  sent  home;  others 
that  they  were  going  out  to  slaughter  beeves;  and  others 
again  that  they  were  being  removed  to  make  room  in  the 
fort  for  Santa  Anna.  Dr.  Shackleford,  who  had  been  in- 
vited by  Colonel  Guerrier  to  his  tent,  about  a  hundred 
yards  southeastwardly  froni  the  fort,  says:  'In  about  an 
hour,  we  heard  the  report  of  a  volley  of  small  arms, 
toward  the  river,  and  to  the  east  of  the  fort.  I  immedi- 
ately inquired  the  cause  of  the  firing,  and  was  assured  by 
the  officer  that  he  did  not  know,  but  supposed  that  it  was 
the  guard  firing  off  their  guns.  In  about  fifteen  or 
twenty  minutes  thereafter  another  such  volley  was  fired, 
directly  south  of  us,  and  in  front.  At  the  same  time  I 
could  distinguish  the  heads  of  some  of  the  men  through 
the  boughs  of  some  peach  trees  and  could  hear  their 
screams.  It  was  then,  for  the  first  time,  that  the  awful 
conviction  seized  upon  our  minds  that  treachery  and 
murder  had  begun  their  work.  Shortly  aftei'ward  Colo- 
nel Guerrier  appeared  at  the  door  of  the  tent.  I  asked 
him  if  it  could  be  possible  they  were  murdering  our  men. 
He  replied  that  it  was  so,  but  that  he  had  not  given  the 
order,  neither  had  he  executed  it." 

"In  about  an  hour  more,  the  wounded  were  dragged 
out  and  butchered.     Colonel  Fannin  was  the  last  to  suf- 


♦Dr.  Bernard  has  written  an  exhaustive  account  of  the  Goliad  Massacie. 
See  Wooten's  "Comprehensive  History  of  Texas,"  Vol.  I,  Chapter  X,   Dallas, 

1885. 


Fannin  at  Goliad  119 

fer.  When  informed  of  liis  fate,  he  met  it  like  a  soldier. 
He  handed  his  watch  to  the  officer  whose  business  it  was 
to  murder  him,  and  recjuested  that  he  have  him  shot  in 
the  breast  and  not  in  the  head,  and  likewise  see  that  his 
remains  were  decently  buried.  These  natural  and  proper 
requirements  the  officer  promised  should  be  fulfilled,  but, 
with  the  perfidy  which  is  so  characteristic  of  the  Mexican 
race,  he  failed  to  do  either!  Fannin  seated  himself  in 
a  chair,  tied  the  handkerchief  over  his  eyes,  and  bared 
his  bosom  to  receive  the  fire  of  the  soldiers.  As  the 
different  divisions  were  brought  to  the  place  of  execution, 
they  were  ordered  to  sit  down  with  their  backs  to  the 
guard.  But  a  young  man  by  the  name  of  Fenner,  in 
one  of  the  squacls,  rose  to  his  feet  and  exclaimed:  'Boys, 
they  are  going  to  kill  us — die  with  your  faces  to  them,  like 
men !'  At  the  same  time,  two  other  young  Texans,  flour- 
ishing their  caps  over  their  heads,  shouted  at  the  top  of 
their  voices, ' Hurrah  for  Texas ! '  " 

Many  attempted  to  escape ;  but  the  most  of  those  who 
survived  the  first  fire  were  cut  down  by  the  pursuing 
cavalry,  or  afterwards  shot.  It  is  believed  that  in  all 
twenty-seven  of  those  who  were  marched  out  to  be 
slaughtered  eventually  escaped,  leaving  three  hundred 
who  suffered  death  on  that  Sunday  morning.  The  dead 
were  then  stripped  and  the  naked  bodies  thrown  into 
piles.  A  few  brushes  were  placed  over  them,  and  an  at- 
tempt made  to  burn  the  bodies  up,  but  with  such  poor 
success  that  the  hands  and  feet,  and  much  of  the  flesh, 
were  left  a  pray  to  dogs  and  vultures ! 

''Colonel  Fannin  doubtless  erred  in  postponing  for 
four  days  his  obedience  to  the  order  of  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  to  retreat  with  all  possible  dispatch  to  Victoria, 
on  the  Guadalupe;  and  also  in  sending  out  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Ward  in  search  of  Captain  King.  But  these  er- 
rors sprang  from  the  noblest  feelings  of  humanity;  first, 
in  an  attempt  to  save  from  the  approaching  enemy  some 
Texan  settlers  at  the  mission  of  Refugio ;  again,  in  an 
endeavor  to  rescue  King  and  his  men  at  the  same  place ; 


120       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  finally  to  save  Ward  and  his  command— until  all  was 
lost  save  honor.  The  public  vengeance  of  the  Mexican 
tyrant,  however,  was  satisfied.  Deliberately  and  in  cold 
blood  he  had  caused  three  hundred  and  thirty  of  the  stern- 
est friends  of  Texas — her  friends  while  living  and  dying — 
to  tread  the  wine-press  for  her  redemption.  He  chose 
the  Lord's  Day  for  this  sacrifice.  It  was  accepted;  and 
God  waited  his  own  time  for  retribution — a  retribution 
which  brought  Santa  Anna  a  trembling  coward  to  the 
feet  of  the  Texan  victors,  whose  magnanimity  prolonged 
his  wretched  life  to  waste  the  land  of  his  birth  with 
anarchy  and  civil  war." 


During  the  session  of  1883,  the  Legislature  of  Texas 
appropriated  the  sum  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  for  a 
monument  at  Goliad  to  the  victims  of  the  brutal  massacre 
of  1836.  "The  citizens  of  Goliad  raised  an  additional  sev- 
enteen hundred  dollars,  and  the  city  of  Goliad  donated  a 
lot  for  the  monument.  The  handsome  shaft  was  un- 
veiled in  1885.  It  is  built  of  Italian  marble,  standing 
thirty-three  feet  in  height,  upon  a  base  of  granite,  and 
contains  the  following  brief  inscriptions :  On  the  north, 
the  famous  battle  cry  of  San  Jacinto,  "Eemember  the 
Alamo !  Remember  Goliad ! ' '  On  the  west,  ' '  Independence 
declared,  March  2nd,  A.  D,  1836,  consummated  April 
21st,  A.  D.  1836."  On  the  south,  at  the  bottom  of  the 
first  section,  ''Fannin"  is  chiselled  in  raised  letters, 
while  higher  up  on  the  monument  appear  these  words : 
"Erected  in  Memory  of  Fannin  and  his  Comrades."  On 
the  east,  ''Massacred  March  27th,  A.  D.  1836."  There 
were  a  number  of  Georgians  in  Fannin's  command,  among 
them  a  distinguished  young  officer  of  Lawrenceville,  Cap- 
tain James  C.  Winn. 


CHAPTER  IX 


William  H.  Seward:  A  Georgia  School-Master 


WHILE  a  student  at  Union  College,  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  Mr.  Seward,  afterwards  one  of  the 
most  collosal  figures  of  the  war  period  of  Amer- 
ican history,  became  embarrassed  by  a  trivial  debt.  It 
grew  out  of  the  fact  that  his  father,  a  man  of  wealth 
but  a  somewhat  eccentric  old  gentleman,  refused  to  pay 
for  a  tailor-made  suit  of  clothes  which  his  son  had  pur- 
chased because  his  class-mates  made  sport  of  his  blue 
homespuns.  In  the  opinion  of  the  elder  Seward,  what 
was  good  enough  for  the  village  school  was  good  enough 
for  the  college  town ;  and  he  remained  ol)durate.  The  re- 
sult was  that  the  unhappy  youth,  in  a  spirit  of  indepen- 
dence, resolved  to  shift  for  himself;  and  surreptitiously 
one  night  he  took  French  leave  of  his  books  and  started 
upon  his  journey  southward. 

Near  Eaton  ton,  Ga.,  he  opened  an  academy;  and  here 
he  remained  for  several  months,  when  unexpected  de- 
velopments called  him  back  home.  To  what  extent  his 
sojourn  in  the  South  modified  his  subsequent  career  in 
public  life  is  purely  a  matter  of  conjecture;  but  it  was 
certainly  due  to  Mr.  Seward's  influence  that  the  decision 
of  President  Johnson  ''to  make  treason  odious"  was 
abandoned.  Mr.  Seward  suffered  at  the  North  by  reason 
of  his  lenient  views  in  regard  to  Reconstruction.  He  also 
shared  in  the  bitter  opposition  which  led  to  Mr.  John- 
son's trial  of  impeachment  and  became  alienated  from 
former  political  associates. 


122       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But  lie  remained  a  steadfast  friend  to  the  people  of  the 
South  and  consistently  oi)j)osed  the  n(lo])tion  of  harsh 
measures.  He  fought  the  military  regime  and  advocated 
from  the  start  the  policy  of  committing  the  State  gov- 
ernments into  the  hands  of  former  white  leaders.  His 
idea  was  to  win  the  good-will  of  the  people  of  the  South 
by  overtures  of  friendship  and  not  to  widen  the  breach  by 
tyrannical  acts  of  oppression.  It  is  doubtful  if  Mr.  Lin- 
coln himself  was  animated  by  a  gentler  spirit.  . 


Prior  to  the  war  Mr.  Seward  was  a  mouthpiece  of 
the  anti-slavery  party  in  the  nation;  and  the  appeal  fo 
a  "Higher  Law"  was  originated  by  him  to  meet  the 
constitutional  argument  of  the  pro-slavery  advocates. 
But  he  was  wholly  without  the  venom  which  characterized 
Sumner  and  Phillips.  His  father  owned  a  number  of 
slaves,  which  were  afterwards  emancipated  l)y  an  edict 
of  the  Governor  of  New  York ;  and  in  an  interview  which 
appeared  in  1866,  setting  forth  his  attitude  toward  the 
South  he  declared  that  he  himself  was  born  a  slave- 
holder. He  also  stated  in  this  connection  that  he  was 
still  supporting  some  of  his  former  slaves. 

So  far  as  the  suffrage  amendment  to  the  Constitution 
was  concerned  he  fought  its  enactment,  saying  that  the 
laws  of  social  economy  were  adequate  to  adjust  the  re- 
lations between  the  two  races.  *'I  have  no  more  con- 
cern for  the  negroes,"  added  he,  ''than  I  have  for  the 
Hottentots.  The  North  must  get  over  this  notion  of  in- 
terference in- the  affairs  of  the  South."  Prof.  Charles 
Eliot  Norton,  of  Harvard  College,  and  Editor  E.  L. 
Godwin,  of  New  York,  were  parties'  to  the  interview  in 
question.* 

To  the  same  effect,  Mrs.  Jefferson  Davis,  in  her 
Memoirs  of  Mr.  Davis,   throws   an   anecdotal   sidelight 


♦Life   of  William   H.    Seward,    by   Frederic    Bancroft,    Volume   II,   p.    455, 
New  York,  Harper  and  Bros.,   1900. 


Seward:  A  Georgia  School-Master  123 

upon  Mr.  Seward's  attitude  toward  the  negro  iDroblem.* 
On  returning  to  New  York  Mr.  Seward  became  Governor 
of  the  State,  Senator  of  the  United  States,  and  Secretary 
of  State  in  two  Cabinets.  He  was  also  the  logical  candi- 
date of  his  party  for  President  in  1860,  but  was  defeated 
by  Abraham  Lincoln.  Mr.  Seward,  in  1867,  negotiated 
the  purchase  of  Alaska,  a  coup  of  diplomacy  which  was 
dictated  by  the  highest  wisdom.  The  following  story  of 
his  life  in  Georgia  is  taken  from  his  Autobiography:* 


On  the  first  of  January,  1819,  ...  I  left  Union  Col- 
lege, as  I  thought  forever,  and  proceeded  by  stage  to  New 
York  with  a  classmate,  who  was  going  to  take  charge 
of  an  academy  in  Georgia.  I  had  some  difficulty  in  avoid- 
ing observation  as  I  passed  through  Newberg,  the  prin- 
cipal town  of  the  county  in  which  my  father  lived.  Ar- 
riving in  New  York  for  the  first  time,  I  would  have  stayed 
to  see  its  curiosities  and  its  wonders,  but  I  feared  pursuit. 
I  took  passage  with  my  fellow-traveller  on  the  schooner, 
which  was  first  to  sail  for  Savannah ;  but  the  vessel  was 
obliged  to  wait  for  a  wind.  ...  At  sunrise  next  morn- 
ing we  were  under  way.  On  the  seventh  day  we  crossed 
Tybee  and  anchored  in  the  river  at  Savannah.  What  an 
unexpected  transition  from  New  York,  which  I  had  left 
congealed  and  covered  with  snow,  to  this  beautiful  Geor- 
gia seaport,  which  I  found  embowered  among  trees  and 
flowers !  I  was  in  haste,  because  my  funds  were  small  and 
I  did  not  wish  to  be  overtaken.  I  rode  by  stage  to  Au- 
gusta, the  way  often  lighted  by  immigrant  camp-fires. 

My  associate  and  I  made  inquiries  at  Augusta,  and 
he  contracted  there  for  employment  in  the  Academy, 
while  I  proceeded  by  stage  as  far  as  the  coach  went  and 
then  hired  a  gig,  which  landed  me  at  Mount  Zion,  in  a 

*Memoirs,   Volume   I,    p.    581. 

♦William  H.  Seward:  An  Autobiography,  with  a  Memoir  of  His  Life  and 
Selections  from  His  Speeches,  by  Frederick  W.  Seward.  New  York,  Derby 
and  Miller,   1S91,  pp.  3G-43. 


124       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriat.s  and  Legends 

society  wliicli  had  lately  been  founded  by  immigrants, 
to  whom  I  was  known.  They  were  under  the  pastoral 
care  of  Dr.  Beman,  who  afterwards  became  so  distin- 
guished a  preacher  at  Troy,  in  the  State  of  New  York. 
Here  I  rested  one  or  two  days,  while  my  linen  was  washed, 
and  then,  no  longer  able  to  hire  a  conveyance,  I  took  the 
road  on  foot  for  a  journey  of  thirty  miles,  more  or  less,  to 
Eatonton,  the  capital  town  of  the  County  of  Putnam. 


Farmers— here  called  "Crackers" — cheerfully  gave 
me  a  lift  as  I  overtook  them  on  the  way,  and  also  shared 
provisions  with  me.  Arriving  in  the  town  late  at  night 
and  somewhat  weary,  I  was  shown  into  a  large  ball-room, 
which  I  found  filled  with  long  rows  of  cots,  one  of  which 
was  assigned  to  me.  My  reflections  in  the  morning  were 
by  no  means  cheerful.  Inqiiiring  of  the  tavern  keeper,  I 
learned  that  the  academy  for  which  I  was  looking  was  in 
a  new  settlement,  ten  miles  distant.  I  was  to  make  the 
journey  with  only  nine  shillings  and  six  pence,  New  York 
currency,  in  hand,  after  my  reckoning  was  paid.  The  shirt 
which  I  wore  was,  of  course,  soiled  by  travel.  My  light 
cravat  was  even  worse.  I  invested  eight  shillings  in  a 
neck-cloth,  which  concealed  the  shirt  bosom,  and,  with 
one  and  six-pence  remaining,  I  resumed  my  journey. 

Reaching  a  country  store  where  the  roads  crossed,  I 
came  to  a  rest,  after  walking  eight  miles,  communicated 
the  news  which  I  had  received  at  Eatonton,  and  in  turn 
was  enlightened  by  the  merchant's  news  of  the  admission 
of  Missouri  into  the  Union.  Here  I  also  learned  the  name 
of  the  parties  who  had  founded  the  new  school  of  which 
I  was  in  search;  and  I  was  directed  to  Mr.  Ward,  whose 
house  was  distant  two  miles  and  a  half,  as  the  person  to 
whom  I  should  apply.  Going  a  mile  and  a  half  through 
the  woods,  I  became  both  hungry  and  thirsty,  and  quite 
too  weary  to  go  further. 

But,  at  this  point,  a  double  cottage,  built  of  logs,  at- 
tracted me.    It  was  new,  the  windows  were  without  glass, 


Seward:  A  Georgia  School-Maoter  125 

and  tlie  cliimneys  were  not  yet  topped  out;  but  mani- 
festly it  was  occupied,  because  domestic  utensils  lay 
about  the  doorway  and  the  blanket  which  served  for  a 
door  was  drawn  up.  I  found  there  a  lady  yet  youthful, 
as  handsome  as  she  was  refined,  with  two  small  children. 
The  owner  of  the  house  was  Dr.  Iddo  Ellis,  a  physician 
who  had  migrated  to  Georgia  only  a  year  or  two  before 
from  Auburn,  N.  Y.  The  doctor  soon  came  home,  and  it 
was  immediately  made  known  to  me  that  a  visitor  who 
had  just  arrived  from  the  vicinity  of  their  ancient  town 
could  not  be  allowed  to  go  further,  although  he  might 
fare  better  than  in  their  humble  and  unfurnished  cot- 
tage. Of  course,  I  stopped  there.  The  house  had  no 
partitions,  but  I  was  given  a  separate  apartment  for 
sleep,  a  provision  which  was  easily  made  by  suspending 
a  coverlid  from  the  beam  to  the  floor. 


After  an  early  breakfast,  the  doctor  summoned  a 
meeting  of  the  trustees,  which  I  could  attend,  at  11 
o'clock.  They  were  five  in  number.  Major  William  Alex- 
ander, of  the  militia,  a  genial  planter,  was  president; 
"William  Turner,  Esq.,  Treasurer  of  the  State,  was  secre- 
tary; and  Dr.  Ellis,  chief  debater.  The  matter  of  an 
introduction  was  somewhat  brief.  My  traveling  com- 
panion who,  while  we  were  yet  in  college,  had  accepted  a 
call  to  this  school,  had  obtained  a  more  distinguished  situ- 
ation at  Augusta,  and  had  recommended  me.  Dr.  Ellis 
spoke  kindly  of  the  impression  which  my  brief  acquaint- 
ance with  him  had  made.  Mr.  Turner,  who  possessed  a 
better  academic  education  than  the  rest,  asked  me  a  few 
general  questions,  and  then  Major  Alexander  announced 
that  the  board  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  extend  the 
examination  further. 

I  withdrew;  and,  going  around  the  corner  of  the 
Academy,  I  sat  down  on  the  curbstone  of  the  spring,  into 
which  I  dipped  the  gourd  which  hung  upon  a  tree  by 
the  side,  ancl  I  meditated:    What  chance  was  there  that 


126       Georgia's  LANDMiVRKS,  Memorials  and  Legends 

these  trustees  Avould  eftiploy  me  If  they  should  decline 
to  do  so,  what  next?  With  only  eighteen  pence  in  my 
pocket,  a.  thousand  miles  from  home,  my  little  wardrobe 
left  thirty  miles  behind,  where  was  I  to  go  and  what  was 
I  to  do!  I  scarcely  had  time  to  conceive  possible  answers 
to  these  questions  when  Dr.  Ellis  appeared  and  invited 
me  into  the  official  presence.  If  ever  mortal  was  struck 
dumb  by  pleasant  surprise  I  was  the  youtii,  when  Will- 
iam Turner,  Esq.,  six  feet  high,  grave  and  dignified,  made 
me  this  speech : 

* '  Mr.  Seward :  The  trustees  of  Union  Academy  have 
examined  you  to  ascertain  whether  you  are  qualified  to 
assume  charge  of  the  new  institution  which  they  have 
founded.  They  have  desisted  from  the  examination  be- 
cause they  find  that  you  are  better  able  to  question  them 
than  they  to  question  you.  The  trustees  desire  to  employ 
you,  but  they  fear  that  they  are  not  able  to  make  you 
such  a  proposition  as  your  abilities  deserve.  The  school 
is  yet  to  be  begun;  and,  with  what  success,  they  do  not 
know.  The  highest  offer  which  they  feel  able  to  make  is 
eighteen  hundred  dollars  for  the  year,  with  board  in 
such  of  our  homes  as  you  may  chose,  to  cost  at  the  rate 
of  one  hundred  dollars  per  annum.  But  the  Academy 
will  not  be  finislied  for  six  weeks,  during  which  time  you 
will  be  without  employment.  We  will  compensate  you 
for  this  delay  by  furnishing  you  a  horse  and  carriage, 
by  means  of  which  you  can  travel  over  any  part  of  the 
State,  and  in  the  interval  of  rest  you  will  board  among  us 
AA^thout  charge." 


I  accepted  the  position  with  an  expression  of  profound 
thanks  and  with  an  assurance  of  determination  to  merit 
the  approval  of  my  generous  jmtrons.  It  was  an  im- 
portant crisis  in  my  life.  I  indulged  with  satisfaction 
the  reflection  that  I  was  henceforth  to  be  an  independent, 
self-reliant  man.  At  dinner  with  the  doctor's  family, 
he  said : 


Seward  :  A  Georgia  School-Master  127 

*'I  am  going  to  state  something  to  wliich  you  need  not 

reply,  if  3'ou  jorefer.    In  your  absence  from  the  meetini;; 

of  the  trustees  they  asked  how  old  you  were.    I  answered 

that  I  thought  you  were  twenty.     They  replied  that  for 

'such  an  enterprise  the  age  seemed  very  young." 

Candidly  I  confessed  to  my  patron  that  1  was  only 
seventeen,  whereupon  he  replied : 

''We  will  leave  them  to  find  it  out,  then,  'Mr.  Seward." 

The  part  of  Georgia  into  which  I  had  fallen  w^as  in  the 
northeastern  region  and  had  then  recently  been  recovered 
from  the  Indians.  It  was  newly  settled  with  immigrants 
from  Virginia  and  from  North  and  South  Carolina.  The 
staple  was  cotton,  a  plant  which  was  cultivated  with 
profit.  Professional  men  and  teachers  were  freely  ac- 
cepted and  welcomed  there  from  the  North.  The  South- 
em  States  were  just  beginning  to  establish  schools  and 
academies  for  themselves.  Although  the  planters  were 
newcomers  and  generally  poor,  yet  I  think  the  slaves  ex- 
ceeded the  white  population.  No  jealousy  or  prejudice 
then  existed  in  regard  to  inquiries  or  discussions  of  slav- 
ery; but  at  the  same  time  there  were  two  kindred  preju- 
dices highly  developed.  One  was  a  suspicion,  amounting 
to  hatred,  of  all  emancipated  persons,  or  free  negroes, 
as  they  were  called;  the  other  a  strong  prejudice  of  an 
abstract  nature  against  the  lower  class  of  adventurers 
from  the  North  called  ''Yankees."  The  planters  enter- 
tained me  always  most  cordially,  as  it  seemed,  from  a  re- 
gard to  my  acquirements,  while  the  negroes  improved 
every  occasion  to  converse  with  a  stranger  from  the  Big 
North.  .  .  . 


Next  day  I  availed  myself  of  the  horse  and  wagon 
to  proceed  to  Eatonton,  where  I  called  at  the  post-office, 
expecting  there  a  letter  from  the  associate  whom  I  had 
left  in  Augusta.  Besides  the  expected  letter,  T  received 
others,  which,  while  they  gave  me  much  pleasure,  caused 
me  much  perplexity.    There  was  a  packet  which  had  been 


128       Georgia's  LandmxVrks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

transmitted  to  me  by  Bichard  Ricliardson,  president  of 
the  United  States  Branch  Bank,  at  Savannah.  The  packet 
contained  a  letter  from  my  father,  in  which  he  stated  that 
he  had  heard  with  paternal  anguish  and  solicitude  of 
my  flight  from  college;  that  he  had  followed  me  from 
Newburgh  to  New  York;  and  that,  with  the  aid  of 
necessary  agents,  he  had  gone  in  person  to  the 
wharves,  resting  at  night  from  his  unsuccessful 
search,  and  leaving  unvisited  only  the  schooner  in 
which  I  had  sailed.  He  implored  me  to  return 
and  informed  me  that  I  would  be  supplied  with  what 
funds  I  should  need  by  Mr.  Richardson.  Indisposed 
to  give  up  an  independence  which  had  been  so  dearly 
gained,  I  drew  on  Mr,  Richardson,  as  he  advised  me  I 
might,  for  one  hundred  dollars.  With  this  sum  I  brought 
my  person  into  more  presentable  condition  and  returned 
to  my  patrons. 

Rejilying  to  my  father  a  few  days  later  I  declined  his 
request  for  my  return.  I  know  not  whether  it  was  vanity 
or  a  solicitude  to  relieve  parental  anxiety  that  induced 
me  to  send  him  an  Eatonton  paper,  which  contained  an 
advertisement  carefully  worded  by  Mr.  Turner  and  signed 
by  himself  as  secretary  and  by  Major  Alexander  as  pres- 
ident, announcing  that  William  H.  Seward,  "a  gentleman 
of  talents,  educated  at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,"  had  been 
duly  appointed  principal  of  Union  Academy;  that  appli- 
cations for  admission  were  in  order;  and  that  the  school 
would  be  opened  on  the  first  of  May  next.  The  residents 
of  the  neighborhood  contended  with  each  other  for  the 
honor  of  entertaining  me  during  the  interval ;  and  so  I 
moved  in  a  circle  of  hospitality  around  the  new  academy, 
first  staying  at  Mr.  Ward's,  then  at  Mr.  Walker's,  and 
then  at  Mr.  Turner's,  and  from  these  places  I  made  ex- 
cursions to  Milledgeville,  Sparta,  and  other  towns,  always 
hospitably  received  by  prominent  citizens. 


Hardly  more  than  half  of  my  vacation  was  passed  in 
this  pleasant  way  when  there  arose  a  new  and  startling 


Seward:  A  Georgia  School-Master  129 

difficulty,  I  was  in  my  attic  bedroom  at  Mr.  Ward's, 
alone,  revising  the  classics  which  I  was  soon  to  teach, 
when  Major  William  Alexander,  president  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  Union  Academy,  ascended  the  crooked 
little  stairway  unattended  and  presented  me  a  letter  writ- 
ten in  a  hand  which  I  quickly  recognized.  I  read  it,  I 
doubt  not,  with  much  embarrassment. 

My  indignant  father,  in  this  letter,  informed  Major 
W^illiam  Alexander  that  he  had  read  a  newspaper  adver- 
tisement, in  which  the  major  announced  the  employment 
of  one  William  H.  Seward  as  principal.  My  father  pro- 
ceeded to  say  that  he  lost  no  time  in  informing  Major 
Alexander  who  and  what  kind  of  a  person  the  new  head 
of  Union  Academy  was;  that  he  was  a  much-indulged 
son  who,  without  any  just  provocation  or  cause,  had  ab- 
sconded from  Union  College,  thereby  disgracing  a  well- 
acquired  position  and  plunging  his  parents  into  profound 
shame  and  grief.  In  conclusion,  my  father  warned  the 
Major,  the  trustees,  and  all  whom  it  might  concern,  that 
if  they  should  continue  to  harbor  the  delinquent,  he  would 
prosecute  them  with  the  utmost  vigor  of  the  law. 

''There,"  said  the  Major,  in  the  chivalrous  manner 
which  the  Southern  planter  had  already  come  to  assume, 
"I  suspected  as  much  all  the  while,  but  I  do  not  believe 
that  you  abandoned  your  college  and  home  without  good 
cause.  I  shall  be  your  friend.  T  will  keep  the  affair  to 
myself,  and  you  may  decide  upon  it  as  you  think  best.  If 
you  conclude  to  go  home  we  shall  not  oppose  you,  al- 
though it  will  be  a  disappointment." 


Had  this  been  the  whole  of  the  ca^e,  it  would  have 
been  easily  settled.  But  by  the  same  mail  which  brought 
my  father's  summons  I  received  letters  from  my  mother, 
showing  plainly  "that  the  course  which  I  had  taken  had 
been  represented  to  her  with  aggravated  additions.  Her 
letter  indicated  a  broken  lieart;  and  my  sister,  next  in 
years  to  mj^self,  assured  me  that  my  mother  was  on  the 


130       Georgia's  Landmark^^,  IMejiorials  and  Legends 

verge  of  distraction.  Alas,  poor  lady,  my  desertion  was 
not  her  only  sorrow.  My  eldest  brother  had  two  or  three 
years  earlier  come  into  a  misunderstanding  with  my 
father,  no  less  unhappy  than  my  own ;  had  left  the  paren- 
tal roof,  and  was  seeking  with  uncertain  success  to  es- 
tablish a  fortune  for  himself  in  what  was  then  the  new 
State  of  Illinois.  Ky  next  brother,  perhaps  more  under 
the  influence  of  erroneous  example  than  from  any  real 
difficulty  in  his  own  case,  had  strayed  away  from  the 
paternal  mansion  and  obtained  precarious  employment 
in  the  city  of  New  York;  had  afterwards  thought  to  im- 
prove his  condition  by  enlisting  in  the  United  States 
Army;  and  was  then  writing  to  his  mother  mysterious 
accounts  of  his  new  occupation  from  the  barracks  of  Old 
Point  Comfort. 

Taking  sufficient  time,  I  carefully  considered  the  case 
and  then  conversed  with  the  trustees.  I  assured  them 
that  I  would  not  break  the  engagement  to  the  injury  of 
the  institution ;  that  1  would  call  a  young  gentleman  hither 
from  Union  College,  as  competent  as  myself,  to  take  my 
place;  and,  furthermore,  that  I  would  remain  in  the  per- 
formance of  my  duty  until  he  should  arrive  and  they 
should  declare  entire  satisfaction  with  him.  They  as- 
sented to  the  arrangement,  and  it  was  carried  into  effect. 
I  opened  the  Academy  on  the  appointed  daj^  with  sixty 
pupils,  most  of  whom  were  well  advanced  in  years,  but 
quite  uninstructed.  Mr.  Woodruff,  my  successor,  came 
and  was  accepted,  and  I  took  leave  of  my  generous 
patrons  and  affectionate  scholars  with  a  feeling  of  sad- 
ness, such  as  I  have  seldom  experienced. 


CHAPTER  X 


Crawford  W.  Long:  The  Discoverer  of  Anesthesia 


ON  March  30,  1842,  in  the  town  of  Jefferson,  Ga., 
Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long,  then  an  unknown  country 
doctor,  barely  twenty-seven  years  of  ag'e,  per- 
formed an  operation  which  marked  an  epoch  in  the  his- 
tory of  medicine.  At  this  time  Dr.  Long  successfully 
employed  sulphuric  ether  in  extracting  a  tumor  from 
the  neck  of  James  M.  Venable.  The  jiatient,  while  under 
the  influence  of  the  anesthetic,  experienced  no  sensation 
of  pain  whatever,  and  was  not  aware  that  an  operation 
had  been  performed  until  consciousness  was  regained.  It 
was  the  work  of  only  a  few  moments  ;  but  from  this  opera- 
tion dates  the  discovery  of  anesthesia — perhaps  the 
greatest  boon  ever  bestowed  upon  mankind.  Tt  put  an 
end  to  the  terrors  of  the  knife,  proclaimed  the  rise  of 
modern  surgery  and  dispelled  the  nightmare  of  centuries. 


Dr.  Long's  discovery  antedated  Morton's  by  four 
5^ears — that  of  AN'ells  by  two  years  and  six  months.  He 
did  not  commercialize  his  achievement  by  seeking  to  ob- 
tain patent  rights,  nor  did  he  make  any  haste  to  an- 
nounce it  with  a  flourish  of  trumpets;  but  the  whole  sci- 
entific world  has  at  length  come  to  recognize  the  priority 
of  the  Georgian's  claim.*    On  March  30,  1912,  there  was 

♦See  New  Interna tinnal  Kncyclopaedia,  New  York.  Dodd,  Mead  and  Cb., 
Vol.  I,  p.  492,  under  Anesthetic;  also  Vol.  XII.  p.  433,  under  Long,  Craw- 
ford W. 


132       Georgia's  Landm.vrks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

unveiled  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  a  handsome 
bronze  medallion  in  honor  of  Dr.  Crawford  AV.  Long,  on 
which  occasion  some  of  the  most  noted  physicians  of 
America  were  jjresent.  On  May  21,  1910,  near  the  scene 
of  his  great  discovery,  in  the  town  of  Jefferson,  a  sub- 
stantial monument  to  Dr.  Long  was  unveiled  by  the  State 
Medical  Association.  In  1879,  Mr.  Henry  L.  Stuart,  of 
New  York,  presented  to  the  Legislature  of  Georgia  a 
handsome  life-size  portrait  of  Dr.  Long,  which  to-day 
hangs  on  the  walls  of  the  State  Capitol.  General  John  B. 
Gordon,  in  an  eloquent  speech,  formally  tendered  the  por- 
trait. On  this  occasion  Mr.  Stuart  himself  was  present. 
After  the  ceremonies  he  left  for  Athens  to  visit  the  grave 
of  Dr.  Long,  and  while  there  was  fatally  stricken  with 
paralysis.  Being  without  family  ties  or  connections  at 
the  Xorth,  he  was  buried  in  accordance  with  his  wishes  in 
Oconee  Cemetery,  at  Athens,  in  the  same  lot  with  the 
great  discoverer,  whose  services  to  mankind  he  was  one 
of  the  first  to  recognize  and  honor.  The  Eepublic  of 
Prance  has  likewise  paid  tribute  to  Dr.  Long;  and  Geor- 
gia has  voted  to  place  his  statue  in  the  nation's  Capitol 
at  Washington. 

When  King  Edward  VII  awakened  after  his  operation 
for  appendicitis,  his  first  question  was,  ''Who  discovered 
anesthesia  ?"  to  which  the  answer  came  back,  ''Dr.  Craw- 
ford Long,  Your  Majesty."  This  spontaneous  tribute 
from  the  king's  physician  may  be  taken  as  an  expression 
of  British  sentiment. 

The  following  account  of  the  discovery  of  anesthesia 
has  been  condensed  from  a  sketch  written  by  Mr.  T.  W. 
Reed  for  Men  of  Mark  in  Georgia.  There  is  doubtless 
no  one  in  the  State  more  conversant  with  the  facts  in 
the  case  than  Mr.  Reed,  who  has  long  been  a  distinguished 
resident  of  the  town  in  which  the  last  twenty-six  years  of 
Dr.  Long's  life  were  spent.  It  was  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  who  coined 
the  word  anesthesia ;  but  the  credit  which  attaches  to  the 
great  discovery  itself  belongs   to  the  modest  Georgia 


The  Discoverer  op  Anesthesia  133 

doctor,  whose  mission  in  life  was  to  mingle  the  sleeping 
liquid  of  Lethe's  fabled  fountain  with  the  healing  waters 
of  Bethesda's  pool. 


To  the  discoverer  of  anesthesia  the  human  race  must 
forever  stand  indebted.  Through  the  magic  of  this  great 
discovery  the  sum  of  human  pain  has  been  vasth'  les- 
sened, the  horrors  of  war  have  been  mitigated,  the  ad- 
vance of  surgery  has  been  made  possible,  the  average 
duration  of  human  life  has  been  lengthened,  and  every 
department  of  human  activity  has  been  given  additional 
energy,  through  which  magnificent  achievements  have 
come  to  bless  the  world.  Despite  all  claims  to  the  con- 
trary, the  honor  of  having  made  this  transcendent  dis- 
covery belongs  to  Crawford  W.  Long.  .  .  .  The  pass- 
ing years  have  brought  forth  abundant  evidence  on  this 
subject;  and  the  State  of  Georgia,  backed  by  the  en- 
dorsement of  the  highest  authority,  has  set  her  official 
seal  upon  the  achievement  of  her  distinguished  son  by 
legislative  resolution  that  his  statue  shall  be  placed  in 
Statuary  Hall  in  the  nation's  Capitol  as  one  of  Georgia's 
two  greatest  citizens.  Nor  is  Georgia  alone  in  asserting 
the  justice  of  his  claim,  for  across  the  seas  the  French 
have  erected  a  statue  to  his  memory  in  tbe  capital  city 
of  that  republic. 

Crawford  W.  Long,  son  of  James  and  Elizabeth  Ware 
Long  and  grandson  of  Samuel  and  Ellen  Williamson 
Long,  was  born  in  Danielsville,  Ga.,  November  1, 1815.  .  .  . 
After  a  few  j^ears  of  preparation  in  the  local  academy 
he  entered  Franklin  College,  now  the  University  of  Geor- 
gia, and  received  his  Master  of  Arts  degree  in  1835,  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  ranking  second  in  his  class.  During 
his  college  days  he  was  a  room-mate  of  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  whose  statue  Georgia  is  to  place  alongside  that 
of  the  discoverer  of  anesthesia  in  the  Capitol  at  Wash- 
ington. ...  In  1839  he  was  graduated  from  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,    The  sue- 


134       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ceeding  twelve  months  lie  spent  in  a  liospital  in  New  York, 
and  on  account  of  his  success  as  a  surgeon  he  was  urged 
by  his  friends  to  ai)ply  for  the  position  of  a  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Navy.  This  was,  however,  contrary  to 
the  wishes  of  his  father,  and  he  returned  to  his  native 
State,  locating  in  Jefferson,  Jackson  County,  Ga.,  in  1841. 
At  that  time  Jefferson  was  a  mere  village,  far  removed 
from  the  large  cities  and  the  railroads. 

The  young  country  doctor  quickly  became  a  general 
favorite  on  account  of  his  quiet,  dignified  bearing,  his  uni- 
form courtesy,  his  tender  heart,  and  his  desire  at  all  times 
to  be  of  service  to  his  people  in  their  hours  of  trouble  or 
suffering.  In  those  days  nitrous  oxide  parties  were,  all 
the  rage.  The  inhalation  of  this  gas  resulted  in  great  ex- 
hilaration. Dr.  Long  did  not  boast  a  very  extensive  lab- 
oratory. In  fact,  it  was  jiractically  impossible,  with  his 
meagre  equipment,  to  jorepare  nitrous  oxide.  He,  there- 
fore, used  sulphuric  ether,  and  the  same  hilarious  effect 
followed.  Ether  parties  speedily  became  the  fad  among 
the  young  people  of  Jefferson. 

During  January,  1842,  quite  a  number  of  ether  frolics 
were  held  at  Dr.  Long's  office,  and  some  of  the  young  men 
became  thoroughly  intoxicated  through  use  of  the  gas. 
In  the  rough  playing  which  followed  severe  bruises  were 
received  upon  their  bodies,  but  they  seemed  to  take  no 
notice  of  them.  The  thought  dawned  upon  the  mind  of 
Dr.  Long  that  ether  must  possess  the  power  to  deaden 
pain.  One  night,  during  an  ether  frolic,  one  of  the  young 
men  slipped  and  fell,  dislocating  his  ankle.  Although 
the  injury  was  quite  severe,  Dr.  Long  observed  that  the 
young  man  was  practically  unconscious  of  suffering.  His 
belief  in  the  power  of  ether  to  render  one  insensible  to 
pain  now  deepened  into  a  settled  conviction,  and  he  re- 
solved to  prove  his  discovery  by  using  ether  in  the  first 
surgical  case  he  might  chance  to  get. 


Two  miles  from  Jefferson  lived  James  M.  Yenable, 
a  young  man  v/ho  had  frequently  been  in  Dr.   Long's 


The  Discoverer  of  Anesthesia  135 

office  and  who  had  several  times  spoken  to  the  physician 
about  cutting  two  tumors  from  the  back  of  his  neck. 
Convinced  of  the  anesthetic  powers  of  sulphuric  ether, 
Dr.  Long  disclosed  to  Venable  his  plans  for  the  operation. 
On  March  30,  1842,  sulphuric  ether  was  administered  to 
Venable  until  he  became  completely  anesthetized.  The 
small  cystic  tumor  was  then  excised  from  the  back  of 
his  neck  and  the  patient  was  amazed  when  he  regained 
consciousness  to  find  that  the  operation  was  over  and  the 
tumor  removed,  without  causing  him  the  slightest  pain. 
In  fact,  he  had  not  even  known  that  the  operation  was 
being  performed.  It  is  beyond  question  that  this  date 
m.arks  the  discovery  of  anesthesia. 


Dr.  Horace  Wells,  ignorant  of  Dr.  Long's  discovery, 
tried  laughing  gas  on  himself  in  1844.  Dr.  William  T. 
G.  Morton  announced  his  discovery  in  1846.*  Dr.  Charles 
T.  Jackson  accidentally  inhaled  chlorine  gas  in  1842  and 
used  ether  as  an  antidote,  thus  producing  partial  anes- 
thetization, but  he  did  not  pursue  the  subject  further  at 
that  time.  Although  Jefferson  was  a  small  village  and 
Dr.  Long  a  young  physician,  he  operated  on  at  least  eight 
cases,  each  lieing  thoroughly  successful,  before  Morton 
claimed  to  have  discovered  anesthesia.  It  is  claimed 
that  Dr.  Long  kept  his  discovery  secret,  and  therefore  de- 
served no  credit  for  it.  The  affidavits  of  Dr.  Ange  De- 
Laperriere  and  Dr.  Joseph  B.  Carlton  show  that  Dr.  Long 
informed  them  and  other  physicians,  and  that  they  used 
ether  successfully  in  their  surgical  practice  before  the 
date  of  Dr.  Morton's  announcement. 


♦Morton  called  the  anesthetic  which  he  patented  "Letheon."  It  is  today 
known  as  ether.  Wells  committed  suicide  in  the  city  of  New  York,  where 
he  became  mentally  unbalanced  after  fruitless  efforts  to  establish  his  claim. 
Morton  communicated  his  idea  to  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren,  of  Boston,  who  is  alleged 
to  have  performed  the  first  public  operation  on  a  person  anesthetized  with 
ether,  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  October  16,  1S4  6.  Jackson 
perfected  a  process  of  etherization  for  which  the  French  Academy  offered 
him  a  prize  of  2,000  francs.  Dr.  James  Y.  Simpson,  a  Scotch  physician  of 
Edinburgh,  who  discovered  chloroform  anesthesia,  in  1S56,  was  created  a 
baronet. 


136       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

In  1849  Morton  asked  Congress  to  reward  him  for  his 
discovery.  Jackson  at  once  opposed  him.  The  friends 
of  "Wells,  who  was  then  dead,  also  protested  against  his 
claim.  Long  refused  to  enter  this  contest  until  1854,  at 
which  time  he  was  urged  by  his  friends  to  assert  vigor- 
ously his  claim  to  the  honor.  He  thereupon  communi- 
cated the  facts  in  the  case  to  United  States  Senator  Will- 
iam C.  Dawson,  who  brought  Dr.  Long's  claim  to  the  at- 
tention of  Congress,  creating  consternation  among  the 
rival  claimants.  Much  wrangling  followed,  and  the  merits 
of  the  issue  were  never  determined.  The  date  of  Jack- 
son's claim  more  nearly  approaches  that  of  Long's  claim 
than  does  that  of  either  of  the  others,  but  Jackson  before 
his  death  wrote  to  Senator  Dawson,  acknowledging  the 
justice  of  Long's  claim. 


Congress  having  failed  to  settle  the  disputed  ques- 
tion of  priority  in  the  discovery  of  anesthesia.  Dr.  Long- 
failed  to  receive  the  credit  due  him  until  May,  1877,  when 
Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims,  of  New  York,  investigated  his  claims 
fully  and  presented  them  in  an  able  paper  published  in 
the  Virginia  Medical  Monthly.  To  the  demand  for  recog- 
nition made  by  Dr.  Sims  there  was  a  general  response, 
which  brought  much  cheer  to  the  heart  of  the  distin- 
guished discoverer.  Eminent  physicians  the  world  over 
hastened  to  give  him  full  credit  for  the  great  boon  con- 
ferred upon  humanity,  and  since  then  his  claims  to  dis- 
tinction as  the  discoverer  of  anesthesia  have  not  seriously 
been  questioned. 

For  ten  years  after  his  discovery  of  the  anesthetic 
powers  of  sulphuric  ether,  Dr.  Long  continued  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Jefferson.  He  then  removed  to 
i\thens,  in  which  city  he  became  a  most  distinguished  phy- 
sician, and  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  twenty-six 
years  later.  .  .  .  He  was  a  splendid  type  of  the  Southern 
gentleman  of  ante-bellum  days.  At  the  bedside  of  the 
rich  and  the  poor  his  ministrations  soothed  and  com- 


The  Discoverer  op  Anesthesia  137 

forted;  through  the  blinding  storm,  often  in  the  dead  of 
night,  he  went  without  complaining  to  those  who  needed 
him;  and  to  the  last  moment  of  his  stay  on  earth  his 
life  was  typical  of  the  discovery  with  which  his  name  will 
be  forever  associated,  a  life  of  blessing  to  those  with  whom 
he  came  in  contact.  He  often  remarked  that  his  one 
great  wish  was  to  die  in  harness.  On  June  16,  1878,  he 
was  called  to  the  bedside  of  a  patient  in  whose  case  he 
was  deeply  interested.  While  performing  the  duties  in- 
cident to  the  case,  he  suffered  a  stroke  of  apoplexy,  from 
which  death  came  in  a  few  hours.  The  brain  which 
had  given  to  the  world  the  blessings  of  anesthesia  was 
at  rest,  but  it  left  behind  a  gift  to  humanity  the  import- 
ance of  which  can  never  be  estimated. 


CHAPTER  XI 


John  Clark:  His  Grave  Overlooking  St.  Andrew's 
Bay  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 


UNDERNEATH  a  plain  white  obelisk  of  marble, 
overlooking  the  waters  of  St.  Andrew's  Bay,  on 
the  west  coast  of  Florida,  rest  the  mortal  ashes  of 
a  most  distinguished  Georgian :  Governor  John  Clark. 
An  exile  in  death  from  the  great  State  whose  highest  civic 
office  he  once  held,  this  illustrious  soldier  and  statesman 
is  the  only  one  of  Georgia's  chief  magistrates — unless  ex- 
ception be  made  of  Governor  Treutlen — who  sleeps  be- 
5'ond  her  borders.  The  latter  is  supposed  to  have  been 
buried  in  South  Carolina,  where  he  was  quartered  by 
the  Indians  and  Tories.  His  last  resting-place  is  un- 
known. But  not  so  with  Governor  Clark.  The  grove 
of  ancient  live  oaks  in  which  he  lies,  though  removed 
somewhat  from  the  beaten  highways  of  travel,  can  be 
reached  by  an  hour's  ride  from  Pensacola;  and  Georgia 
owes  it  to  her  own  historic  past  to  bring  the  ashes  of 
Governor  Clark  1)ack  liome,  so  that  wlien  his  long  sleep 
of  death  is  over  he  can  wake  once  more  on  his  native  hills. 

Tlie  Daughters  of  the  Americnn  Revolution,  through 
the  initiative  of  Mrs.  Joseph  S.  Harrison,  of  Columl)us, 
Ga.,  have  already  taken  the  matter  in  hand,  and  there  is 
a  likelihood  that  the  old  hero  will  soon  repose  with  the 
nation's  dead,  at  Marietta. 

It  was  around  the  dramatic  figure  of  John  Clark  that 
the  fiercest  fires  of  partisan  politics  known  to  the  annals 


*Gov.    John   Clark   usually   spelled   his    name   without   the   final   "e."     But 
his    father,    Geti.    Elijah    Clarke,    preferred  the  longer  form. 


Clark's  Grave  at  St.  Andrew's  1^9 

of  this  State  raged  for  more  than  twenty  heated  years. 
The  earliest  division  of  Georgia  into  factional  camps 
grew  out  of  a  quarrel  between  John  Clark  and  William 
H.  Crawford,  which  finally  led  to  a  duel,  in  which  the 
latter  was  wounded.  On  the  departure  of  Crawford 
for  the  forum  of  national  affairs,  he  was  succeeded  on 
the  battleground  of  State,  politics  by  George  M.  Trou23, 
who,  under  a  fresh  banner,  renewed  the  old  fight;  but 
twice  when  the  Governor's  office  was  the  prize  for  which 
these  doughty  champions  contended  in  the  lists,  Troup 
was  unhorsed  by  John  Clark,  who  bore  off  the  laurels  of 
combat. 

Governor  Clark  was  a  man  of  limited  learning,  but 
he  possessed  an  intellect  of  strong  native  powers  and  an 
iron  strength  of  will.  As  a  fighter  he  scarcely  knew  what 
the  word  "surrender"  meant.  This  trait  of  his  character 
was  a  martial  inheritance  from  his  distinguished  father, 
by  whose  side,  at  the  battle  of  Kettle  Creek,  when  a  lad 
of  thirteen,  the  younger  Clark  fought  like  an  infant  lion. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  held  a  captain's  commission. 
Subsequent  to  the  Revolution,  in  a  campaign  against  the 
Indians,  in  1787,  when  still  barely  twenty-one,  he  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Jack's  Creek,  an  engage- 
ment which,  according  to  some  authorities,  was  named 
in  liis  honor.  Eventually  the  Legislature  of  Georgia  gave 
him  the  rank  of  Major-General  in  the  State  militia;  but 
he  was  greatl^y  incensed  in  1812  when  Governor  Mitchell 
ignored  him  by  putting  General  Floyd  in  command  of 
the  State  troops. 

His  irate  temper  often  overmastered  him.  On  one 
occasion  he  assaulted  Judge  Tait  on  the  streets  of  Mil- 
ledgeville.  The  latter  afterwards  married  Mrs.  Clark's 
sister.  On  another  occasion,  when  somewhat  bibulous, 
he  mutilated  a  picture  of  George  Washington  in  front  of 
Micajah  Williamson's  tavern,  for  which,  however,  "he 
paid  like  a  gentleman." 


140       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Governor  Clark  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  in 
which  State  he  was  born  in  1766. .  He  accompanied  his 
father,  on  the  eve  of  the  Revolution  to  Wilkes  County, 
where  the  greater  part  of  his  life  was  spent.  If  he  was 
a  man  of  strong  passions,  bitter  in  his  enmities,  relentless 
in  his  tactics,  somewhat  intemperate  in  his  habits,  he 
was  also  a  man  who  never  sacrified  a  friend,  who  never 
betrayed  a  trust,  and  whose  devotion  to  Georgia  was 
never  successfully  impeached  by  his  foes.  Governor 
Clark  was  a  man  of  the  people.  The  aristocratic  planters, 
as  a  rule,  supported  Crawford  and  Troujj.  On  relinquish- 
ing the  office  of  Governor,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  Mat- 
thew Talbot,  a  candidate  who  met  defeat  at  the  hands  of 
Governor  Troup.  Later  Clark  himself  became  once  m'ore 
a  candidate  in  the  first  popular  election  for  Governor  ever 
held  in  Georgia,  but  encountering  defeat,  he  withdrew 
from  State  politics  forever ;  and — to  quote  Dr.  George  G. 
Smith — there  came  to  an  end  ''the  longest  continued 
personal  contest  ever  known  in  Georgia  or  perhaps  else- 
where in  the  United  States." 

Embittered  over  the  result.  Governor  Clark  accepted 
from  President  Jackson  the  post  of  Indian  Agent,  which 
made  him  virtually  the  custodian  of  the  public  lands  of 
Florida.  It  was  not  an  office  to  which  any  high  honor 
attached,  but  the  salary  enabled  him  to  live  in  comfort 
and  to  extend  hospitality  to  the  friends  who  came  to  so- 
journ under  his  roof.  Governor  Clark  owned  large  tracts 
of  land  in  Wilkes.  Miss  Lane  informs  us  that  in  1806 
he  made  a  deed  to  Wylie  Pope,  in  which  he  reserved  an 
area  of  ground  twenty  feet  square,  whereon  his  children, 
Elijah  Clark  and  George  Walton  Clark,  were  buried.* 
The  statement  is  made  on  the  authority  of  Governor  Gil- 
mer that  he  eventually  forgave  his  enemies,  with  the 
single  exception  of  William  H.  Crawford,  against  whom 
his  old  feeling  of  animosity  continued  until  the  last 
hour. 

Perhaps  Colonel  Absalom  LI.  Chappell  has  correctly 
summarized  the  achievements  of  this  unique  Georgian  in 


Clx\.rk's  Grave  at  St.  Andrew's  141 

the  following  paragraph.  Says  he:  ''During  a  long  ca- 
reer he  courted  and  acquired  great  enemies,  both  personal 
and  official,  and  honorably  illustrated  if  he  did  not  aug- 
ment the  name  he  inherited,  leaving  it  more  deeply  im- 
printed if  not  higher  enrolled  on  Fame's  proud  cata- 
logue." Governor  Clark  eventually  died  a  victim  of 
yellow  fever.  His  wife  soon  followed  him  to  the  grave; 
and  a  few  years  later  relatives  erected  the  substantial 
shaft  of  marble  which  to-day  stands  over  them  on  the 
lonely  shores  of  St.  Andrew's  Bay,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. Thus  passed  aw^ay  this  great  Georgian,  whose  rest- 
less spirit  at  last  found  rest. 

The  inscriptions  on  the  monument  are  as  follows: 


On  the  north  side:  "John  Clark,  born  February 
28,  1766,  died  October  12,  1832.  As  an  officer  he  was 
vigilant  and  brave;  as  a  statesman,  energetic  and 
faithful;  as  a  father  and  friend,  devoted  and  sincere." 

On  the  south  side:  "John  Clark,  late  Governor  of 
Georgia,  and  Nancy  Clark,  his  wife." 

On  the  west  side:  "This  monument  was  erected  by 
their  surviving  children,  Ann  Campbell  and  Wylie  P. 
Clark. ' ' 


*We  are  indebted  to  Jvliss  Lane  for  the  following  pathetic  touch  of 
romance  in  the  none  too  joyful  life  ol  John  Clark.  Says  she  "About  four 
miles  from  the  hill  on  which  the  battle  of  Kettle  Creek  was  fought,  there 
lived  an  orphan  girl,  the  stepdaughter  of  a  man  named  Weaver,  and  the 
youngest  sister  of  Sabina  Chivers,  who  married  Jesse  Mercer.  John  Clark 
loved  this  girl.  There  was  opposition  to  the  union;  but  as  yet  he  knew 
not  the  meaning  of  the  word  defeat.  He  induced  her  to  elope  with  him. 
It  was  his  thought  to  take  her  to  the  home  of  a  friend  of  his  father's, 
Daniel  Marshall,  near  Kiokee,  but  the  weather  was  severe,  and  a  snow 
storm  set  in.  They  were  compelled  to  stop  at  a  farm  house  where  lived 
the  mother  of  Major  Freeman,  related  to  a  kinsman  of  the  Hillyers.  Miss 
Chivers  was  taken  ill  that  night  with  congestion  of  the  lungs,  and  died. 
In  the  absence  of  flowers  the  good  woman  of  the  house  adorned  the  dead 
girl  with  bunches  of  holly,  entwined  them  in  her  beautiful  black  hair  and 
placed  them  in  her  clasped  hands.  Her  grave  they  covered  with  the  same 
beautiful  crimson  and  green,  upon  which  the  snow  gently  fell.  This  was 
the  first  real  sorrow  in  the  life  of  John  Clark,  and  many  were  to  follow."— 
Newspaper  sketch  of  Governor  John  Clark,  by  Miss  Annie  M.  Lane,  of 
Washington,    Ga.,    Regent   of  Kettle   Creek  Chapter,   D.   A.   R. 


CHAPTER  XII 


Liberty  Hall :  The  Historic  Home  of  the  Illustrious 
Confederate  Vice-President 


0\;EKL00KING  the  little  town  of  Crawfordville 
ill  the  distance,  there  stands  on  the'  green  slope 
of  the  hill,  directly  in  front  of  Liberty  Hall,  a 
statue  of  the  wondrous  little  giant  among  statesmen — 
Alexander  H.  Stephens.  The  mortal  ashes  of  the  Great 
Commoner  sleep  peacefully  to  the  left  of  the  monument. 
Nor  is  there  a  spot  of  ground  anywhere  on  Georgia 's  wide 
bosom  in  \\^liich  the  ashes  of  Mr.  Stephens  could  rest 
more  fittingly  than  beneath  the  trees  of  Liberty  Hall. 
For,  here  it  was  that  in  life  he  always  found  balm 
when  wearied  with  the  feverish  strife  and  turmoil  of 
politics ;  and  here  it  was  that,  in  measures  of  abundance, 
seasoned  with  wisdom's  salt,  he  dispensed  a  hospitality 
which  has  made  his  fireside  fragrant  among  American 
hearthstones. 

The  monument  to  Mr.  Stephens  is  an  impressive  struc- 
ture, measuring  a  total  elevation  of  thirty-six  feet.  On 
three  slo]:)ing  blocks  of  granite,  which  form  a  secure  foun- 
dation, there  rises  a  handsome  monolith,  designed  and 
executed  by  Theodore  Markwalter,  of  Augusta.  It  is  a 
work  of  art,  embellished  on  each  of  the  four  sides  with 
sculptured  wreaths  of  laurel.  The  marble  statue  which 
surmounts  this  splendid  pile  was  carved  in  Italy,  from 
the  finest  quality  of  stone  to  be  found  in  the  most  re- 
nowned of  quarries.  The  figure  represents  Mr.  Stephens 
in  the  characteristic  pose  of  the  orator.  It  portrays  him 
in  the  prime  of  life,  as  he  is  supposed  to  have  looked 


Liberty  Hall 


143 


when  he  delivered  his  great  speech  in  Congress,  on  Jan- 
uary 15,  1855,  at  which  time  he  contrasted  Ohio  and  Geor- 
gia. 

There  was  quite  a  strong  sentiment  in  favor  of  de- 
picting Mr.  Stephens  as  he  was  best  known  to  the  pres- 
ent generation,  seated  in  his  familiar  roller-chair.  But 
Dr.  Beazley,  his  home  physician,  recalled  a  conversation 
with  Mr.  Stephens,  in  which  the  latter  stated  that  he  dis- 
liked to  be  pictured  as  an  invalid;  that  he  did  not. wish 
his  countrymen  to  remember  him  as  one  who  was  maimed 
and  crippled;  that  such  an  exhibition  of  his  infirmities 
would  only  excite  pity;  and  that  he  preferred  to  be  re- 
called in  after  years  as  he  looked  when  at  his  best.  Of 
course,  as  soon  as  the  views  of  Mr.  Stephens  were  thus 
made  known  any  thought  of  the  invalid's  chair  as  an 
appropriate  memorial  was  instantly  abandoned. 

On  the  front  of  the  monument  appears  the  following 
inscription: 


Born  February  11,  1812.  Member  of  the  Georgia 
House  of  Eepresentatives,  1836  to  1842;  member  of 
Georgia  State  Senate,  1842;  member  of  United  States 
House  of  Representatives,  1843  to  1859;  retired  from 
Congress,  1859;  vice-president  of  the  Confederate 
States,  1S61  to  1865;  United  States  Senator-elect  from 
Georgia,  1866;  member  United  States  House  of  Eepre- 
sentatives, 1873  to  1882;  Governor  of  Georgia,  1882. 
Died  in  Atlanta,  Sunday  morning,  March  4,  1883. 

Author  of  a  Constitutional  View  of  the  War  between 
the  States  and  of  a  Compendium  of  the  History  of  the 
United  States,  from  their  Earliest  Settlement  till  1872. 


Underneath,  on  the  pedestal,  is  inscribed: 


ALEXANDER    H.    STEPHENS 


On  the  rear  of  the  monument,  looking  toward  Liberty 
Hall,  the  following  words  are  lettered: 


The  defender  of  civil  and  religious  iibOity.  llo 
coveted  and  took  from  the  republic  nothing  save 
glory.      Non    sibi.    sed    aliis. 


144       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

On  the  left  side  of  the  monument  appear  the  following- 
extracts  from  the  Angusta  speech,  delivered  in  1859. 
The  selections  were  made  by  two  Georgians,  who  were 
bound  by  close  ties  to  the  illustrious  dead — Hon.  Horace 
M.  Holden  and  Hon.  Patrick  Walsh.    The  extracts  read: 


I  am  afraid  of  nothing  on  earth,  or  above  the  earth, 
or  under  the  earth,  except  to  do  wrong.  The  path 
of  duty  I  shall  ever  endeavor  to  tjavel,  "fearing  no 
evil  and  dreading  no   consequences." 

Here  sleeji  the  remains  of  one  who  dared  to  tell 
the  people  they  were  wrong  when  he  believed  so,  and 
who  never  intentionally  deceived  a  friend  or  betrayed 
an   enemv. 


On  the  right  side  of  the  monument  is  inscribed  the 
following  tribute  from  the  pen  of  Eichard  Malcolm  John- 
ston, a  life-long  friend: 


Throughout  life  a  sufferer  in  body,  mind,  and  spirit, 
he  was  a  signal  example  of  wisdom,  courage,  forti- 
tude,  patience,   forbearance,   and   unwearying   charity. 

In  the  decrepitude  of  age,  called  to  be  Grovernor  of 
the  State,  he  died  while  in  the  performance  of  the 
work  of  his  office,  and  it  seemed  fit  that  having  sur- 
vived parents,  brethren,  sisters,  and  most  of  the  dear 
companions  of  youth,  he  should  lay  his  dying  head 
on  the  bosom   of  the  people. 


The  funeral  of  Mr.  Stephens  in  Atlanta  was  an  occa- 
sion long  to  be  remembered.  It  was  held  in  tho  hall  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  and  was  marked  by  the 
presence  of  General  Toombs  who,  with  tear-bedimmed 
eyes,  and  in  a  voice  husky  with  emotion,  bade  farewell 
to  his  life-long  friend.  This  was  the  last  public  appear- 
ance of  the  g-reat  Mira])ean.  He  survived  Mr.  Stephens 
by  only  two  years.  Following  these  sad  obsequies,  the 
body  of  the  Great  Commoner  was  placed  temporarily  in 


Liberty  Hall  145 

the  Cotting  vault,  in  Oakland  Cemetery,  at  the  State 
capital;  but,  on  June  10,  1885,  a  committee  of  citizens 
from  the  town  of  Crawfordville  brought  the  remains 
from  Atlanta  to  Liberty  Hall  for  final  interment  in  Geor- 
gia's soil.  The  casket  was  accompanied  by  an  escort  of 
distinguished  Georgians,  including  Governor  Henry  D. 
McDaniel,  ex-Governor  James  S.  Boynton,  Captain  Henry 
Jackson  and  Georgia's  two  United  States  Senators, 
Joseph  E.  Brown  and  Alfred  H.  Colquitt.  The  body  was 
met  at  the  depot  by  an  immense  concourse  of  people,  not- 
withstanding the  dark  clouds  which  overhung  the  after- 
noon sky. 

Plans  for  holding  the  exercises  on  the  lawn  were 
abandoned,  due  to  the  inclement  weather;  and,  in  the 
auditorium  of  the  Baptist  Church,  from  the  doors  of 
which  hundreds  were  turned  away  for  lack  of  room,  oc- 
curred the  last  solemn  and  impressive  rites  over  the 
ashes  of  the  illustrious  dead.  Hon.  George  T.  Barnes, 
Congressman-elect  from  Georgia  and  president  of  the 
Stephens  Memorial  Association,  delivered  the  principal 
address.  Brief  remarks  were  also  made  by  Governor 
McDaniel  and  Captain  Henry  Jackson,  after  which  the 
body  was  tenderly  borne  to  the  new-made  grave  on  the 
lawn,  and  there  committed  finally  into  Georgia's  keeping 
until  the  resurrection. 


Eight  years  later — on  May  24,  1893 — with  august 
ceremonies,  the  monument  to  the  Great  Commoner  was 
unveiled  on  the  green  hillside,  in  front  of  Liberty  Hall. 
There  were  no  clouds  in  the  soft  vernal  sky  overhead. 
In  every  respect  the  day  was  an  ideal  one ;  and  the  numbet 
of  spectators  in  attendance  was  roughly  estimated  at 
10,000,  Long  before  sunrise,  every  country  road  leading 
into  Crawfordville  was  alive  with  vehicles.  Hundreds 
of  people  came  by  rail. 

Over  the  arched  gateway,  leading  to  the  famous  old 
mansion,   were   draped   the   natiopal   colors,     Both   the 


146        Georgia's  Landmarks,  ]\Iemorjals  and  Legends 

platform  for  the  speakers  and  the  front  veranda  of  the 
Stephens  home,  displayed  the  patriotic  emblems,  thus 
attesting  the  broad  statesmanship  which  characterized 
the  Southern  Confederacy's  former  Vice-President.  On 
the  platform  a  number  of  distinguished  guests  were  as- 
sembled, representing  every  section  of  the  State.  Hon. 
Horace  M.  Holden,  afterwards  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Georgia,  then  a  young  man  just  entering  the 
legal  profession,  gave  an  outline  history  of  the  move- 
ment. He  also  read  a  number  of  letters  of  regret.  The 
president  of  the  Memorial  Association,  Hon.  George  T. 
Barnes,  having  been  detained  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  the 
vice-president,  Hon.  Patrick  Walsh,  introduced  the  orator 
of  the  day,  Hon.  Thomas  M.  Norwood,  of  SavannAh, 
whose  splendid  address  was  a  masterpiece  of  eloquence, 
characterized  by  deep  emotional  power,  as  well  as  by 
keen  analytical  insight. 

Another  feature  of  the  occasion  was  a  poem  from  the 
pen  of  Chief  Justice  Logan  E.  Bleckley,  read  by 
Mr.  Walsh. 

At  the  proper  signal,  Miss  Mary  Corry,  a  great-niece 
of  Mr.  Stephens,  drew  aside  the  veil.  There  is  a  choice 
bit  of  romance  in  this  connection.  Within  a  few  days 
after  the  unveiling,  Miss  Corry,  whose  sweet  face  beamed 
in  the  background  of  this  historic  scene,  became  the  beau- 
tiful bride  of  Judge  Holden.  Subtler  and  finer  cords 
than  any  which  were  seen  by  the  vast  throng  of  spectators 
were  silently  knitting  two  lives  together;  and  thus  through 
the  sombre  woof  of  an  occasion  which  touched  many  to 
tears  ran  the  golden  threads  of  Cupid's  net. 

The  officers  of  the  Stephens  Memorial  Association  at 
the  time  of  the  unveiling  were  as  follows:  George  T. 
Barnes,  president;  Patrick  Walsh,  vice-president;  M.  T. 
Andrews,  local  vice-president;  W.  0.  Holden,  secretary; 
W.  R.  Gurn,  treasurer;  A.  G.  Beazley,  corresjionding 
secretary;  R.  J.  Eeid,  director;  W.  J.  Norton,  director; 
J.  N.  Chapman,  director;  T.  J.  Harrison,  director,  and 
W.   A.   Legwin,   director.     The   officers  'of   the   Ladies' 


Liberty  Hall  147 

Auxiliary  were:  Mrs.  James  W.  Asbury,  president;  Mrs. 
Casper  Myer,  vice-president;  Mrs.  W.  J.  Norton,  treas- 
urer, and  Mrs.  A.  G.  Beazley,  secretary. 

To  tliis  list  must  be  added  also  the  name  of  Miss 
Mary  A.  H.  Gay,  of  Decatur,  Ga.,  a  lady  who,  with  the 
zeal  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  canvassed  the  State  from  bor- 
der to  border  and  for  nine  years  gave  to  this  monumental 
crusade  an  ardor  of  devotion  which  never  once  waned 
or  wearied.  It  may  be  said  in  conclusion  that  the  Mem- 
orial Association  sought  to  accomplish  three  things,  viz, : 
the  purchase  of  Liberty  Hall,  the  erection  of  the  Ste- 
phens monument,  and  the  establishment  of  a  college  to 
perpetuate  the  great  statesman's  deep  interest  in  the 
cause  of  education.  Two  of  these  objects  have  already 
been  successfully  attained;  but  the  third  yet  remains  to 
be  realized.  There  has  never  lived  in  Georgia  a  man  of 
equal  means  who  has  defrayed  the  college  expenses  of 
a  larger  number  of  ambitious  youths ;  and  the  State  will 
owe  the  memory  of  the  Great  Commoner  an  unredeemed 
obligation  until  the  Stephens  High  School  at  Crawforcl- 
ville  is  made  a  college,  in  honor  of  the  illustrious  sage 
of  Liberty  Hall. 


On  July  12,  1912,  the  deferred  centennial  exercises 
in  honor  of  the  great  statesman's  birth  were  made  the 
occasion  for  giving  a  renewed  impetus  to  the  movement 
for  establishing  the  proposed  college  at  Crawfordville. 
Judge  Henry  Lumpkin  and  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Watson, 
both  of  whom  were  among  the  speakers,  subscribed  $1,000 
each  to  a  fund  to  be  used  for  this  purpose.  Miss  Gay,  of 
Decatur,  contributed  the  copyright  of  her  book,  ''Life  in 
Dixie,"  which  Mr.  Watson  agreed  to  advertise  free  of 
charge  in  the  Jeffersonian;  and  citizens  of  the  county 
pledged  a  sum  of  $10,000  for  the  proposed  school.  Judge 
Horace  M.  LTohlen  was  requested  by  the  Stephens  Chap- 
ter of  the  U.  D.  C.  to  present  the  matter  to  the  State 
Convention  of  the  U.  D.  C,  a  commission  which  he  read- 


148       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ily  undertook.  The  result  was  a  most  enthusiastic  en- 
dorsement of  the  enterprise  by  the  Georgia  Division. 
Mrs.  W.  D.  Lamar,  the  State  President,  was  furthermore 
instructed  to  urge  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the  Gen- 
eral Conference,  which  was  soon  thereafter  to  meet  in 
Richmond.  On  October  20,  1913',  a  horizontal  tablet  of 
marble  was  placed  over  the  grave  of  the  Great  Com- 
moner by  the  historic  Gate  City  Guard  of  Atlanta,  an 
organization  to  which  Mr.  Stephens  was  warmly  at- 
tached, and  one  of  the  first  companies  to  enlist  for  the 
Civil  War  in  1861.  Short  addresses  were  made  on  this 
occasion  by  a  number  of  well-known  Georgians,  among 
them  Colonel  Joseph  F.  Burke,  a  former  captain  of 
the  company  and  organizer  of  the  Old  Guard,  an  hon- 
orary band  composed  of  survivors;  Hon.  J.  R.  Smith. 
State  School  Commissioner  M.  L.  Brittain,  State  His- 
torian and  Compiler  of  Records  L.  L.  Knight,  Mr. 
Joseph  A.  McCord,  Hon.  George  M.  Napier  and  others. 


This  description  of  the  Great  Commoner's  home  is 
from  the  pen  of  his  intimate  friend  and  biographer, 
Richard  M.  Johnston,  author  of  the  famous  ''Dukesboro 
Tales."  Says  he:  Liberty  Hall  is  just  beyond  the  vil- 
lage of  Crawfordville,  in  a  skirt  of  native  forest.  Large 
oaks  and  hickories,  interspersed  with  many  fine  trans- 
planted trees  and  choice  exotics,  are  scattered  over  an 
enclosure  of  about  three  acres,  casting  a  delightful  shade 
over  a  grassy  lawn.  The  house  is  a  spacious  one,  fur- 
nished with  elegant  simplicity;  and,  at  the  rear,  sepa- 
rated by  a  piazza,  are  the  owner's  study  and  library,  the 
latter  more  richly  stored  than  is  usual  among"  Southern 
country  gentlemen.  His  law  library  contains  about  fif- 
teen hundred  volumes;  his  miscellaneous  librarj^  about, 
five  thousand,  collected  during  many'  years,  at  a  cost  of 
more  than  sixteen  thousand  dollars. 

This  is  probably  the  only  mansion  in  the  country  where 
the  domestic  and  social  arrangements  are  entirely  un- 


Liberty  Hall  149 

affected  by  the  sickness  or  health  of  the  master  of  the 
establishment.  Visitors  come  and  go,  partake  of  his 
hospitality,  make  themselves  at  home,  whether  or  not 
he  is  able  to  receive  them  in  person.  Almost  every  train 
brings  coming  guests  and  bears  away  departing  ones; 
dinner  is  served  at  one  o'clock;  late  visitors  take  supper 
and  early  ones  breakfast;  and  as  night  trains  are  sure  to 
bring  one  or  more  who  take  what  sleep  the  time  allows, 
the  breakfast  table  always  presents  new  faces.  It  was 
the  habit  of  Mr.  Stephens,  during  his  latter  years,  to 
rise  at  nine,  and  after  dressing  to  be  rolled  in  his  easy 
chair  out  upon  the  piazza,  where  he  usually  called  for  a 
game  of  whist,  an  amusement  which  had  grown  to  be  a 
habit  with  him  and  which  helped  to  solace  many  an  hour 
of  suffering.  The  mid-day  meal  was  the  only  one  which 
he  took  in  the  dining  room,  at  which  time  he  sat  at  the 
head  of  the  table.  Dinner  over,  he  engaged  in  conversa- 
tion, or  played  whist;  and  at  seven  he  went  to  bed. 

For  many  years,  during  court  week,  it  was  the  habit 
of  Mr.  Stephens  to  entertain  the  entire  visiting  bar.  As 
for  the  people  of  Taliaferro  County,  there  was  not  a  soul 
who  did  not  feel  at  home  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Stephens, 
who  was  not  free  to  enter  it  whenever  he  pleased  and 
to  remain  an  inmate  as  long  as  he  liked.  Though  his  per- 
sonal manner  of  living  was  of  the  simplest  kind,  it  can 
easily  be  surmised  that  his  personal  expenses  were  quite 
burdensome ;  and  besides  the  sums  which  he  bestowed 
upon  the  education  of  young  men,  he  expended  much  of 
his  income  in  gifts  of  charity  to  the  poor. 

But  little  change,  to  the  eye  of  the  guest  at  least,  was 
made  in  Liberty  Hall  after  the  war.  The  same  servants 
were  there,  and  the  same  order  of  domestic  economy; 
Harry  was  still  at  the  head  of  outdoor  affairs;  Eliza,  his 
wife,  was  still  cook  and  laundress;  and  the  children  of 
these  servants  did  the  housework.  When  we  drove  out 
in  the  afternoon.  Pluck,  w^ho  had  then,  like  his  predeces- 
sor, Rio,  become  blind,  and  old  Frank,  were  lifted  into 
the  carriage  beside  the  master,  from  whom  they  could 


150       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

not  bear  to  be  separated.  When  nii2,^]it  came,  and  Harry 
had  put  Mr.  Stephens  to  bed,  some  nows|)apers  were 
spread  at  the  foot,  on  which  Pluck  mounted  to  sleep  for 
the  night.  A  small  riding-whip  was  stuck  under  the  mas- 
ter's pillow,  with  which  he  could  repress  any  encroach- 
ments of  his  companion.  Then  the  guest  would  read 
aloud  until  Mr.  Stephens  had  fallen  asleep,  after  which 
he  retired  to  his  own  apartment. 

When  Mr.  Stephens  was  absent  from  home,  Harry  re- 
mained at  Liberty  Hall,  and  took  care  of  everything 
with  the  fidelity  which  always  characterized  him.  The 
only  alteration  in  his  domestic  arrangements  was  in  the 
management  of  his  plantation,  which,  after  the  war,  he 
divided  into  a  number  of  small  farms,  most  of  which 
were  occupied  by  his  former  slaves.  Old  "Aunt  Mat'/' 
and  her  husband,  "Uncle  Dick,"  both  superannuated,  re- 
mained with  him  as  long  as  they  lived.  There  was  the 
same  simplicity  as  before  in  everything,  and  the  same 
freedom  from  constraint  which  induced  him  to  give  his 
home  the  name  it  bears:  Libertv  Hall.^ 


Better  still  is  the  picture  furnished  by  another  biogra- 
pher, who  writes  thus:-  Half-hid  by  the  magnificent 
grove  of  oaks  in  which  it  stands,  on  an  elevated  hill,  is  the 
unpretentious  mansion.  There  are  eight  rooms  in  the 
main  building;  and  two  more,  with  a  wide  veranda,  have 
oeen  built  to  the  rear.  Prom  the  front  |)orch,  a  door  opens 
into  the  hall  or  passage,  its  floor  spread  with  oil  cloth 
in  mosaic,  and  without  furniture,  except  for  an  iron  hat- 
rack  and  a  gigantic  barometer.  On  the  right  of  the  hall 
is  the  parlor,  its  carpet  of  green,  neat  and  cheerful,  with 
arabesques  in  colors.  The  windows  are  without  curtains, 
but  have  green  shades  frosted  with  gold.  On  the  mantel 
is  an  engraving  of  the  United  States  Senate,  during  the 
great  speech  of  Daniel  Webster,  in  1830;  there  is  also 


^  R.   M.  Jolinston  and  W.   H.   Browne,   in  Life  of  Alexander  H.   Stephens. 
*  Henry  Cleveland,  in  Life  of  Alexander    H.    Stephens. 


Liberty  Hall  151 

a  small  bust  of  Senator  Berrien ;  and  a  fine  cast  by 
Sannders,  intended  as  a  model  for  a  statue  of  General 
Oglethorpe.  Lastly,  a  cigar  case,  the  much  prized  gift 
of  a  lady  friend. 

On  the  right  and  left  of  the  fireplace  are  fine  old  family 
portraits.  On  the  wall  hang  two  medallions,  one  of  Mrs. 
Steele,  of  the  Revolution,  offering  a  purse  to  General 
Greene;  and  one  of  Oglethorpe,  w'ith  curly  wig,  looking 
like  Milton,  but  the  neck  fractured.  Besides  there  are  a 
lithograph  of  Mr.  Stephens  himself  and  an  excellent  like- 
ness of  his  life-long  friend,  the  superb  Robert  Toombs. 
Upon  a  small  table  is  the  large  family  Bible,  which  con- 
tains the  usual  entries,  not  only  of  members  of  the  im- 
mediate household,  but  also  of  plantation  servants;  and, 
resting  upon  a  pillar  of  green  and  white  marble,  is  a  bust 
of  the  great  statesrnan  himself,  among  the  very  first 
executed  by  the  young  artist,  J.  Q.  A.  WarcL  With  the 
sofa,  easy  chairs,  and  other  ordinary  drawing-room  fur- 
niture, these  were  all  which  met  the  eye  upon  entering 
the  neatly  papered  room. 

Opposite  the  parlor  is  the  dining-room.  It  contains 
an  extension  table,  an  ancient  sideboard,  a  silent  clock 
on  the  mantel-piece,  before  whose  modest  face  no  hands 
are  held,  and  a  frozen  traveler  watched  by  St.  Bernard 
dogs,  displayed  upon  the  fire  screen.  Next  a  pantry. 
Then  a  bed-room,  carefully  reserved  for  an  occasional  vis- 
itor. There  is  another  bedroom  next  to  the  parlor.  The 
upper  rooms,  four  in  number,  are  neatly  furnished  and 
kept  for  the  guests,  male  and  female,  who  often  come  and 
are  always  made  to  feel  at  home.  In  the  back  passage 
there  is  always  a  cedar  pail  of  pure  cold  water;  and, 
connecting  the  two  rooms  built  to  the  rear,  with  the  main 
building,  runs  a  wide  veranda,  w^ith  massive  square  pil- 
lars. The  first  of  the  rear  rooms  is  the  library,  fifteen  by 
twenty  feet.  Many  rare  books  belong  here,  but  numbers 
of  them  are  in  the  hands  of  borrowers.  Numerous  trunks 
contain  the  accumulated  letters  of  a  lifetime ;  and  a  bronze 
bust  of  Daniel  Webster  looks  gloomily  down  from  a  shelf 
over  the  inner  door. 


152       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Next  is  the  sanctum  sanctorum.  If  the  visitor  come 
in  winter,  a  light  tap  is  given  at  the  door,  and  a  quick  but 
pleasant  voice  bids  him  enter.  All  is  open  in  sum- 
mer. There  is  a  neat  carpet  of  flowered  green,  and  a 
low  French  bedstead  draped  in  white.  The  walls,  too, 
are  white.  There  is  a  bureau  and  a  mirror,  besides  a  cot- 
bed  for  the  waiting-boy,  Tim.  Over  the  mantel  is  Brady's 
imperial  photograph  [of  Mr.  Stephens],  taken  in  1855.  It 
is  flanked  on  the  right  by  "Faith  at  the  Cross,"  a  picture 
given  to  him  while  at  Fort  Warren  by  a  much  valued 
lady  friend;  on  the  left  by  an  embroidered  watch-stand 
and  a  pair  of  lamps.  Then  a  bookcase,  with  broken 
glass,  and  bundles  of  paper  in  great  seeming  disorder. 
But  the  owner  can  readily  find  what  he  wishes,  and 'be- 
fore the  confusion  incident  to  the  late  war,  no  statesman 
kept  such  perfect  order  among  so  many  various  papers. 
There  is  a  little  round-top  writing  table,  with  eyelet 
I)ress.  Papers  and  scraps  are  on  it,  but  still  more  are  in 
the  little  table  drawer,  and  the  mind  of  the  owner  is 
an  index  to  them  all,  if  they  are  not  disturbed;  and  any 
disturbance  greatly  annoys  him.  At  the  court-house  is 
his  old  office,  and  another  library,  to  which,  however,  he 
seldom  goes. 

On  the  worsted  hearth-rug  of  this  room,  in  winter, 
and  on  the  grass  in  the  yard,  in  summer,  lounges  a  huge 
brown  mastiff  named  Troup.  Near  this  large  specimen 
of  the  canine  species  is  usually  to'  be  seen  a  little  black 
terrier,  with  a  chronic  growl ;  he  is  called  Frank.  Some- 
times a  restless  yellow  pup  intrudes,  but  he  is  generally 
sent  away  with  the  proper  rebuke  from  his  grave  seniors. 
He  bears  the  appropriate  name  of  Sir  Bingo  Binks,  one 
of  the  characters  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  [St.  Konan's 
Well].  Rio,  the  famous  poodle  dog,  for  years  the  favor- 
ite pet  and  companion  of  the  great  statesman,  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  has  had,  since  1863,  a  dreamless  sleep 
in  the  garden.  The  red  clny  mound,  which  marks  the 
spot  of  his  burial,  still  awaits  the  tablet  for  which  an 
appropriate  epitaph  was  once  written: 


Liberty  Hall 


153 


Here    rest   the   remains 

Of  what  in  life  was  a  satire  on  the  human   race 

And  an  honor  to  his   own— - 

A  faithful  dog. 


On  the  left  of  the  fireplace  of  the  room,  in  winter,  and 
on  the  veranda  in  summer,  is  generally  seen  the  owner 
of  the  premises :  a  man  know^n  from  the  St,  Lawrence 
to  the  Rio  Grande.  The  face  is  so  kind  it  is  almost 
handsome;  and  many  years  of  high  thought  and  patient 
suffering  have  givA  it  the  peculiar  look  of  the  maturely 
good  wliich  is  almost  beautful.  He  now  weighs  ninety- 
two  pounds,  but  weighed  only  eighty-four  when  he  began 
to  practice  law. 


CHAPTER  XIII 


The  Last  Order  of  the  Confederate  Government 


ON"  May  5,  1865 — the  same  day  on  which  the  final 
meeting  of  the  Confederate  Cabinet  was  held  in 
the  old  Heard  Honse,  at  Washington,  Ga. — Major 
W.  F.  Alexander,  assistant  to  the  Quartermaster-General, 
issued  the  last  order  of  the  Confederate  government  to 
Major  Raphael  J.  Moses,  by  whom  it  was  promptlj^  exe- 
cuted. Tlie  story  is  best  told  in  the  language  of  Colonel 
Isaac  W.  Avery,  a  recognized  authority  on  the  events  of 
the  war  period.  Says  he:  "We  now  come  to  the  last 
official  writing  ever  issued  by  the  Confederate  adminis- 
tration. The  paper  is  both  intensely  interesting  and 
touchingly  pathetic.  As  historic  a  curiosity  as  the  world 
affords  is  this  last  flicker  of  a  mammoth  revolution.  Such 
thoughts  cluster  around  it  as  would  make  a  grand  epic. 
It  is  a  short  document,  written  on  paper  manufactured  in 
those  days,  a  yellow,  coarse,  porous  material,  itself  a 
significant  symbol  of  Confederate  times.  As  an  ordinarv 
document  of  everyday  life,  it  would  be  valueless.  It 
merely  directs  the  payment  of  $10,000  of  gold  bullion 
and  the  receipt  written  on  the  order  testifies  to  the  hon- 
esty and  promptness  of  the  disbursing  officer  of  a  great 
shattered  government.  But  as  the  last  order  of  the  Con- 
federacy it  possesses  an  interest  and  a  poetry  which  will 
grow  with  time.  By  some  curious  chance  the  receipt 
comes  first.  Then  follows  the  order,  indicating  that  it 
was  one  transaction.    We  give  the  order  first : 


The  Last  Order  op  the  Confederate  Government    155 

"Major  E.  J.  Moses,  C.  S.,  will  pay  $10,000,  the  amount  of  bullion 
appropriated  to  Q.  M.  Dep.  by  See.  of  War,  to  Major  E.  E.  Wood.  By 
order   of  Q.   M.   Gen. 

"W.  F.  ALEXANDEE, 

"Maj.  and  Asst.  to  Q.  M.  Gen." 

The  receipt  is  as  follows : 

"Washington,  May  5th,  '65. 
"Eeceived  from  Major  E.  J.  Moses  three  boxes,  estimated  to  con- 
tain $10,000  in  bullion.  This  has  not  been  weighed  or  counted,  and 
is  to  be  opened  before  two  commissioned  officers  and  a  certificate  of 
contents  made,  which  certificate  is  to  be  forwarded  to  Major  E.  J. 
Moses,  and  by  the  amount   certified  to  the  undersigned  is  to  be  bound. 

"E.  E.  WOOD,  Maj.  and  Q.  M." 


CHAPTER  XIV 


Memorial  Day:  Its  True  History 


TO  the  State  of  Georgia  belongs  the  credit  of  having 
inaugurated  what  has  since  become  the  universal 
custom  of  decorating  annually  the  graves  of.  the 
heroic  dead.  The  initial  ceremonies  which  ushered 
Memorial  Day  into  life  were  held  in  Linnwood  Cemetery, 
at  Columbus,  on  April  26,  1866 ;  and  the  patriotic  South- 
ern woman  in  whose  loyal  heart  the  idea  first  took  definite 
form  was  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford,  afterwards  Mrs.  Ros- 
well  Ellis,  the  wife  of  a  gallant  ex-Confederate  officer. 
The  date  in  question  was  selected  for  two  reasons — it 
marked  the  anniversary  of  General  Johnston's  surren- 
der, an  event  which  terminated  the  Civil  War;  and  it 
registered  the  maturity  of  the  vernal  season,  when  flowers 
in  this  latitude  are  most  abundant.  Colonel  James  N. 
Ramsey,  an  old  soldier  and  an  eloquent  member  of  the 
local  bar,  was  the  first  Memorial  Day  orator.  The  exer- 
cises began  with  an  impressive  program  in  St.  Luke's 
Methodist  Church,  following  which  the  multitude  re- 
paired to  Linnwood  (Cemetery,  where  the  graves  of  the 
silent  heroes  in  gray  were  lovingly  decorated  with 
blooms. 

Next  to  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford,  the  honors  of  pioneer- 
hood  belong  to  Mrs,  Charles  J.  Williams.  As  secretary 
of  the  Columbus  Memorial  Association  it  fell  to  the  lot 
of  this  sweet-spirited  and  gifted  lady  to  frame  the  first 
letter  which  appeared  in  the  newspapers  of  the  State  on 
this  subject,  urging  the  formation  of  similar  organiza- 
tions.   It  was  not  alone  the  beautiful  thought  itself,  but 


Memorial   Day  157 

the  delicate  and  subtle  power  of  the  writer's  eloquent  ap- 
peal to  sacred  memories  which  fired  the  popular  imagina- 
tion; and  Mrs.  Williams  has  ever  since  shared  with  her 
fair  rival  in  the  homage  which  the  multiplying  years 
have  brought. 

For  a  long  period  of  time  there  waged  in  the  puljlic 
prints  a  controversy  between  enthusiastic  partisans  re- 
specting the  true  parentage  of  the  Memorial  Day  idea; 
but  the  issue  has  at  length  happily  been  settled  by  an 
authoritative  pamphlet.  On  April  26,  1898,  the  return 
of  tlie  day  was  made  an  occasion  for  dedicating  the  "Liz- 
zie Rutherford  Chapter"  of  the  United  Daughters  of  the 
Confederacy,  at  Columbus ;  and  the  orator,  Hon.  Henry 
R.  Goetchius,  was  introduced  to  the  audience  by  Mr. 
Robert  Howard.  '  At  the  same  time,  an  official  paper  from 
the  Ladies'  Memorial  Association  of  Columbus— the 
mother  organization— setting  forth  the  true  history  of 
Memorial  Day,  with  affidavits  thereto  attached,  was  read 
by  Mr.  Frank  U.  Garrard.  Three  survivors  of  the  period 
—Mrs.  Jane  E.  Ware  Martin,  Mrs.  William  G.  Wool- 
folk,  and  Mrs.  Clara  M.  Dexter — -testified  to  the  facts 
therein  recited.  This  document,  which  was  afterwards 
published,  ^vith  a  full  account  of  the  exercises  of  dedi- 
cation, constitutes  the  chief  source  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing information  has  been  derived.  At  the  cemetery 
a  special  salute  was  .fired  over  the  grave  of  Mrs.  Ellis. 
The  last  resting  place  of  the  author  of  Memorial  Day 
was  draped  on  this  occasion  with  the  battle-flag  of  the 
Confederacv  and  covered  with  flowers. 


During  the  last  days  of  the  Civil  War  there  existed 
at  Columbus,  in  common  with  many  other  towns  and 
cities  throughout  the  South,  an  Aid  Society,  the  purpose 
of  which  was  to  serve  the  Confederacy  by  such  means 
as  lay  within  the  power  of  the  gentler  sex.  Garments 
were  made  and  sent  to  the  boys  at  the  front.  The 
"pounded  it;  the  hospitals  were  nursed  and  the  dead  wer^ 


158       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

given  the  rites  of  Christian  burial.  Some  of  the  hardest 
fighting  incident  to  the  last  days  of  tlie  war  took  place 
on  the  slopes  around  C  olumbus.  As  a  consequence,  the 
oilfices  of  the  local  Aid  Society  were  frequently  called 
into  requisition.  Mrs.  Absalom  H.  Chappell  was  the  first 
president.  But  she  was  soon  succeeded  by  Mrs.  Robert 
Carter,  who  remained  at  the  helm  of  affairs  until  the  Aid 
Society  was  merged  into  the  Ladies'  Memorial  Associa- 
tion. When  the  war  closed  the  work  of  the  Aid  Society 
seemed  to  be  at  an  end.  Beyond  the  simple  task  of 
caring  for  the  graves  in  the  various  cemeteries  there 
was  little  left  for  the  women  of  the  South  to  do — no 
other  way  apparently  in  which  they  could  still  serve  a 
Lost  Cause ;  but  the  idea  of  setting  apart  some  particular 
day  of  the  year,  to  be  formally  observed  as  Memorial 
Day,  still  lay  hidden  in  the  realm  of  beautiful  things. 

Briefly  stated,  the  circumstances  leading  to  the  origin 
of  Memorial  Day  are  these :  Some  time  during  the  month 
of  January,  186G,  Mrs.  Jane  Martin  was  visiting  Colum- 
bus. One  afternoon.  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford,  making  her 
a  visit,  asked  Mrs.  Martin  to  accompany  her  to  the  ceme- 
tery, there  to  join  some  other  ladies  in  looking  after  the 
graves  of  the  soldiers  who  had  died  in  the  Columbus 
hospitals.  The  invitation  was  acce]itod.  On  returning 
home,  the  two  ladies  discussed  the  work  in  which  they 
had  been  engaged.  Miss  Rutherford  remarked  that  she 
had  just  been  reading  "The  Initials,"  a  po]nilar  novel 
by  the  Baroness  Taut])hoeus,  and  that  from  this  book  she 
had  derived  an  idea  in  regard  to'  decorating  the  graves 
of  the  dead  which  the  Aid  Society,  with  no  special  work 
to  engage  them  for  the  present,  other  than  caring  for 
the  sacred  shrines,  might  profitably  put  into  effect;  and 
she  stated  that  for  her  own  part  she  would  like  very  much 
to  see  the  Aid  Society  reorganized,  with  this  definite 
object  in  view.  Happening  to  meet  Mrs.  John  A.  Jones 
some  few  moments  later,  the  matter  was  discussed  with 
her;  and  still  later  it  was  mentioned  to  Mrs.  Robert 
Carter,  president  of  the  Aid  Society,  with  the  result  that 


Memorial  Day  159 

■Both  ladies  were  most  favorably  impressed  'witli  the 
suggestion.  As  it  devolved  upon  Miss  Rutherford,  as 
secretary  of  the  Aid  Society,  to  call  a  meeting  for  the 
purpose  of  disposing  of  certain  joersonal  property  which 
belonged  to  the  organization,  it  was  thought  best  to  pre- 
sent the  matter  in  a  formal  way  at  this  time.  Accord- 
ingly, not  long  thereafter,  a  meeting  was  called  for  a 
given  date,  to  be  held  at  Mrs.  John  Tyler's,  on  what  is 
now  the  corner  of  Fourteenth  Street  and  Fourth  Avenue ; 
and  the  ladies  responding  to  the  call  were:  Mrs.  Robert 
Carter,  Mrs.  R.  A.  Ware,  Mrs.  AVilliam  G.  Woolfolk, 
Mrs.  Clara  M.  Dexter,  Mrs.  J.  M.  McAllister  and  Mrs. 
Charles  J.  AVilliams.  On  account  of  a  message  which 
sunnnoned  her  somewhat  unexpectedly  to  the  bedside  of 
a  sick  relative,  in  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Miss  Rutherford 
was  not  present  at  the  meeting;  but  her  resolution  was 
duly  offered  by  one  of  her  friends  and  adopted  without 
a  single  vote  in  opposition.  Thereupon  the  Ladies'  Me- 
morial Association,  of  Columbus,  was  formally  organ- 
ized, with  the  following  set  of  officers:  Mrs.  Robert  Car- 
ter, president;  Mrs.  R.  A.  Ware,  first  vice-president;  Mrs. 
J.  M.  McAllister,  second  vice-president;  Mrs.  M.  A. 
Patton,  treasurer;  and  Mrs.  Charles  J.  Williams,  secre- 
tary. There  was  no  date  set  for  the  formal  observance 
of  Memorial  Day;  but  after  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford  re- 
turned to  Columbus,  when  she,  with  other  members,  were 
working  at  the  cemetery  and  discussing  the  best  day 
for  the  observance,  she  suggested  April  the  26th,  the 
anniversary  of  General  Johnston's  surrender,  and  it  met 
with  subsequent  adoption.  Mrs.  Williams,  as  secretary 
of  the  Ladies'  Memorial  Association,  was  then  requested 
to  draft  a  letter,  addressed  to  the  various  patriotic  socie- 
ties throughout  the  South,  urging  them  to  unite  in  mak- 
ing the  observance  of  Memorial  Day  a  universal  custom. 
This  she  did  in  a  manner  which  was  soon  destined  to 
make  her  name  a  household  word  throughout  the  land; 
and  with  what  effect  she  gave  herself  to  the  task  is  at- 
tested bv  the  fact  that  todav  there  is   scarcelv  to   be 


160       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

found  a  hamlet,  in  the  remotest  corner  of  the  South, 
where  the  day  is  not  fittingly  observed.  Nor  is  it  too 
much  to  claim  that  the  action  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  in  setting  apart  a  day  on  which  to  honor  the 
memory  of  departed  comrades,  is  an  offspring  of  the 
modest  seedlet  which,  on  April  26,  1866,  was  planted 
upon  the  banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  to  furnisli 
a  harvest  of  incense  for  a  continent;  and  thus  even  the 
victorious  North  has  deigned  to  emulate  the  examjDle  of 
the  vanquished  South. 

In  addition  to  the  names  hereinbefore  mentioned,  the 
membership  of  this  pioneer  organization  included  the 
following  ladies  of  Columbus :  Mrs.  George  W.  Woodruff, 
Mrs.  Henry  L.  Benning,  Mrs.  John  A.  Jones,  Mrs.  IT.  R. 
Goetchius,  Mrs.  L.  T.  Downing,  Mrs.  John  A.  Urquhart, 
Miss  Anna  Benning,  Mrs.  John  Tyler,  Miss  Mary  Tyler, 
Miss  Emma  Tyler,  Miss  Anna  Tyler,  Mrs.  L.  E.  Carnes, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Hodges,  Mrs.  Anne  Shepherd,  Miss  Mary 
Elizabeth  Rutherford,  Mrs.  Seaborn  Jones,  Miss  Mary 
Hodges,  Mrs.  David  Hudson,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Patten,  Mrs. 
R.  B.  Murdoch,  Mrs.  Laura  Beecher  Comer,  Mrs.  John 
D.  Carter,  Miss  Harriet  Torrence,  Miss  Matilda  Tor- 
rence,  Mrs.  Brad  Chapman,  Miss  Anna  FoBsyth,  Mrs. 
F.  0.  Ticknor,  and  others. 


The  following  is  the  statement  of  Mrs.  Jane  E.  Ware 
Martin,  as  to  the  origin  of  Memorial  Day : 

Mrs.  Martin  states  that  she  is  the  daughter  of  Mts.  Dr.  Eobert  A. 
Ware,  who  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Soldiers '  Aid  Society 
of  Columbus,  Ga.,  and  later  of  the  Memorial  Association.  That  in  1865- 
1866  she  was  not  a  resident  of  Columbus,  Ga.,  but  a  frequent  visitor  here 
to  her  mother's  family,  and  one  of  her  especial  friends  in  this  city  was 
Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford,  afterwards  Mrs.  Roswell  Ellis;  that  some  time 
in  January,  1866,  to  the  best  of  her  recollection,  she  was  on  a  visit  to 
Columbus;  that  slie  had  been  reared  in  Columbus,  and  had  spent  her 
girlhood  and  young  ladyhood  in  Columbus,  and  was  well  acquainted  with 
the  ladies  of  the  Soldiers '  Aid  Society,  and  especially  with  Miss  Lizzie 
Eutherford,  who  was  among  her  dearest  friends.     That  during  her  visit,  as 


Memorial  Day  161 

aforesaid,  in  January,  1866,  in  Columbus,  in  the  afternoon.  Miss  Euther- 
ford  called  by  her  home  and  requested  her  to  aceomjiany  her  to  the  ceme- 
tery— now  Linnwood  Cemetery — stating  that  she  uas  going  out  for  the 
purpose  of  joining  other  ladies  to  do  some  worK  in  looking  after  the 
graves  of  soldiers  who  had  died  in  tlie  hospital  in  Columbus,  and  had  been 
buried  under  the  direction  of  the  Aid  Society;  that  she  went  with  Miss 
Rutherford,  and  the  afternoon  was  spent  in  company  with  other  ladies 
looking  after  the  graves,  as  aforesaid.  On  returning  from  the  cemetery, 
Miss  Rutherford  and  herself,  while  alone,  passing  what  is  now  Fourth 
Avenue,  between  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth  Streets,  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  were 
in  conversation  about  the  work  which  the  ladies  were  doing  at  the  cemetery 
that  afternoon.  Miss  Rutherford  remarked  to  her  tliat  slie  had  just  been 
reading  a  very  pretty  story,  in  which  the  writer  had  told  of  a  beautiful 
custom  among  the  Germans  of  decorating  the  graves  of  friends  on  a 
special  day  of  the  year,  and  she  added  that  she  thought  it  would  be  a 
good  idea  for  the  ladies  of  the  Aid  Society  to  organize  and  continue  as 
a  society  for  the  purpose  of  adopting  a  custom  of  this  kind  and  to  set 
apart  some  particular  day  for  caring  for  and  decorating  the  graves  of  all 
the  soldiers  buried  at  the  cemetery.  ]\Irs.  Martin  says  that  she  replied  to 
the  suggestion  by  saying  that  she  thought  it  an  excellent  idea.  At  this 
point,  they  had  reached  the  corner  of  Fourth  Avenue  (formerly  Forsyth 
Street)  and  Fourteenth  Street  (formerly  Franklin  Street)  and  met,  coming 
up  Fourteenth  Street,  Mrs.  John  A.  Jones,  the  widow  of  Colonel  John  A. 
Jone.s,  Mho  fell  at  Gettysburg,  and  she — Mrs.  Martin — stated  to  Miss 
Rutherford  that  there  was  ]\Irs.  Jones,  and  as  Wts.  Jones  was  a  member 
of  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society,  suggested  that  she  talk  with  her  upon  the 
subject.  She  did  so,  in  Mrs.  Martin  's  prersence.  Airs.  Jones'  replied  that 
she  thought  the  idea  an  excellent  one,  and  Miss  Rutherford  stated  that 
as  she  had  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  as  secretary,  for  the  purpose  of 
disposing  of  certain  personal  pro])prty  belonging  thereto,  that  she  thought 
that  would  be  a  proper  time  to  l)ring  the  matter  up.  Mrs'.  Jones  concurred 
with  her,  and  suggested  that  she  talk  with  Mrs.  Robert  Carter,  who  was 
president  of  the  Aid  Society.  Mrs.  Martin  states  that  she  afterwards 
learned  that  the  German  story  referred  to  by  Miss  Rutherford  was  "The 
Initials."  and  she  states  further  that  as  a  result  of  this  suggestion  of 
Miss  Rutherford  the  ladies  of  the  Aid  Society  did  subsequently  meet  at  the 
residen.ce  of  Mrs.  John  Tyler,  which  at  that  time  was  on  the  corner  of 
Fourth  Avenue  and  Fourteenth  Street,  and  located  exactly  where  this 
accidental  conversation  took  place  between  Miss  Rutherford  and  Mrs. 
Jones ;  that  her  mother,  Mrs.  Robert  A.  Ware,  was  present  at  the  meeting 
aforesaid,  and  that  &ut  of  it  grew  the  establishment  of  Memorial  Day  for 
the  South. 

Mrs.  Martin  states  that  she  moved  to  Columbus  from  her  home  near 
Greenville,  Ga.,  in  the  year  18G6,  and  has  resided  in  Columbus  since  that 
time,  and  has  been  secretary  of  the  Memorial  Association  of  Columbus 
since   the  year  1874.     That  she  was   repeatedly  told   by  her  mother,   prior 


162        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  her  death  in  ]iS94,  that  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherionl  originated  the  idea  of 
Memorial  Day,  and  that  she  knows  of  her  own  knowledge  that  this  ha.3 
been  accepted  as  a  fact  by  the  ladies  of  the  Memorial  Association  since 
the  organization  of  the  Association. 

(Signed)      :\rRS.  JANE  E.  WARE  MARTIN. 
Attested   l)y  L.    H.   Chapiell,   Notary 
Public  and   Mayor  of   Columbus,   March 
23,  1898. 


Mrs.  William  Gr.  Woolfolk  testified  as  follows  con- 
cerning her  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  Memorial  Day : 

Columbus,  Ga.,  March  18,  18':>S. 

I  was  a  member  of  the  Soldiers'  Aid  Society,  which  was  organized  by 
certain  of  the  ladies  of  Columbus  during  the  Civil  War  for  the  purpose  of 
aiding  the  soldiers.  After  the  war  there  was  a-  sentiment  among  the 
members  of  this  society  to  continue  the  organization  as  a  Memorial  As- 
sociation, to  commemorate  the  brave  deeds  of  the  Confederate  sokliers. 
In  the  spring  of  18G6,  a  call  was  published  for  the  ladies  to'  meet  at  rhe 
home  of  Mrs.  John  Tyler,  now  the  corner  of  Fourth  Avenue  and  Four- 
teenth Street,  formerly  Forsyth  and  Franklin  Streets.  In  re.^pimse  to  this 
call  there  were  present :  Mrs.  Robert  Carter,  Mrs.  R.  A.  Ware,  Mrs.  vVilliam 
C.  Woolfolk,  Mrs.  J.  M.  McAllister,  Mrs.  Charles  J.  Williams,  Mrs.  Claia 
M.  Dexter  and  MVs.  M.  A.  Patten. 

This  meeting  organized  the  Ladies '  Memorial  Association,  of  Columbus, 
Ga.,  and  elected  as  President,  Mrs.  Robert  A.  Carter;  first  Vice-President, 
Mrs.  Robert  A.  Ware;  Second  Vice-President,  Mrs.  J.  M.  McAllister; 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Patten,  and  Secretary,  M'rs.  Charles  J.  Williams. 
All  the  ladies  who  had  been  members  of  the  Ladies '  Aid  Society  and  other 
ladies  of  Columbus  at  once  became  members. 

The  object  of  this  Association  was  to  set  apart  some  one  day  in  each  year 
for  specially  caring  for  the  soldiers'  graves  and  decorating  them  with  flow- 
ers. Many  of  the  soldiers  buried  at  the  cemetery,  now  Linnwood,  had  died  in 
the  hospital  in  Columbus,  which  was  under  the  care  of  the  Ladies '  Aid 
Society,  and  the  ladies  had  already  been  giving  attention  to  the  graves. 
Members  of  this  Aid  Society,  of  which  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford  was  an 
active  member,  had  been  devoting  much  time  thereto,  and  in  the  spring 
of  1866,  when  this  sentiment  had  becon;e  so  general  of  making  permanent 
the  idea  of  a  memorial,  the  above  meeting  was  held,  but  no  day  for 
Memorial  Day  w-as  then  fixed.  Some  two  days  after  the  meeting,  several  of 
the  ladles,  while  at  work  at  the  cemetery  caring  for  the  graves,  discussed 
the  subject  of  a  day.  I  was  among  the  mmiber,  and  Miss  Lizzie  Ruther- 
ford suggested  April  26th  of  each  year  as  a  suitable  time,  and  it  was 
so   decided.     Mrs.  Charles  J.   Williams,  as  secretary  of  the  first   Memorial 


Memorial  Day  163 

Association,  had  been  requested  to  address  a  letter  to  the  ladies  of  other 
Southern  towns  and  cities,  requesting  them  to  unite  with  the  ladios  of 
Columbus,  and  after  the  day  had  been  thus  determined  upon,  Mrs.  Williams 
wrote  the  letter. 

The  Association  elected  Colonel  James  M.  Eamsey  as  its  first  orator,  and 
the  26th  of  April,  1866,  was  duly  celebrated,  the  exercises  taking  place  in 
St.  Luke's  Methodist  Church.  I  cannot  say  who  originated  the  idea  of 
Memorial  Day.  At  the  time  the  meeting  Avas  held  at  the  residence  of  Mrs. 
Tyler  there  was  a  general  sentiment  upon  the  subject  among  the  ladies  of 
the  Ladies'  Aid  Society.  It  has  always  been  understood  by  members  of 
the  Memorial  Association  that  Miss  Lizzie  Eutherford  suggested  the  idea. 
Of  this  I  am  not  able  to  speak  of  .my  own  knowledge. 

(Signed)     MRS.  WILLIAM  G.  WOOLFOLK. 

Attested  by  F.  M.  Land,  Notary  Pub- 
lic, Muscogee  County,  March  23,  1898. 


The  following-  is  the  statement  of  Mrs.  Clara  M.  Dex- 
ter as  to  the  origin  of  Memorial  Day: 

Mrs.  Dexter  states  that  she  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Soldiers'  Aid  Society,  which  was  organized  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  in  1861; 
that  soldiers  who  were  cared  for  by  this  society  and  who  died  while  under 
its  care,  were  buried  in  Linnwood  Cemetery,  and  one  lot  is  known  as  the 
upper  lot,  commonly  called  the  "Columbus  Guards'  Lot,"'  and  the  other, 
the  lower  lot,  commonly  called  the  ' '  City  Light  Guards '  Lot. ' '  She  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  having  in  charge  this  lower  lot.  The  ladies' 
of  the  society,  after  the  war  closed,  continued  to  take  care  of  and  to  look 
after  the  graves  of  these  soldiers.  Miss  Lizzie  Rutherford  was  one  of  the 
members  of  this  society,  and,  in  common  with  other  ladies,  was  active  in 
the  work.  Mrs.  Dexter  says  that  she  has  read  the  statement  of  Mrs. 
William  G.  Woolfolk,  dated  March  18,  1898,  giving  an  account  of  her 
remembrance  of  the  origin  of "  Memorial  Day  and  that  this  statement  of 
Mrs.  Woolfolk  is  substantially  correct ;  that  she — Mrs.  Dexter — was  pres- 
ent at  the  meeting  at  the  residence  of  Mrs.  «Tohn  Tyler,  and  the  ac';ount 
of  how  Memorial  Day  originated,  as  given  by  Mrs.  Woolfolk,  is  correct ; 
that  the  president  of  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society,  when  organized  in  1861,  was 
Mrs.  A.  H.  Chappell,  who  resigned  shortly  thereafter,  and  Mrs.  Robert 
Carter  wa.s  elected  in  her  place.  Mrs.  Robert  Carter  continued  as  president 
until  the  Aid  Society  was  merged  into  the  Memorial  Association,  and  re- 
mained so  until  her  death,  in  January,  1896.  Mrs.  Louis  F.  Garrard  was 
elected  her  successor,  and  is  now  the  president  of  said  Association.  In 
addition  to  the  facts  as  set  forth  in  the  statement  of  Mrs.  Woolfolk;  Mrs- 
Dexter  says  that  she  is  satisfied  in  her  own  mind  tiiat  the  idea  of  Memorial 
Day  was  suggested  by  Miss  Lizzie  Eutlierfonl  and  that  the  letter  author- 


164       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ized  to  be  sent  out  by  tlie  Memorial  Assoeiatioii  through  Mrs.  Charles  J. 
Williams,  corresponding  secretary,  was  composed  by  Mrs.  Williams,  and 
that  both  ladies  were  very  active  in  the  work  of  the  Memorial  Association 
as  long  as  they  were  in  life,  and  in  recognition  of  their  services  the 
Memorial  Association  of  Columbus,  in  1892,  placed  headstones  at  their 
graves  similar  to  tliose  placed  by  the  Association  at  the  graves  of  the 
soldiers,  and  on  these  lieadstones  the  Association  ascribed  to  Miss  Ruther- 
ford the  honor  of  originating  the  idea  of  Memorial  Day,  and  to  Mrs. 
Williams  the  honor  of  having  been  a  faithful  co-worker  with  the  ladies  of 
the  Memorial  Association  of  Columbus  in  perpetuating  the  custom.  Mrs. 
Dexter  states  that  she  and  Mrs'.  W^oolfolk  are  the  only  survivors  of  the 
ladies  who  met  at  the  residence  of  Mrs.  John  Tyler,  in  the  spring  of  1866, 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the  IMemorial  Association  and  establishing 
Memorial  Day. 

(Signed)     MRS.  CLARA  M.  DEXTER, 
Attested  by  James  G.  Moon,  Notary 
Public    and    ex-otficio    J.    P..    Muscogee 
County,  Ga.,  March  25,  1898. 


Below  will  be  found  an  exact  copy  of  the  original 
letter  drafted  by  Mrs.  Charles  J.  Williams,  as  secretary 
of  the  Columbus  Memorial  Association,  and  sent  by  her 
to  the  various  representative  newspapers  throughout  the 
South,  urging  co-operation  in  an  effort  to  make  the 
yearly  observance  of  Memorial  Day  a  universal  custom. 
It  first  appeared  in  the  columns  of  the  Columbus  Times: 

Columbus,  Ga.,  March  12th,  1866. 
Messrs.  Editors:  The  ladies  are  now  and  have  been  for  several  days 
engaged  in  the  sad  but  pleasant  duty  of  ornamenting  and  improving  that 
portion  of  the  city  cemetery  sacred  to  the  memory  of  our  gallant  Confeder- 
ate dead,  but  we  feel  it  is  an  unfinished  work  unless  a  day  be  set  apart 
annually  for  its  especial  attention.  We  cannot  raise  monumental  shafts 
and  inscribe  thereon  their  many  deeds  of  heroism,  but  we  can  keep  alive 
the  memory  of  the  debt  we  owe  them  by  dedicating,  at  least  one  day  in 
each  year,  to  embellishing  their  humble  graves  with  flowers.  Therefore,  we 
beg  tlie  assistance  of  the  press  and  the  ladies  throughout  the  South  to  aid 
us  in  the  effort  to  set  apart  a  certain  day  to  be  observed,  from  the  Potomac 
to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  be  handed  down  through  time  as  a  religious  custom 
of  the  South,  to  wreathe  the  graves  of  our  martyred  dead  with  flowers;  and 
we  propose  the  26th  day  of  April  as  the  day.  Let  every  city,  town  and 
village  join  in  the  pleasant  duty.  Let  all  alike  be  remembered,  from 
the  heroes  of  Manassas  to  those  who  expired  amid  the  death  throes  of  our 


Memorial  Day  165 

halloT\ed  cause.  We'll  crown  alike  the  honored  resting  places  of  the  im- 
mortal Jackson  in  Virginia,  Johnson  at  Shiloh,  Cleburne  in  Tennessee  and 
the  host  of  gallant  privates  who  adorned  our  ranks.  All  did  their  duty, 
and  to  all  we  owe  our  gratitude.  Let  the  soldiers'  graves  for  that  day  at 
least,  be  the  Southern  Mecca,  to  whose  shrine  her  sorrowing  women,  like 
pilgrims,  may  annually  bring  their  grateful  hearts  and  floral  offerings'. 
And  when  we  remember  the  thousands  who  were  buried  "with  their  mar- 
tial cloaks  around  them,"  without  Christian  ceremony  of  interment,  we 
would  invoke  the  aid  of  the  most  thrilling  eloquence  throughout  the  land  to 
inaugurate  this  custom  by  delivering,  on  the  appointed  day  this  year,  a 
eulogy  on  the  unburied  dead  of  our  glorious  Southern  army.  They  died 
for  their  country.  Whether  their  country  had  or  had  not  the  right  to 
demand  the  sacrifice  is  no  longer  a  question  of  discussion.  We  leave  that 
for  nations  to  decide  in  future.  That  it  was  demanded,  that  they  fought 
nobly,  and  fell  holy  sacrifices  upon  their  country  's  altar,  and  are  entitled  to 
their  country 's  gratitude,  none  w-ill  deny. 

The  proud  banner  under  which  they  rallied  in  defense  of  the  holiest 
and  noblest  cause  for  which  heroes  fought,  or  trusting  women  prayed,  has 
been  furled  forever.  The  country  for  which  they  suffered  and  died  has 
now  no  name  or  place  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Legislative  enact- 
ment may  not  be  made  to  do  honor  to  their  memories,  but  the  veriest  radical 
that  ever  traced  his  genealogy  back  to  the  deck  of  the  Mayflower,  could  not 
refuse  us  the  simple  privilege  of  paying  honor  to  those  who  died  defending 
the  life,  honor  and  happiness  of  the  Southern  women. 


It  is  not  strange  that  the  observance  of  Memorial 
Day  should  have  originated  in  this  section.  The  South 
is  proverbially  the  land  of  flowers.  During  the  late 
Civil  War,  it  was  also  the  area  of  invasion.  The  burning 
plow-shares  of  battle  prepared  the  soil  for  an  imperial 
harvest  of  heroic  legends.  Besides,  the  history  of  the 
world  teems  with  testimony  to  the  fact  that  the  most 
enduring  chaplets  have  ever  been  woven  for  the  van- 
quished. It  is  only  necessary  to  cite  Thermopylae  and 
Troy  to  prove  that  literature,  whether  it  takes  the  form 
of  jH'ose  or  of  verse,  is  partial  to  a  Lost  Cause.  Per- 
haps another  reason  for  the  Southern  origin  of  Memorial 
Day  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  heroism  of  the 
Southern  soldier  was  inspired  not  alone  by  his  resolute 
fidelity  to  principle,  but  by  his  paramount  allegiance  to 


166        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  gentler  sex.  He  was  instinctively  a  Cavalier.  It  was 
the  work  of  some  fair  woman  to  buckle  on  his  belt;  and 
whether  she  printed  upon  his  brow  a  mother's  or  a  sweet- 
heart's kiss,  he  jauntily  sallied  forth  to  the  wars,  like  an 
armored  knight.  He  went  to  the  front,  bearing  her  colors 
— to  revive  the  old  romantic  days  of  chivalry  and  to  write 
with  his  trusty  sword  or  his  brave  musket,  on  maity  an 
ensanguined  field,  the  bloody  sequel  of  the  tournament. 
If  heroism  alone  could  have  prevailed,  he  would  not  have 
lost  an  unequal  fight ;  and,  around  the  fireside  of  an  after- 
time,  he  would  have  told  in  another  key  the  story  of  A])- 
pomattox.  But  an  all-wise  God  held  the  scales  of  battle 
in  His  omnipotent  hand;  and  while  the  North  was  elated 
with  her  laurels,  the  South  was  left  to  her  memories.  It 
was  in  this  sorrowful  extremity  that  the  Daughter  of 
Dixie  began  to  think  of  the  humble  graves  on  the  hill- 
side. She  could  rear  no  costly  monument  over  her  cham- 
pion, but  she  could  make  the  earth  al)ove  him  fragrant 
with  her  unbought  forget-me-nots.  In  the  first  gray 
mists  of  the  early  morning,  these  gentle  Marys  of  our 
Southland — shedding  tears  and  bearing  incense — sought 
the  sepulchres  in  which  lay  buried  the  Templar  Knights 
of  the  Southern  Cross.  It  was  love's  sweet  "In  Memo- 
riam" — an  elegy  of  the  most  exquisite  perfume  written 
in  the  unlettered  language  of  flowers. 


CHAPTER  XV 


Thomas  Holley  Chivers:  An  Erratic  Genius 


ONE  of  America's  most  gifted  poets,  an  erratic 
genius  from  whom  the  renowned  author  of  "The 
Kaven"  is  said  to  have  borrowed  the  strange 
metrical  lilt  of  his  immortal  masterpiece,  was  a  Georgian, 
the  closing  years  of  whose  life  were  spent  in  the  town 
of  Decatur,  Thomas  Holley  Chivers.  Older  than  Poe,  he 
was  an  earlier  contributor  of  verse  to  the  periodicals  of 
the  day,  and  there  is  no  lack  of  solid  basis  for  the  infer- 
ence that  the  latter  was  unconsciously  influenced  by  him 
to  a  marked  extent.  Both  were  men  of  peculiar  mental 
temperaments,  whose  writings  are  tinctured  throughout 
by  an  habitual  melancholy;  both  wrote  in  doleful  meas- 
ures and  dealt  with  weird  and  fantastic  subjects,  the  spec- 
tral character  of  which  haunts  the  imagination ;  both 
sang  mystical  songs,  whose  meaning  it  is  difficult  to  inter- 
pret; both  reveled  apparently  in  weaving  shrouds  and 
shadows  for  the  dead.  There  can  be  no  difference  of 
opinion  concerning  the  marvelous  similarity  in  mechan- 
ical structure  between  the  rythm  of  Poe's  "Raven" 
and  the  lines  of  some  of  the  best  known  poems  of  Chivers, 
for  example:  "Lily  Adair"  and  "To  AUegra  Florence 
in  Heaven."    The  coincidence  is  startling. 

But  most  of  the  critics  scout  the  idea  of  Poe's  indebt- 
edness to  Dr.  C^hivers.  Says  one  of  these:*  "Of  course, 
Poe  read  the  poems  of  Chivers,  and  they  probably  influ- 
enced him  as  much  as  any  other  poems  in  the  world's 


♦John    Townsend    Wilson,    in    The    Libi-ary    of    Southern    Literature,    Vol. 
II,    p.    84S. 


168        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

literature;  but  beyond  the  fact  that  they  both  reveled  in 
extravagant,  weird,  mystical  language,  one  cannot  go." 
He  is  inclined  to  think  that  by  reason  of  long  correspon- 
dence between  the  two  men  it  was  Poe  who  influenced 
C  hivers ;  he  deplores  the  controversy  started  by  the  doc- 
tor, stating  that  he  made  his  great  mistake  in  suppos- 
ing plagiarism  and  parallelism  to  be  identical,  and  that 
it  will  ever  be  a  source  of  regret  that  he  refused  to  let 
his  poetry  stand  on  its  own  merits.  But  this  same  critic 
adds:  "After  all  is  said,  Chivers,  with  his  nine  hundred 
pages  of  poetry  and  his  unsubstantiated  claims,  remains 
among  the  most  picturesque,  the  most  pathetic,  and  the 
most  elusive  figures  in  the  whole  range  of  Southern 
letters." 


Dr.  Chivers  was  reared  a  Baptist.  He  became,  how- 
ever, a  Swedenborgian  and  a  Transcendental ist.  He 
lacked  friends  at  the  North,  because  he  was  the  son  of 
a  slave-holder.  He  lacked  friends  at  the  South,  because 
he  was  in  sympathy  with  Boston  vagaries.  He  was,  more- 
over, a  devotee  .of  Shelley,  whose  religious  views  were 
not  popular;  and  altogether  he  had  fallen  upon  unpro- 
pitious  times.  Some  have  harshly  declared  that  he  was 
solely  dependent  upon  his  fictitious  claims  for  what  little 
notoriety  he  gained,  and  that  only  by  attaching  himself 
to  Poe  has  he  rescued  himself  from  oblivion.  But  there  is 
neither  truth  nor  justice  in  this  unkind  slur.  Says  Major 
Hubner:*  "His  versatility  of  talent  was  remarkable; 
even  as  an  inventor  he  achieved  success,  receiving  a  prize 
at  a  State  fair  held  in  Savannah  for  his  invention  of  a 
machine  adapted  to  the  unwinding  of  the  fiber  of  silk  co- 
coons; and  he  was  also  noted  for  his  skill  as  a  portrait 
painter.  His  decease  was  widely  noted  in  the  press  of 
the  United  States  and  was  mentioned  by  several  Euro- 
pean journals.  Besides,  a  distinguished  Danish  author. 
Professor  Gierlow,  wrote  and  published  a  beautiful  poem 


*Chas.   W.   Hubner,   in  Representative   Soutliern   Poets,    p.   1' 


Thomas  Holley  Chivers  169 

as  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Chivers.  In  a  neglected 
and  obscure  spot,  in  the  little  cemetery  at  Decatur,  in 
an  unnoticed  grave,  the  poet's  remains  lie  buried.  Well 
may  we  ask.  What  is  fame?" 

With  respect  to  the  personal  characteristics  of  this 
most  extraordinary  man,  he  adds:  "Judged  by  the  por- 
trait of  him,  which  I  have  seen.  Dr.  Chivers  was  a  very 
handsome,  distinguished-looking  gentleman.  His  mouth 
was  full  and  expressive,  while  a  broad  forehead,  large 
and  lustrous  eyes  and  long  dark  hair  marked  him  dis- 
tinctly as  a  person  of  culture  and  of  intellectual  promi- 
nence. Those  who  knew  him  personally  bear  witness 
to  his  courtly  manners,  and  the  charm  of  his  conversa- 
tional powers.  William  Gilmore  Simms  took  great  inter- 
est in  Chivers,  playfully  calling  him  the  'wild  Mazeppa 
of  letters,'  teasing  him  about  his  choice  of  strange 
words,  and  rallying  him  on  the  'monotony  of  his  sor- 
row,' to  which  friendly  censure  Chivers  is  said  to  have 
replied,  with  equal  good  humor,  advising  Simms  to  stop 
writing  stupid  novels  and  to  take  up  literature  as  a  pleas- 
ure." If  not  the  forerunner  of  Poe,  Chivers  was  un- 
doubtedly a  man  of  singiilar  gifts,  bearing  no  fanciful 
or  slight  resemblance  to  the  unhappy  bard,  like  whom 
also  he  was  an  ill-starred  child  of  genius. 


CHAPTER  XVI 


Georgia's  First  Governor :  His  Mysterious  Death 


GEOKGIA'S  first  Governor  under  the  Constitution 
was  John  Adam  Treutlen.  When  the  Revolution 
began  he  was  an  official  member  of  the  famous 
Salzburger  Church  at  Ebenezer  and,  though  the 
congregation  was  somewhat  divided  on  the  issues  of 
the  period,  he  zealously  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Colonies.  Little  is  recorded  of  the  sturdy  patriot, 
but  his  election  to  the  office  of  Governor,  on  the  formal 
assumption  of  statehood  by  Georgia,  implies  his  promi- 
nence in  political  affairs.  During  his  term  of  office  an 
effort  was  made  by  South  Carolina  to  absorb  the  State 
of  Georgia,  and  William  H.  Drayton  came  to  Savannah 
as  the  bearer  of  the  proposed  overture  for  consolidation. 
It  meant  the  practical  elimination  of  Georgia  from  the 
map  and  the  expansion  of  South  Carolina  to  the  waters 
of  the  Mississippi,  Strange  to  say,  not  a  few  shrewd 
Georgia  financiers  had  been  won  over  to  the  contem])lated 
merger,  and  it  required  great  firmness  to  deal  with  an 
emergency  thus  created.  On  July  14,  1777,  the  Execu- 
tive Council  requested  the  Governor  to  offer  a  reward 
for  the  apprehension  of  Mr.  Drayton.  He  did  so  in  a 
proclamation,  which  was  most  vigorously  written  and 
widely  distributed.  The  sum  of  one  hundred  pounds 
was  Dut  upon  the  head  of  the  offender,  but  he  wisely  kept 
on  the  South  Carolina  side  of  the  river,  and  thus  escaped 
Hie  clutches  of  an  indignant  (Commonwealth. 

But  strange  are  the  ca])rices  of  fortune.     Though  the 
first  of  Georgia's  citizens  to  be  honored  with  the  high 


(jeorgia's  First  Governor  l7i 

office  of  chief  magistrate,  Governor  Treutlen  completely 
disappears  from  view,  after  relinquishing  the  adminis- 
trative reins,  and,  beyond  any  other  Georgian  who  has 
served  the  State  in  exalted  positions  of  usefulness,  his 
life  is  shrouded  in  an  atmosphere  of  mystery,  which  time 
has  not  yet  dissolved.  There  is  a  tradition  to  the  effect 
that  on  a  visit  to  relatives  in  Oraneburg  District,  S.  C, 
he  was  tracked  by  the  Tories,  who  murdered  him  in  the 
most  brutal  manner.  It  is  said  that  he  was  hacked  to 
pieces  with  swords  in  the  presence  of  his  family,  after 
first  being  tied  to  a  tree,  and  that  what  was  left  of  his 
body,  was  then  buried.  But  whether  the  rites  of  inter- 
ment were  performed  by  friends  or  by  foes,  his  grave  has 
never  been  discovered,  and  his  memory  likewise  has  be- 
come entangled  with  the  weeds  and  briars  of  neglect. 
There  is  no  one  today  in  Georgia  who  bears  his  name — 
no  town,  village,  county  or  precinct  which  perpetuates 
his  services — and  no  memorial  of  any  kind  to  tell  pos- 
terity of  Georgia's  first  Governor,  who  passed  from 
earth  doubly  the  victim  of  one  of  the  most  pathetic  of 
tragedies. 


CHAPTER  XVII 


Two  Pioneer  Baptists :  The  Story  of  the  Mercers 


T 


HERE  is  a  well-authenticated  tradition  to  the  effect 
that  Jesse  Mercer  was  immersed  in  a  barrel  of 
water,  while  his  father  was  still  a  member  of  the 
Church  of  England.  It  is  said  that  the  elder  Mercer 
began  to  question  the  validity  of  sprinkling  as  the  scrip- 
tural mode  of  baptism  long  before  he  became  a  follower 
of  Daniel  Marshall,  and  that,  with  no  thought  of  enter- 
ing the  ranks  of  a  sect  for  which  he  entertained  a  tradi- 
tional antipathy,  he  insisted  upon  having  his  two  eldest 
children  immersed  according  to  apostolic  precedent. 
Thus  Jesse  Mercer  was  twice  immersed,  first  into  the 
Church  of  England,  and  afterwards — when  he  was  eight- 
een— into  the  Baptist  Church,  of  which  he  became  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  pioneers  and  pillars. 

But  it  was  Silas  Mercer  who  first  planted  the  stand- 
ard of  the  Baptist  faith  on  the  frontier  belt  of  Wilkes. 
Strange  to  say,  he  continued  to  be  a  devout  member  of 
the  Church  of  England  until  he  was  nearly  forty  years 
of  age,  despite  his  peculiar  views  on  the  subject  of  bap- 
tism. The  frost  was  upon  his  brow  when  he  became  a 
member  of  the  famous  old  Kiokee  Church;  but  there 
was  a  suggestion  of  buoyant  youth  in  the  quick  and  eager 
step  with  which  he  entered  the  waters  of  the  creek,  to 
be  immersed  by  Alexander  Scott.  The  traditional  ac- 
counts tell  us  that  as  soon  as  the  ceremony  was  per- 
formed he  leaped  upon  a  log  in  the  middle  of  the  stream 
and  began  to  exhort  the  multitudes  on  the  bank  to  flee 
from  the  wrath  to  come. 


The  Story  of  the  Mercers  173 

There  is  no  reason  why  tliis  story  should  bo  dis- 
credited. It  is  not  in  the  least  at  variance  with  the 
character  for  zeal  and  fervor  which  belonged  to  this  bold 
apostle  of  righteousness;  for  Silas  Mercer  was  trained 
in  the  same  school  of  homiletics  which  produced  Elijah 
and  John  the  Baptist,  and,  through  the  forest  stretches 
of  Wilkes,  his  voice  reverberated  in  accents  of  thunder. 
The  records  of  the  Phillips'  Mill  Church — where  Jesse 
Mercer  was  converted  under  his  father's  powerful 
preaching  of  the  Word — show  that  when  the  former  was 
immersed  for  the  second  time  it  was  by  the  hand 
of  the  elder  Mercer  that  the  solemn  rite  was  adminis- 
tered. 


Silas  Mercer  was  of  Scotch-Irish  lineage — a  typical 
Highlander  in  his  rugged  molds,  both  of  speech  and  of 
character.  He  came  from  North  Carolina  to  Georgia 
some  time  before  the  Revolution,  but  refugeed  with  his 
little  family  to  the  mountains  of  his  home  State  for 
safety  when  the  tide  of  war  threatened  to  invade  the 
foot-hills.  At  the  close  of  hostilities  he  returned  to 
Georgia,  where  the  remainder  of  his  days  were  spent, 
making  the  rounds  of  the  wilderness  on  horseback  and 
preaching  the  Gospel  wherever  he  went.  He  founded  the 
famous  old  church  at  Powelton,  a  landmark  of  Baptist 
history;  Sardis  and  Bethesda  were  also  vines  which  he 
planted,  and,  last  but  not  least,  the  church  at  Phillips' 
Mill,  where  Jesse  Mercer  first  saw  the  new  light,  was  an- 
other stronghold  of  faith  which  he  added  to  the  king- 
dom. Rude  temples  of  worship  in  numberless  places 
sprang  into  existence  at  the  call  of  this  good  man,  bloom- 
ing like  wild  flowers  along  the  woodland  paths;  and,  if 
the  notes  which  he  sounded  were  sometimes  harsh  and 
stern,  it  may  also  be  said  of  him  that  he  testified  for 
the  Master  until  the  whole  reg-ion  of  Wilkes  breathed  of 
the  wayside  balms  of  Galilee. 

He  established  his  home  on  a  plantation  seven  miles 
to  the  south  of  Washington,  where  he  died  in  179G,  at 


174       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  age  of  fifty-one.  The  jjlace  is  today  known  as  the 
Fieklen  plantation,  so  called  after  Dr.  Fielding  Ficklen, 
a  subsequent  owner;  and  here  in  the  Mercer  burial 
ground  may  still  be  seen  the  grave  of  Silas  Mercer — one 
of  the  most  unique  figures  in  the  Baptist  annals  of 
America. 


Converted  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  it  is  said  that  the 
younger  Mercer's  first  attempt  at  public  speaking  was 
witnessed  by  an  audience  of  only  one  person,  at  which 
time  he  preached  to  his  grandmother  on  the  final  judg- 
ment. Though  a  native  of  Halifax  County,  N.  C,  where 
he  was  born  in  1769,  he  spent  the  greater  part  of  his 
boyhood  in  Wilkes,  on  his  father's  plantation,  Jesse 
Mercer  became  the  most  influential  minister  of  his  day 
in  Georgia.  He  was  not  a  scholar  like  Dr.  Henry  Hol- 
comb.  It  is  doubtful  if  he  was  quite  the  equal  of  either 
Silas  Mercer  or  Daniel  Marshall  as  a  hair-lifter  in  the 
pulpit.  But  he  was  nevertheless  a  man  of  peculiar  power. 
The  secret  of  his  success  lay  doubtless  in  his  saintliness 
of  character.  He  was  the  Sir  Galahad  of  his  day  among 
the  Baptists  of  Georgia— a  champion  strong  in  the  strife 
for  righteousness  because  his  heart  was  pure. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  Mr.  Mercer  was  even  an  edu- 
cated man  in  the  present-day  sense  of  this  term.  Per- 
haps it  was  due  largely  to  his  own  lack  of  advantages  in 
early  life  that  he  became  such  an  ardent  friend  of  learn- 
ing in  later  years.  It  was  not  until  after  his  first  mar- 
riage that  he  put  himself  under  the  tutelage  of  Dr. 
Springer,  a  Presbyterian  divine  who  conducted  a  school 
at  Walnut  Hill,  four  miles  from  Washington.  In  the 
great  anxiety  of  Mr.  Mercer  to  increase  his  scanty  store 
of  knowledge,  he  sold  his  little  farm  and  either  rented 
or  built  a  modest  home  on  Pishing  Creek,  to  be  near 
Dr.  Springer;  and  here  he  laid  the  educational  founda- 
tions upon  which  his  future  work  as  a  minister  was 
reared.     Brown  University  conferred  u]:>on  him,  wheii 


The^  Story  op  the  Mercers  175 

at  the  hei^i^lit  of  his  career,  the  degree  of  D.  D. ;  but  he 
was  seldom  recognized  or  addressed  as  Dr.  Mercer. 

Titles  could  add  nothing  to  the  inherent  greatness  of 
one  who,  equally,  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts  and  in  the 
religious  assemblies  of  the  people,  wielded  a  scepter  of 
jjower  and  who,  more  than  any  other  man  of  his  time, 
shaped  the  destinies  of  the  great  denomination  to  which 
he  belonged.  For  nearl}^  forty  years  he  served  a  group 
of  country  churches  organized  by  his  father.  At  one 
time  he  made  a  tour  of  three  thousand  miles  through 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  for  the  purpose  of  strengthen- 
ing weak  outposts.  There  was  scarcely  a  cabin  in  the 
remotest  part  of  the  wilderness  to  which  his  name  was 
not  familiar;  and  he  virtually  founded  the  Georgia  Bap- 
tist Convention,  in  his  zeal  for  co-operative  effort.  But 
it  was  not  until  after  his  second  marriage  that  Mr.  Mer- 
cer acquired  the  large  means  which  enabled  him  to  fur- 
ther the  interests  of  religion  by  liberal  gifts. 


At  the  age  of  fifty-seven  Jesse  Mercer  found  himself 
a  widower,  bereaved  of  the  gentle  helpmeet  who  had  been 
his  fireside  companion  for  nearly  forty  years.  The  name 
of  his  first  wife  was  Sabina  Chivers.  She  died  while 
on  a  visit  to  relatives  in  South  Carolina,  but  w^as  brought 
back  to  G-eorgia,  where  she  was  laid  to  rest  in  the  Mercer 
burial  ground,  at  Picklen.  But  living  near  the  brick 
school  where  he  held  meetings  in  Washington  there  was 
a  lady  by  whom  he  was  soon  consoled;  and  without  anv 
suggestion  of  improper  haste  he  laid  siege  to  the  heart 
of  the  Widow  Simons,  a  member  of  his  flock,  who  had 
lately  inherited  from  her  husband  a  fortune  of  ample 
proportions.  She  smiled  upon  his  suit,  and  when  the 
Christmas  holidays  arrived,  in  the  year  following,  she 
became  his  bride.  This  auspicious  event  supplied  the 
golden  lever  which,  under  divine  providence,  was  em- 
ployed by  Jesse  Mercer  to  lift  the  Baptist  Church  in 


176       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Georgia  to  a  higher  vantage  ground  of  power  and  use- 
fulness. 

In  1827 — the  year  after  liis  second  marriage — he  or- 
ganized the  Baptist  Church  in  AVashington,  Ga.,  where, 
dating  from  this  time,  he  established  his  permanent 
Ebenezer.  The  flock  was  constituted  of  ten  members, 
most  of  whom  came  from  the  old  Phillips'  Mill  Church, 
and  over  this  congregation  Jesse  Mercer  presided  for  the 
remainder  of  his  days. 

He  relinquished  at  this  period  his  long  journeys  into 
the  wilderness  and  devoted  himself  more  largely  to  lit- 
erary labors. 

In  1833  he  acquired  the  Christ  tent  Index,  a  paper 
which  was  then  edited  and  published  in  Philadelphia  by 
Bev.  W.  T,  Brantley.  He  then  removed  the  plant  to 
Washington,  Ga.,  where  it  became  the  first  organ  of 
the  Baptist  denomination  in  this  State — if  not  in  the 
entire  South.  In  1840,  when  his  health  began  to  fail,  Mr. 
Mercer  generously  donated  the  Christian  Index  to  the 
Georgia  Baptist  Convention.  From  Washington,  it  was 
afterwards  removed  to  Penfield.  Dr.  James  H.  Lane 
bought  and  remodeled  the  old  building  in  which  the  paper 
was  formerly  printed;  and,  when  the  mantels  and  wain- 
scotings  were  taken  down,  some  rare  old  manuscripts 
were  discovered.  There  is  still  in  the  possession  of 
the  Lane  family  an  old  desk  which  was  used  by  Mr. 
Mercer  in  the  writing  of  editorials.  He  found  the  labor 
of  the  pen  somewhat  irksome.  Consequently,  the  bulk 
of  the  work  devolved  upon  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Stokes.  But 
he  contributed,  with  great  effectiveness,  an  occasional 
leader.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  Atlanta  became  the  home 
of  the  Christian  Index.  It  is  still  in  existence — one  of 
the  best  edited  and  one  of  the  best  equi]iped  weekly  re- 
ligious newspapers  extant. 

The  first  Baptist  hymnal  ever  used  in  Georgia  wis 
also  the  work  of  Jesse  Mercer.  It  was  compiled  artd 
published  in  1823',  and  was  entitled  Mercer's  Cluster. 


The  Story  of  the  Mercers  177 

Purchasing  the  old  Academy  Building,  near  his  home, 
on  Mercer  Hill — where  the  Convent  of  St.  Joseph  today 
stands — he  next  turned  his  attention  to  education.  It 
was  the  dream  of  his  life  to  establish  a  college  in  Wash- 
ington ;  and  when  Josiah  Penfield  left  $2,500  with  which 
to  found  a  school,  provided  an  equal  sum  was  raised, 
Jesse  Mercer  endeavored  to  swing  the  proposed  institu- 
tion to  Washington,  and  he  was  keenly  disappointed 
over  the  result.  But  there  was  no  taint  of  selfishness  in 
his  great  soul.  He  became  the  largest  contributor  to  the 
new  institution,  which  was  finally  christened  with  his 
name;  and  at  the  death  of  Mr.  Mercer,  with  his  wife's 
hearty  approval,  the  bulk  of  the  estate  went  to  the  great 
university  which  is  today  his  noblest  and  best  monu- 
ment. 

Mrs.  Mercer  preceded  her  husband  into  the  vale  of 
shadows.  While  walking  one  day  in  her  flower  garden 
she  was  stricken  with  paralysis ;  and  though  she  lingered 
for  more  than  a  year  afterwards,  she  was  never  able  to 
walk  a  step  or  to  utter  a  word.  She  was  buried  under 
the  boughs  of  an  ancient  cedar,  beside  the  Baptist  Church 
in  Washington,  Ga.,  where  her  grave  is  still  to  be  seen 
on  the  grassy  lawn,  in  plain  view  of  the  Sabbath  wor- 
shipers. It  is  said  that  the  entire  area  was  covered  with 
blossoms  from  her  own  flower  garden  on  the  hill ;  and 
some  of  the  descendants  of  these  same  rare  nlants  may 
still  be  seen  in  the  flower  beds  tended  by  the  gentle 
sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  who  walk  where  the  feet  of  Mrs. 
Mercer  once  trod. 

Feeble  in  health,  the  great  preacher  survived  his  wife 
by  only  a  few  months.  He  attended  a  meeting  in  the  fall 
of  the  year  at  Indian  Springs,  after  which  he  went  to 
the  residence  of  Mr.  James  Carter,  some  eight  miles 
distant.  Here  he  was  taken  violently  ill  and,  on  Septem- 
ber 6,  1841,  breathed  his  last.  The  burial  occurred  at 
Penfield,  on  the  campus  of  the  great  school  which  was 
named  in  his  honor. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  a  man  of  Mr,  Mercer's 
positive  nature  could  have  lived  at  a  time  when  the  great 


178        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

feud  between  Clark  and  Crawford  was  upheaving  the 
State,  without  taking  an  active  part  in  politics.  We  find 
liim,  therefore,  in  the  Convention,  at  Louisville,  which 
framed  the  Constitution  of  1798.  It  is  said  that  some  one 
on  the  floor  moved  to  debar  ministers  from  serving  in 
the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  a  resolution  which 
Mr.  Mercer  moved  to  amend  by  substituting  lawyers  and 
doctors.  He  finally  withdrew  his  substitute,  on  condition 
that  the  original  motion  be  withdrawn  also.  In  1816  he 
was  defeated  in  a  race  for  the  State  Senate ;  and,  in  1833", 
when  friends  urged  him  to  make  the  fight  for  Governor, 
he  politely  informed  them  that  lie  was  surfeited  with  poli- 
tics. The  personal  appearance  of  Mr.  Mercer  was  strik- 
ingly impressive.  In  height  he  towered  above  the  normal 
standard  and  was  inclined,  as  he  grew  older,  to  be  some- 
what corpulent.  His  head,  the  peculiar, size  and  confor- 
mation of  which  was  revealed  by  his  extreme  baldness, 
has  long  been  an  object  of  interest  to  phrenologists  and 
students  of  character  who  have  looked  upon  his  portrait. 
The  horizontal  length  from  the  eyebrows  back  was  very 
great,  while  his  forehead  rose  with  a  gently  receding  slope 
to  the  very  crown,  exhibiting  a  most  extraordinary  devel- 
opment of  what  is  termed  the  organ  of  benevolence.  He 
was  characterized  by  great  moral  firmness,  and  when- 
ever principle  or  conscience  were  involved  he  stood  like 
a  wall  of  adamant,  four-square,  to  every  wind  of  heaven. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 


Ebenezer:  The  Story  of  the  Salzburgers 


TWENTY-FIVE  miles  above  Savannah,  on  an  emi- 
nence which  at  this  point  overlooks  the  historic 
stream,  there  is  still  to  be  seen  a  quaint  little  house 
of  worship,  from  the  belfry  of  which  glistens  a  swan, 
copied  from  the  coat-of-arms  of  Martin  Luther.  It 
stands  alone  in  the  midst  of  a  silent  waste;  for  the  sturd}^ 
Germans  who  once  peopled  the  surrounding  area  have 
long  since  disappeared  from  the  region.  Near  the  church 
is  the  ancient  burial  ground.  The  inscriptions  upon  the 
yellow  tombstones  can  hardly  be  deciphered,  so  busily 
have  the  destructive  forces  of  time  been  here  at  work. 
But  some  of  the  graves  are  almost,  if  not  quite,  as  old 
as  the  Colony  of  Georgia;  and,  w^ith  naught  to  disturb 
them  in  this  quiet  spot,  save  the  pitiless  elements,  most 
of  the  inmates  have  here  slept  for  the  better  part  of  two 
centuries.  It  is  the  old  deserted  settlement  of  the  pious 
Salzburgers :  Ebenezer. 

To  the  outside  world  there  were  various  names  by 
which  the  little  church  was  known.  It  was  sometimes 
called  the  ^'Lutheran  Meeting  House."  Occasionally,  it 
was  called  the  ''Salzburger  Church"  or  the  "Genuan 
Church,"  Imt  in  the  official  records  of  the  parish  it  was 
always  "Jerusalem  Church,"  so  named  for  the  old 
original  church  of  the  Apostles  at  Jerusalem.  It  was 
indeed  the  center  of  a  little  German  Palestine,  here 
planted  among  the  lowlands  of  Georgia,  a  religious  cap- 
ital where  the  divine  law  was  promulgated.  The  present 
unpretentious    but     substantial     edifice    of    brick    was 


180       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

commenced  in  17G7  and  completed  in  1769,  on 
the  site  formerly  occupied  by  a  temporary  struc- 
ture of  wood.  It  was  invested  by  the  British  during 
the  Revolution,  who  used  it  first  as  a  hospital 
for  the  sick  and  then  as  a  stable  in  which  the  horses 
of  the  officers  were  kept.  The  house  of  worship  was  also 
desecrated  in  other  ways.  With  unbridled  license,  these 
ruffians,  who  were  most  of  the  time  under  the  influence  of 
bad  liquor,  converted  the  pulpit,  the  windows,  the  mottoes 
on  the  walls,  and  other  objects  into  targets,  at  which 
they  discharged  firearms.  The  result  was  that  at  the 
close  of  hostilities  it  was  little  better  than  a  ruin;  but 
the  walls  were  intact,  and,  subsequent  to  the  Revolution, 
it  was  restored  to  something  like  the  appearance  wlrich 
it  formerly  presented. 

On  April  21,  1911,  at  2  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  a 
handsome  tablet  of  bronze  was  unveiled  on  the  walls  of 
the  old  church  at  Ebenezer  by  the  Georgia  Society  of 
Colonial  Dames  of  America ;  and  lettered  upon  the  tablet 
is  this  inscription: 


To  the  Glory  of  God.  lu  Miemoiy  of  the  Salz- 
burger  Lutherans  who  landed  at  Savannah,  Georgia, 
Mareli  12th,  1734,  and  built  this  Jerusalem  T'hurch  in 
17(37-1769.  Erected  by  the  Georgia  Society  of  Colonial 
Dames  of  America. 


On  behalf  of  the  Colonial  Dames,  the  tablet  was  pre- 
sented by  the  Reverend  D.  Hoppe,  and,  on  behalf  of  the 
congregation,  was  accepted  by  the  Rev.  P.  E.  Shealy, 
pastor  of  the  Jerusalem  Church,  of  Ebenezer.  Addresses 
were  also  delivered  by  the  following  distingTiished  guests 
of  honor— the  Rev.  F.  A.  Brown,  rector  of  Christ 
Church,  Episcopal,  Savannah;  the  Rev.  M.  J.  Epting, 
president  of  the  Synod  of  Georgia;  the  Rev.  W.  J.  Finck, 
vice-president  of  the  Synod  of  Georgia;  the  Rev.  T.  W. 
Shealy,  secretary  of  the  Synod  of  Georgia;  and  others. 
Quite  a  large  assemblage  witnessed  the  impressive  cere- 
monies. 


Ebenezer  181 

To  this  gentle  religious  sect  Georgia  owes  much. 
They  were  not  given  to  martial  deeds,  but  they  were 
law-abiding,  'industrious  and  frugal  people,  and  they 
have  left  behind  them  an  incense  of  memory  which  has 
sweetened  the  whole  history  of  the  State.  The  story 
of  how  they  came  to  settle  in  Greorgia  may  be  told  in 
very  few  words.  Says  Dr.  Lee:*  ''In  the  lovely  district 
of  the  Tyrol  there  is  to  be  found  an  historic  city  which 
the  painter  Wilkie  has  described  as  'Edinburg  Castle 
and  the  Old  Town,  brought  within  the  cliffs  of  the  Tro- 
sachs  and  watered  by  a  river  like  the  Tay.'  It  is  the 
city  of  Salzburg,  on  the  Salza,  famous  as  the  birth-place 
of  Mozart  and  as  the  burial-place  of  Haydn.  Almost 
simultaneously  with  the  accession  of  George  II  there 
came  to  the  principality,  of  which  Salzburg  was  the  capi- 
tal, a  new  ruler,  who  inaugurated  an  era  of  persecution. 
The  Thirty  Years  War  in  Germany  had  ended  with  the 
complete  suppression  of  Protestantism  in  Austria.  In 
quiet  nooks,  here  and  there,  however,  it  still  lingerel 
on ;  and  Salzburg  was  one  of  these.  The  rulers  of  Salz- 
burg were  ecclesiastics,  and  bore  the  title  of  archbishop. 
To  this  class  belonged  Count  Firmian,  who,  on  coming 
into  power,  determined  to  uproot  the  heresy  which  was 
contaminating  his  flock.  He  put  into  force  all  the  terrors 
of  the  law — fine,  confiscation,  imprisonment.  When  the 
suffering  people  pleaded  the  provisions  for  religious  tol- 
erance contained  in  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  signed 
eighty  years  before,  he  dubbed  them  rebels,  and  bor- 
rowed Austrian  grenadiers  to  suppress  what  he  was 
pleased  to  call  a  revolt.  The  matter  then  became  a  na- 
tional one,  and  Frederick  William  of  Prussia  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  Salzburgers.  Under  the  ]n'ovisions  of 
the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  peaceful  emigration  offered 
the  best  solution  of  the  problem.  The  Prussian  king, 
Frederick  the  Great's  stern  old  father,  was  the  most 
powerful  Protestant  ruler  in  Germany,  and  he  insisted 
u]^on  fair  treatment  for  the  refugees.     Count  Firmian 


♦Illustrated   History   of   Methodism. 


182       Georgia's  Laxd:\iarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  about  to  banish  them  in  the  winter  season,  witliout 
provisions  for  the  long  journey,  but  he  was  compelled 
to  comply  with  the  dictates  of  humanity,  and  to  allow 
them  a  daily  dole.  The  story  of  the  sad  departure  has 
been  told  by  Goethe  in  the  sweetest  of  his  verse  narra- 
tives, 'Hermann  and  l)oroth(^a,'  the  only  poem  of  his 
early  life  which  he  cared  to  read  when  old. 

"Journeying  eastward,  the  main  body  of  exiles  passed 
through  Frankfort-on-tlie- Alain.  This  was  Goethe's  na- 
tive town.  The  Prussian  king  was  ready  to  welcome  the 
whole  army  of  refugees,  over  10,000  in  number,  but  a 
band  of  them,  conducted  by  Herr  Von  Reck,  a  Hanoverian 
nobleman,  sailed  down  the  Rhine  and  took  refuge  under 
the  British  flag.  They  finall}^  landed  on  the  shores  of 
America,  where  they  settled  at  Ebenezer,  in  the  new 
colony  of  Georgia.  None  of  the  settlers  were  superior 
to  these  excellent  Salzburgers,  whom  George  Whitefield 
considered  the  cream  of  the  population  for  industry  and 
uprightness.  The  orphan  home,  which  he  afterwards 
instituted  at  Bethesda,  was  based  upon  an  institution  of 
like  character  at  Ebenezer." 

Colonel  Charles  C  Jones,  Jr.,  adds  some  additional 
particulars  in  regard  to  the  emigration  of  the  Salzburg- 
ers to  Georgia.*  Says  he:  "During  the  four  years,  com- 
mencing in  1729  and  ending  in  1732,  more  than  30,000 
Salzburgers,  impelled  by  the  fierce  persecutions  of  Leo- 
pold, abandoned  their  home  in  the  broad  valley  of  the 
Salza,  and  sought  refuge  in  Prussia,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land, where  their  past  sufferings  and  present  wants  en- 
listed substantial  sympathy  from  Protestant  communi- 
ties. Persuaded  by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
Christian  Knowledge  and  acting  upon  the  invitation  of 
the  Trustees  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia,  forty-two  Salz- 
burgers, with  their  wives  and  children — numbering  m 
all  seventy-eight  souls — set  out  for  Rotterdam,  whence 
they  were  to  be  transported  free  of  charge  to  Dover, 
England.    At  Rotterdam  they  were  joined  by  their  chosen 


•Dead   Towns   of  Georgia,    p.    11,    Savannah,    1S7S. 


Ebenezer  183 

religious  teachers,  the  Rev.  John  Martin  Bolzius  and 
the  Rev.  Israel  Christian  Gronau."  According  to  the 
same  authority,  the  Georgia  Trustees  engaged  not  only 
to  advance  the  funds  necessary  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  the  journey  and  to  purchase  the  requisite  sea  stores, 
but  also  to  allot  to  each  emigrant  on  his  arrival  in 
Georgia  fifty  acres  in  fee  and  provisions  sufficient  for 
maintainance  until  such  land  could  be  made  available 
for  support. 

After  taking  the  oath  of  loyalty  at  Dover,  the  emi- 
grants, on  December  28,  1733,  embarked  for  the  new 
world  in  the  ship  Purisburg,  which,  in  due  season,  an- 
chored safely  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  It  so  happened  that 
Oglethorpe  was  in  Charleston  at  this  time  to  meet  them 
and,  without  delay,  he  arranged  to  take  the  emigrants 
to  Savannah,  reaching  port  on  March  10,  1734.  It  was 
Reminiscere  Sunday — according  to  the  Lutheran  calen- 
dar— when  the  boat  arrived.  By  a  queer  sort  of  coinci- 
dence the  Scripture  lesson  for  the  chiy,  so  the  good  Mr. 
Bolzius  informs  us,  was  the  passage  which  tells  how  the 
Saviour,  after  suffering  persecution  in  his  own  country, 
came  to  the  borders  of  the  heathen.  He  then  describes 
the  vessel  as  "Lying  in  fine  and  calm  weather,  under 
the  shore  of  our  beloved  Georgia,  where  we  heard  the 
Birds  sing  melodiously;"  and  notwithstanding  the  sacred 
character  of  the  day  and  the  gentle  disposition  of  the 
new  arrivals,  he  adds  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  o^ 
Savannah  "fired  off  some  Cannons." 

While  the  Salzburgers  rested  from  the  fatigues  of 
the  long  trip  across  the  seas,  Herr  Von  Reck,  in  company 
with  Oglethorpe,  set  out  on  horseback  to  select  a  place 
of  settlement  for  the  emigrants.  It  was  finally  reached 
on  the  morning  of  March  17,  1734.  The  site  chosen  for 
the  purpose  was  four  miles  to  the  South  of  the  present 
town  of  Si)ringfield,  in  a  region  which  was  wholly  desti- 
tute of  fertility  and  without  the  least  claim  to  attractive- 
ness. But  to  judge  from  the  description  of  Herr  Von 
Reck  it  was  veritablv  a  bit  of  Eden.     On  the  banks  of 


184       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

a  creek  whicli  was  found  after  moandoriiig-  several  miles 
eastward  to  empty  into  the  Savaininli  liiver,  lie  marked 
oil"  the  future  town,  which  he  called  Ebenezer,  in  devoul 
recognition  of  the  Lord's  help;  and  he  likewise  bestowed 
the  name  upon  tlie  adjacent  stream.  As  soon  as  the  re- 
connoitering  party  returned  to  Savannah,  eight  al)lo 
bodied  Salbzurgers  were  dispatched  to  Ebenezer  to  fe'' 
trees  and  to  erect  shelters  for  the  colonists.  Early  in 
April  the  rest  followed.  Substantial  cabins  were  built- 
bridges  were  thrown  across  the  water-courses,  and  a  roa^l 
way  constructed  to  Abercorn.  The  people  of  Savannah 
gave  the  settlers  a  number  of  cows  and  a  lot  of  seed  w^ith 
which  to  begin  industrial  activities.  Altogether  the  out- 
look was  most  promising,  and  with  none  to  molest  them 
or  to  make  them  afraid  the  once-persecuted  Salzburgers 
began  anew  the  struggle  of  life  in  the  free  wilderness 
of  Georgia. 


On  February  5,  1736,  there  was  another  arrival  of 
Germans  at  Savannah ;  and,  though  a  few  of  them  under 
Captain  Hermsdorf  were  dispatched  to  Frederica,  for 
the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  military  post  on  St. 
Simon's  Island,  the  majority  of  them  preferred  to  settle 
at  Ebenezer,  a  wish  in  which  they  were  indulged  by 
Oglethorpe.  With  this  addition  the  population  of  the 
new  town  was  little  short  of  two  hundred  souls.  But  the 
community  was  not  prosperous.  The  climate  .proved  to 
be  malarial.  The  water  disagreed  with  them.  The  soil 
refused  to  reward  even  the  most  diligent  efforts  to  cul- 
tivate it;  sickness  prevailed  among  the  colonists;  and, 
to  lengthen  the  catalogue  of  complaints,  it  was  found 
that  the  distance  from  the  settlement  to  the  Savannah 
Eiver,  though  only  six  miles  over  land,  was  twenty-five 
rni^es  by  water.  The  matter  was  finally  laid  before  Ogle- 
thorpe who,  realizing  the  difficulties  under  whicli  the 
Salzburgers  labored  at  Ebenezer,  gave  them  permission 
to  move  elsewhere.  Accordingly  they  selected  a  high 
ri-lge,  rear  the  Savannah  River,  at  a  place  called  Red 


Ebenezer  185 

Bluff,  because  of  tlie  peculiar  color  of  the  soil;  and,  set- 
ting- themselves  to  work,  the  change  of  abode  was  speed- 
ily effected. 

Less  than  two  years  were  consumed  in  transferring 
the  household  goods  of  the  Salzburgers  to  the  new  site. 
It  was  called  New  Ebenezer,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
former  place  of  abode,  which  in  turn  became  Old  Eben- 
ezer. Whatever  could  be  moved  with  the  means  at  hand 
was  conveyed  to  the  new  town.  Even  the  cabins  were 
taken  down  and  carted  through  the  woods,  log  b}"  log. 
It  was  slow  and  tedious  work,  but  the  Salzburgers  were 
marvelously  patient.  By  the  summer  of  1738  the  old 
town  had  degenerated  into  a  cow  pen,  where  one  Joseph 
Barker  resided,  in  charge  of  some  cattle  belonging  to  the 
Trustees.  William  Stephens,  who  visited  the  locality 
about  the  same  time,  found  it  an  abandoned  settlement; 
and  it  need  hardlj^  be  added  that  not  a  vestige  of  the  old 
town  today  survives. 

The  choice  of  the  new  ]ilace  of  abode  was  wisely  made. 
It  was  only  six  miles  to  the  east  of  Old  Ebenezer,  but  it 
was  located  to  much  better  advantage  with  respect  both 
to  fertility  of  soil  and  to  general  healthfulness.  As  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Strobel,  the  situation  was  somewhat  ro- 
mantic* Says  he :  "On  the  east  lay  the  Savannah  with  its 
broad,  smooth  surface.  On  the  south  was  a  stream,  then 
called  Little  Creek,  but  now  known  as  Lockner's  Creek, 
and  a  large  lake  called  Neidlinger's  Sea;  while  to  the 
north,  not  very  distant  from  the  town,  was  to  be  seen  an 
old  acquaintance,  Ebenezer  Creek,  sluggishly  winding  its 
way  to  mingle  with  the  waters  of  the  Savannah."  The 
landscape  was  here  gently  undulating,  so  he  tells  us,  the 
countryside  covered  with  a  tine  growth  of  forest  trees, 
the  fields  luxuriant  with  many-colored  flowers,  among 
them,  the  woodbine,  the  azalea  and  the  jessamine.  But 
the  pestilential  germs  were  found  to  be  here,  too,  for  on 
three  sides  the  town  was  encompassed  by  low  swamps, 
which  were  subject  to  periodical  inundation,  and  which 


♦Salzburgers    and    Their    Descendants,    p.    91,    Baltimore,    1855. 


186       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

generated  a  jjoisonous  miasma  prejudicial  to  the  health 
of  the  inhabitants. 

For  years  New  Ebenezer  prospered.  The  Salzlnirg- 
ers  did  not  know  what  it  was  to  eat  the  bread  of  idle- 
ness. John  Wesley  was  lavish  in  praise  of  the  neat  ap- 
pearance which  the  town  presented  when  he  called  to 
see  them.  He  found  the  houses  well  built.  He  was  also 
impressed  with  the  frugality  of  these  Germans.  They 
did  not  leave  a  si)ot  of  ground  uni)lanted  in  the  little 
gardens  belonging  to  them,  and  they  even  made  one  of 
the  main  streets  yield  a  crop  of  Indian  corn.  From  liist 
to  last,  they  were  an  agricultural  i)eople.  As  early  as 
1738  they  began  to  experiment  with  the  culture  of  ^cot- 
ton. But  the  Trustees  were  partial  to  silk  and  wine. 
Consequently  the  growth  of  this  plant  was  discouraged. 
By  1741  it  is  estimated  that  in  the  Colony  of  Georgia 
there  were  not  less  than  twelve  hundred  German  Protes- 
tasts,  most  of  whom  were  at  Ebenezer. 


Ebenezer  in  the     The    Salzburgers    were    slow    to    side 
Revolution.  against  England.     It  was  perfectly  nat- 

ural for  them  to  feel  kindly  disposed 
toward  the  country  whose  generous  protection  was  ex- 
tended to  them  in  days  of  persecution;  but  they  were 
also  the  sworn  enemies  of  tyranny,  whether  at  home  or 
abroad.  When  the  question  of  direct  opposition  to  the 
acts  of  Parliament  was  discussed  at  Ebenezer  in  1774 
there  arose  a  sharp  di\dsion  of  sentiment,  (^uite  a  num- 
ber of  the  inhabitants  favored  "passive  obedience  and 
non-resistance."  But  the  majority  refused  tamely  to 
submit.  At  the  Provincial  Congress,  which  assembled 
in  Savannah  on  July  4,  1775,  the  following  Salzburgers 
were  enrolled  from  the  Parish  of  St.  Matthew:  John 
Adam  Treutlen,  John  Stirk,  Jacob  Casper  Waldhaur, 
John  Ploerl  and  Christoi)her  Cramer.  As  a  community, 
the  Salzburgers  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Revolutionists, 


Ebenezer  187 

but  headed  by  Mr.  Triebner  some  of  tliem  maintained 
an  open  adherence  to  the  Crown.  Between  these  parties 
there  sprang  up  an  angry  feud,  in  the  midst  of  wliicli  tlie 
Eev.  Mr.  Rabenhorst,  "who  exerted  his  utmost  influence 
to  curb  the  dominant  passions,  crowned  his  long  and 
useful  life  with  a  saintly  death." 

Situated  on  the  direct  line  of  travel,  Ebenezer  was 
destined  to  play  an  important  part  in  the  approaching 
drama  of  hostilities.  The  account  which  follows  is  con- 
densed from  Dead  Towns  of  Georgia :  ' '  Three  days 
after  the  capture  of  Savannah  by  Colonel  Campbell,  a 
strong  force  was  advanced,  under  the  command  of  Lieu- 
tenant-'Colonel  Maitland,  to  Cherokee  Hill,  On  the  fol- 
lowing day — January  2,  1779 — Ebenezer  was  occupied  by 
the  British  troops.  They  at  once  threw  up  a  redoubt  with- 
in a  few  hundred  yards  of  Jerusalem  Church  and  fortified 
the  position.  The  remains  of  this  work  are  said  to  be  still 
visible.  As  soon  as  he  learned  of  the  fall  of  Savannah,  Mr. 
^treibner  hastened  thereto,  proclaimed  his  loyalty,  and 
took  the  oath  of  allegiance.  The  intimation  is  that  he  coun- 
selled the  immediate  occupation  of  Ebenezer  and  accom- 
panied the  detachment  which  compassed  the  capture  of 
his  own  town  and  people.  Influenced  by  him,  not  a  few  of 
the  Salzburgers  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  England 
and  received  certificates  guaranteeing  the  royal  protec- 
tion. Prominent  among  those  who  maintained  adherence 
to  the  rebel  cause  were:  John  Adam  Treutlen,  afterwards 
Governor;  AVilliam  Holsendorf,  Colonel  John  Stirk,  Sec- 
retary Samuel  Stirk,  Captain  Jacob  Casjier  Waldhaur, 
who  was  both  a  magistrate  and  a  soldier ;  John  Schnider, 
R^'dolph  Strohaker,  Jonathan  Schnider,  J.  Gotleib  Schni- 
der, Jonathan  Rahn,  Ernest  Zittrauer,  Joshua  Helfen- 
stein,  and  Jacob  Helfinstein." 

Mr.  Strobel  draws  a  graphic  picture  of  the  situation 
at  this  time.  Says  he:*  The  citizens  of  Ebenezer  were 
made  to  feel  severelv  the  effects  of  the  war.  The  prop- 
ertv  of  those  who  did  not  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 


*,Salzhurgers   and    Their   Descendants,    pp.    203-207,    Baltimore,    ISS.^. 


188       Georgia's  Landmarks,  I\rEM()KiALs  and  Legends 

was  confiscated  and  the  1r']i)1css  sufferers  were  exposed 
to  every  species  of  insult  and  wrong.  Besides,  some  of 
the  Salzburg-ers  who  espoused  tlie  cause  of  the  Crown 
became  inveterate  AMiigs,  placed  themselves  at  the  head 
of  marauding  parties,  and  committed  tlie  most  wanton 
acts  of  depredation,  including  arson  itself.  The  estab- 
lishment of  a  line  of  British  posts  along  tlie  western 
bank  of  the  Savannah  Eiver  to  check  the  demonstrations 
of  the  rebel  forces  in  South  Carolina,  made  it  a  kind 
of  thoroughfare  for  British  troops  in  passing  through 
the  country  from  Savannah  to  Augusta.  To  avoid  the 
rudeness  of  the  soldiers  who  were  quartered  among  them 
and  to  escape  the  heavy  tax  upon  the  scant  resources 
which  remained  to  them,  many  of  the  best  citizens  aban- 
doned the  town  and  settled  in  the  country  districts. 
Those  who  remained  were  forced  almost  daily  to  witness 
acts  of  cruelty  perpetrated  upon  American  prisoners 
of  war;  for  Ebenezer,  while  in  the  hands  of  the 
British,  was  the  point  to  which  most  of  the  pris- 
oners were  brought,  thence  to  be  taken  to  Savan- 
nah. It  was  from  this  post  that  a  number  of  prisoners 
were  being  carried  southward,  when  the  two  Sergeants, 
Jasper  and  Newton,  rescued  them  at  Jasper  Spring." 

'^  There  was  one  act  performed  by  the  British  com- 
mander which  was  peculiarly  trying  and  revolting  to  the 
Salzburgers,  The  fine  brick  church  was  converted  into 
a  hospital  for  the  accommodation  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
and  was  afterwards  desecrated  by  being  used  as  a  stable 
for  the  horses.  The  records  were  destroyed,  targets  were 
made  of  different  objects,  and  even  to  this  day  the  metal 
swan  bears  the  mark  of  a  musket  ball.  Often,  too,  cannon 
were  discharged  at  the  houses.  But  the  Salzburgers  en- 
dured these  hardshijis  and  indignities  with  fortitude;  and 
though  a  few  of  them  were  overcome  by  these  severe 
measures,  yet  the  mass  of  them  remained  firm." 

According  to  Colonel  Jones,*  the  establishment  of 
tippling  houses  in  Ebenezer,  during  the  British  occupa- 


*Dead    Towns   of  Georgia,    p.    39,    Savannah,    1S7S. 


Ebenezer  189 

tion,  corrupted  the  lives  of  not  a  few  of  the  once  sober 
Germans.  Says  he:  ''Indications  of  decay  and  rnin 
were  patent  before  the  cessation  of  hostilities.  Except 
for  a  brief  period,  during  the  siege  of  Savannah,  when 
the  garrison  was  summoned  to  assist  in  defence  of  the 
city  against  the  allied  army,  Ebenezer  remained  in  the 
possession  of  the  British  until  a  short  time  prior  to  the 
evacuation  of  Savannah,  in  July,  1783.  In  advancing 
toward  Savannah,  General  Wayne  established  his  head- 
quarters in  the  town.  As  soon  as  the  British  forces  were 
withdrawn,  the  Tory  pastor,  Triebner,  betook  himself 
to  flight  and  found  a  refuge  in  England,  where  he  ended 
his  days  in  seclusion." 


Last  Days  of     It  was   an  altered  scene  upon  which  the 
Ebenezer.  poor    Salzburgers    looked    when    the    ref- 

ugees began  to  return  to  Ebenezer  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolution.  Many  of  the  homes  had  been 
burnt  to  the  ground.  Gardens  once  green  and  fruitful 
had  been  trampled  into  desert  places.  Jerusalem  Church 
had  become  a  mass  of  filth,  and  the  sacred  edifice  was 
sadly  dilajoidated.  But  the  Germans  set  themselves  to 
work.  Fresh  life  was  infused  into  the  little  community 
upon  the  arrival  of  the  Rev.  John  Ernest  Bergman,  a 
clergyman  of  pronounced  attainments.  The  parochial 
school  was  revived,  the  population  began  to  increase,  the 
church  was  substantially  rebuilt,  and  much  of  the  damage 
wrought  by  the  British  was  in  the  course  of  time  re- 
paired. But  the  lost  prestige  of  the  little  town  of  Eben- 
ezer was  never  fully  regained.  The  mills  remained  idle. 
The  culture  of  silk  was  revived  only  to  a  limited  degree; 
and,  after  a  brief  interval  of  growth,  the  old  settlement 
began  visibly  to  take  the  downward  path. 

On  February  18,  1796,  Ebenezer  became  for  a  short 
interval  the  county  seat  of  Effingham.  The  following 
commissioners  were  appointed  to  make  the  preliminary 
surveys  and  to  superintend  the  erection  of  the  public 


190       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

buildings:  Jeremiah  C'uyler,  John  G.  Neidlinger,  Jona- 
than Kahn,  Elias  Hodges,  and  John  Martin  Daslier.  But 
three  years  later  the  seat  of  government  was  changed  to 
Springfield. 

For  more  than  fifty  years  the  religious  services  of 
the  Salzburgers  were  conducted  in  the  German  language ; 
•but  Methodist  and  Baptist  churches  began  to  spring  up 
in  the  community  and  to  draw  away  the  young  people 
from  the  ancient  paths.  The  introduction  of  the  English 
tongue  was  finally  effected  in  1824  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  the  Rev.  Christopher  Bergman. 

But  the  days  of  Ebenezer  were  numbered.  Before 
reaching  the  century  mark,  the  old  settlement  was  des- 
tined to  take  its  place  among  the  dead  towns  of  Geoi'gia. 
In  1855,  when  Mr.  Strobel  last  visited  the  site,  it  was 
a  picture  of  desolation.  Scarcely  a  pulse-beat  of  life 
could  be  detected.  The  faithful  historian  of  the  Salz- 
burgers thus  describes  it.  Says  he:  "To  one  visiting 
the  ancient  town  of  Ebenezer,  in  the  present  day,  the 
prosi^ect  which  presents  itself  is  anything  but  attractive; 
and  the  stranger  who  is  unacquainted  with  its  history 
would  perhaps  discover  very  little  to  excite  his  curiosity 
or  awnken  his  sympathies.  The  town  has  gone  almost 
entirely  to  ruins.  Only  two  residences  are  now  remain- 
ing, and  one  of  these  is  untenanted.  The  old  church, 
however,  stands  in  bold  relief."  Nor  is  it  unmeet  that 
the  sacred  edifice  should  survive  the  wreck  of  all  else 
to  bear  testimony  to  the  simple  virtues  and  to  the  blame- 
less lives  of  these  pure-hearted  Germans,  whose  sole  aim 
in  life  was  to  honor  God. 


Present-Day  There  are  still  numerous  descendants  of  the 
Salzburgers  Ebenezer  settlers  living  today  in  the  Coun- 
of  Effingham,  ty  of  Effinoham ;  and  from  a  writer  who 
has  long  been  familiar  with  this  section  of 
Georgia  the  following  graphic  picture  of  ]iresent-day 
conditions  has  been  obtained.     Savs  this  writer:*  Where 


♦John  C.  Holllnssworth,   Jr.,  in  the  Mercerian,   for  January,   190", 


Ebenezer  191 

the  Savannah  and  the  Ogeechee  Rivers  form  the  east  and 
the  west  boundaries  respectively  of  Effingham  Comity,, 
these  streams  are  still  twenty  miles  apart.  But  the  coun- 
try is  so  low  here  that,  during  the  Harrison  freshet  of 
1841,  the  two  streams  defied  fate,  overflowed  their  banks, 
and  stealing  under  the  trees, across  the  plains  and  through 
vines  and  brambles,  met  at  last,  as  if  by  appointment, 
ten  miles  from  either  bank.  Then  the  sunshine  and  the 
dry  weather  broke  in  uDon  them;  and  they  slipped  away 
to  their  own  banks  from  their  first  and  perhaps  last 
meeting.  It  is  here,  on  this  low  plain,  between  these 
two  rivers,  that  the  descendants  of  the  Salzburgers  dwell. 
Dotted  here  and  there  among  the  ''cypress  ponds,"  "gall- 
berry  flats"  and  "runs"  are  to  be  found  the  humble  cot- 
tages of  these  pastoral  people. 

The  first  question  that  arises  in  the  mind  of  the  vis- 
itor among  the  Salzburgers  is  how  such  large  families 
are  sustained  on  such  small  farms.  The  secret  is  that 
everybody  works.  There  you  will  find  the  most  econom- 
ical housewives  and  the  most  frugal  husbandmen  in 
Georgia.  It  is  said  that  one  of  these  "Dutch"  house- 
wives can  take  a  large  sweet  potato  and  serve  it  to  the 
family  in  a  half  dozen  ditferent  forms,  and  feed  "Fido," 
"old  Brindle"  and  the  pigs  on  the  residue.  She  does  all 
the  housework  cheerfully  and  is  ready  to  assist  on  the 
farm  in  a  pinch.  The  husbandman  is  always  up  with 
the  birds  and  moving,  but  yet  too  often  accomplishing 
little.  He  is  engaged  in  truck-farming  principally,  and 
finds  a  ready  market  for  his  vegetables  in  Savannah, 
while  he  ships  liis  potatoes,  beans,  cucumbers  and  toma- 
toes often  to  Northern  markets.  There  are  some  few 
farmers  among  them  who  still  have  their  mulberry  or- 
chards, raise  silk-worms  and  manufacture  a  grade  of  silk 
fishing  lines  surpassed  by  none  in  the  State  of  Georgia. 

As  a  rule  these  are  a  happy  people.  At  night  they 
discuss,  about  the  fireside,  with  great  gravity,  the  happen- 
ings of  the  neighborhood;  and  in  the  role  of  neighbor 
and  friend  the  average  "Dutchman"  is  always  at  his  best. 


192       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

He  is  also  honest  in  his  dealings.  The  Superior  Court 
of  Effingham  County  seldom  lasts  more  than  three  days 
now,  and  it  rarely  happens  that  one  of  these  men  is  haled 
into  court  for  breach  of  contract  or  for  any  offence  where 
honor  is  involved.  There  are  two  or  three  annual  fes- 
tivals that  everybody  attends,  the  "Farmers'  Dinner," 
the  Fourth  of  July  picnic,  and  the  festival  of  the  Effing 
ham  Hussars.  These  are  the  big  events  of  the  season; 
but  of  all  the  social  occasions  none  are  so  thoroughly 
enjoyed  as  the  "kraut  cuttings."  They  correspond  to 
the  Georgia  corn  huskings.  .  .  .  When  the  kraut  is  cut 
and  neatly  packed  in  a  vat  a  feast  is  then  spread,  in 
the  preparation  for  which  the  old  Dutch  oven  has  been 
busy  for  more  than  a  week.  The  twang  of  the  banjo'and 
tlie  swelling  notes  of  the  tiddle  then  call  them  to  a  room 
made  vacant  for  the  dance ;  and  thus  they  go,  oftentimes 
until  graj^  streaks  in  the  East  announce  the  coming  morn. 


CHAPTER  XIX 


Sunbury :  An  Extinct  Metropolis 


ONCE  a  rival 'of  Savannah,  there  is  not  a  vestige 
left  of  the  ancient  town  which  in  Colonial  days 
arose  on  the  gentle  slopes  of  the  Midway  Elver, 
near  the  point  where  it  widens  into  St.  Catherine's 
Sound.  The  streets  and  squares  and  market  places  of 
the  town  have  been  completely  obliterated.  Weeds  today 
choke  the  deserted  docks  where  vessels  used  to  land 
rich  cargoes.  Oyster  shells  in  great  white  heaps  mark 
the  rugged  shore  lines ;  and  on  the  hilltops,  where  for- 
merly blazed  the  hearthstone  fires,  long  rows  of  tasseled 
corn  may  be  seen  in  summer,  forming  a  coat  of  green 
wherewith  to  hide  the  tragedy  which  time  has  here 
wrought.  The  only  link  between  past  and  present  on 
these  long-abandoned  heights  is  the  pathetic  little  grave- 
yard; but  even  here  the  brambles  riot  among  the  crum- 
bling tombstones. 

Perhaps  nowhere  else  in  Georgia  has  the  ruthless 
l^lowshare  of  Fate  exemplified  more  strikingly  the  final 
estate  to  which  things  human  and  terrestrial  are  at  last 
doomed.  Yet  this  buried  metropolis  produced  two  sign- 
ers of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  a  distinction  en- 
joyed by  few  cities  in  America.  The  commercial  im- 
portance of  Sunbury  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution 
is  attested  by  the  fact  that  seven  square-rigged  schooners 
have  been  known  to  enter  the  port  in  one  day,  and  Cap- 
tain  Hugh   McCall,*    Georgia's   earliest   historian — our 


•History   of   Georgia,    Edition  of   1909,   Vol.    I,   p.    177. 


194       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

authority  for  this  statement — adds  that  Simbiiry  com- 
peted with  Savannah  for  the  coast  trade  during  the  late 
Colonial  period.  Colonel  Jones*  estimates  the  population 
of  Sunbury  at  something  like  one  thousand  inhabitants, 
a  number  which  was  quite  large,  considering  the  times, 
and  doubtless  but  little  short  of  the  figures  for  Savannah. 
It 'Was  also  the  seat  of  a  pioneer  school  of  learning — the 
famous  Sunbury  Academy,  taught  by  Dr.  McWhir.  Onl}^ 
ten  miles  distant  from  the  Midway  Church,  it  became 
the  abode  of  a  number  of  the  members  of  this  flock.  But 
the  excellence  of  the  harbor  facilities  attracted  settlers 
from  remote  points.  Some  came  from  Savannah,  some 
from  Charleston,  and  some  even  from  far-off  Bermuda. 
As  early  as  1762  it  was  made  a  port  of  entry  by 'Gov- 
ernor Wright,  who  considered  it  a  place  of  great  prom- 
ise ;  but  it  lay  in  the  path  of  the  despoiler,  and  from  the 
ravages  of  the  Revolution  it  never  rallied. 


General  Oglethorpe,  during  his  reconnoisance  of  the 
southern  frontier  of  the  Province,  in  1734,  is  said  to  have 
been  impressed  by  the  bold  and  beautiful  bluff  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Midway  River,  but  it  was  not  until  twenty 
years  later  that  the  foundations  of  the  future  town  were 
laid.  The  members  of  the  Dorchester  settlement,  who 
were  located  for  the  most  part  in  the  close  neighborhood 
of  the  Midway  Church,  were  thrifty  as  well  as  pious,  and 
tliey  realized  the  need  of  a  town  on  the  ocean  front  near- 
by, where  they  could  market  rich  crops  of  rice  and  indigo, 
from  which,  if  handled  to  commercial  advantage,  there 
were  large  profits  to  be  realized.  The  result  was  that, 
on  June  20,  1758,  Captain  Mark  Carr,  who  owned  five 
hundred  acres  of  land  on  the  heights  overlooking  the 
river,  deeded  three  hundred  acres  of  this  tract  to  a  set 
of  trustees,  who  were  charged  with  the  duty  of  laying 
out  the  proposed  town. 


♦History  of  Georgia,   1883,  Vol.   I,  p.   498. 


SUNBURY  195 

It  appears  that  the  owner  acquired  the  property  only 
a  short  time  before  the  date  of  this  transfer  by  deed  of 
conveyance  from  his  Majesty,  King  George  II.  The 
trustees  to  whom  he  conveyed  the  land  for  the  founding 
of  Sunbury  were :  James  Maxwell,  Kenneth  Baillie,  John 
Elliott,  Grey  Elliott,  and  John  Stevens,  most  of  whom 
were  either  members  or  supporters  of  Midway  Church. 
Captain  McCall*  suggests  that  the  town  was  called  Sun- 
bury  because  the  slopes  on  which  it  was  built  faced  the 
sunrise,  reasoning  from  the  etymology  of  the  word,  the 
interpretation  of  which  is— ''the  residence  of  the  sun." 
Colonel  Jones  is  inclined  to  think  that  it  was  named  for 
the  town  of  Sunbury,  on  the  River  Thames,  in  England. 
The  trustees  divided  the  area  of  the  town  into  four  hun- 
dred lots  and  also  planned  for  three  squares.  The  lots 
were  to  be  seventy  feet  in  breadth  by  one  hundred  and 
thirty  feet  in  depth,  and  four  of  these  were  to  constitute 
a  block,  bounded  on  three  sides  by  streets,  while  a  lane 
was  to  be  the  boundary  of  the  fourth.  The  width  of  the 
streets  was  to  be  seventy-five  feet  and  of  the  lanes  twenty 
feet.  King's  Square,  an  area  well  to  the  front  of  the 
town,  was  to  be  twice  the  size  of  the  other  two,  viz : 
Church  and  Meeting,  and  these  were  to  be  in  the  opposite 
wings. 

Such,  in  brief,  were  the  specifications  upon  which  the 
town  was  built.  It  commanded  the  rice  crops  from  the 
adjacent  swamps,  together  with  large  supplies  of  indigo 
from  Bermuda  Island.  The  principal  trade  was  with  the 
West  Indies  and  with  the  Northern  colonies.  On  being 
made  a  port  of  entry,  Thomas  Carr  was  appointed  col- 
lector, John  Martin,  naval  officer,  and  Francis  Lee, 
searcher.  The  growth  of  the  town  was  rapid.  Schemes 
for  public  improvement  were  projected  on  quite  an  im- 
pressive scale,  and  it  was  proposed,  among  other  things, 
to  construct  a  canal  through  the  marshes  to  Colonel's 
Island.  But  the  dream  dissolved  into  thin  air  with  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities ;  and,  after  the  struggle  for  inde- 


♦Hlstory  of  Geor&ia,  Edition  of  1909,  Vol.  1,  p.  177. 


196       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

pendence  was  over,  Sunbiiry  seems  to  have  declined  in 
commercial  importance  and  to  have  become  more  of  an 
educational  centre — in  which  respect  it  continued  for 
years  to  enjoy  an  undisputed  leadership. 


According  to  tradition,  the  first  Masonic  lodge  ever 
organized  in  Georgia  was  instituted  under  an  old  oak 
tree  at  Sunbury  by  Oglethorpe  himself.  It  was  more  than 
twenty  years  before  the  town  was  located  at  this  point, 
and  when  the  founder  of  the  colony  was  reconnoitering 
along  the  southern  coast.  The  Society  of  St.  George,  ^now 
the  Union  Society,  of  Savannah,  is  said  to  have  held  a 
meeting  under  the  same  tree,  by  virtue  of  which  its  char- 
ter was  saved,  and  the  incident  caused  the  old  landmark 
to  be  designated  in  after  years  as  the  Charter  Oak.  It 
was  during  the  troublous  days  of  the  Eevolution;  and, 
among  the  prisoners  of  war  brought  to  Sunbury  were 
Mordecai  Sheftall,  John  Martin,  John  Stirk  and  Josiah 
Powell,  all  of  whom  were  members.  The*  charter  of 
the  organization  provided  for  its  own  forfeiture,  in  the 
event  meetings  were  not  held  annually;  and  here,  under 
the  walls  of  Fort  Morris,  in  order  to  save  the  charter 
from  extinction,  these  prisoners  of  war  met  and  elected 
officers,  and  thus  one  of  the  noblest  organizations  of  the 
State  was  spared  for  future  usefulness.  Today,  the 
Union  Society  is  the  legatee  and  guardian  of  Whitefield's 
Ornhan  Home,  at  Bethesda.  In  the  family  of  the  Shef- 
talls  a  piece  of  the  old  oak  tree  is  still  preserved. 


It  was  at  Sunbury  that  some  of  the  most  noted  men 
in  the  Colony  of  Georgia  resided.  Here  lived  Dr.  Lyman 
Hall,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  from 
Georgia,  a  Governor  of  the  State,  and  a  patriot  who, 
single  and  alone,  represented  the  Parish  of  St.  John  in 
the   Continental   Congress,   at  Philadelphia,   before  the 


SUNBURY  197 

Province  at  large  could  be  induced  to  join  the  federation. 
Here  Button  Gwinnett,  another  patriot  whose  name  is  on 
the  immortal  scroll  of  freedom,  spent  most  of  his  time 
officially,  while  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  St.  John's 
Parish,  though  he  resided  on  St.  Catharine's  Island. 
Here  George  Walton,  the  last  member  of  the  illustrious 
trio  who  represented  Georgia,  was  brought  a  prisoner 
of  war,  upon  the  fall  of  Savannah;  and  here  he  remained 
for  months  until  the  wound  which  he  received  in  defence 
of  the  city  was  healed  and  his  exchange  was  negotiated. 
Both  Walton  and  Gwinnett  were  also  Chief  Magistrates 
of  the  Commonwealth. 

There  also  lived  here  Richard  Howley  and  Nathan 
Brownson,  both  Governors;  John  Elliott  and  Alfred 
Cuthbert,  both  United  States  Senators,  and  John  A. 
Cuthbert,  a  Member  of  Congress.  Here  also  was  the 
home  of  Major  John  Jones,  who  was  killed  by  a  cannon- 
ball,  at  the  siege  of  Savannah;  and  here  John  E.  AVard, 
the  first  Minister  to  China,  was  born.  Commodore  Mc- 
intosh, his  sister,  Maria  J.  Mcintosh,  the  famous  novel- 
ist, Judge  William  E.  Law  and  many  others  of  note, 
were  also  natives  of  Sunbury.  On  February  1,  1797,  the 
town  having  commenced  to  decline,  the  county  seat  was 
changed  to  Riceboro,  a  point  which  was  nearer  the  centre 
of  population.  Two  hurricanes,  one  in  ISO-t  and  one  in 
1824,  hastened  the  final  hour  of  doom  for  the  once  popu- 
lous seaport;  malarial  disorders  multiplied  amid  the 
wreckage,  and,  in  1829,  Sherwood  gave  the  town  a  pop- 
ulation of  only  one  hundred  and  fifty  inhabitants.  Twen- 
ty years  later  it  was  completely  extinct. 


CHAPTER  XX 


Fort  Morris :  The  Last  to  Lower  the  Colonial  Flag 


OCCUPYING  an  eminence  somewhat  to  tlie  soutli 
of  old  Sunbury,  on  lands  belonging  to  the  Calder 
estate,  are  still  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  the 
old,  stronghold  which  played  such  an  imjDortant  part  in 
the  drama  of  independence :  Fort  Morris.  Large  trees 
are  today  growing  upon  the  parapets.  Even  the  foot- 
paths which  lead  to  it,  through  the  dense  thickets,  are 
obscured  by  an  undergrowth  of  weeds  and  briars,  be- 
speaking the  desolation  which  for  more  than  a  century 
has  brooded  over  the  abandoned  earth-works.  But  the 
massive  embankments  of  the  old  fort  can  still  be  dis- 
tinctly traced.  It  commands  the  entrance  to  the  Midway 
River,  from  which,  however,  both  the  sails  of  commerce 
and  the  ironclads  of  war  have  long  since  vanished. 

To  one  who  is  in  any  wise  familiar  with'  the  history 
of  the  Revolution  in  Georgia,  it  is  pathetic  to  witness  the 
wreckage  which  time  has  here  wrought;  but  the  splendid 
memories  which  cluster  about  the  precincts,  like  an  ever- 
green mantle  of  ivy,  are  sufficient  to  fire  the  dullest 
imagination.  There  is  little  hope  for  the  Georgian  who 
can  stand  unmoved  upon  these  heroic  heights.  It  was 
here  that  General  Charles  Lee  assembled  his  forces  for 
the  expedition  into  Florida.  It  was  here  that  Colonel 
Samuel  Elbert,  under  executive  orders  from  Button 
Gwinnett,  embarked  his  troops  for  the  assault  upon  St. 
Augustine.  It  was  here  that  Colonel  John  Mcintosh, 
refusing  to  surrender  the  fort  to  an  overwhelming  force 


Fort   Morris  199 

of  the  enemy,  sent  to  the  British  commander  his  defiant 
message:  ''Come  and  take  it!" 

But  what  invests  the  old  fort  with  the  greatest  in- 
terest perliaps  is  the  fact  that  when  the  State  of  Geor- 
gia was  overrun  by  the  British,  consequent  upon  the  fall 
of  Savannah,  it  was  the  very  last  spot  on  Georgia  soil 
where  the  old  Colonial  flag  was  still  unfurled.  Even  an 
order  from  General  How^e,  directing  an  abandonment  of 
the  stronghold,  was  disregarded  by  the  gallant  officer 
in  command,  who  preferred  to  accept  the  gage  of  battle. 
It  was  not  until  beleaguered  and  stormed  and  overrun 
by  superior  numbers  that  it  finally  yielded  to  the  terrific 
onslaught;  and  the  next  memorial  erected  by  the  patri- 
otic women  of  Georgia  should  be  planted  upon  these 
brave  heights  to  tell  the  world  that  when  Savannah  and 
Augusta  were  both  in  the  power  of  the  British  there  was 
still  waving  from  the  ramparts  of  the  old  fort  at  Sun- 
bury  the  defiant  folds  of  an  unconquered  banner. 


According  to  the  Midway  records,  it  was  as  early  as 
1756  that  a  number  of  the  residents  of  the  district,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Jonathan  Bryan,  one  of  the  members 
of  his  Majesty's  Council  of  Safety,  began  to  take  steps 
looking  to  the  erection  of  a  fort  at  some  point  in  the  im- 
mediate neighborhood  along  the  exposed  coast.  It  also 
appears  that  batteries  were  erected  on  which  eight  can- 
non were  mounted  and  that  when  Governor  Ellis  made 
his  tour  of  inspection  in  1758  he  was  pleased  to  find  the 
work  completed,  in  connection  with  the  fortifications 
around  Midway  Church.  But  whether  reference  is  here 
made  to  the  historic  stronghold  is  uncertain.  The  need 
of  adequate  protection  at  this  strategic  point,  which 
guards  the  approach  to  the  Midway  settlement,  must  have 
been  apparent  from  the  start.  The  rumor  of  an  Indian 
invasion  reached  the  settlers  soon  after  arriving  in  Geor- 
gia, only  to  be  succeeded  by  the  dread  of  French  priva- 
teers; and  there  was  constant  danger  due  to  an  unfor- 


200       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tified  ocean  front.  It  is  safely  within  tlie  bounds  of  liis- 
loric  inference  to  state  that  the  famous  earthworks  must 
have  been  constructed  at  some  time  prior  to  tlie  Revo- 
lution. There  was  probably  at  least  an  excellent  begin- 
ning made  for  the  future  stronghold  on  this  identical 
spot. 

At  any  rate,  the  structure  which  came  to  be  Fort 
Morris  was  erected  chiefly  by  the  residents  of  Bermuda, 
now  Colonel's,  Island,  who,  in  building  it,  employed  al- 
most exclusively  the  labor  of  slaves.  It  was  called  Fort 
Morris,  in  honor  of  the  captain  who  here  commanded 
a  company  of  Continental  artillery  raised  for  coast  de- 
fence, on  the  eve  of  hostilities  with  England.  The  old 
fort  was  located  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  feet  out- 
side the  southern  limits  of  Sunbury,  at  the  bend  of  the 
river.  Though  an  earthwork,  it  was  most  substantially 
l)uilt  and  enclosed  fully  an  acre  of  ground.  It  was  two 
hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  in  length  on  the  water 
front.  The  two  sides  were  somewhat  irregular  in  shape 
and  were  respectively^  one  hundred  and  ninety-one  and 
one  hundred  and  forty  feet  in  length.  The  rear  wall 
was  two  hundred  and  forty  feet  in  length.  The  parapets 
were  ten  feet  wide  and  rose  six  feet  above  the  parade  of 
the  fort,  while  the  superior  slope  of  the  embankment 
toward  the  river  was  tw^enty-five  feet  above  high  water. 
There  were  seven  embrasures,  each  about  five  feet  wide. 
Surrounding  the  pile  ^vas  a  moat  ten  feet  wide  at  tlie 
bottom  and  twenty  feet  wide  at  the  top.  The  sally  port 
was  in  the  rear  or  western  wall. 

Says  Dr.  Stacy:  "The  guns  have  all  been  removed. 
One  was  carried  to  Hinesville  when  the  place  was  first 
laid  off  sixty  years  ago,  and  has  been  often  and  long 
used  on  Fourth  of  July  and  other  public  occasions  and 
may  still  be  seen  there  in  the  court-house  yard.  Two 
of  them  were  carried  to  Riceboro  during  the  late  war 
between  the  States,  but  no  use  was  made  of  them.  Two 
more  were  taken  by  Captain  Lamar  and,  after  being 
used  as  signal  guns  at   Sunbury,  were  transported  to 


Fort   ]\Iorris  201 

J^'ort  Bartow  at  Savannali  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Federals.  Two  more  were  left  lying  half  buried  in  the 
soil  of  the  parade  ground,  and  still  another  in  the  old 
field  half  way  between  the  fort  and  the  site  of  the  town. 
These  have  all  since  been  removed.  At  least  the  writer 
did  not  see  them  when  he  visited  the  spot.  One  of  the  two 
carried  to  Eiceboro  was  removed  by- the  late  Colonel 
Charles  C.  Jones  in  1880  to  his  home  on  the  Sand  Hills 
near  Augusta,  and  now  adorns  the  lawn  in  front  of  the 
residence  which  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  his  son, 
Charles  Edgeworth  Jones.  Like  the  one  at  Hinesville, 
it  is  undoubtedly  genuine :  one  of  the  number  which  took 
part  in  the  defence  of  Georgia  soil  in  Revolutionary 
time."* 


During  the  War  of  1812,  the  famous  old  fortification 
at  Sunbury  was  remodeled  by  the  local  Committee  of 
Safety  and  called  Fort  Defence,  Unit  the  name  soon 
passed.  Captain  John  A.  Cuthbert  organized  a  company 
of  citizens,  some  forty  in  number,  while  Captain  Charles 
Floyd  commanded  a  body  of  students,  in  readiness  for 
an  attack.    But  the  enemy  failed  to  appear. 


♦James  Stacy,  in  History  of  Midway  Congregational  Churcli,  pp.   232-23S; 
Cliarles   C.    Jones,    Jr.,   in   Chapter   on    Sunbury,    in   Dead   Towns   of   Georgia. 


CHAPTER  XXI 


New  Inverness:  The  Story  of  the  Scotch  Highlanders 


ON  the,  banks  of  the  Altamaha  River,  twelve  miles 
above  St.  Simon's  Island,  on  the  site  today  occu- 
pied by  the  town  of  Darien,  was  planted  the, ear- 
liest Scotch  settlement  in  Georgia.  There  was  need  of 
an  outpost  at  this  point.  The  Spaniards  to  the  south 
were  verj'^  unpleasant  neighbors,  and  the  clouds  of  war 
were  beginning  to  gather  upon  the  horizon.  The  trained 
eye  of  Oglethorpe  perceived  the  need  of  fortifications 
with  which  to  rejoel  an  expected  invasion.  But  he  also 
realized  the  need  of  stout  arms  and  brave  hearts  with 
which  to  man  these  defences;  and  in  casting  about  for 
colonists  of  sturdy  mettle  his  gaze  was  attracted  to  the 
little  country  north  of  the  Tweed.  He  invited  the  High- 
landers to  come  to  Georgia.  It  was  a  day  dark  with  fate 
for  hundreds  of  these  plucky  men  of  the  mountains  when 
they  agreed  to  accept.  Few  of  them  escaped  the  peril- 
ous scourge  of  war,  which  almost  completely  obliterated 
the  hamlet  in  which  they  settled;  but  they  proved  them- 
selves in  the  ordeal  of  battle  to  be  w^orthy  countrymen 
of  Robert  Bruce.  Th6y  saved  the  day  for  Georgia,  and 
they  enriched  with  fresh  traditions  of  valor  the  bonnie 
blue  flag  of  Scotland. 


'& 


But  the  tragic  story  must  not  be  anticipated.  At  the 
earnest  request  of  the  Trustees  of  Georgia,  whose  prayer 
was  supplemented  by  an  appeal  from  South  Carolina,  the 
sum  of  26,000  pounds  sterling  was  appropriated  by  the 


New  Inverness  203 

English  Parliament  for  the  purpose  of  safeguarding  the 
exposed  frontier.  The  treasury  thus  replenished,  an  ef- 
fort was  made  by  the  Trustees  to  secure  settlers  for  the 
new  outposts  in  the  danger-infested  wilderness.  They  is- 
sued a  commission  to  Captain  Hugh  Mackay,  then  a  lieu- 
tenant, who  was  authorized  to  gather  recruits  among  the 
Highlands.  The  well-known  Jacobite  sympathies  of 
Oglethorpe  were  doubtless  instrumental  in  arousing  wide- 
spread interest  in  the  proposed  scheme  of  colonization. 

There  was  no  attempt  made  to  overpaint  the  charms 
or  conceal  the  hazards  of  life  in  Georgia.  The  situation 
of  affairs  was  well  understood.  But  the  rugged  moun- 
taineers were  inured  to  hardships;  and  to  men  who 
touched  elbows  with  peril  every  day  of  the  world  and  who 
took  little  counsel  of  fear  there  was  an  element  of  zest 
added  to  the  prospect  of  adventure  in  an  unknown  world. 
John  Mohr  Mcintosh,  a  chief  of  one  of  the  most  powerful 
clans  of  Scotland,  whose  support  of  the  Pretender  cost 
him  the  forfeiture  of  his  estates,  was  one  of  the  first  to 
enlist;  and  he  induced  many  of  his  kindred  to  accom- 
pany him.  Not  less  than  one  hundred  and  thirty  High- 
landers, with  fifty  women  and  children,  were  enrolled  at 
Inverness ;  and  these,  together  with  some  who  held  spe- 
cial grants  and  who  went  without  expense  to  the  Trust- 
tees,  sailed  from  Inverness,  October  18,  1735,  on  board 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  commanded  by  Captain  George 
Dunbar. 

Three  months  were  consumed  by  the  voyage.  They 
carried  a  clergyman,  the  Rev.  John  McLeocl,  a  native  of 
the  Isle  of  Syke,  to  minister  to  them  in  sacred  things, 
and  he  became  the  pioneer  evangel  of  Presbyterianism 
in  Georgia.  Most  of  the  emigrants  were  soldiers;  but 
some  of  them,  like  the  Cuthberts,  the  Bailies,  the  Mac- 
kays,  and  the  Dunbars,  went  in  the  capacity  of  free- 
holders. They  were  accompanied  by  servants  and  were 
possessed  of  titles  to  large  tracts  of  land. 

In  clue  season,  the  vessel  entered  the  mouth  of  the 
Savannah  River ;  and  the  new  arrivals,  after  a  period  of 


204       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

rest  spent  in  the  village  to  wliicli  tliey  were  given  a  cor- 
dial welcome  by  the  inhabitants,  were  transported 
in  rnde  canoes  through  the  various  inlets  and  up  the  Alta- 
maha  River,  to  the  appointed  place  of  settlement  selected- 
by  Oglethorpe.  The  alluvial  ])ottoms  of  the  low-lying 
region  which  they  reached  at  length  bore  little  resem- 
blance to  the  hills  of  heather  which  they  left  behind 
them;  and  the  homesick  Highlanders  must  have  experi- 
enced a  chill  of  disappointment  when  they  disembarked 
upon  the  monotonous  stretch  of  level  ground  on  which 
they  were  henceforth  to  dwell. 

But  they  wasted  no  time  in  vain  regrets.  At  a  point 
which  was  best  adapted  to  defensive  purj^oses,  they  at 
once  erected  a  fort,  mounted  four  pieces  'of  cannon, 
built  a  gaiard-house,  a  store,  and  a  chapel,  and  constructed 
huts  for  temporary  accommodation,  preparatory  to  erect- 
ing more  substantial  structures.  Dressed  in  plaids  and 
ecpiipped  w^itli  broad-swords,  targets,  and  firearms,  the 
Scotch  soldiers  presented  quite  a  unique  and  novel  ap- 
pearance on  this  remote  belt  of  the  savage  wilderness, 
separated  by  three  thousand  miles  of  water  from  the 
familiar  highlands  which  now  smiled  upon  them  only 
in  the  sad  retrospect  of  the  past.  In  honor  of  the  town 
from  which  they  sailed  they  gave  to  the  young  settlement 
the  name  of  New  Inverness,  while  to  the  military  post 
and  to  the  outlying  district  they  gave  the  name  of  Darien. 


To  the  colony  ^f  Oglethorpe,  the  arrival  of  these 
sturdy  Highlanders  proved  an  important  acquisition. 
They  were  more  than  mere  sinews  of  war.  They  were 
representatives  of  the  thriftiest  and  best  elements  of  the 
Scotch  population.  They  brought  with  them  the  highest 
ideals  of  citizenship  and  the  profoundest  reverence  for 
divine  truth.    Savs  Br.  Stevens:*    ''Thev  were  not  reck- 


*History   of   Georgia,   by  Wm.    Bacon    Stevens,    Vol.    T,    pp.    1'2G12T,    New 
York,   1847. 


New  Inverness  205 

less  adventurers  or  reduced  emigrants,  volunteering 
through  necessity  or  exiled  by  insolvency  and  want.  In 
fact,  they  were  picked  men.  They  were  commanded  by 
officers  most  respectably  connected  in  the  Highlands,  and 
the  descendants  of  some  of  them  have  held  and  still  hold 
high  offices  of  honor  and  trust  in  the  United  Kingdom." 

According  to  Colonel  Jones,  the  Scotch  emigrants, 
while  in  Savannah,  were  told  by  some  Carolinians  that 
they  were  foolish  to  interpose  themselves  between  Sa- 
vannah and  Florida,  that  it  was  perilous  in  the  extreme 
thus  to  court  danger  on  the  frontier,  and  that  the  Span- 
iards, from  the  secure  forts  in  which  they  dwelt  on  the 
])order,  would  shoot  them  upon  the  very  spot  which  they 
were  expected  to  defend.  But  the  Scotch  Highlanders 
were  in  no  wise  intimidated,  and  they  replied  by  saying 
that  they  would  beat  the  -Spaniards  out  of  the  forts  which 
they  occupied  and  would  thus  find  houses  ready  built 
in  which  to  live.  Such  an  answer  was  well  in  keeping 
with  the  record  which  they  were  destined  to  make  as 
courageous  fighters.  It  was  full  of  the  spirit  of  Ban- 
nockburn,  and  to  men  like  John  Mohr  Mcintosh,  Captain 
Hugh  Mackay,  Ensign  Charles  Mackay,  Colonel  John 
Mcintosh,  General  Lachlan  Mcintosh  and  others  of  the 
same  heroic  stock,  Georgia,  both  as  a  Colony  and  as  a 
State,  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  which  time  cannot  dimin- 
ish. 

At  an  early  date,  Captain  Hugh  Mackay,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Indian  guides  furnished  by  Tomo-chi-chi, 
located  a  road  between  New  Inverness  and  Savannah, 
and  the  same  route  is  today  followed  by  the  splendid 
highway  which  runs  between  Savannah  and  Darien.  The 
town  which  was  settled  by  the  Highlanders  began  to 
prosper.  It  was  beautifully  situated  on  a  bluff  of  the 
river,  in  a  grove  of  wide-spreading  live  oaks,  while  around 
it  for  miles  stretched  the  level  forests  of  Georgia.  In 
after  years  it  was  destined  to  become  an  important  com- 
mercial seaport;  but  before  this  time  arrived  it  was 
fated  to  suffer  almost  complete  annihilation.    The  High- 


206       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

landers  at  New  Inverness  were  the  cliief  dependence  of 
Oglethorpe  in  the  Spanish  hostilities  which  ensued;  and 
while  they  saved  Georgia  from  destruction,  it  was  at 
grim  cost  to  themselves. 

Most  of  the  gallant  hand  were  either  killed  in  battle 
or  taken  prisoners.  The  greatest  fatalities  occurred 
during  the  disastrous  assault  upon  St.  Augustine.  It 
seems  that  Colonel  Palmer,  who  commanded  a  force  of 
Highlanders  at  the  time  of  the  seige,  disregarded  the  in- 
structions of  Oglethorpe,  only  to  be  surprised  by  the 
enemy  at  Port  Moosa,  with  tragic  results.  The  High- 
landers fought  like  tigers,  but  fell  in  great  numbers. 
Those  who  survived  were  afterwards  permitted  to  taste 
the  sweets  of  victory  when  the  Spanish  power  was  over- 
thrown at  the  battle  of  Bloody  Marsh.  But  the  remnant 
was  pathetically  small,  some  moved  to  other  localities, 
and  the  little  town  of  New  Inverness  finally  passed  into 
other  hands,  to  emerge  eventually  into  the  modern  city  of 
Darien.* 


*Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  in  History  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I;   Stories  of  Georgia, 
by  J.   Harris  Chappell,   Chapter  V;    Stevens,    McCall,   Evans,    Smith,    etc. 


CHAPTER  XXII 


The  Acadians  in  Georgia 


THERE  is  nothing  sadder  in  the  Colonial  annals  of 
America  than  the  story  of  the  unfortunate  Aca- 
dians :  the  original  French  settlers  of  Nova  Scotia, 
some  of  whom  sought  refuge  in  Georgia  wlien  driven  out 
of  Canada  by  the  cruel  edict  of  the  English,  These  Aca- 
dians called  the  country  in  which  they  settled  Acadie. 
It  was  a  bleak  region,  in  the  cold  latitudes  of  the  far 
North,  but  to  them  it  was  home,  and  by  industrious  cul- 
tivation they  gave  to  it  many  of  the  charms  of  beauty. 
But,  in  1713,  under  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  the  Acadians 
were  forced,  after  various  wars  and  changes,  to  relin- 
quish these  lands  to  the  Crown  of  England;  and,  though 
speaking  the  French  language  and  professing  the  Cath- 
olic faith,  they  were  required  at  its  cession  to  Great  Brit- 
ain to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  English  monarch. 
It  was  a  harsh  exaction.  But  the  Acadians  consented  to 
take  this  oath,  provided  they  were  not  required  to  sever 
relations  with  friendly  Indian  allies  or  to  take  up  arms 
against  France.  The  Governor  acquiescing  in  this  pro- 
viso, the  oath  was  registered  in  due  form ;  but  the  action 
of  the  local  authorities  was  overruled  by  the  court,  a 
decision  of  which,  required  an  unconditional  oath  or  im- 
mediate expatriation.  The  Acadians  refused  to  comply 
with  these  demands,  but,  as  a  body,  maintained  a  neutral 
position;  and,  thus  matters  remained  unsettled  ■until 
1755,  when  radical  measures  were  adopted. 


208       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Bishop  Stevens*  has  given  ns  a  graphic  picture  of 
these  Acadians.  Says  he:  "They  were  an  agricultural 
and  pastoral  people — tilled  the  lands  with  great  art  and 
industry— reared  large  flocks  and  herds — dwelt  in  neat 
and  convenient  houses — subsisted  ui)on  the  varied  stores 
gathered  from  sea  and  land,  and,  with  few  wants  and  no 
money,  lived  in  peace  and  harmony  under  the  mild  juris- 
diction of  elders  and  pastors.  The  Abbe  Eaynal  has  de- 
scribed them  in  terms  too  eulogistic  for  human  nature, 
representing  a  state  of  social  hai^piness  more  consonant 
with  the  license  of  poetry  than  with  the  fidelity  of  truth. 
It  cannot  be  denied,  however,  that  they  presented  a  pic- 
ture, full  of  charming  scenes  and  lovely  portraits,  simple 
manners,  guileless  lives,  scrupulous  integrity  and  calm 
devotion.  But  the  eye  of  English  envy  was  upon  them. 
The  uprooting  of  this  people  was  entrusted  to  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Winslow,  commanding  the  Massachusetts 
forces,  a  gentleman  of  great  moral  and  military  worth, 
whose  strict  ideas  of  obedience  alone  induced  him  to 
consent  to  undertake  the  task. 

"By  a  proclamation,  so  artfully  framed  that  its  de- 
sign could  not  be  discovered,  yet  requiring  compliance 
by  penalties  so  severe  as  prevented  any  absence,  the  at- 
tendance of  the  male  Acadians  was  required  at  a  speci- 
fied time  and  in  a  specified  place.  At  Grand  Pre,  where 
Colonel  Winslow  commanded,  over  four  hundred  men 
met  on  the  appointed  day,  September  5,  1755,  at  3  p.  m., 
in  the  village  church,  when,  going  into  their  midst,  he 
revealed  to  their  astonished  ears,  the  startling  resolutions 
of  the  Governor  and  Council.  The  late  happy,  but  now 
wretched,  inhabitants,  eighteen  thousand  in  number,  were 
appalled  by  the  magnitude  of  the  calamity  which  thus 
suddenly  burst  upon  them.  No  language  can  describe 
their  woes :  turned  out  of  their  dwellings,  bereft  of  their 
stock,  stripped  of  their  entire  possessions,  the  bright 
hopes  of  the  future  blasted  in  a  single  hour,  the  labor  of 
years  wrested  from  them  by  a  single  effort,  and  torn 


*Wm,  Bacon  Stevens,  M.  D.,  D.  D.,  in  History  of  Georgia,  Vol.   I. 


The  Acadians  209 

from  each  and  every  association  which  binds  the  heart 
to  its  native  fields,  they  were  declared  prisoners,  though 
guiltless  of  any  crime,  and  were  destined  to  expatriation 
only  because  English  blood  flowed  not  in  their  veins  and 
English  speech  did  not  dwell  upon  their  lips.  To  make 
it  impossible  for  them  to  remain,  their  houses  were  burnt 
down,  their  fields  laid  waste,  their  improvements  de- 
stroyed— everything  in  one  general  conflagration. 

''Forced  to  embark  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet, 
crowded  into  small  vessels,  j^rovided  with  neither  com- 
forts nor  necessaries,  broken  up  as  a  community  into 
many  fragments — wives  separated  from  husbands — chil- 
dren from  parents — brothers  from  sisters — they  were 
stored  on  board  like  a  cargo  of  slaves,  and  guarded  like 
the  felons  of  a  convict  ship.  Thus  they  were  hurried  away 
and  scattered  like  leaves  by  the  ruthless  winds  of  autumn, 
from  Massachusetts  to  Georgia,  am-ong  those  who  hated 
their  religion,  detested  their  country,  derided  their  man- 
ners, and  mocked  at  their  language.  This  was  English 
policy,  outraging  English  humanity.  It  was  an  act,  blend- 
ing fraud,  robbery,  arson,  slavery  and  death,  such  as  his- 
tory can  scarcely  equal.  English  philanthropy  planted 
Oeorgia;  English  inhumanity  uprooted  the  Acadians. 
How  can  we  reconcile  the  two?  The  one  was  prompted 
by  the  mild  spirit  of  peace ;  the  other  by  the  stern  councils 
of  war.  It  was  a  detachment  of  this  persecuted  people 
whose  arrival  in  Savannah  recalled  Governor  Eeynolds 
from  Augusta  to  the  seat  of  government. 

''But  what  could  the  Governor  do  with  such  a  body 
of  strangers?  It  was  one  of  the  express  conditions  upon 
which  Georgia  was  settled,  that  no  Papist  should  be  per- 
mitted in  it ;  yet  here  were  four  hundred  in  one  body,  set 
down  in  its  midst.  It  was  also  of  the  greatest  importance 
to  break  up  French  influence  on  the  frontier,  but  now 
nearly  half  a  thousand  French  were  consigned  to  the 
weakest  and  most  exposed  of  all  the  thirteen  colonies. 
On  account  of  the  lateness  of  the  season  and  the  destitute 
condition  of  the  exiles,  they  were  distributed  in  small 


210       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

parties  through  the  province,  and  maintained  at  the  pub- 
lic expense  until  spring,  when,  by  leave  of  the  Governor, 
they  built  themselves  a  number  of  rude  boats,  and  in 
March  most  of  them  left  for  South  Carolina,  two  hundred 
embarking  at  one  time,  in  ten  boats,  indulging  the  hope 
that  they  might  thus  work  their  way  back  to  their  native 
and  beloved  Acadie." 


CHAPTER  XXIII 


The  Moravians  in  Georgia 


SCARCELY  a  vestige  today  survives  in  the  way  of 
a  memorial  to  tell  of  the  brief  sojourn  in  this  State 
of  the  pious  Moravians.  But  the  early  annals  of 
Georgia  are  too  fragrant  with  the  memories  of  this  sweet- 
spirited  sect  to  justify  any  omission  of  them  in  this  his- 
torical retrospect.  Both  in  simple  habits  of  life  and  in 
deep  religious  fervor,  they  were  not  unlike  the  Salzbur- 
gers,  to  whom  they  were  remotely  allied  by  ties  of  kin- 
ship. The  missionary  activities  of  the  Moravians  among 
the  Georgia  Indians  were  successful  in  a  marked  degree; 
and,  with  little  opposition  from  the  red  men  of  the  forest, 
who  learned  to  trust  them  with  implicit  confidence,  they 
jDenetrated  far  into  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and  es- 
tablished at  Spring  Place,  in  what  is  now  Murray  County, 
a  mission  which  exerted  a  powerful  influence  among  the 
native  tribes,  converting  not  a  few  chiefs  and  warriors, 
and  continuing  to  flourish  down  to  the  final  deportation 
of  the  Cherokees,  in  1838.  Both  Elias  Boudinot  and 
David  Vann  were  Moravian  converts. 

But  who  were  these  Moravians!  To  answer  this 
question,  we  must  cross  the  sea  to  Bohemia.  Coincident 
with  Oglethorpe's  humane  project,  there  was  an  effort 
made  by  Count  Zinzendorf,  a  Protestant,  to  organize  on 
his  estate  a  community  of  believers,  modelled  upon  the 
old  original  church  of  the  Apostles.  When  a  charter 
was  granted  for  the  Colony  of  Georgia,  the  Count  sought 
and  obtained  a  concession  of  five  hundred  acres  of  land 
from  the  Trustees,  with  i^ermission  to  absent  himself  in 


212       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

person  from  the  Colony,  on  condition  that  he  send  over 
ten  male  servants,  in  his  own  stead,  to  cultivate  the  soil. 
Accompanied  by  the  Kev.  Mr.  Gottlieb  Spangenberg,  the 
first  emigrants  of  this  religious  persuasion  arrived  in 
Georgia  in  the  spring  of  173'5,  and  settled  near  the  Sa- 
vannah Eiver,  on  a  body  of  land  between  the  Salzburgers 
and  the  town  of  Savannah. 


To  quote  Colonel  Jones  :*  The  history  of  the  Mora- 
vians in  Georgia  may  be  quickly  told.  Under  the  aus- 
pices of  Count  Zinzendorf,  seconded  by  the  good  offices 
of  the  Trustees,  additions  were  made  from  time  to  time 
to  this  settlement.  A  school-house  called  Irene  was  built 
near  Tomo-chi-chi's  vilage,  for  the  accommodation  and 
instruction  of  Indian  children;  and  in  its  conduct  and 
prosperity  the  aged  mico  manifested  a  lively  interest. 
With  the  Salzburgers  the  Moravians  associated  on  terms 
of  closest  friendship.  In  subduing  the  forest  and  in 
the  erection  of  homes  they  mani:^ested  great  zeal.  Above 
all  others  were  they  successful  in  tilling  the  ground,  and 
in  the  accumulation  of  provisions,  which  sufficed  not  only 
for  their  own  wants,  but  also  met  the  needs  of  their  less 
provident  neighbors.  .  .  .  They  were  in  all  respects 
useful  colonists. 

When  summoned,  however,  to  bear  arms  in  defence  of 
the  province  against  the  Spaniards,  they  refused  to  do 
so,  alleging  that  since  they  were  not  freeholders  there 
was  no  obligation  resting  upon  them  to  perform  military 
duties.  They  further  insisted  that  they  were  prevented 
by  religious  convictions  from  becoming  soldiers,  and 
stated  that  before  coming  to  Georgia  it  had  been  ex- 
pressly stipulated  that  they  should  be  exempt  from  such 
obligations.  After  mature  deliberation,  it  was  agreed 
that  the  Moravians  be  excused;  but  this  exemption  em- 
bittered the  minds  of  the  other  colonists  against  them  and 


♦Jones:    History    of   Georgia,   Vol.    I. 


The  Moravians  213 

rendered  a  further  residence  in  the  province  unpleasant. 
Accordingly,  in  1738,  some  of  them,  having  first  refunded 
to  the  authorities  all  moneys  disbursed  for  them,  aban- 
doned the  settlement  in  Georgia  .  .  .  and  removed  to 
Pennsylvania,  .  .  .  where  the  settlements  of  Bethlehem 
and  Nazareth  preserve  to  this  day  some  of  the  distin- 
guishing features  of  this  peculiar  people. 


This  anecdote  has  been  preserved :  On  one  occasion, 
during  tlie  voyage  of  Oglethorpe  with  the  Moravians 
and  Salzburgers,  the  sea  broke  over  the  vessel  from  stem 
to  stern,  burst  through  the  windows  of  the  state  cabin, 
and  drenched  the  inmates.  John  Wesley  came  near  being 
washed  overboard  by  one  of  the  waves.  In  all  these 
storms  and  dangers  the  Moravians  were  calm  and  unter- 
rified.  The  tempest  began  on  Sunday,  just  as  they  com- 
menced services;  the  sea  broke  over  the  ship,  split  the 
mainsail,  and  poured  down  upon  the  vessel,  threatening 
instant  destruction.  The  English  screamed,  but  the  Ger- 
mans sang  on. 

"Were  you  not  afraid!"  asked  Wesley,  speaking  to 
one  of  them. 

"I  thank  God,  no,"  he  replied. 

"But  were  not  your  women  and  children  afraid!"  he 
inquired. 

"No,"  answered  the  Moravian,  "our  women  and  chil- 
dren are  not  afraid  to  die." 

Mr.  Wesley  afterward  said  that  the  example  of  these 
Moravians  exerted  so  powerful  an  influence  upon  him 
as  to  make  him  doubt  if  he  were  really  converted  before 
lie  met  them.* 


*Lawton   B.   Evans,   in   School  History  of  Georgia. 


214       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

According  to  Bishop  Stevens  :*  Several  of  the  Mora- 
vian ministers  who  came  to  Georgia  were  men  of  eminent 
distinction.  Christian  Gottlieb  Spangenberg  had  been 
an  adjunct  professor  in  the  University  of  Halle,  in  Sax- 
ony; and  after  leaving  Savannah  he  went  to  Europe, 
where  he  was  ordained  bishop.  He  returned  to  America 
and  took  entire  charge  of  the  affairs  of  the  Brethren  in 
the  British  Colonies.  He  was  also  an  author  and  wrote 
the  Life  of  Count  Zinzendorf,  besides  a  number  of  re- 
ligious books.  David  Nitschman  was  one  of  the  compan- 
ions of  Wesley  on  his  visit,  to  Georgia.  He  rose  to  be 
a  Bishop,  and  was  one  of  the  first  missionaries  to  the 
blacks  in  the  Danish  West  Indies.  Peter  Beuler  also 
became  a  Bishop.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the  University 
of  Jena  and  a  man  of  ripe  scholarship.  Martin  Mack, 
after  leaving  Savannah,  labored  for  years  among  the 
Indians  in  Pennsylvania,  and  was  then  made  a  Bishop 
and  assigned  to  the  Danish  West  Indies.  The  Moravians 
did  not  remain  long  enough  in  Georgia  to  fashion  the 
plastic  mass ;  but  could  they  have  aided  in  moulding  the 
institutions  of  the  Commonwealth,  many  calamities  might 
have  been  avoided  and  many  virtues  might  have  been 
developed  which  would  have  reflected  glory  upon  Geor- 
gia's name. 


♦Stephens:   History  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I. 


CHAPTER  XXIV 


Roswell:  The  Home  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's  Mother 


THEliE  is  scarcely  to  be  found  in  Georgia  a  com- 
munity of  eight  hundred  inhabitants  wiiich  can 
boast  anything  like  the  historic  memories  which 
belong  to  Eoswell.  Situated  on  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Chattahoochee  River,  in  the  extreme  northeastern 
angle  of  Cobb  County,  this  former  abode  of  wealthy  slave- 
owners is  today  only  a  straggling  village;  and,  though 
reached  by  a  little  branch  railway,  which  meets  the  main 
trunk  line  at  Chamblee,  some  ten  miles  distant,  it  seems 
to  be  effectually  hidden  from  the  world  in  an  obscure 
pocket  of  the  mountains.  There  are  still  a  number  of 
fine  old  families  left  in  Roswell;  but  the  population  at 
the  present  time  is  chiefly  dependent  upon  the  mills.  The 
splendid  water  facilities  at  this  point  have  made  the 
manufacturing  establishments  at  Roswell  famous  among 
the  industrial  enterprises  of  Georgia;  and  the  products 
of  these  local  plants  are  shipped  in  large  quantities  to 
various  parts  of  the  South.  But  the  stately  pomp  which 
formerly  reigned  in  the  elegant  mansions  upon  the  hills 
has  long  since  disappeared.  The  luxurious  life  of  the 
old  regime,  like  the  water  which  can  never  again  turn 
the  wheels  of  the  old  factory,  has  vanished  forever  down 
the  stream. 

For  a  distance  of  nearly  three  miles,  the  homes  of 
Roswell  at  the,  present  time  are  strung  along  the  main 
road,  and  the  tenacity  with  which  they  hug  the  old  high- 
way has  caused  Alex  Bealer  to  dub  Roswell  ''the  shoe- 
string town  of  Georgia." 


216        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But  what  a  world  of  history  has  been  written  in  this 
secluded  hamlet.  It  was  the  home  of  Dr.  Gouldin^,  who 
wrote  "The  Young-  Marooners."  It  was  the  home  of 
Theodore  Roosevelt's  mother.  It  boasted  a  President 
of  the  United  States,  by  whom  it  was  visited  when  he 
was  clothed  with  the  mantle  of  his  high  office.  It  gave  an 
Admiral  to  the  Confederate  Navy.  It  produced  the  of- 
ficer who  fired  the  last  shot  from  the  gunwales  of  the  ill- 
fated  Alabama.  The  old  Presbyterian  Churchy  at  Eos- 
well,  is  one  of  the  landmarks  of  Cherokee  Georgia,  while 
the  bell  which  summons  the  flock  to  worship  in  this  an- 
cient little  structure  was  fifty  years  old  when  it  was  first 
brought  from  Savannah  to  be  hung  in  the  tower.  It  is 
said  that  the  first  residence  in  Cherokee  Georgia  to  be 
supplied  with  window  glass  was  built  at  Roswell.  There 
was  no  little  wealth  centred  at  this  point  during  the 
pioneer  days.  The  people  reared  substantial  homes  from 
the  very  start,  employed  the  best  educational  instructors 
to  teach  the  village  school,  and  gave  to  the  virgin  wilder- 
ness an  atmosphere  of  culture,  while  the  tracks  of  the 
Indians  were  still  fresh.  Dr.  Nathaniel  Pratt  for  years 
taught  a  select  school  at  Roswell,  and  some  of  his  pupils 
afterwards  became  eminent  in  public  affairs.  He  was 
also  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  for  two  full  dec- 
ades. 

As  a  center,  both  of  trade  and  of  population,  Roswell 
was  for  years  a  more  important  town  than  Marietta.  It 
was  not  until  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad  was  built 
that  the  latter  began  to  flourish.  It  was  then  on  the 
main  highway  of  travel.  But  some  time  elapsed,  even 
with  this  advantage,  before  it  could  measure  strides  with 
the  little  town  to  the  north. 

Roswell  King,  for  whom  the  town  was  named,  was  no 
ordinary  man.  He  was  a  native  of  New  England  and 
a  descendant  of  Captain  John  King,  of  Northampton, 
Mass.  His  maternal  uncle  was  John  Pitch,  the  celebrated 
inventor,  who  made  successful  experiments  with  the 
steamboat  on  the  Delaware  before  Fulton  launched  his 


ROSWELL  217 

craft  on  tlie  Hudson.  Koswell  King  therefore  came  of 
sturdy  stock  and  inlierited  from  liis  ancestors  a  genius 
for  practical  affairs.  It  is  said  that  he  discovered  the 
water-power  of  tlie  Chattahoochee  Eiver  at  this  place, 
when  on  a  visit  to  the  Cherokees  with  whom  he  enjoyed 
friendly  relations.  Impressed  with  the  possibilities  of 
the  site  for  manufacturing  purposes,  he  here  founded 
the  town  of  Koswell,  established  the  famous  cotton  and 
woollen  mills  at  this  point,  which  he  successfully  operated 
for  years,  and  accumulated  an  ample  fortune.  The 
earlier  part  of  his  life  in  Georgia  was  spent  near  Darien, 
and  when  he  settled  upon  the  Chattahoochee  River  he 
brought  with  him  a  colony  of  thrifty  people  from  the 
Georo'ia  Coast. 


Perhaps  the  most  famous  landmark  which  time  has 
spared  in  Rosw^ell  is  Bulloch  Hall.  It  was  built  appar- 
ently with  an  eye  to  the  associations  which  were  destined 
to  invest  it  in  after  years.  At  any  rate,  the  plans  were 
carefully  made  by  the  original  owner — Major  James  S. 
Bulloch.  He  superintended  the  work  himself,  and  the 
mansion  was  substantially  and  handsomely  built,  not  only 
upon  a  scale  of  splendid  proportions,  but  of  the  very  best 
materials.  It  was  modeled  upon  the  plan  of  the  ancient 
Parthenon  at  Athens,  with  massive  pillars  in  front.  Major 
Bulloch  was  well  connected.  His  grandfather  was  Archi- 
bald Bulloch,  the  famous  old  Revolutionary  patriot.  His 
mother  was  an  Irvine,  the  daughter  of  an  old  j^ioneer 
physician  of  some  note  in  Georgia ;  and  to  strengthen 
his  social  status  still  further  he  married  first  the  daugh- 
ter and  afterwards  the  young  widow  of  Senator  John 
Elliott.  The  maiden  name  of  the  latter  was  Martha 
Stewart,  and  her  father  was  General  Daniel  Stewart,  of 
the  Revolution.  From  this  union  sprang  Martha  Bul- 
loch, the  ex-President's  mother.  The  name  by  which 
she  was  known  to  her  intimate  friends  and  relatives  was 
''Mittie."  Here  at  Bulloch  Hall  the  mother  of  the  future 
President  sj)ent  her  girlhood  days,  barring  an  occasional 


218       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

trip  to  Savannah,  and  here,  with  visiting  companions, 
she  enjoyed  the  gay  and  happy  life  of  an  ideal  country 
seat  during  the  prosperous  days  before  the  war.  The 
old  mansion  stands  some  distance  from  the  main  high- 
way, enveloped  in  a  grove  of  forest  oaks.  It  is  well  pre- 
served by  the  present  owner,  Mr.  J.  B.  Wing,  who  keeps 
it  in  perfect  repair,  and  much  of  the  dignified  air  of 
importance  which  it  wore  in  the  old  days,  it  still  retains. 


Tradition  states  that  it  was  on  one  of  her  visits  to 
Savannah  that  Martha  Bulloch  first  met  the  man  of 
her  choice — Theodore  Roosevelt,  Sr.  Friendship  speed- 
ily ripened  into  affection,  and  on  an  evening  in  Decem- 
ber, during  the  fifties,  the  marriage  ceremony  occurred 
at  Bulloch  Hall.  The  occasion  was  marked  by  unusual 
splendor.  It  is  said  to  have  been  bitterly  cold  out-of- 
doors;  but  the  cedar  logs  in  the  deep'  open  fire-places 
imparted  a  genial  warmth  to  the  four  spacious  rooms 
which  opened  upon  the  main  hall.  Lights  ishimmered 
from  the  many-branched  candelabra,  and  from  the  count- 
less tapers  which  were  ranged  about  the  elegant  apart- 
ments, in  candle-sticks  of  brass  and  silver.  Besides  the 
whole  interior  of  the  house  downstairs  was  brilliantly  fes- 
tooned with  holly  and  mistletoe,  emblems  which  were 
doubly  appropriate  to  the  season.  The  marriage  rites 
were  solemnized  in  the  spacious  drawing  room  of  the 
Bulloch  mansion,  Rev,  Nathaniel  Pratt,  the  pastor  of  the 
local  Presbyterian  Church,  performing  the  ceremony, 
assisted  by  Rev.  James  Dunwody,  a  kinsman.  The  hand- 
some bride  wore  a  Princess  gown  of  white  silk,  covered 
with  a  veil  of  delicate  illusion,  and  was  a  picture  of 
loveliness.  The  bridesmaids  were:  Miss  Julia  Hand, 
Miss  Margaret  Cooper  Stiles,  Miss  Anna  Bulloch  and 
Miss  Evelyn  King.  The  groom's  attendants  were 
Corneille  Roosevelt,  a  brother  of  the  groom;  Thomas 
King,  Ralph  King,  and  Stewart  Elliott.  Only  one 
member   of   this  youthful   group   today  survives:   Mrs. 


EOSWELL  219 

William  E.  Baker.  She  was  formerly  Miss  Eve- 
lyn King",  The  greater  part  of  her  long  life  has 
ibeen  spent  at  Eoswell,  where  she  is  today  the  mis- 
tress of  her  girlhood's  home:  Barrington  Hall.  This 
stately  old  mansion  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  a 
spacious  veranda,  whose  handsome  pillars  form  a  mag- 
nificent colonnade ;  while  the  house  itself  is  most  delight- 
fully embowered  in  a  grove  of  forest  oaks.  Within  an 
easy  walk  of  the  Baker  home  is  another  impressive  old 
landmark,  once  the  centre  of  brilliant  social  gatherings : 
Phoenix  Hall.  Here  lived  General  Andrew  J.  Hansell, 
one  of  the  courtliest  men  of  his  time  and  long  president 
of  the  Eoswell  Mills. 


It  is  not  the  least  among  the  claims  of  Eoswell  to 
distinction  that  it  furnished  two  gallant  officers  to  the 
navy  of  the  Confederate  States :  Admiral  James  Dun- 
wody  Bulloch  and  Gaj^tain  Irvine  Bulloch.  Both  were 
uncles  of  ex-President  Eoosevelt.  These  two  distin- 
guished officers  were  half-brothers.  They  were  sons  of 
Major  James  S.  Bulloch,  the  former  by  his  marriage  to 
his  first  wife,  the  latter  by  his  marriage  to  Mrs.  Elliott, 
nee  Martha  Stewart.*  Irvine  Bulloch,  therefore,  was 
an  uncle  of  the  full  blood  to  Theodore  Eoosevelt,  and  an 
own  brother  to  Mrs.  Eoosevelt.  James  D^nwody  Bul- 
loch was  related  to  them  only  on  the  father's  side. 

Captain  Irvine  Bulloch  was  an  officer  on  the  famous 
Alabama.  He  was  in  command  of  one  of  the  big  guns 
on  board  the  vessel,  and  it  was  reserved  for  him  to  pull 
the  lanyard  which  fired  the  last  shot  as  the  noted  cruiser 
sank  to  her  grave  in  the  English  channel.  He  was  after- 
wards sailing-master  of  the  famous  Shenandoah.  Upon 
the  docks  of  this  ship  he  was  engaged  in  an  open  battle 


♦Major  Bulloch's  first  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Senator  John  Elliott, 
by  his  first  marriage.  The  only  child  by  this  marriage  was  James  Dun- 
wody  Bulloch.  His  second  wife  was  the  widow  of  Senator  Elliott,  nee 
Martha  Stewart.  The  children  by  this  marriage  were  Irvine,  Anna  and 
Martha. 


220       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

upon  the  high  seas  some  three  weeks  after  General  Lee 
surrendered.  The  wireless  system  of  telegraphy  was  then 
unknown. 

Admiral  James  Dunwody  Bulloch  was  sent  to  Europe 
at  the  beginning  of  the  war  as  the  special  agent  of  the 
Confederate  government  to  secure  vessels  for  the  navy, 
which  then  existed  only  in  prospect.  He  purchased  the 
Florida,  the  Alabama,  and  the  Shenandoah,  all  of  which 
he  succeeded  in  putting  afloat  under  the  Confederate 
flag.  It  was  a  distinct  violation  of  the  laws  of  neutrality 
for  England  thus  to  aid  the  South,  but  the  sympathies 
of  the  people  were  with  the  secessionists.  Moreover,  the 
shrewd  commander  employed  the  arts  of  diplomacy^  to 
good  advantage,  in  avoiding  trouble  with  the  governmen- 
tal authorities.  Subsequent  to  the  war,  he  wrote  a  '^ His- 
tory of  the  Secret  Service  of  the  Confederacy  in  Eu- 
rope." Mr.  Roosevelt  once  said  of  him  that  he  was  the 
embodiment  of  Thackeray's  beau  ideal  creation:  Colonel 
Newcomb. 

This  accomplished  officer  made  his  home  for  several 
years  in  Scotland.  The  exact  locality  is  not  recalled 
by  his  surviving  kindred  in  this  country;  but  some  time 
ago  a  son  of  Barrington  King,  when  travelling  abroad, 
undertook  to  make  inquiries.  At  first  the  search  prom- 
ised to  be  fruitless ;  but  finally  he  discovered  his  magnifi- 
cent estate  among  the  Highlands.  It  was  a  residence  fit 
for  an  officer  of  the  crown ;  and  over  the  massive  gate- 
way which  opened  upon  the  grounds  was  chiseled  the 
magic  name:  "Roswell." 


October  20,  1905,  is  a  day  long  to  be  remembered  in 
the  calendar  of  the  little  town  of  Eoswell.  It  was  the 
occasion  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's  visit  to  his  mother's  old 
home.  He  was  then  holding  the  high  office  of  President 
of  the  United  States ;  but  clothed  in  the  mantle  of  author- 
ity though  he  was,  Mr.  Roosevelt  nevertheless  found  tinie 
to  visit  this  remote  little  countr}^  town,  on  a  pilgrimage 


ROSWELL  221 

of  filial  devotion.  He  was  met  at  the  village  station  by 
a  committee  of  citizens,  headed  by  the  mayor.  But  there 
were  thousands  of  people  in  Roswell  to  meet  the  distin- 
guished visitor.  They  came  by  every  road  leading  into 
the  town  and  they  came  from  every  plantation  within  a 
score  of  miles.  Most  of  them  had  never  seen  and  never 
expected  to  see  a  President.  The  reception  w^as  held  in 
the  little  Presbyterian  Church,  to  which,  on  account  of 
the  pressure  of  the  crowd,  it  was  necessary  to  limit  the 
attendance  to  invited  guests.  Senator  Clay,  who  accom- 
panied Mr.  Roosevelt  to  Georgia,  and  who  acted  as  host 
during  his  stay  in  the  State,  introduced  him  to  the  peo- 
ple; and  a  young  student  at  Mercer,  Mr.  Charles  W. 
Reid,  made  an  eloquent  address  of  welcome. 

Though  only  two  hours  were  spent  by  the  President 
in  Roswell  the  time  was  improved  to  the  best  advantage, 
and  he  was  taken  to  the  various  places  of  interest  by  the 
committee,  who  made  good  use  of  automobiles.  Some- 
thing like  half  an  hour  was  spent  at  Bulloch  Hall.  He  in- 
spected the  old  mansion  from  cellar  to  garret.  On  ac- 
count of  the  briefness  of  his  visit,  he  was  obliged  to  de- 
cline an  invitation  to  breakfast  at  Barrington  Hall.  But 
he  made  a  call  upon  his  mother's  old  friend.  Mrs.  Baker 
greeted  him  with  tears  of  joy  in  her  eyes  and  called  him 
"Theodore."  The  President  was  most  profoundly 
touched  by  the  interview.  It  was  a  scene  which  no  brush 
can  paint.  More  than  all  of  the  garish  pomp  of  the 
great  pageants  which  he  had  witnessed  so  often  it  must 
have  touched  the  heart  of  Mr.  Roosevelt  to  receive  from 
his  mother's  people  a  welcome  so  cordial,  welling  up  from 
thousands  of  honest  hearts  around  him,  like  the  crys- 
tal mountain  springs  of  the  great  Blue  Ridge,  clear  and 
limpid.  Nor  least  among  the  choice  recollections  which 
he  carried  back  with  him  to  Washington  was  the  picture 
of  an  old  black  mammy — the  very  one,  so  it  is  said,  who 
held  his  mother  in  her  sable  arms  and  crooned  the  tender 
lullabies,  which  were  destined  to  become  his  cradle  songs. 


CHAPTER  XXV 


Dr.  Francis  R.  Goulding:  The  Author  of  "The 
Young  Marooners" 


FAMILIAE  to  thousands  of  readers  on  both  sides  of 
the  water  is  the  name  of  an  author  who  lies  buried 
on  the  banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  Eiver  at  Roswell : 
Dr.  Francis  R.  Goulding.  He  was  an  old  Presbyterian 
preacher,  who  achieved  renown  rather  late  in  life  by 
writing  a  tale  of  adventure,  whose  recital  has  charmed 
three  generations:  "The  Young  Marooners."  It  is  said 
that  when  the  manuscript  of  this  wonderful  classic  was 
first  submitted  to  the  publishers  it  was  rejected,  but  be- 
fore the  story  was  returned  to  Dr.  Goulding  it  chanced  to 
fall  into  the  hands  of  a  child,  who  read  it  with  the  most 
absorbed  interest.  From  this  circumstance  it  gained 
favor,  was  re-read  by  the  publishers,  appeared  in  due 
season  thereafter,  bound  in  attractive  covers,  and  pro- 
ceeded at  once  to  take  the  Avorld  by  storm. 

Few  books  have  ever  leaped  more  rapidly  into  favor. 
To  meet  the  demand  in  Great  Britain  numerous  editions 
were  printed  by  leading  establishments,  both  in  Edin- 
burgh and  in  London ;  and  so  widespread  became  the  in- 
terest which  the  story  aroused  that  it  was  translated 
forthwith  dnto  several  different  European  languages. 
There  is  said  to  be  nothing  in  English  literature  to  com- 
pare with  the  chapter  in  which  the  author  describes  the 
abduction  of  the  m.arooning  ])arty  by  a  devil-fish,  off  the 
coast  of  Florida.  In  thrilling  interest  it  vies  with  Robin- 
son Crusoe  and  in  dramatic  elements  it  is  not  surpassed, 


Dr.  Francis  R.  Goulding  223 

even  by  Swiss  Family  Robinson.  Withal,  it  is  wliole- 
some,  a  book  full  of  instructive  lessons  and  of  pure 
morals.  It  is  cliiefly  as  the  author  of  this  great  juvenile 
masterpiece  that  Ur.  Goulding  is  today  remembered. 
But  he  also  wrote  numerous  other  books,  an  interest  in 
which  will  doubtless  some  day  be  revived. 

During  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  Dr.  Goulding  wore 
a  tightly  fitting  cap,  in  which  he  was  usually  seen  in 
public,  and  most  of  the  pictures  of  the  famous  author 
still  extant  represent  him  with  his  head  covered  in  thi,^ 
manner.  It  was  probably  a  precaution  which  he  took 
against  exposure  to  cold  draughts.  His  erect  figure  as 
he  stood  in  the  pulpit  or  appeared  on  the  streets  of  the 
little  town  is  still  vividly  recalled  by  some  of  the  older 
people  of  Roswell.  Mr.  Clinton  M.  Webb,  a  prominent 
citizen  of  the  town,  in  a  letter  to  the  author,  says :  ' '  I 
knew  and  loved  Dr.  Goulding  as  I  have  known  and  loved 
few  men.  Meeting  him  almost  daily,  during  the  years  in 
which  he  lived  in  Roswell,  I  learned  to  appreciate  him 
and  to  value  his  friendship.  He  was  truly  a  type  of  the 
Southern  gentleman  of  the  ''Old  School."  He  greeted 
every  one  with  a  smiling  face,  and  children  especially 
were  attracted  to  him  by  his  genial  ways.  He  possessed 
a  vast  fund  of  useful  knowledge.  In  this  respect,  I  have 
never  known  his  equaL  He  was  veritably  an  encyclo- 
paedia of  general  information.  One  could  hardly  ask  him 
a  question  which  he  could  not  answer.  He  was  a  broad- 
minded,  deep-thinking  man,  and  his  place  has  never  been 
filled  in  the  town  of  Roswell.  I  have  often  thought  that 
his  memory  should  be  honored  with  an  approjiriate  mon- 
ument. It  could  easily  be  accomplished  by  getting  the 
children  who  have  read  'The  Young  Marooners'  inter- 
ested in  the  matter.  I  hope  to  see  it  done  yet."  Mrs. 
Webb  has  a  metrical  version  of  the  Twenty- third  Psalm 
which  Dr.  Goulding  com])osed  and  copied  for  her  with 
his  own  hand,  and  she  values  it  among  her  most  precious 
keepsakes. 

Dr.  Gouldin^sf  was  born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  Sep- 
tember 28,  1810.    His  father  was  Dr.  Thomas  Goulding, 


224       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  first  native-born  Presbyterian  minister  in  this  State. 
Francis  K.  Goulding  was  licensed  to  j^reach  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three.  He  filled  a  number  of  pastorates.  Greens- 
boro, Waynesboro,  Bath,  Darien — these  were  among  his 
earlier  charges.  As  soon  as  he  was  licensed  to  preach,  he 
married  Miss  Mary  Wallace  Howard,  of  Savannah.  The 
health  of  his  wife  failing,  he  located  at  Kingston,  Ga., 
hoping  that  she  might  derive  some  benefit  from  the  moun- 
tain air.  But  Mrs.  Goulding  died  in  1853,  leaving  him 
six  children.  He  then  opened  a  select  school  for  boys  at 
Kingston,  and  collected  notes  for  a  work  on  "Instincts 
of  Birds  and  Beasts."  Professor  Agassiz,  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  the  great  naturalist,  was  a  friend  with  whom  he 
frequently  corresponded.  In  1855,  he  married  Miss  .Mil- 
dred Rees,  of  Darien,  who  bore  him  two  daughters. 

During  the  Civil  War,  Dr.  Goulding  was  a  Confeder- 
ate chaplain.  In  1862,  his  splendid  library  at  Darien 
was  destroyed  by  the  Federal  soldiers.  Encouraged  by 
the  success  of  "The  Young  Marooners,"  he  was  induced 
to  write  a  sequel  to  this  story,  which  he  entitled:  "The 
Marooners'  Island."  He  also  wrote  the  "Woodruff 
Stories."  His  other  writings  include:  "Sapelo,  or  Child 
Life  in  the  Tide-Water,"  "Tallequah,  or  Life  Among 
the  Cherokees,"  and  "Nacoochee,  or  Boy  Life  from 
Home."  But  the  great  author's  masterpiece  is  "The 
Young  Marooners."  Harold  Mcintosh  and  Frank  Gor- 
don are  familiar  names  to  the  children  of  two  hemis- 
pheres, and  brave  little  Mary,  too,  has  bewitched  the 
world.  Dr.  Goulding  settled  in  Eoswell  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  where  he  died,  August  22,  1881,  after  a  ministry 
of  forty-eight  years,  beloved  by  the  people  among  whom 
he  lived,  and  enrolled  with  the  immortals,  both  of  earth 
and  of  heaven. 


CHAPTER  XXVI 


Who  Invented  the  Sewing  Machine? 


AS  AN  author  of  stories  for  the  young,  Dr.  Francis 
R.  Goulcling  admittedly  ranks  with  the  great  Eng- 
lish dissenter :  Daniel  DeFoe.  But  did  Dr.  Gould- 
ing  further  increase  the  debt  which  humanity  owes  him 
by  inventing  the  sewing  machine!  To  this  question,  Joel 
Chandler  Harris  returns  the  following  answer.^  Says 
he:  "The  first  sewing  machine  was  invented  by  Rev. 
Frank  R.  Goulding,  a  Georgian,  who  has  won  fame  among 
the  children  of  the  land  as  the  author  of  'The  Young  Ma- 
rooners.'  He  invented  the  sewing  machine  for  the  pur- 
pose of  lightening  the  labors  of  his  wife;  and  she  used 
it  for  some  years  before  another  genius  invented  it,  or 
some  traveler  stole  the  idea  and  improved  on  it." 


Walter  A.  Clark,-  of  Augusta,  has  written  a  book  in 
which  he  gives  an  account  of  some  of  the  early  settle- 
ments of  Richmond.  The  old  village  of  Bath,  where  Dr. 
Goulding  held  a  j^astorate  at  one  time,  is  included 
among  this  number ;  and  in  regard  to  the  matter  in  ques- 
tion, Mr.  Clark  says:  ''Dr.  Goulding  must  have  been  a 
moderately  busy  man,  for  in  addition  toi  his  ministerial 
and  literary  labors,  he  devoted  a  portion  of  his  time  to 
mechanics.  In  the  early  forties  his  hand  and  brain 
evolved  a  sewing-machine,  which  is  claimed  to  have  been 


'  stories   of  Georgia,    p.    If!!'.   New  York,    189G. 
2  A  Lost   Arcadia,    pp.    112-113,    Augusta,   1909. 


226       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  first  invention  of  its  kind  operated  on  American  soil. 
The  practically  nniversal  use  into  which  snch  machines 
have  grown  and'  the  i:»rincely  incomes  secured  by  Howe 
and  Wilson  and  Singer  and  others,  from  similar  inven- 
tions, have  led  me  to  investigate  the  reasons  why  he  failed 
to  profit  financially  by  his  mechanical  genius.  Since  I 
began  this  story  the  following  variant  accounts  have  been 
received : 

"First,  the,  inventor's  trip  to  Washington,  D.  C,  in 
the  interest  of  his  patent,  was  delayed  by  flooded  streams, 
and  a  rival  claiming  the  same  mechanical  principle,  in 
this  way,  reached  the  patent  office  in  advance  of  him. 

"Second,  on  the  aforesaid  trip,  the  stage  was  over- 
turned, and,  in  the  confusion  incident  thereto,  the  model 
was  stolen  and  never  recovered. 

"Third,  the  model  dropped  from  the  buggy  into  a 
deep  stream  as  he  crossed  it  and  was  never  found. 

"Fourth,  he  failed  to  locate  the  eye  or  opening  of 
the  needle  used,  near  its  j^oint,  and,  for  this  reason,  the 
machine  was  never  a  success. 

"I' have  been  told  also  that  Howe,  during  a  visit  to 
Augusta,  was  allowed  by  his  friend  to  inspect  the  work- 
ing of  the  model;  that  he  saw  the  defects,  applied  the 
remedy,  appropriated  the  motive  mechanism,  and  se- 
cured a  patent,  which  bountifully  filled  his  coffers. 

^ '  The  needle  theory  named  above  was  given  to  me  by 
my  old  friend,  Mr.  John  H.  Jones,  whose  memory,  al- 
though he  has  passed  his  four-score  years,  is  as  reten- 
tive as  a  tar-bucket.  It  is  also  confirmed  by  my  friend, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Rowland;  and  since  they  were  both  personal 
friends  of  Mr.  Goulding,  from  the  lips  of  whom  they  re- 
ceived the  story,  it  is  evidently  the  correct  version  of  his 
failure  to  utilize  his  invention.  After  leaving  Bath  in 
1853,  Dr.  Goulding  lived  for  a  time  at  Darien,  Ga.,  but 
spent  his  last  years  at  Roswell,  Ga.,  where  he  died  in 
1881."  To  the  foregoing  statement,  Mr.  Clark  after- 
wards added  this  paragraph:  "Since  writing  the  above 
I  have  learned  through  a  lady  friend  that  Mrs.  Mary  Hel- 


Who  Invented  the  Sewing  Machine  ?  227 

mer,  of  Macon,  Ga.,  daughter  of  Dr.  Goulding,  has  in  her 
l^ossession  beautiful  samples  of  the  handiwork  of  this 
machine,  showing  conclusively  that  there  was  no  defect 
in  construction,  and  it  must  have  been  at  last  his  kind 
consideration  for  the  interest  of  the  gentler  sex  that 
held  his  genius  in  abeyance." 


Miss  Rutherford,  of  Athens,  an  educator  of  wide  note, 
whose  writings  upon  historical  topics  show  thorough  re- 
search, gives  us  the  following  piece  of  information:  ''In 
1842,  while  in  Eatonton,  Ga.,  Dr.  Goulding  conceived  the 
idea  of  the  sewing  machine,  and  to  this  Georgian  is  due 
the  first  practical  sewing  machine  ever  known.  During 
1845,  the  year  before  Howe's  patent  was  issued,  or  Thir- 
monnier  had  obtained  his,  Goulding 's  sewing  machine 
was  in  use.  He  said  in  his  journal:  'Having  satisfied 
myself  about  this  machine,  I  laid  it  aside  that  I  might 
attend  to  other  and  weightier  duties. '  Thus  it  happened 
that  no  patent  was  applied  for."  Dr.  James  Stacy,  the 
historian  of  the  Midway  settlement,  from  which  parental 
source  Dr.  Goulding  sprang,  is  another  witness  to  the  lat- 
ter's  invention.  He  says  that  while  visiting  at  Bath  in 
the  summer  of  1848  he  saw  the  remains  of  an  old  machine 
in  Dr.  Goulding's  home;  and  in  the  opinion  of  this  com- 
mentator the  great  author  is  undoubtedly  entitled  to  the 
honor  which  the  w^orld  has  accorded  to  Elias  Howe. 


CHAPTER  XXVII 


"The  Savannah :"  Her  Maiden  Trip  Across  the 
Atlantic  in  1819 


TO  THE  merchants  of  Savannah,  foremost  amon.a^ 
whom  was  William  Scarborough,  l)elongs  the  credit 
of  having  built  the  first  steamship  to  cross  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  There  is  no  question  concerning  the  pre- 
mier honors  to  which  this  pioneer  vessel  is  entitled.  On 
December  19,  1818,  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  was  ap- 
proved by  Governor  E-abun,  incorporating  "The  Savan- 
nah Steamship  Company,"  composed  of  the  following 
charter  members:  William  Scarborough,  A.  B.  Fannin, 
J.  P.  McKinnie,  Samuel  Howard,  Charles  Howard,  John 
Haslett,  Moses  Rodgers,  A.  S.  Bulloch,  John  Bogue,  An- 
drew Low  &  Co.,  Robert  Isaacs,  J,  Minis,  S.  C'.  Dunning, 
J.  P.  Henr}^,  John  Speakman,  Robert  Mitchell,  R.  and  J. 
Habersham,  James  S.  Bulloch,  Gideon  Pott,  W.  S.  Gillett 
and  Samiiel  Yates.*  At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the 
stockholders,  on  February  25,  1819,  the  following  persons 
were  elected  directors:  William  Scarborough,  Robert 
Isaacs,  S.  C.  Dunning,  James  S.  Bulloch  and  Joseph  Hab- 
ersham. There  was  a  ready  sale  for  the  shares  of  the 
company,  due  to  the  well-knowm  character  and  high 
standing  of  the  incorporators.  Potts  and  McKinnie,  of 
New  York,  were  selected  by  the  company  as  agents  to 
superintend  the  work  of  construction.     It  was  strictly 


•Lamar's  Digest,  p.  523. 


"The  Savannah"  229 

an  American  product.  The  luill  of  the  vessel  was  built 
in  New  York,  while  tlie  machinery  was  cast  at  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1819,  the  ''City  of  Savan- 
nah," with  streamers  afloat,  slipped  from  her  moorings. 

Says  a  well-known  writer:^  On  March  28,  she  made 
her  trial  trip  from  New  York  to  Savannah,  receiving  a 
most  enthusiastic  reception  from  hundreds  of  citizens, 
assembled  upon  the  wharves  to  welcome  her.-  The  ves- 
sel was  commanded  by  Captain  Moses  Kodgers,  an  ex- 
perienced engineer.  On  May  20,  she  sailed  for  Liver- 
pool, according  to  the  advertisement,  in  ballast,  without, 
however,  any  passengers.  Just  one  month  later  she 
came  to  anchor  in  the  harbor  of  Liverpool.  The  paddles 
were  so  made  that  they  could  be  removed  from  the  shaft, 
without  difficulty,  in  twenty  minutes.  Approaching  Liver- 
pool, they  were  used  with  spectacular  effect  to  awe  the 
British  onlookers.  With  her  sails  set  and  her  wheels 
plying,  she  steamed  into  the  Mersey,  "proud  as  any 
princess  going  to  her  coronation." 

Remaining  in  Liverpool  for  a  month,  visited  by  thou- 
sands, she  then  continued  her  way  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  Captain  Rodgers,  with  his  novel  craft,  was  received 
with  every  mark  of  respect  and  admiration.  The  20th 
of  November  of  the  same  year  found  her  steaming  into 
the  i^ort  whose  name  she  bore,  with  neither  a  screw,  bolt, 
or  rope-yard  parted,  according  to  her  proud  commander, 
notwithstanding  much  rough  weather  experienced.  Later 
sold  to  a  company  of  New  York  merchants,  and  divested 
of  her  steam  apparatus,  she  was  converted  into  a  sailing- 
packet  between  Savannah  and  New  York,  and  was  finally 
lost  off  the  coast  of  Long  Island.  Unfortunately,  as  a 
financial  venture,  she  was  fifteen  years  in  advance  of  the 


'  Adelaide  Wilson,    in   Historic   and   Picturesque  Savannah. 

=  In  the  spring  of  1819,  Tresident  James  Monroe  visited  Savannah,  where 
he  was  entertained  by  William  Scarborough,  at  his  palatial  home  on  West 
Broad  Street.  For  more  than  fifty  years,  the  handsome  residence  bore  the 
marks  of  its  former  grandeur,  but  it  was  finally  converted  into  a  school 
for  colored  children.  Mr.  Monroe  was  present  at  the  dedicatory  exercises 
of  the  Independent  Presbyterian  Church.  He  also  made  a  trip  to  Tybee, 
on  the  new  steamship,  the  "City  of  Savannah." 


230       Georgia's  Landmarks,  ]\Iemorials  and  Legends 

times.  In  1856,  upon  the  opening  of  the  Crystal  Palace 
in  London,  the  Allaire  Works,  in  New  York,  exhibited 
the  identical  C5dinder  of  the  old  steamship,  the  "City  of 
Savannah."  The  only  known  part  of  the  steamship  in  ex- 
istence, it  is  now  on  exhibition  in  tlie  Cr3'stal  Pahiee, 
where  the  "Savannah's"  log-book  is  also  to  be  seen. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII 


How  the  "General"  Was  Captured:  The  Story  of 
the  Famous  Andrews'  Raid 


PERHAPS  the  most  aceiirate  account  which  lias  yet 
aj^peared  in  print  of  the  thrilling  episode  of  the 
Civil  War  known  as  the  Andrews'  Raid,  has  come 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Wilber  G,  Knrtz,  of  Chicago.  Be- 
fore writing  this  article,  Mr.  Kurtz  traversed  every  foot 
of  ground  upon  which  this  stirring  war  drama  was 
staged;  he  interviewed  every  survivor  of  the  affair  who 
could  i)ossibly  be  found;  he  inspected  every  valve,  screw, 
joint,  and  wheel  belonging  to  the  engines  which  partici- 
l)ated  in  the  famous  episode;  and  when  he  finished  his 
task  there  was  nothing  more  to  be  said  or  written  upon 
the  subject.  It  adds  a  delicate  flavor  of  romance  to  the 
story  which  the  author  has •  so  charmingly  told  to  state 
that  Mr.  Kurtz,  who  is  a  gentleman  of  Northern  birth, 
afterwards  married  a  daughter  of  Captain  W.  A.  Fuller, 
one  of  the  heroes  of  this  episode.  Mr.  Kurtz  occupies  a 
high  position  in  the  social  and  business  Avorld  of  the 
Middle  West.    The  story  of  the  famous  raid  is  as  follows : 


In  April,  18G2,  a  division  of  Biiell's  army,  in  command  of  General 
O.  M.  JVlitehel,  -was  encamped  near  Shelby ville,  Tcnn.  While  here  a  Union 
spy  and  contraband  niercliant,  James  Andrews,  ^vas  given  permission  by 
Mitchel  to  conduct  a  party  of  volunteers  to  some  point  on  the  W.  and  A. 
Eailroad  (tlie  State  road)  in  Georgia,  seize  a  locomotive  and  run  north- 
ward, burning  bridges  and  destroying  track  behind  them. 

Some  engineers  were  to  be  in  this  ])arty  to  insure  the  liandling  of  the 
locomtitivc,  and,  l)ecause  of  liis  frequent  trips  williin  Confederate  lines.  An- 


232       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

drews  was  familiar  with  all  the  details  of  the  road.  It  was  arranged  that 
Mitchel's  division  should  capture  Huntsville,  Ala.,  the  same  day  (Ai^ril 
11)  that  Andrews  destroyed  the  railroad;  this'  being  successful  and  Chatta- 
nooga thereby  cut  off  from  Atlanta  and  the  South,  Mitchel  would  then  in- 
vest the  mountain  city  and  hold  it  for  reinforcements. 

The  capture  of  Chattanooga  meant  the  possession  of  East  Tennessee, 
with  its  loyal  mountaineers — a  scheme  that  anticipated  what  actually  took 
place  a  year  later,  when  Kosecrans  battled  at  Chickaniauga  for  the  pos- 
session of  that  which  now  only  a  handful  of  men  sought  to  gain.  Mitchel's 
signal  to  advance  along  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad  to  Chatta- 
nooga from  Huntsville,  was  to  be  the  arrival  of  the  victorious  Andrews 
party  with  the  report  that  the  only  road  going  southward  from  Chatta- 
nooga was  in  ruins.  Such  was  the  scheme;  the  story  of  the  raid  sets 
forth  its  singular  and  tragic  failure. 

Marietta,  Ga.,  twenty  miles  north  of  Atlanta,  was  the  point  selected 
from  which  the  return  trip  should  be  made.  Here  the  raiders  were  to  spend 
the  night  of  April  10,  and  on  the  next  day  the  morning  train  north  was 
to  be  boarded,  and  when  the  breakfast  station  at  Big  Shanty  was  reached, 
the  locomotive  was  to  be  seized.  But  the  raiders  wore  so  hampered  by 
the  heavy  rains  while  traveling  overland  from  Shelbyville  to  Chattanooga 
that  Andrews  decided  to  postpone  the  raid  one  day,  reasoning  that  if  his 
small  party  was  so  delayed  Mitchel's  division  surely  would  be.  So  it  was 
on  the  night  of  the  11th  when  the  party,  twenty-two  in  number,  found 
themselves  in  Marietta. 

The  next  morning  twenty  of  them,  including  Andrews,  boarded  Con- 
ductor William  A.  Fuller's  train,  bound  for  Chattanooga.  Two  of  the  party 
failed  to  make  this  train.  Just  as  was  planned,  the  raiders  seized  the 
engine  and  three  box  cars  which  happened  to  be  next  the  tender,  while 
crew  and  passengers  were  at  breakfast  at  the  Lacey  Hotel,  Big  Shanty, 
seven  miles  north  of  Marietta.  This  point  of  seizure  had  been  selected 
because  it^  afforded  the  best  opportunity — there  being  no  telegraph  office 
from  which  to  send  any  intelligence  of  the  affair. 

With  four  men  in  the  cab  and  the  rest  of  the  score  in  the  rear  box 
car  the  locomotive  "General"  started  northward.  To  all  inquirers,  who 
showed  a  most  exasperating  interest  in  the  strange  outfit — Fuller's  regular 
engine  and  schedule,  but  an  unknown  crew — Andrews  declared  he  was 
running  a  powder  train  through  to  General  Beauregard,  then  at  Corinth — 
a  plausible  story,  since  this  was  but  a  few  days  after  Shiloh. 

The  ' '  General ' '  and  the  ' '  powder  train ' '  were  delayed  quite  a  while 
at  Kingston  on  account  of  some  freight  trains  coming  southward.  Whether 
or  not  these  were  "'^xtras"  flying  southward  from  Mitchel's  investure  of 
Huntsville  the  preceding  day  is  a  mooted  question.  Be  that  as  it  may, 
Mitchel  did  capture  Huntsville  April  11,  just  as  planned. 

Of  course,  the  unexpected  seizure  of  the  locomotive  at  Big  Shanty  threw 
all  in  a  commotion.  Conductor  Fuller,  being  responsible  for  his  train  in 
more  ways  than  one,  was  the  first  to  set  about  its  recovery.     He  ran  after 


How  THE  "General"  Was  Captured  233 

the  steaming  locomotive  afoot!  With  him  were  Mr.  Anthony  Murphy,  then 
the  foreman  of  machine  and  motive  power  of  the  road,  and  Jeff  Cain,  the 
engineer.  The  runners  found  a  platform  handcar  at  Moon's  Station,  and 
on  this  they  poled  and  pushed  their  way  down  grade  to  the  Etowah 
Eiver,  being  assisted  by  two  section  hands  from  Moon's  and  two  citizens 
of  Acworth.  At  first,  pursuers'  surmised  the  seizure  of  the  engine  was  by 
some  deserters,  who  took  this  means  to  get  to  the  woods,  but  reports  of 
persons  along  the  road,  together  with  evidences  of  hostility  and  destruction, 
such  as  cut  wires,  cross-ties  on  the  rails  and  even  missing  rails,  convinced 
them  that  a  formidable  enemy  was  ahead. 

At  the  Etowah  bridge  they  found  an  old  locomotive,  the  "Yonah, " 
used  on  a  spur  road  leading  to  some  iron  works  up  the  river.  This  they 
pressed  into  service  and  ran  the  distance  to  Kingston  at  a  record-breaking 
speed,  for,  strange  to  relate,  the  raiders  had  removed  no  rails'  between  the 
river  and  Kingston.  Here  they  were  halted  by  the  same  freights  that  had 
delayed  Andrews,  wath  no  possibility  of  passing  anyway  soon,  seeing 
which,  Mr.  Fuller  and  Mr.  M^irphy  at  once  pressed  into  service  the  little 
locomotive,  "William  E.  Smith,  of  the  Eome  Eailroad,  Oliver  Wiley  Harbin, 
engineer.     The  raiders  had  left  the  place  but  a  few  minutes  earlier. 

Four  or  five  miles  north  of  Kingston  the  ' '  Smith ' '  was  forced  to  give 
over  the  chase  on  account  of  a  missing  portion  of  the  track.  Mr.  Fuller 
and  Mr.  Murphy  ran  on,  leaving  the  Eome  road  engine  and  its  crowd,  and 
a  few  miles  ahead  they*  met  the  ' '  Texas, ' '  with  a  train  of  freight  cars, 
and  for  its  engineer  Peter  Bracken,  late  of  Macon,  Ga.  Bracken  stopped 
his  train,  and  at  the  behest  of  the  two  pursuers,  backed  to  Adairsville,  where 
the  cars  were  placed  on  a  siding.  Then,  running  backward,  the  chase  was 
resumed.  This  was  the  last  locomotive  used  by  the  pursuers.  Aboard  it 
were  Captain  William  A.  Fuller,  Anthony  Murphy,  Peter  Bracken,  Henry 
Haney  (fireman),  Alonzo  Miartin  and  Fleming  Cox.  At  Calhoun  another 
member  was  added  to  thia  party — a  lad  of  17  years.  This  was  Edward 
Henderson,  of  Dalton,  telegraph  operator.  The  industrious  use  of  wire 
cutters  by  Andrews  had  started  the  lad  southward  on  the  morning  passen- 
ger to  investigate.  He  got  no  further  than  Calhoun,  and  when  the 
' '  Texas ' '  came  along,  was  recognized  by  Fuller,  who  assisted  the  lad 
aboard  the  moving  engine.  The  conductor .  then  wrote  out  a  message  to 
General  Ledbetter  at  Chattanooga,  apprising  him  of  events  and  the  com- 
ing of  the  captured  locomotive.  This  he  gave  Henderson,  with  the  instruction 
to  send  as  soon  as  Dalton  was  reached. 

Just  a  few  miles  north  of  Calhoun,  the  pursuers  came  in  sight  for 
the  first  time,  of  the  pursued.  The  latter  's  efforts  to  raise  another  rail  here 
were  fruitless;  their  frantic  attempts  to  impede  and  wreck  by  the  use  of 
cross-ties  dropped  from  their  rear  and  even  the  cutting  loose  of  two  box 
ears  failed  to  daunt  the  intrepid  crew  of  the  "Texas."  The  cross-ties 
were  removed,  the  box  cars  were  shoved  on  to  the  next  siding  and  from 
this  on  it  was  a  test  of  endurance;  the  locomotives  made  records  that  day 
little  dreamed  of  by  builder  and  owner.     Screaming  whistles  alarmed  the 


234       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

towns  and  soldiery  of  tlie  mad  chase;  pmsiKM-s  joined  in  tli(>  \vake  ol"  tiie 
reversed  and  carooiiinjr  "Texas,"  ■whose  passage  of  the  tunnel  was  but  one 
of  its  many  thrilling  and  fatalistic  moments. 

Hard  push.ed,  the  raiders  played  their  last  card;  they  set  fire  to  their 
remaining  car,  in  the  hopes  of  burning  a  covered  Chickamauga  bridge  just 
south  of  Einggold.  But  the  game  was  lost — the  fire  refused  to  work  its 
destruction,  largely  owing  to  the  drizzling  rain  and  dampness  that  had 
marred  any  previous  attempts  during  the  course  of  their  run. 

The  failure  of  AA'ood  and  water  brought  them  to  a  dead  stop  at  the 
summit  of  the  grade,  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of  Ringgold,  while  leader 
and  men  took  to  the  dense  wood  bordering  the  road.  Their  scheme  had 
been  foiled;  had  there  not  been  this  catastrophe  at  Ringgold  they  would 
have  been  stopped  below  Chattanooga,  for  Fuller  's  message  had  gone  from 
Dalton  ere  Andrews  could  sever  the  wire.  The  neighborhood  was  alarmed, 
and  within  two  weeks  the  whole  of  the  twenty-two  men  were  in  prison 
at  Chattanooga — most  of  them  being  taken  that  day  and  the  next. 
Mitchel  made  some  show  of  advancing  on  Chattanooga  without  his  expected 
knowledge  of  the  raid  's  outcome,  bnt  he  was  forced  to  retire  and  the  town 
was  not  captured  until  September,  1863. 

Andrews,  tried  as  a  spy  at  Chattanooga,  and  seven  of  his  men,  tried  on 
similar  charges  at  Knoxville,  were  sentenced  to  hang — the  leader  perishing 
in  Atlanta,  June  7,  18G2,  at  a  place  now  on  the  corner  of  Peachtree  Street 
and  Ponce  de  Leon  Avenue.  The  seven  men  were  taken  from  the  old  county 
jail  that  stood  at  Fair  and  Fraser  Streets,  and  hanged  near  Oakland 
Cemetery,  on  ground  now  owned  by  the  street  railroad  company,  corner  of 
Fair  and  Park  Avenue.  Military  events  delayed  further  trials,  and  on 
October  IG  the  rest  of  the  party  broke  jaiFin  broad  daylight,  and  eight 
succeeded  in  reaching  the  Union  lines.  The  other  six  were  exchanged  from 
Richmond,  in   March,   1S63. 


CHAPTER  XXIX 


How  Mr.  Bryan  Secured  His  Nomination  in  1896 


AS  the  result  of  a  single  speech  delivered  with  mar- 
velous oratorical  ett'ect,  at  an  opportune  moment,  in 
the  famous  Chicago  convention  of  1890,  William  J. 
Bryan  made  himself  the  standard-bearer  of  the  National 
Democracy  in  three  separate  Presidential  campaigns,  and 
shaped  the  history  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  nation 
for  more  than  a  score  of  years.  But  it  was  due  largely 
to  the  prompt  initiative  and  to  the  bugle-toned  eloquence 
of  a  gifted  Georgian  that  his  nomination  for  the  high 
office  of  President,  in  1896',  became  an  accomplished  fact. 
The  distinguished  member  of  the  Georgia  delegation  who 
presented  his  name  to  the  convention  was  the  late  Judge 
Henry  T.  Lewis,  of  Greerisboro,  afterwards  elevated 
to  a  seat  on  the  Supreme  Court  Bench.  Hon.  Clark  How- 
ell, for  years  a  member  of  the  National  Democratic  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  this  convention;  and,  in  a  racy  article  which  he 
afterwards  wrote  for  his  great  paper,  he  tells  the  story 
of  Bryan's  nomination.    Says  Hr.  Howell: 


"Tlie  Deniocnitii'  convention  of  1890  was  fruitful  of  draniatic  episodes. 
The  second  Cleveland  administration  was  drawing  to  a  discredited  close 
when  the  1896  convention  met.  The  opponents  of  C!leveland  and  the  friends 
of  free  silver  were  in  control.  It  was  a  crusading  lot  of  Democrats  who 
gathered  in  Chicago  that  year  to  nominate  a  President  and  to  sail  the 
Democratic  ship  into  unknown  seas. 

"Several  men  were  candidates  for  tiie  nomination,  among  them  'Silver' 
Dick   IJland   and    '  llorizontnl    Bill'    Morrison.      The    man    wlio    secured    the 


236       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

nomination  had  never  been  thought  of  in  tliat  connection,  save  by  himself 
and  one  member  of  the  Georgia  delegation.  The  man  who  thought  he  would 
be  nominated,  and  who  was  nominated,  was,  of  course,  William  J.  Bryan. 
The  member  of  the  Georgia  delegation  wlio  had  thought  of  Bryan  in  con- 
nection with  the  nomination  was  Hal  Lewis,  an  ardent  free  silver  man,  ;is 
were  all  the  members  of  the  Georgia  delegation,  and  he  had  been  attracted 
by  some  speeches  Bryan  had  made  while  in  Congress. 

"Bryan  was  not  even  a  delegate  when  he  reached  Chicago.  He  came 
as  a  member  of  a  contesting  delegation.  J.  Sterling  Morton,  who  was'  in 
Cleveland's  Cabinet,  controlled  the  machinery  in  Nebraska,  and  he  had  sent 
an  anti-silver  delegation  to  Chicago.  Bryan  came  with  a  delegation  to  fight 
the  admission  of  the  Morton  faction.  I  was  a  member  of  the  sub-committee 
of  the  national  committee  which  passed  on  this  contest  and  reported  in 
favor  of  Bryan  and  his  friends,  and  they  were  seated.  That  report  gave 
Bryan  an  opportunity  to  get  into  the  convention  and  to  make  his  'Cross-of- 
Gold'  speech,  which  made  him  the  nominee.  It  is  curious  to  speculate  as  to 
what  would  have  been  the  history  of  Bryan  and  the  Democratic  party 'if  our 
report  had  been  in  favor  of  the  J.  Sterling  Morton  faction. 

"Bryan,  once  seated  in  the  convention,  watched  for  his  opportunity, 
and  when  it  came  unloosed  that  crown-of -thorns  and  cross-of-gold  speech, 
which  not  only  gave  him  the  nomination  for  the  Presidency,  but  shaped  the 
course  of  the  Democracy  through  many  campaigns. 

"Bryan's'  speech  was  a  great  oratorical  effort,  and  it  spell-bound  the 
convention.  Hal  Lewis,  of  Georgia,  however,  was  the  man  who  turned  that 
speech  into  practical  benefit  for  Bryan.  When  the  Georgia  delegation  got 
together,  after  Bryan  's  speech,  Lewis  at  once  began  to  urge  the  Nebraskan 
as  available  for  the  nomination,  and  soon  had  the  delegation  agreeing  with 
hiifi.  Bryan  was  seen,  and  it  was  agreed  that  his  name  should  be  presented 
by  Lewis. 

"When  Georgia  was  called,  Lewis  was'  carried  to  the  platform  on  the 
shoulders  of  the  Georgia  delegation.  Lewis  was  a  remarkabla  man.  He 
was  a  fine  speaker,  with  a  magnificent  voice,  but  he  spoke  only  on  the 
rarest  occasions.  When  he  did  speak,  however,  he  was  like  a  volcano  in 
eruption,  and  he  was  certainly  volcanic  when  he  presented  the  name  of 
Bryan  to  the  convention.  His  speech  was  second  only  to  the  cross-of-gold 
effort  of  Bryan,  and  long  before  Lewis  ceased  to  speak  the  nomination  of 
Bryan  was  a  foregone  conclusion. ' ' 


In  presenting  Mr.  Bryan's  name  to  tlie  convention 
in  Chicago,  Judge  Lewis  spoke  as  follows : 

' '  Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Convention — I  do  not  intend  to 
make  a  speech,  but  simply,  in  behalf  of  the  delegation  on  this  floor  from 
the  State  of  Georgia,  to  place  in  nomination,  as  the  Democratic  candidate 


Mr.  Bryan's  Nomination  237 

for  the  Presidency  of  the  United  States,  a  distinguished  citizen,  whose  very 
name  is  an  earnest  of  success,  wliose  political  record  will  insure  Democratic 
victory,  and  whose  life  and  character  are  loved  and  honored  by  the  whole 
American  x^coplc. ' ' 

"Should  public  office  bo  bestowed  as  a  reward  for  public  service?  Then 
no  man  more  tliau  he  merits  this  reward.  Is  public  office  a  public  trust? 
Then  in  no  other  hands  can  be  more  safely  lodged  this  greatest  trust  in 
the  gift  of  a  great  people.  Was  public  office  created  for  the  welfare  of 
the  public  and  for  the  prosperity  of  the  country?  Then,  under  his'  leader- 
ship in  the  approaching  campaign,  may  we  confidently  hope  to  achieve 
these  great  ends  in  human  government.  In  the  political  storms  which  have 
hitherto  swept  over  the  country  he  has  stood  on  the  field  of  battle,  among 
the  leaders  of  the  Democratic  hosts,  like  Saul  among  the  Israelites,  head 
and  shoulders  above  the  rest.  As'  Mr.  Prentiss  said  of  the  immortal  Clay, 
so  we  can  truthfully  say  of  him,  that  'his  civic  laurels'  will  not  yield  in 
splendor  to  the  brightest  chaplet  that  ever  bloomed  upon  a  warrior's  brow." 

"Sir,  he  needs  no  speech  to  introduce  him  to  this  convention.  He  needs 
no  encomium  to  commend  him  to  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Honor 
him,  fellow  Democrats,  and  you  will  honor  yourselves.  Nominate  him,  and 
you  will  reflect  credit  upon  the  party  you  represent.  Place  in  his  hands  the 
Democratic  standard  and  you  will  have  a  leader  worthy  of  your  cause  and 
will  win  for  yourselves  the  plaudits  of  your  constituents  and  the  blessings 
of  posterity.  I  refer,  fellow  citizens,  to  the  Hon.  William  J.  Bryan,  of  the 
State  of  Nebraska." 


But  to  resume  Mr.  Howell's  narrative.    Continues  he: 

' '  The  curious'  thing  about  the  1896  convention  was  that  the  result,  so  far 
as  Bryan  was'  concerned,  was  no  surprise.  Bryan  came  to  the  convention  be- 
lieving he  would  be  the  nominee  and  had  everything  arranged  to  that  end. 
Mr.  Bryan  himself  is  authority  for  this  statement.  I  was  very  close  to 
Mr.  Bryan  in  those  days,  and  remained  close  to  him  long  afterwards. 
After  the  convention  I  had  a  conversation  with  Bryan  in  the  old  Clifton 
Hotel  in  Chicago,  and  I  asked  him  if  he  were  not  surprised  when  the  con- 
vention turned  to  him. 

"  'Not  a  bit,'  said  Bryan.  'I  came  to  Chicago  expecting  to  capture 
the  convention  by  a  speech  and  be  nominated.  It  has  worked  out  just  as  I 
expected. ' 

"I  then  asked  Bryan  if  the  cross-of-gold  speech  was  extemporaneous, 
resulting  from  the  inspiration  of  the  moment.  Bryan  greeted  the  question 
with  a  hearty  laugh. 

"  'There  was  nothing  extemporaneous  about  it,'  he  said.  'I  jjrepared 
that  speech  weeks  in  advance;  memorized  it  so  I  could  repeat  it  backward 
or  forward  and  declaimed  it  over  and  over  again.  Extemporaneous!  No, 
indeed!'     And   Mr.  Bryan  continued  to  laugh.     So  you  see  the  climax  of 


238        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  1896  convention  was  as  carefully  rehearse<l  and  staged  as  any  produc- 
tion ever  presented  by  that  master  of  stage-craft,  David  Belasco.  By  way 
of  contrast,  it  is  worth  mentioning  that  Georgia,  wiiich  did  so  much  for 
Bryan  in  189(5  and  1900,  had  completely  broken  with  him  by  1908.  In 
the  latter  year  at  the  Denver  convention,  although  Bryan  controlled,  he  never 
received  a  vote  from  the  Georgia  delegation." 


CHAPTER  XXX 


The  Wren's  Nest:  Its  Memories  of  Joel 
Chandler  Harris 


ON  Saturday,  May  23,  1914,  with  simple  but  im- 
pressive ceremonies,  one  of  the  most  famous  lit- 
erary Meccas  of  America  was  formally  dedicated 
as  a  public  memorial  to  the  gentle  author  wdio  here  lived. 
It  was  the  home  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  honored  and 
beloved  the  world  over  under  the  familiar  name  of 
"Uncle  Remus."  Several  hundred  people  were  gathered 
on  the  spacious  lawn  in  front  of  the  beautiful  Plarris 
home,  to  witness  an  event  which  for  months  had  been 
anticipated  with  keenest  interest,  especially  by  Atlanta's 
army  of  children.  "Snap  Bean  Farm"  was  the  name 
which  Mr.  Harris  gave  to  the  plot  of  ground  on  which 
he  built  his  home  in  West  End;  but  the  cosy  little  dwell- 
ing-place itself,  wreathed  with  luxuriant  vines,  he  called 
"The  Wren's  Nest."  There  was  a  world  of  tenderness 
locked  up  in  this  name,  for  no  one  ever  sur^iassed  Mr. 
Harris  in  his  love  for  dumb  creatures-.  The  birds  were 
his  feathered  friends.  But  there  was  one  in  particular, 
a  little  wren  who  built  her  nest  in  the  vines  above  his 
front  door;  and  from  this  circumstance  arose  the  name 
bv  which  the  Harris  home  was  ever  afterwards  known. 
He  allowed  no  one  to  disturb  the  bird;  and,  so  long  as 
she  chose  to  honor  his  home  in  this  way,  the  nest  in  which 
she  cradled  her  young  was  as  sacred  to  him  as  an  ark  of 
the  Temple. 

Two  of  the  largest  contributors  to  the  Uncle  Remus 
Memorial  Fund  were  former  President  Theodore  Roose- 


240       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

velt  and  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  both  of  whom  were  warm 
personal  admirers  of  Mr.  Harris.  Tlie  former  devoted 
to  this  end  the  proceeds  of  a  special  lecture  which  he 
delivered  in  Atlanta,  immediately  following  his  return 
from  the  African  jungles,  in  1910,  at  which  time,  in  a 
world-wide  sense,  he  was  the  man  of  the  hour;  and  the 
[receipts  from  this  lecture  netted,  in  round  numbers, 
$5,000.  The  latter,  in  fulfilment  of  a  promise  to  duplicate 
whatever  sum  was  realized  from  the  Roosevelt  lecture, 
promptly  sent  his  check  for  a  like  amount.  But  when 
due  credit  is  given  to  everyone  who  made  a  contribution, 
however  great  or  small,  it  still  remains  that  to  the  un- 
wearied efforts  of  the  Uncle  Eemus  Memorial  Associa- 
tion, under  the  wise  leadership  of  Mrs.  A.  McD.  Wil-sou 
as  president,  the  real  success  of  the  movement  must  be 
credited;  and  so  long  as  the  Wren's  Nest  endures  as  a 
memorial  to  Mr.  Harris,  it  will  be  fragrant  with  the  mem- 
ories of  these  gentle  women. 


We  clip  the  following  brief  account  of  the  exercises 
from  a  local  newspaper:* 

"For  some  months  the  Wren's  Nest  has  been  open  to  the  public  and 
thousands  of  persons  who  knew  and  loved  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  as  well  as 
hundreds  who  only  knew  him  through  his  writings,  have  made  the  trip 
to  West  End  to  view  the  quaint  cottage  where  the  happiest  hours  of 
Uncle  Eemus  were  spent  in  the  quiet  of  his  family  circle.  Thousands  have 
viewed  the  room  where  he  slept  and  did  his  literary  work,  or  sat  in  the 
shade  of  the  broad  veranda  where  in  the  cool  of  the  evenings  the  gentle 
master  of  Snap  Bean  Farm  was  in  the  habit  of  watching  the  birds  and 
the  bees  and  the  rabbits  and  other  forms  of  animal  or  insect  life,  each 
one  of  which  held  some  message  for  him  which  at  some  time  or  other 
he  translated  into  classics  which  will  be  handed  down  to  future  genera- 
tions'. 

' '  But  while  the  Wren 's  Nest  has  been  the  Mecca  of  many,  it  was  not 
until  Saturday  that  it  was  formally  dedicated.  Eloquent  as  were  the 
speeches  of  Governor  John  M.  Slaton,  Colonel  Frederic  J.  Paxon  and 
Mts.  A.  McD.  Wilson,  an  even  more  eloquent  tribute  to  the  memory  of 
the  departed  sage  of  Snap  Bean  Farm  was  the  large  crowd  of  little 
children  who  filled  the  grounds  and  overflowed  the  house  and  the  spacious 


♦Atlanta  Constitution,  May  24,    1914. 


The  Wren's  Nest  241 

porches.  All  of  them  had  heard  the  Uncle  Eemus  stories',  and  the  spirit 
of  them — the  mystery  and  the  awe  of  the  fabled  creatures  of  Uncle  Eemus' 
fancy — seemed  to  pervade  the  little  one.  The  home  of  Uncle  Eemus  was 
to  them  almost  holy  ground.  Many  of  them  looked  as  if  they  expected 
to  see  Br  'er  Fox  or  Br  'er  B  'ar  or  Miss  Meaders  and  the  Gals  appear  in 
the  very  flesh  and  confront  them.  It  was  a  silent  but  an  eloquent  tribute 
to  the  memory  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris' — one  that  would  have  touched  his 
heart ! 

"Following  the  formal  exercises  and  the  unveiling  of  the  bronze  bas- 
relief  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  presented  to  the  Uncle  Eemus  Memorial 
Association  by  Eoger  Noble  Burnham,  the  annual  May  day  festival,  which 
has  been  a  feature  of  the  Wren 's  Nest  for  some  four  years,  was  held. 

' 'Colonel  F.  J.  Paxon  acted  as  master  of  ceremonies,  and  Eev.  Father 
Jackson,  a  close  personal  friend  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  delivered  an  elo- 
quent invocation.  Governor  John  M.  Slaton,  the  principal  speaker  of  the 
day,  spoke  next.  Governor  Slaton 's  tribute  to  Uncle  Eemus  was  a  literary 
gem.  He  seemed  to  have  caught  the  spirit  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris  and  his 
words  brought  the  departed  author  in  closer  touch  with  those  who  had 
known  him  in  life.  Detached  excerpts  from  the  speech  would  give  but  little 
idea  of  its  beauty  and  tenderness. 

"Colonel  Paxon  paid  a  high  tribute  to  Mrs.  A.  McD,  Wilson,  president 
of  the  Uncle  Eemus  Memorial  Association,  to  whose  untiring  efforts  the 
preservation  of  the  home  was  made  possible.  Mrs.  Wilson  spoke  briefly 
of  the  work  of  the  association  and  told  how,  through  tireless  effort,  the  asso- 
ciation had  at  last  been  able  to  purchase  the  home  and  throw  it  open  to 
the  public.  Following  Mrs.  Wilson  's  speech,  the  bas-relief  of  Joel  Chandler 
Harris — a  splendid  likeness  of  the  dead  author — was  unveiled. ' ' 


Mr.  Ivy  Lee,  now  of  Philadelphia,  hut  formerly  of 
West  End,  has  given  us  an  intimate  appreciation  of  Uncle 
Eenuis,  with  quite  a  number  of  charming  glimpses  into 
the  author's  home  life  at  Snap  Bean  Farm.    Says  he: 

It  was  at  "Snap  Bean  Farm,"  a  plot  of  ground  in 
West  End,  about  two  miles  from  the  center  of  Atlanta, 
that  Joel  Chandler  Harris  lived.  He  loved  the  place,  its 
simplicity,  its  rural-like  charm.  Here  he  wrote  his 
stories,  using  generally  a  lead  pencil  and  the  arm  of  a 
rocking-chair,  on  his  wide  front  veranda.  Here  strangers 
visiting  Atlanta  came  to  see  what  manner  of  place  it 
was.  "We  have  no  literary  foolishness  here,"  said  Mr. 
Harris  one  day  concerning  Snap  Bean  Farm.    "We  like 


242        Georgia's  Landmarks,  IMemorials  and  Legends 

people  more  than  we  do  books,  and  we  find  more  in 
them."  It  was  at  Snap  Bean  Farm  that  Andrew  Car- 
negie visited  the  author  of  Uncle  Kemns.  Here,  too, 
the  children  have  grown  n}).  Here  Mr.  Harris  built 
houses  for  them  when  they  married,  and  here  his  grand- 
children began  to  breathe  an  atmosphere  of  purity  and 
wholesomeness.  Here  he  died,  and  here  now  they  talk  of 
establishing  a  memorial  to  his  memory :  that  men  of 
future  generations  may  come  and  see  the  same  trees,  flow- 
ers and  haunts  of  birds  which  he  so  deei^ly  enjoyed. 

As  the  years  went  by,  Mr.  Harris  did  more  and  more 
of  his  work  at  Snap  Bean  Farm.  He  would  come  in 
town  for  the  morning  editorial  conference  at  the  Consti- 
tution office,  and  then  return  home  to  do  his  work.  .He 
saw  few  people,  as  a  rule,  and  did  but  little  traveling. 
However,  a  few  years  ago,  he  did  go  to  Washington  to 
see  the  President;  and  he  described  his  visit  most  charm- 
inglv  for  his  magazine,  in  an  article  under  the  heading: 
"Mr.  Billy  Sanders,  of  Shady  Dale— He  Visits  the  White 
House."  Before  coming  to  Atlanta  to  live,  in  1876,  Mr. 
Harris,  wdiile  in  Savannah,  married  Miss  Essie  La  Rose. 
Nine  children  blessed  the  union,  of  whom  six  are  still 
living:  Julian,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  editor  of  the 
Uncle  Remus  Magazine,  a  paper  founded  by  the  author 
shortly  before  his  death;  Lucien,  Evelyn,  Joel  Chandler, 
Jr.,  Essie,  now  Mrs.  Fritz  Wagner,  and  Mildred,  now 
Mrs.  Edwin  Camp. 


Joel  Chandler  Harris  was  making  great  strides  on 
the  Savannah  Neirs,  when,  in  1876,  an  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever  swept  the  town.  With  his  family  he  fled  to  Atlanta. 
Here  Evan  P.  Howell  gave  the  ambitious  young  journal- 
ist a  place  on  the  Constitution,  and  here  he  was  to  re- 
main continuously  for  more  than  twenty-five  years.  Up 
to  this  time  Mr.  Harris  had  never  written  in  negro  dia- 
lect. Sam  W.  Small,  however,  had  made  quite  a  hit  with 
his  ''Old  Si"  stories;  and,  having  been  taken  ill,  or  from 


The  Wren's  Nest  243 

some  other  cause,  they  were  discontinued.  Soon  letters 
began  to  come  in  inquiring-  why  "Old  Si"  was  left  out 
of  the  paper;  and  one  day  Captain  Howell,  in  a  most 
common-place  way,  said  to  Harris : 

"Joe,  why  don't  you  try  your  hand  at  writing  this 
sort  of  thing!" 

Harris  remonstrated,  but  Howell  insisted.  The  next 
day  there  api3eared  in  the  columns  of  the  Constitution 
the  first  of  the  Uncle  Remus  stories.  Mr.  Turner,  on 
the  old  Eatonton  plantation,  had  prepared  the  soil.  Uncle 
Oeorge  Terrell  had  sown  the  seed,  Captain  Howell 
brought  forth  the  blossom.  They  were  the  same  stories 
which  other  Southern  boys  had  been  hearing  from  in- 
fancy, but  somehow  with  the  new  telling  they  seemed  al- 
together different.  It  was  art  in  action;  and  most  of 
them  were  born  at  Snap  Bean  Fann.  Though  Mr.  Harris 
seldom  went  away  from  home,  his  family  occasionally 
took  a  summer  outing,  leaving  Uncle  Remus  to  hold  the 
fort.  Mr.  Forrest  Adair  relates  an  interesting  story  of 
what  took  place  on  one  of  these  occasions: 

Uncle  Eenuis  was  alone  in  his  house  working  on  an  editorial,  when 
a  ring  at  the  door  disturbed  him.  He  answered  the  bell,  and  a  rather 
genteel-looking,  middle-aged  man  saluted  him,  offering  toilet  soap  for 
sale,  at  ten  cents  a  cake,  or  three  cakes  for  a  quarter.  Annoyed  by  the 
interruption,  Harris  said  rather  brusquely  that  he  did  not  need  any  soap. 

"But  I  am  on  the  verge  of  starvation,"  said  the  man. 

"The  idea,''  laughed  Mr.  Harris.  "Why,  you  are  wearing  a  better 
coat   than   I   have." 

"You  would  not  talk  so,"  he  replied,  in  a  tremulous  voice,  "if  you 
had  seen  how  hard  my  poor  wife  rubbed  and  brushed  my  coat  this  nun-n- 
ing  so  that  I  would  present  a  decent  appearance. ' ' 

Harris  then  saw  that  the  coat  was  old,  almost  threadbare,  but  exceed- 
ingly clean  and  neat.     He  glanced  again  at  the  man  's  face. 

"Excuse  me,"  he  said,  "I  was  very  busy  when  you  called,  and  spoke 
tlioughtlessly.  Now  tliat  1  think  of  it,  I  do  need  some  soap.  The  fact  is, 
1  am  completely  out. ' ' 

"Thank  you,"  interrupted  the  num.  "Here  are  tliree  cakes  for  a 
quarter. ' ' 

"Nonsense,"  said  Harris.  "Here  is  a  five-dollar  liill.  I  will  take  it 
all  out  in  soap.  Have  to  have  it — couldn't  do  without  it — always  buy  it 
in   five-ih)lhir  lots."      The  peddler   left    his  stock  and   delivered  another  lot 


244       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

later.      It   was   a   good    day 's   work   for   him.      This   was    just    like   Uncle 
Kenuis.     He  was  always  doing  such  things. 

Mr.  Harris  repeatedly  declined  offers  of  large  sums  of  money  to  ap- 
pear before  audiences  and  to  read  selections  from  his  own  writings,  like 
Mr.  Eiley  and  Mr.  Page.  But  he  was  too  modest.  lie  replied  that  he 
could  not  do  it  if  he  were  offered  $100,000  an  evening.  Mr.  Harris  was  the 
most  timid  of  men.  In  the  presence  of  strangers  his  tongue  refused  to 
act.  But  he  accompanied  Mr.  Grady  once  to  his  old  home  in  Eatonton, 
where  the  latter  delivered  one  of  his  great  speeches;  and  at  its  close  some 
of  the  old  neighbors  of  Mr.  Harris  called  him  out.  It  seemed  that  for 
once  he  would  have  to  speak.  But  an  idea  struck  him;  he  arose  to  his  feet 
and  remarked:  "I  have  never  been  able  to  make  a  speech  without  taking 
a  drink  of  water,  so  you  must  wait  until  I  can  get  some  water. ' '  Where- 
upon he  left  the  platform  and  did  not  return.  They  laughed  and  cheered 
as  he  walked  down  the  aisle,  for  they  knew  what  it  meant.  The  last  year 
and  a  half  of  his  life  waa  devoted  to  the  magazine  which  he  established 
and  edited.* 


♦Condensed  from  Memories  of  Joel   Chandler  Harris,  edited  by  Ivy  I>.  Lee. 


CHAPTER  XXXI 


Stone  Mountain:  A  Monolith  of  Prehistoric  Times 


IN  SOME  respects  at  least,  there  is  not  a  landmark  in 
America  to  compare  with  the  gigantic  boulder  which 
towers  to  the  north  of  the  Georgia  Railroad,  in  De- 
Kalb  County,  sixteen  miles  east  of  Atlanta — Stone  Moun- 
tain. Rising  out  of  a  comparatively  level  and  monoto- 
nous area  of  country,  it  is  certainly  unparalleled  as  a 
curiosity  of  nature,  if  not  the  largest  solid  mass  of  ex- 
posed rock  on  the  Continent.  It  rises  to'  an  altitude  of 
nearly  two  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  is  between  six 
and  seven  miles  in  circumference  at  the  base,  and  towers 
abovel  the  surrounding  plain  like  an  Egyptian  pyramid. 
If  it  be  a  spur  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  there  is  nothing  above 
ground  to  indicate  it.  On  every  side,  the  landscape,  over 
which  it  commands  an  unbroken  outlook,  is  perfectly 
level,  though  underneath  it  for  miles  there  runs  into  the 
neighboring  County  of  Rockdale  a  buried  mass  of  gran- 
ite, which  can  be  traced  from  the  base  of  Stone  Mountain 
to  the  region  east  of  Lithonia.  The  character  of  the  rock 
for  building  purposes  is  unsurpassed.  It  has  been  used 
extensively  in  paving  streets  and  in  rearing  public  struc- 
tures in  various  parts  of  the  United  States. 

From  the  earliest  times  it  has  been  a  conspicuous  ob- 
ject upon  the  horizon.  Reared  by  no  human  agency,  it 
suggests  a  memorial  to  the  gods;  and  upon  its  nigged 
breast  of  adamant  the  lightnings  alone  have  been  power- 
ful enough  to  chisel  an  inscription.  The  Indians  looked 
upon  it  with  superstitious  awe.    Among  the  red  men  of 


246        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  wilderness,  it  was  a  favorite  place  of  meeting;  and 
when  Alexander  McGillivray,  the  noted  half-breed  chief 
of  the  Creeks,  started  to  New  York  to  treat  with  the 
United  States  Government,  in  1790,  it  was  here  that  he 
met  the  subordinate  chiefs  who  were  to  accompany  him 
on  the  trip.  By  the  early  inhabitants  of  the  State  it  was 
called  Rock  Mountain.  Dr.  Sherwood,  who  wrote  the 
famous  Gazeteer,  was  perhaps  the  first  to  depart  from 
this  custom.  He  called  it  Stone  Mountain.  At  one  time 
there  was  a  tower  erected  upon  the  summit,  1)ut  it  lono- 
ago  fell  a  ])rey  to  the  storms.  Further  back  still  an  an- 
cient wall  encompassed  the  mountain,  but  not  a  trace 
of  it  remains.  As  a  place  of  resort  for  holiday  excur- 
sionists. Stone  Mountain  has  long  been  popular,  despite 
the  tragic  accidents  which  have  sometimes  occurred  along 
the  eastern  declivities.  To  scientists  it  presents  a  curious 
study,  if  not  a  positive  puzzle ;  and  behind  it  there  doubt- 
less lies  the  story  of  some  tragic  convulsion  in  prehis- 
toric times. 


Long  before  there  was  a  house  built  at  Decatur  there 
was  a  settlement  at  Stone  Mountain.  As  early  as  1825,  a 
stage-coach  line  ran  from  Milledgeville  to  this  place,  com 
ing  by  way  of  Eatonton  and  Madison.  There  is  nothing 
to  show  that  it  ran  to  Decatur.  In  1830,  the  Macon  Tele- 
graph ]jrinted  this  item  in  regard  to  Rock  Mountain : 
*' About  one-quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  top  are  seen  the 
remains  of  an  old  fortification  which  formerly  extended 
around  the  summit,  and  which  was  built  to  guard  every 
approach  leading  thereto,  the  only  entrance  being  through 
a  natural  passage  under  the  loose  rock,  where  only  one 
person  could  enter  at  a  time,  by  crawling  upon  all  fours. 
The  whole  length  of  the  wall  at  first  was  probably  a 
mile,  breast  high  on  the  inside.  It  consisted  of  loose 
fragments  of  rock."  The  account  goes  on  to  tell  the  pa- 
thetic story  of  two  dogs,  both  of  which  were  killed  by 
falliug  over  the  precipitous  slopes  of  the  mountain.    They 


Stone  Mountain  247 

ac'c'oni|>;iiii(>(l  a  party  of  Imiiters;  and,  while  playing  too 
near  the  edge  of  the  cliff,  they  were  drawn  over  the 
perilons  point,  one  of  them  being  instantly  dashed  to 
pieces  on  the  rocks  below.  Not  a  whole  bone  was  left 
in  the  dog's  body.  The  other  one  caught  at  a  jutting 
fragment  of  stone;  but  after  howling  piteously  for  two 
days  became  exhausted,  relaxed  his  hold,  and  shared  the 
fate  of  his  companion.  The  article  states  still  further 
that  in  1788  the  mountain  was  visited  by  a  British  officer, 
Avho  found  a  fort  on  the  extreme  summit.  But  there  is 
nothing  in  the  account  from  which  we  quote  to  tell  us  by 
Avhom  the  structure  was  built. 

William  0.  Eichards,  in  1842,  published  a  book  enti- 
tled: "Georgia  Illustrated."*  He  was  quite  a  noted  au- 
'or  in  his  clay.  The  following  account  of  a  visit  made  by 
him  to  Rock  Mountain  will  be  of  interest.  It  is  in  the 
nature  of  an  important  contribution  to  the  history  of 
this  ancient  landmark.     Says  he : 

"We  commenced  the  ascent  with  light  and  rapid 
steps,  over  the  solid  pathway.  Before  we  were  conscious 
of  it,  we  had  accomplished  half  the  distance  to  the  sum- 
mit, and  entered  a  narrow  wood  which  flourishes  upon  a 
considerable  plain  of  soil.  W^e  lingered  a  while  at  the 
ruins  of  the  hut.  On  the  western  view  of  the  mountain 
the  scenery  is  grand  and  imposing.  This  side  of  the 
mountain  presents  an  almost  uninterrupted  surface  of 
rock.  It  is  not  perpendicular,  but  exhibits  rather  a  con- 
vex face  deeply  marked  with  furrows.  B'uring  a  shower 
of  rain  a  thousand  waterfalls  poured  down  these  channels, 
and  it,  as  sometimes  happens,  the  sun  lu'eaks  forth  in  its 
splendor,  the  mimic  torrents  flash  and  sparkle  in  his 
beams. 

"In  the  afternoon  we  reascended  the  mountain,  ac- 
companied by  the  owner  of  the  tower.  This  singular  edi- 
fire,  resembling  somewhat  a  lighthouse,  is  an  octagonal 
pyramid,  bnilt  entirely  of  wood.    It  stands  upon  the  rock 


♦Georgia   Ulustrated,    pp.    3-6,    Penfield,    1S4  2. 


248       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

with  no  fastenings  but  its  own  gravity,  and  its  height  is 
165  feet.  It  was  built  nearly  three  years  ago  at  a  cost 
of  $5,000.  The  erection  of  a  lofty  tower  upon  the  summit 
of  a  high  mountain  is  certainly  a  unique  and  curious  ex- 
ploit. The  projector  and  proprietor  is  Mr.  Aaron  Cloud, 
of  McDonough,  and  the  work  is  commonly  called  Cloud's 
Tower.  We  ascended  to  the  summit  by  nearly  three 
hundred  steps.  The  prospects  we  obtained  were  wide 
and  beautiful,  having  the  single  fault  of  being  rather  too 
monotonous.  The  eyes  rest  upon  a  vast  continuity  of 
forest.  The  plantations  and  settlements  appear  small 
amid  the  sea  of  foliage.  By  the  aid  of  good  telescopes 
we  distinguished  five  county  towns.  By  way  of  parenthe- 
sis, I  remark,  that  in  1847  I  ascended  this  tower  and 
took  in  view  the  surrounding  territory.  Among  the  towns 
I  located  w^as  that  of  Atlanta,  then  a  few  straggling  huts, 
just  beyond  Decatur. 

''Among  the  curiosities  of  the  mountain  there  are 
two  which  are  deserving  of  notice.  One  is  the  'cross- 
roads.' These  are  two  crevices  or  fissures  in  the  rock, 
which  cross  each  other  nearly  at  right  angles.  They  com- 
mence as  mere  cracks,  increasing  in  width  and  depth  of 
five  feet  at  their  intersection.  Another  is  the  ruins  of  a 
fortification,  which  once  surrounded  the  crown  of  the 
mountain.  When,  or  by  whom,  it  was  erected  is  unknown. 
The  Indians  say  that  it  was  there  before  the  time  of  their 
fathers.  In  this  connection  occurs  the  suggestion  that 
Fernando  DeSoto  landed  in  Florida  about  1539  with  600 
men  and  200  horses.  He  passed  his  second  winter  in  what 
is  now  known  as  a  part  of  Georgia,  among  the  Chicka- 
saws.  At  that  time  the  Chickasaws  occupied  the  country 
which  is  now  Stone  Mountain.  Tradition  also  informs  us 
that  many  years  before  Columbus  came  to  America,  a 
number  of  persons  from  Wales  passed  a  winter  in  Georgia 
and  made  potash." 


We  are  indebted  to  an  article  by  Dr.  R.  J.  Massey  for 
the  following  item.    Says  he:    "As  early  as  July  4,  1828, 


Stone  Mountain  249 

a  number  of  visitors  celebrated  the  day  with  a  dinner 
on  the  top  of  this  mountain.  Among  other  performances, 
a  poem  entitled:  ''Spirits  of  '76,"  was  delivered.  Long 
after  the  completion  of  the  Georgia  Railroad  to  Atlanta, 
Stone  Mountain  retained  its  prominence  as  a  pleasure 
resort  and  as  a  center  of  travel.  There  was  a  line  of 
stage  coaches  which  ran  daily  from  the  mountain  to  Dah- 
lonega,  passing  through  Lawrenceville  and  Gainesville. 
At  this  time,  in  very  important  matters.  Stone  Mountain 
was  a  place  of  gathering,  preferred  even  to  Atlanta.  The 
Georgia  Agricultural  Society  originated  at  this  moun- 
tain in  the  early  fifties  of  the  last  century,  when  such 
men  as  Mark  A.  Cooper  and  David  J.  Bailey  and  others 
like  them  were  summering  at  this  point.  Here  they  con- 
ceived and  organized  the  State  Pair,  which  for  years 
thereafter  was  held  at  Stone  Mountain."  White  tells 
us  in  his  Statistics  that  as  an  object  of  interest  to  sight- 
seers there  were  few  spectacles,  either  in  this  country 
•or  abroad,  to  surpass  this  old  landmark ;  and  from  what 
other  writers  say  we  are  led  to  believe  that  Stone  Moun- 
tain, during  the  early  days  of  the  last  CQutury,  was  the 
most  popular  resort  in  Georgia.  Thousands  of  people 
visited  the  place  annually,  some  of  them  coming  from 
remote  parts  of  the  State  and  some  from  distant  sections 
of  the  South.  With  a  trolley-line  now  connecting  it  with 
Atlanta  the  ancient  glories  of  Stone  Mountain  may  be 
revived. 


Just  as  this  work  goes  to  press,  there  is  a  movement 
under  way  to  chisel  into  the  living  rock  of  Stone  Moun- 
tain, on  the  precipitous  side,  looking  toward  the  North,  a 
colossal  statue  of  Robert  E.  Lee;  and,  if  this  startling 
proposition  is  ever  put  into  effect  it  may  result  in  a 
work  of  art  which  will  rank  among  the  wonders  of  the 
world.  The  magnitude  of  the  proposed  statue,  its  eleva- 
tion above  surrounding  objects,  its  durability,  its  color, 
these  all  commend  it  as  an  inspirational  idea;  and  with 
the  Atlanta  spirit  behind  it,  re-enforced  by  the  tremen- 
dous leverage  of  a  great  metropolitan  newspaper,  the  ul- 


250       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriat.s  and  Legends 

timate  success  of  the  movement  can  be  predicted  witli 
confidence.  On  Sunday,  June  14, 1914,  Hon.  John  Temple 
Graves,  editor  of  the  Neiv  York  American,  published  in 
the  Atlanta  Georgian  a  ringing  editorial  upon  this  sub- 
ject, the  effect  of  which  upon  the  popular  mind  of  the 
South  has  been  fairly  electrical.  Said  Colonel  Graves, 
in  part: 

' '  To  the  veterans  of  the  dead  Confederacy,  to  tlie  daughters  and  sons, 
and  to  all  who  revere  the  memories  of  that  historic  and  immortal  struggle, 
I  bring  today  the  suggestion  of  a  great  memorial,  perfectly  simple,  per- 
fectly feasible,  and  which  if  realized  will  give  to  the  Confederate  soldier 
and  his  memories  the  most  majestic  monument,  set  in  the  most  magnifieeht 
frame  in  all  the  world.  Just  now,  while  the  loyal  devotion  of  this  great 
people  of  the  South  is  considering  a  general  and  enduring  monum.ent  to  the 
great  cause  '  fought  without  shame  and  lost  without  dishonor, '  it  seems 
to  me  that  nature  and  Providence  have  set  the  immortal  shrine  right  at  our 
doors. 

' '  I  will  not  build  up  to  the  proposition.  I  will  state  it  briefly — bluntly — 
directly.     It  will  speak  for  itself — more  eloquently  than  words  can  speak. 

' '  Stone  Mountain  is  distinctly  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.  Its 
glories  have  never  been  fully  appreciated  or  utilized  by  the  people  who 
see;  it  every  day.  It  is  a  mountain  of  solid  granite  one  mile  from  its 
summit  to  its  base..  Much  of  Atlanta  has  ])een  Iniilded  from  it,  and  there 
is  enough  left  to  buihl  ten  more  Atlantas  without  touching  the  lofty  spot 
that  is  nearest  to  the  sun. 

"On  the  steep  side  of  Stone.  M'onutain,  facing  northward,  there  is  a 
sheer  declivity  that  rises  or  falls  from  900  to  1,000  feet. 

"Here,  then,  is  Nature's  matchless  plan  for  a  memorial.  On  this  steep 
side  let  those  who  love  the  Southern  dead  combine  to  have  the  engineers 
cut  a  projection  30  feet  wide  and  100  feet  deep.  Into  this  projection  and  as 
high  as  it  may  be  made  let  ns  ask  Lorado  Taft,  the  republic's  great  sculp- 
tor, to  chisel  a  heroic  statue,  70  feet  high,  of  the  Confederate  soldier  in 
the  nearest  possible  resemblance  to  Robert  E.  Lee.  Let  him  chisel  also  the 
insignia  of  the  Confederate  uniform,  of  which  the  gray  stone  is  the  natural 
base. 

"And  there — twelve  hundred  feet  above  the  plain — let  us  place  the  old 
gray  granite  hat  upon  that  noble  head,  with  its  grand  eyes  turned  toward 
Atlanta — Phoebus  and  Phoenix — holocaust  and  miracle  of  the  Civil  War — 
and  from  this  Godlike  eminence  let  our  Confederate  hero  calmly  look  history 
and  the  future  in  the  face! 

"Shut  your  eyes  and  think  of  it.  It  will  grow  upon  you  until  the  glow 
and  glory  of  the  idea  will  keep  you  awake  at  night — as  it  did  with  Forrest 
Adair  and  General  Andrew  West,  to  whom  I  first  confided  it. 

"There  will  be  no  monument  in  all  the  world  like  this,  our  monument  to 


Stone  Mountain  251 

the  Confederate  dead.  None  so  majestic,  none  so  magnificently  framed, 
and  none  that  will  more  powerfully  attract  the  interest  and  the  admiration 
of  those  who  have  a  sonl. 

"  Tlie  Lion  of  Lucerne,  carved  upon  the  mountain  rock,  commemorating 
the  courage  of  the  Swiss  Guards  and  attracting  the  attention  of  visitors  all 
over  the  world,  lies  couchant  five  hundred  feet  lower  than  our  Confederate 
soldier 's  feet.  Every  traveler  to  Egypt  from  Herodotus  through  the  Boman 
Caesar,  the  French  Napoleon  and  the  English  Gladstone  to  the  American 
Roosevelt  h;is  stood  in  awe  beside  the  silent  Sphinx — massive  and  solemn — 
cut  from  the  stone,  and  now  remaining  as'  a  monument  to  a  departed  civili- 
zation. In  far  away  India,  a  thousand  miles  northeastward  from  Bombay 
and  as  far  westward  from  Calcutta,  thousands  go  yearly  to  the  little  city 
of  Agra  to  gaze  npon  the  Taj  Mahal,  the  world '.s  masterpiece  of  architecture. 
'Rome  is  famotis  for  the  Coliseum,  Milan  for  its  great  Cathedral,  Versailles 
for  the  Palace,  Cairo  for  the  Pyramids,  Delhi  for  its  Kutab-Mjnar,  Rangoon 
for  its  Pagoda,  and  Kamakura  for  the  bronze  statue  of  the  ©*»^dha. 

"And  so,  with  this  heroic  statue  to  Robert  Lee,  the  flower  a^d  incar- 
nation of  the  Southern  soldier,  and  all  for  which  he  stood,  chiseledHjy  an 
Ameiican  architect  into  the  towering  crest  of  the  most  remarkable  mountani 
of  solid  granite  in  the  world,  the  little  town  of  Stone  Mountain,  nestling 
modestly  upon  the  outer  garments  of  the  Capital  of  Georgia,  will  hold 
henceforth  an  object  of  artistic,  romantic  and  sentimental  interest  unicpie 
among  the  wonders  of  the  age. '  '* 


*Hon.  AVm.  H.  Terrell,  a  well-known  member  of  the  Atlanta  Bar,  has 
recently  drafted  a  charter  for  the  Stone  Mountain  Memorial  Association. 
Mr.  Terrell  is  quite  generalise  credited  with  the  authorship  of  this  unique 
suggestion.     At  any  rate  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  champions  of  the  project. 


CHAPTER  XXXII 


The  Old  Field  School 


CReproduced  by  special  permission  from  an  unpublisiied  manuscript  of 
the  late  Eev.  James  S.  Lamar,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  of  Augusta,  father  of  Justice 
Joseph  R.  Lamar,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.) 

Very  few  iDeople  in  this  decade  of  tlie  Nineteenth 
Century  know  anything  of  the  Old  Field  School  in  the 
Georgia  of  the  long  ago.  I  will  try  here  to  give  a  faint 
conception  of  the  one  which  I  attended,  and  which  was 
a  fair  specimen  of  its  class.  It  was  kept  by  a  man  named 
Tomson,  who  had  come  into  the  neighborhood  from  some- 
where, to  hunt  for  a  school.  Nobody,  I.  suppose,  examined 
him,  or  knew  anything  about  his  qualifications,  character 
or  antecedents.  He  was  about  forty  years  old,  clean 
shaved,  rather  good  looking  and  a  little  better  dressed 
than  the  ordinary  farmers.  He  went  through  the  neigh- 
borhood with  "Articles  of  Agreement,"  to  be  signed  by 
the  patrons,  and  without  difficulty  got  up  a  large  school, 
which  was  soon  opened  and  running  in  the  usual  way. 
Geography  and  English  Grammar  were  not  in  the  cur- 
riculum. Smiley 's  Arithmetic  was  taught  with  consid- 
erable success  so  far  as  "The  Rule  of  Three."  Beyond 
that  it  became  a  weariness  to  the  flesh  of  both  teacher 
and  pupil;  and  when  the  Cube  Root  was  attacked,  it 
was  found  to  be  invincibly  intrenched,  and,  as  they 
' '  didn  't  see  no  use  in  it  no  how, ' '  it  was  deemed  expedient 
to  go  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  book,  and  review. 

In  the  building  of  the  school  house,  which  was  of 
long  pine  poles  with  the  bark  left  on,  two  of  the  poles 


The  Old  Field  School  253 

had  beeu  half  cut  away  from  end  to  end,  and  by  bringing 
the  cuts  opposite  each  other,  the  long  opening  served 
as  a  happy  i^rovision  for  illuminating  [purposes.  In 
front  of  this  was  a  broad  shelf  reaching  all  the  way  and 
resting  on  stout  pegs  inserted  with  a  slant  into  the  log 
beneath.  It  was  there  that  I  began  my  career  as  a  writer^ 
by  laboriously  making  pot-hooks  and  other  chirograph- 
ical  elements.  At  the  opposite  end  of  the  house  was  a 
chimney,  built  also  of  logs  wholly  on  the  outside.  It 
w^as  very  broad  and  deep.  The  opening  into  the  house 
was  about  eight  feet  wide.  The  hearth  was  made  of  clay 
mortar,  resting  on  common  dirt  or  sand,  firmly  packed. 
The  back  and  jams  were  secured  against  burning  by  a 
very  thick  lining  of  the  same  mortar.  This  chimney  was 
doubly  useful.  In  winter  it  held  a  large  fire;  and  in 
summer  it  subserved  important  mathematical  purposes. 
The  cipherers  were  permitted  to  take  their  slates  out  of 
the  school  house,  and  sit  around  the  outside,  and  in  the 
angles  of  that  vast  projecting  chimney.  In  the  after- 
noons it  was  shady  and  very  pleasant  out  there.  And 
when  I  reached  the  point  of  being  sent  out  for  the  first 
time,  I  felt  that  I  had  attained  a  higher  grade  in  life,  as 
well  as  in  school.  Like  the  other  boys,  I  would  work  a 
sum  or  two,  maybe  in  addition  or  subtraction,  and  then 
carry  my  slate  inside  to  show  it  to  the  teacher.  Ah, 
it  was  a  grand  thing — marching  in  there  before  all  those 
boys  and  girls  as  a  cipherer!  Sometimes,  after  working 
my  sums  on  one  side  of  the  slate,  I  would  turn  it  over 
and  indulge  my  taste  for  art.  The  horses  that  I  drew 
were  something  wonderful.  The  men  were  fairly  good, 
though  it  must  be  admitted  that  their  legs  were  very 
spindling,  and  their  shoes  much  too  large.  My  ladies 
were  all  in  short  frocks,  and  I  regret  to  have  to  say 
that,  though  they  were  intended  to  be  perfect  beauties, 
their  ankles  were  preternaturally  small,  and  their  feet 
altogether  too  big.  But  sometimes  the  creations  of  ge- 
nius must  be  sacrified  upon  the  altar  of  duty.  Art  must 
yield  to  Science.  And  so  hastily  rubbing  my  pictures,  I 
would  rush  in  to  show  my  sums. 


254       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But  1  have  not  yet  shown  how  the  young  idea  was 
taught  to  shoot.  To  do  this  it  will  be  necessary  to  go 
in  and  observe  the  processes  of  the  school.  The  scholars 
leave  home  before  sunrise  and  get  to  the  school  house  a 
little  after.  They  engage  in  plays  of  various  sorts  while 
waiting  for  the  teacher,  who,  by  the  way,  is  cordially 
hated.  Before  a  great  while  he  is  seen  approaching, 
when  immediately  the  girls,  who  have  been  carrying  on 
at  a  high  rate  indoors,  subside,  and  become  as  quiet  as 
mice.  The  teacher,  with  a  fresh  and  stout  switch  or  two 
42his  hand,  which  he  has  had  the  forethought  to  cut  from 
the  wayside  as  he  came,  marches  with  a  firm  and  steady 
step  to  the  door,  and  calls  out:  ''Books!  Books!  Come 
to  hooks!" 

All  that  are  outside  hurry  to  get  in,  and  presently 
the  entire  school  is  seated,  some  on  the  bench  against 
the  wall,  where  they  can  lean  against  the  logs,  the  rest 
on  long  benches  reaching  from  side  to  side  across  the 
room.  Books  are  opened,  places  found,  and  in  a  moment 
comes  the  command,  ''Get  your  lessons."  Now  be  it 
known,  that  in  the  brave  boys  of  old,  reading  meant 
reading  out,  nor  was  spelling  to  be  done  in  a  whisper. 
Consequently,  in  order  to  get  the  lesson,  whether  it  was 
spelling  or  reading,  the  process  must  go  on  aloud.  This 
early  morning  study,  however,  was  not  in  full  voice, 
nor  was  it  much  subdued.  It  was  the  ordinary  conver- 
sational tone.  Imagine  thirty  scholars,  and  ofteri  there 
were  many  more,  having  perlia]:>s,  five  or  six  different 
lessons,  and  even  those  having  the  same  lesson  would 
never  all  be  conning  the  same  parts  at  once — all  spelling 
different  words  or  reading  all  manner  of  different  sen- 
tences at  one  and  the  same  time!  Listen.  Here  is  a  girl 
that  goes  racing  through  a  familiar  lesson — "b-a  ba 
k-e-r  ker,  baker;"  "s-h-a  sha  d-y  dy,  shady,"  a  young 
reader  over  there  is  slowly  and  with  difficulty  making 
known  that  ''She— fed — the — old — hen;"  back  yonder 
we  hear,  "i-m  im  m-a  ma  imma  t-e  te  immate  r-i  ri 
immateri  a-1  al  immaterial  i  immateriali  t-y  ty  immateri- 


The  Old  Field  School  255 

ality;"  and  this  boy  reads:  "I — like — to — play — in — the 
— sliad.y — gTO — g-vo-v-e— groove— 1  like  to  play  in  tlie 
shady  groove" — ^^and  as  much  as  he  likes  it,  he  will  proba- 
bly get  a  thrashing  for  it  this  time.  Representing  the  com- 
ing thus  as  if  the  parts  came  in  succession  one  after 
another,  laughable  as  it  is,  can,  of  course,  give  no  ade- 
quate conception  of  their  concurrence  and  commingling 
— every  man  for  himself,  but  all  together.  Meanwhile 
the  teacher  sits  at  his  desk  near  the  fire-place,  possibly 
mending  pens  or  working  over  a  hard  sum  in  vulgar 
Fractions  that  became  troublesome  the  evening  before, 
but  does  not  fail  to  cast  a  watchful  eye  now  and  again 
upon  the  tricky  crowd  in  front  of  him.  And  alertness  is 
soon  justified,  for  presently  he  hears:  "Mr.  Tomson — 
boo-hoo — I  wish  you'd  make  Jim  Braynor — boo-hoo  — 
stop  stickin'  p-p-pins  in  me!" 

"Mr.  Tomson,  I  haint  done  no  sich  a  thing — he  was 
scrouging  me  off 'n  the  bench  and  I  jes — " 

"Come  up  here,  both  of  you." 

And  then  he  flogs  them.  But  while  this  is  going  on 
it  is  deemed  all  the  more  important  to  keep  on  getting 
the  lesson : 

"C'-o-m  com  p-r-e-double-s  press  compress  i  compressi 
b-i-1  bil  compressibil  i  compressibili  t-y  ty  compressibil- 
ity; 1-a-d  lad  d-e-r  der,  ladder;  f-o-d  fod  d-e-r  der,  fodder; 
I — love — to — read — the — Holy— Bi])le ;  the — hen — was — 
fed — by — her;  s-l-i  sli  m-y  my,  slimy." 

"Mr.  Tomson,  Mary  Bivins  has  got  my  thumb  paper." 

"I-n  in  c-o-m  com  incorn  p-r-e  pre  incompre  h-e-n 

-hen  incomprehen  s-i  si  incomprehensi  b-i-1  bil  incompre- 

hensibil  i  incomprehensibili  t-y  ty  incomprehensibility." 

And  now  the  lessons  are  called  and  recitations,  with 
whi]i])ing  for  failures,  are  in  order  for  an  hour  or  two. 
The  lioys  in  Arithmetic  have  tables  to  recite,  the  Pot-hook 
and  other  Chirographers  have  a  showing  with  their  quill 
pens,  for  steel  pens  were  not  yet — and  cedar  pencils  were 
unknown,  and  soon  thereafter  comes  "recess,"  alwaj's 
pronounced  with  the  accent  on  re. 


256       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

During  this  respite  from  labor,  tlie  girls  would  per- 
haps play  ''Many,  many  stars,"  or  "William  my-Trim- 
ble-toe,"  and  the  boys  would  run  races,  or  play  "catch- 
the-ball,"  or  sometimes  "Autony,-over."  This  last  was 
played  by  separating  into  two  parties,  but  without  choos- 
ing men  or  having  an  equal  and  regular  division.  They 
would  take  their  position  on  each  side  of  the  house — one 
party  having  the  ball.  The  other  party  would  call  out, 
''Antony,  Over!"  And  the  ball  side  would  call  back; 
"Here  she  comes!"  and  would  throw  it  over.  The  strife 
was  who  should  catch  it.  But  as  it  could  never  be 
known  over  what  part  of  the  house  the  ball  would  come, 
nor  yet  whether  it  would  be  thrown  far,  or  so  as  to  fall 
near  the  house,  the  players  would  scatter  out  and  watch 
for  it,  and  when  it  came  in  sight  there  was  rushing  and 
pushing  down  and  crowding  for  place,  so  as  to  catch  it. 
Then,  of  course,  the  action  would  be  reversed,  and  the 
other  side  would  catch.  This  was  not  a  game^  but  simply 
a  pastime,  and  was  only  resorted  to,  to  fill  in  brief  inter- 
vals of  leisure,  such  as  recess. 

Presently  the  school  is  called  in,  and  the  studies,  reci- 
tations and  whippings  go  on  about  as  before,  till  half  an 
hour  or  so  before  dinner,  when  all  class  lessons  cease, 
the  cipherers  are  summoned  in,  and  the  entire  school, 
exeepting  the  little  tots,  are  told  to  "Get  the  spelling 
lesson."  This  feature  of  the  Old  Field  Schools  must 
have  been  devised  as  a  sort  of  lung  gymnastic.  If  so, 
it  was  a  success — an  amazing  success.  Every  boy  and 
girl,  large  and  small  young  men  and  young  women,  the 
bass  voices,  and  the  treble  voices,  and  the  squealing 
voices,  and  all  the  voices,  at  full  strength  and  without  the 
least  restraint,  simply  made  that  spelling  lesson  roar,  and 
jingle  and  jangle  and  clatter  and  sputter  and  bellow  like 
ten  thousand  bullfrogs  in  a  South  Georgia  swamp! 
Edgar  Poe's  Bells  were  not  a  circumstance  to  it. 

When  the  lesson  happened  to  be  in  columns  of  easy 
and  familiar  words  of  two  syllables,  like  liaker,  or  ladder, 
or  compel,  the  sound  was  more  of  a  clatter,  for  the  move- 


The  Old  Field  School  257 

ment  was  then  very  rapid.  But  when  the  column  began 
with  immateriality,  or  comjoressibility,  and  every  word 
was  hastily  gone  over  in  the  way  that  was  then  required, 
pronouncing  every  syllable  and  every  successive  combi- 
nation of  syllables  till  the  word  was  finally  completed, 
as  I  have  already  indicated,  and  when  thirty  or  forty 
people  were  rattling  them  off,  some  faster,  some  slower, 
but  each  on  his  own  word,  and  all  doing  their  very  best, 
both  in  speed  and  loudness,  the  total  effect  was  ridiculous 
beyond  expression  and  beyond  conception.  I  remember 
that  the  only  whipping  I  ever  got  in  school  was  on  one 
of  those  spelling  lesson  occasions.  I  was  intensely 
amused  and  I  thought  I  would  make  an  experiment,  more, 
I  fear,  from  curiosity  than  in  the  interest  of  science. 

But  the  noise  and  clatter  were  so  great  that  I  natur- 
ally wanted  to  ascertain  whether  a  little  keen  whistle 
would  be  heard  above  it !  It  was  not  much  of  a  whistle, 
merely  about  what  one  might  make  on  suddenly  pricking 
his  fingers.  The  experiment,  however,  was  successful. 
I  found  out  that  it  ivas  heard,  and  forthwith  I  took  my 
punishment.  Then  the  teacher,  book  in  hand,  gave  out 
the  lesson  to  the  school  standing  in  a  long  crooked  line, 
like  a  company  of  Georgia  militia,  and  we  were  dismissed 
for  dinner,  and  playtime,  which  lasted  two  hours.  The 
dinner,  taken  from  little  tin  buckets,  was  soon  over,  when 
all  hastened  to  engage  in  the  main  business  of  the  day, 
which  was  commonly  Townball,  but  why  so  named  I  never 
knew. 

If  some  future  antiquarian,  puzzling  his  brains  over 
the  evolution  of  baseball,  should  happen  to  find  in  some 
heap  of  musty  old  papers  even  a  brief  account  of  its 
remote  progenitor,  the  author  of  said  account  would 
probably  secure  an  immortality  of  renown  that  might  else 
never  fjill  to  his  lot.  It  is  only  in  view  of  this  remote 
possibility  that  I  bring  myself  to  tell  how  townball  was 
plnyed.  It  will  be  dry  reading,  but  perhaps  for  the  end 
contemplated,  the  dryer  the  better.  My  education  in 
baseball  has  been  sadly  neglected,  and  hence  I  may  often 


258       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

fail  in  detecting  points  of  comparison  and  contrast  in 
the  two  games,  the  old  and  the  new — but  I  will  do  the 
best  I  can. 

The  townball  ground  was  not  a  diamond,  1nit  a  large 
circle.  Its  diameter  varied  with  the  size  of  miobstructed 
ground  available  for  it,  and  also  according  to  the  number 
of  players.  I  suppose  an  average  circle  would  have  been 
about  fifty  yards  in  diameter.  On  this  there  were  several 
o(iuidistant  marked  spots  called  bases,  each  indicated 
by  a  circle  about  three  feet  in  diameter.  These  might 
be  more  or  fewer  in  number,  according  as  the  main 
circle  was  larger  or  smaller.  Nothing  de]iended  upon 
the  number,  as  they  were  simply  for  rest  and  refuge 
while  a  runner  was  making  the  grand  round. 

The  players  were  not  limited  to  nine,  or  any  definite 
number  on  a  side.  If  there  were  forty  or  more  boys  in 
the  school  they  all  would  be  chosen  in,  one  by  one,  by  the 
two  captains,  choosing  turn  about,  in  making  up  the  sides. 
The  first  choice  was  settled  by  lot — ''Heads  or  Tails" — 
or,  if  lacking  a  suitable  coin,  by  "Wet  or  Diy."  The 
first  inning  was  decided  in  the  same  way.  The  ins  would 
go  by  turns  to  the  bat,  and  one  of  ilieir  number  would 
deliver  the  ball  to  them  from  a  fixed  station,  located  a 
predetermined  distance  from  the  little  circle  in  which 
the  batter  must  stand.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  pitcher's 
object  was  not  to  make  the  batter  miss  the  ball,  but  to 
enable  him  to  hit  it.  Hence,  there  were  no  ''scientific 
curves"  nor  similar  devices  needed,  as  in  baseball.  The 
pitcher  simply  delivered  the  ball  as  the  batter  called  for 
it,  fast  or  slow,  high  or  low.  The  outs  had  a  catcher 
behind  the  striker,  to  catch  him  out  if  possible  when 
he  missed,  but  three  misses  put  him  out  anyhow — that 
is,  out  of  the  game  for  that  inning. 

There  was  no  right  and  left  fielders  nor  center  stops, 
such  as  I  have  read  of  in  the  modern  game.  The  captain 
of  the  outs  distributed  his  men  over  the  field,  sending 
them  where  he  thought  best,  some  near  and  some  far. 

The  ball  was  usually  made  of  strips  of  elastic  rubber, 


The  Old  Field  School  259 

stretched  tightly  while  winding  it  on  a  solid  substance, 
frequently  a  leaden  bullet.  It  w^as  wound  with  great  care 
to  keep  it  perfectly  round,  and  when  it  had  reached  a 
size  of  some  two  inches  in  diameter,  it  was  neatly  and 
securely  covered  with  buckskin.  Such  a  ball  was  ex- 
ceedingly elastic;  it  would  bounce  very  high,  and  could 
be  knocked  by  a  good  striker  to  a  great  distance.  There 
were  three  or  four  kinds  of  bats,  somef  round  and  some 
tiat,  i.  e.,  simply  a  paddle,  some  heavier,  and  some  lighter, 
and  every  one  might  select  the  bat  that  he  preferred — 
thus  "j)layers  of  all  sizes  and  degrees  of  strength  could  be 
suited.  When  the  batter  hit  the  ball,  he  might  have 
another  strike,  or  even  two  more,  if  he  was  not  satisfied 
with  the  force  of  the  blow  delivered.  But  if  he  missed 
the  ball  at  both  these  subsequent  strokes  he  was  out.  He 
had  discarded  one,  which  was  therefore  equal  to  a  miss, 
and  had  missed  two  more,  which  made  his  three.  But 
usually  when  he  got  in  a  fairly  good  blow,  he  would 
drop  his  paddle  and  run  for  the  first  base  and  on  to  as 
many  more  as  he  could  make.  If,  however,  any  of  the 
fielders  caught  the  ball,  either  before  it  struck  the  ground 
or  on  its  first  bounce,  the  striker  was  out.  Otherwise, 
it  would  be  thrown  as  quickly  as  possible,  either  at  the 
runner  or  to  somfe  of  the  fielders  in  front  of  him,  so  as 
to  shut  him  off  from  making  the  round.  The  only  way  to 
X^ut  him  out  was  to  hit  him  with  the  ball.  A  runner 
on  a  base  must  stay  at  it  till  the  next  striker  hits  the  ball. 
There  was  no  stealing  of  bases,  and  if  he  started  before 
the  ball  was  struck,  it  was  a  violation  of  the  rules  and 
put  him  out.  Often  a  good  batter  couJd  knock  the  ball 
so  far  that  all  on  the  bases  could  get  home,  and  he  himself 
make  a  complete  round.  Such  times  always  marked  the 
high  tides  of  excitement,  with  all  the  noisy,  screaming, 
shouting  and  hurrahing  accompaniments,  naturally  en- 
gendered by  such  brilliant  achievements. 

In  due  course  of  time,  what  with  being  caught  out  by 
the  catcher,  with  failing  three  times  to  hit  the  ball,  with 
being  caught  out  by  the  fielders,  or  put  out  on  the  run. 


260       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  whole  side  would  be  out,  and  then  the  others  would 
have  their  innings. 

This,  I  believe,  gives  a  sufficiently  clear  and  full  de- 
scription of  this  excellent  play. 

There  was  another  game  often  played  by  us,  which, 
though  not  equal  to  Townball,  was  frequently  preferred 
as  a  change.  This,  which  was  called  Bullpen,  has  gone,  I 
believe,  entirely  out,  not  even  leaving  a  substitute.  Prop- 
erly it  was  played  with  a  lighter  ball,  made  up  mainly  of 
yarn,  as  the  game  involved  a  great  deal  of  hitting,  which, 
with  the  rubber  ball  would  have  been  too  painful.  The 
''pen"  was  about  thirty  or  forty  feet  square,  made  by  the 
deep  scratches  of  a  stick  drawn  along  the  ground,  and 
having  each  of  the  four  corners  marked  with  a  circle  like 
an  ordinary  ''base."  The  players  were  divided  by  choos- 
ing in  the  usual  way,  and  the  two  sides  were  alternately 
"bulls"  and  "bull-killer."  The  bull  side  all  went  into 
the  pen,  and  each  of  the  four  corners  were  occupied  by 
a  killer,  tlie  rest  of  that  side  being  out  of  the  play  until 
brought  in.  The  ball  was  in  the  hand  of  one  of  the  four 
killers,  and  was  passed  from  one  to  another  of  them, 
while  the  bulls  were  kept  running  to  get  as  far  away 
from  it  as  possible.  But  while  they  were  scampering 
away  from  it  towards  another  corner,  the  ball  could  be 
thrown  to  the  killer  in  that  corner,  and  if  he  caught  it, 
he  could  almost  certainly  hit  a  bull  with  it — and  that  bull 
was  "dead."  If  the  thrower  missed,  he  was  "out." 
As  soon  as  he  had  thrown,  he  ran  away  as  fast  as  he 
could,  and  as  quickly  as  possible  the  ball  would  'be 
thrown  at  him  by.  a  bull ;  and  if  he  was  hit  he  was  out,  and 
his  place  taken  by  another  of  his  side  who  had  not  yet 
been  plav^ng.  The  "dead  bulls'  left  the  pen.  As  their 
number  diminished  it  became  more  and  more  difficult 
to  hif  those  that  were  left,  and  so  the  killers  were  rapidly 
thinned  out  till  their  number  was  reduced  to  two.  These 
two  would  take  the  ball  and  go  off  a  few  steps,  and  there, 
standing  close  up  together,  with  their  backs  to  the  pen, 
they  would  juggle — that  is,  they  would  decide  which  of 


The  Old  Field  School  261 

them  should  take  the  ball.  When  they  turned  around, 
each  had  his  right  hand  concealed  in  the  bosom  of  his 
shirt,  and  as  these  two  were  no  longer  confined  to  the 
corners,  but  might  throw  from  any  part  of  enclosing 
lines,  they  would  march  up  and  down  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  pen;  and,  as  nobody  knew  which  of  them  had  the 
ball,  it  was  a  right  ticklish  time  for  the  bulls.  They 
were  afraid  to  go  too  near  to  either,  and  could  not  get 
far  from  both  at  once,  nor  was  it  easy  to  watch  both  at 
once.  At  length,  after  much  jeering  and  daring  from 
the  bulls,  the  ball  would  be  thrown,  and  if,  without  hit- 
ting, both  killers  were  put  out,  and  the  innings  changed. 

For  a  rollicking,  scampering,  noisy  game,  it  was  not 
bad.  Indeed,  when  played  with  life  and  spirit,  it  was 
very  good. 

We  also  played  a  rough  and  tumble  game  which  we 
called  '^ Steel  Goods."  The  captains  of  the  two  sides 
would  toe  a  mark  facing  each  other,  would  clasp  each 
other's  hand,  and  attempt  to  pull  each  other  across  the 
the  mark,  while  their  man  would  cling  to  them  and  to 
each  other  behind,  and  try  to  prevent  it.  There  was  a 
pile  of  goods — hats,  coats,  shoes,  and  what  not— in  the 
rear  of  each  party,  and  while  some  were  pulling  and 
hauling,  scuffling,  falling  down,  shouting  and  hur- 
rahing, others  were  trying  to  sneak  around  and  ''steal" 
the  enemies'  goods.  Here  fleetness  was  sometimes 
of  great  advantage,  for  if  the  stealer  was  caught, 
i.  e.,  touched  by  an  "enemy,"  he  had  to  stay  in  prison  till 
one  of  his  own  side  could  deliver  him,  which  was  done 
by  touching  him. 

This  game  was  not  as  rough,  nor  yet  as  brutal  as  the 
present  football  is  said  to  be  (for  I  never  saw  it  played), 
but  for  us  boys  it  was  rough  enough,  resulting  in  many 
a  bruise  and  strain,  and  scratch,  and  tear — for  we  meant 
business,  and  defeat  is  never  pleasant. 

Our  teacher,  who,  by  the  way,  was  never  called 
teacher,  but  always  "The  schoolmaster,"  took  part  in 
most  of  these  pastimes,  and'  I  think  the  big  boys  took  a 


262       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

special  delight  in  liittiiig'  him  hard  with  the  heavy  ball 
and  otherwise  bringing  him  to  grief.  Of  course,  they 
"turned  him  out"  whenever  they  wanted  a  holiday.  He 
would  want  it  to,  but  if  he  gave  it,  the  loss  in  tuition 
would  be  his,  whereas  if  it  was  forced  from  him  he  would 
get  pay  for  the  day,  as  usual.  He  Avould,  therefore,  ])osi- 
tively  decline,  with  a  great  show  of  determination  and 
bluster. 

But  next  morning  he  would  find  the  doors  securely 
barred  and  watchfully  guarded.  He  would  command 
and  splutter,  and  threaten  dire  consequences,  and  we 
little  boys  would  be  sorely  frightened,  but  as  he  remained 
obstinate,  he  would  be  seized  b^^^  both  legs,  throwii  over 
and  securely  held,  and,  not  yet  yielding,  strong  arms 
would  lift  him  from  the  ground,  and,  holding  his  hands 
and  feet. as  in  a  vise,  Avould  bear  him,  vainly  struggling, 
down  to  the  spring,  and  if  he  still  held  out,  would  duck 
him  head  and  ears  in  the  water.  Commonly,  however,  the 
sight  of  the  water  would  suffice,  and  with  much  apparent 
reluctance  he  would  yield,  but  was  not  released  until  he 
had  promised  to  inflict  no  punishment  for  this  high- 
handed act. 

I  suppose  I  went  to  this  teacher  the  better  part  of 
two  sessions,  when,  happily,  the  neighborhood  got  rid 
of  him.  He  probably  had  good  traits,  but  I  remember 
him  only  as  a  poor  teacher  and  a  cold-blooded,  cruel 
tyrant.  True,  he  never  whipped  me  but  once,  but  he 
seemed  to  have  an  unappeasable  spite  against  my  older 
brother,  Philip,  whom  he  flogged  unmercifully,  as  he  did 
many  others.  Philip  would  neither  cry  nor  beg,  but  look 
him  steadily  in  the  eye,  and  take  the  fearful  punishment 
like  a  Stoic.  My  next  older  brother,  William,  was  too 
large  for  an  attempted  whipping  to  be  safe.  I  was  in 
such  mortal  fear  and  dread  that  I  took  care  to  give  no 
occasion ;  and  so  poor  Philip  was  whipped  for  the  whole 
family.  I  think  Philip  must  have  hated  him  with  perfect 
hatred,  and  as  I  recall  it  all,  I  almost  hope  he  did. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII 


Georgia's  Early  Masonic  History:  An  Important 
Volume  Discovered. 


TO  find  tlie  beginnings  of  Masonry  in  Georgia,  we 
must  go  back  over  a  stretch  of  nearly  two  centuries 
to  tlie  fountain-liead  of  the  State's  history.    There 
is  an  okl  tradition  which  credits  the  existence  of  tlie  first 
Masonic  Lodge  in  Georgia  to  the  humane  Oglethorpe; 
and  for  years  an  old  oak  tree  at  Sunbury  was  venerated 
as  the  birth-place  of  the  Society.     This   ancient  land- 
mark has  long  since  disappeared.    Even  the  town  itself 
upon  whose  commons  the  old  tree  once  cast  its  ample 
shade  can  no  longer  be  found  upon  the  map.     Every 
vestige  of  the   town  has  been   obliterated.     But  while 
these  accounts  are  legendary  with  respect  to  details,  the 
substantial  fact  to  which  they  point,  viz.,  that  tlie  Ma- 
sonic order  in  Georgia  sprang  from  the  cradle  in  which 
the  Colony  was  rocked,  can  be  established  at  the  present 
time,  upon  the  basis  of  documentary  evidence,  beyond 
any  question.    Within  recent  months,  a  mutilated  book, 
throwing  a  calcium  light  upon  this  topic  of  discussion, 
has  been  discovered  among  the  Georgia  manuscripts  in 
the  Library  of  Congress,  in  Washington,  D.  C.     This 
volume— some  of  the  pages  of  which  are  missing — con- 
tains what  was  evidently  a  portion  of  the  minutes  of  a 
Lodge  held  in  Savannah  during  the  year  1756.     There 
are  entries  in  this  volume  which  indicate  unmistakably 
the  existence  of  a  Lodge  in  Savannah,  prior  to  the  year 
1734,  and  one  in  Augusta,  prior  to  the  year  1757.     As 


264       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  oldest  record  extant,  it  will  prove  of  interest  not 
only  to  Masons  but  to  readers  in  general,  for  some  of 
the  members  of  this  pioneer  Lodge  were  among  the  most 
prominent  of  the  colonists.    Take  for  example,  this  page : 

1756         N.   Jones  in  Geo 173— 

Daniel  Nunes  do do 

John  Farmur 

M.  M.  Moses  Nunes  in,  Geo 1733/4 

Charles  Pryce 

Sir   P.   Houstoun  in   Geo.   Oct.    9:1734  E.  D. 

William    Spencer  do 1735  M.  M. 

James  Boddie 
Gray  Elliott 
Thomas  Blake 

Thomas  Burrington  (in  Geoa.  Aug.  26:1736  F.  C, 

John  Menzies  (In   Geoa.   Aug.   26:   1756  F.  G. 

do       July  10     1771  M.  A. 
Noble  Wimberly  Jones  (in  Geoa.  Aug.     5:1756  E.  P. 

do         Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 
Samuel    Gandy  (do.  Nov.       1756  E.  P. 

do  Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 

F.  C.    James  Habersham  (do    Augt  5:1756  E.  P. 

do  Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 

do  Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 

Charles  Watson  (do  Augt.  26:1756  E.  P. 

do  Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 

Thomas  Vincent  (do  Aug.  26:1756  E.  P. 

do  Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 

Francis  Goffe.  (do  Nov.  1756  E.  P. 

do  Jan.  1756  F.  C. 

James  Edward  Powell  (Do  Nov.  1756  E.  P. 

do  Jan.  19:1757  F.  C. 

Daniel  Demetre lava.  Dec.    3 :    1756 

James  Paris in  Geo.  at  Augusta. 

Benjamin  Goldwire do  at  Nov.  1756. 

John  Morel do  do 

Edward  Bernard at  Augusta. 

Joseph    iPruniers do  do 

Matthieu  Thomas do  27 

E.  P.    Thomas    Mathers do     Febry  22:   1757. 

Telemon   Phenix do     Mar.  1 : 

John  Graham do  do 

Abraham  Sarzedas do  do 

Isaac    Martin do  do 


Georgia's  Early  Masonic  History  265 

William    Wright do  May- 
Henry    Lane do  do 

James    Graham do 

George  Baillie do 

John    Perkins do 

Let  US  examine  this  list  somewhat  in  detail.  Judge 
Noble  Jones,  who  seems  to  have  been  the  Master  of  the 
Lodge,  was  for  years  Colonial  Justice  and  Treasurer 
for  Georgia.  He  came  with  Oglethorpe  to  America  in 
1733  and  established  his  home  at  Wonnsloe,  on  the  Isle 
of  Hope,  an  estate  today  owned  by  one  of  his  descend- 
ants :  Mr.  W.  J.  DeRenne.  Sir  Patrick  Houstoun,  a  bar- 
onet, was  at  one  time  President  of  the  King's  Council. 
He  was  also  Registrar  of  Grants  and  Receiver  of  Quit 
Claims  for  the  Province  of  Georgia.  James  Habersham, 
in  association  with  the  renowned  Whitefield,  founded 
Bethesda,  the  oldest  orphan  asylum  in  the  New  World. 
He  was  also  at  one  time  President  of  the  King's  Council 
and,  in  the  absence  of  Gov.  Wright,  performed  the  duties 
of  chief-magistrate.  John  Graham,  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution,  was  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Province. 
Daniel  and  Moses  Nunes  belonged  to  an  old  pioneer  fam- 
ily of  Jewish  immigrants.  Thomas  Barrington  (incor- 
rectly spelled  Burrington)  was  the  founder  of  the  fa- 
mous Barrington  family  of  this  State.  Fort  Barrington, 
on  the  Altamaha  River,  was  probably  named  for  this 
pioneer.  Noble  Wymberly  Jones  was  a  zealous  patriot, 
afterwards  deposed  by  the  King  from  his  office  as  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Assembly  because  of  his  violent  Whig 
sentiments.  He  was  subsequently  sent  by  his  compa- 
triots of  Savannah  to  the  Continental  Congress.  Most  of 
the  by-laws  governing  this  parent  Lodge  have  been  lost, 
but  fragments,  beginning  with  Article  Eight,  read  as 
follows : 

Sthly. 

That  every  member  shall  pay  a  Quartr 's  Lodge  Money  when  ye  Quarter 
commences,  &  ye  Money  to  be  paid  for  every  Quarterly  Feast  shall  be  paid 
ye  Lodge  Night  before  such  Feast.  And  all  savings  to  any  Member  by 
bis  being  absent  any  Lodge  Night  shall  be  allowed  him  at  ye  Comencement 
of  ye  next  Quarter  towards  ye  defraying  his  said  next  Quaterly  Expencea, 


266        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoria]>s  and  Legends 

9thly. 

That  any  Person  desiring  to  be  adniittcil  a  Brother  shall  deliver  a 
Petition  to  ye  Secretary  v;^^  shall  be  by  him  laid  before  ye  next  Lodge 
If  ye  Petition  be  approved  of,  it  shall  remain  with  ye  Secretary  till  ye 
next  Lodge  after,  when  ye  Candidate  shall  be  ballotted  for,  by  each 
Member's  putting  into  a  Hat  or  Box,  a  black  or  white  Bean  and  if  all 
prove  white,  the  Candidate  is  dvdy  elected,  but  if  any  member  should 
have  thought  proper  to  have  put  in  a  black  Bean,  the  Candidate  shall 
not  be  admitted  at  that  Time,  tho'  he  may  be  proposed  at  another  Time 
when  any  Prejudice  may  be  removed. 

lOthly. 

No   Person   shall   be   made   a  Bror   on   a   public   Lodge  Night,   but   any 
Person   after   being   duly  elected  shall  be   made    (a   Brof)    at    any   other 
convenient  Time  &  when  the  Master  thinks  proper, 
llthly. 

That  every  Person  admitted  a  Bror  shall  (mutilated)  one  Pound  & 
one  Shilling  to  be  deposited  for  (rent.)  uses,  Ten  Sliillings  to  ye 
Stock  and  five  Shil  (mutilated)  the  Tyler,  and  shall  decently  cloath  every 
(mutilated)  present  with  a  white  Apron,  and  a  pair  of  white  Gloves  and 
shall  also  give  a  Pair  of  White  Gloves  to  every  Broi"«  wife,  and  shall  like- 
wise give  the  Lodge  a  decent  Collation. 
12thly. 

That  no  Brother  unless  he  is  made  in  this  Lodge  be  admitted  a  Mem- 
ber thereof  untill  he  has  applyed  properly  as  before  directed,  and  if  he  is 
approved  of  by  two  thirds  of  the  Members  present,  he  may  then  be  admitted, 
paying  5  Shillings  for  charitable  Uses  and  5  Shils.  to  ye  Publick  Stock. 
]3thly. 

Every  visiting  Bror  present  at  any  meeting  of  ye  Lodge  shall  pay  the 
same  Sum  as  every  ]\Iember  payd  towards  defraying  ye  Expences  of  such 
Meeting. 

Approved  of  and 
Signed  the  19th  of 
Augt.  1756.  by 


On  another  page  of  this  Minute-Book,  the  Master  of 
the  Lodge  speaks  of  the  distance  at  which  he  lives  from 
Savannah.  At  the  same  time  he  takes  occasion  to  rap 
some  of  the  members  wliose  homes  were  in  town.  But  we 
will  let  the.  Minute-Book  speak  for  itself.  This  para- 
graph purports  to  give  the  Master's  exact  words.  It 
reads : 

The  Master,   living  in  ye  Country  at  a  great   distance  from  ye  Lodge, 
it   sometimes  happens   that   by   reason   of  bad   Weather,   Sickness   or   other 


Georgia's  Early  Masonic  History  267 

unavoidable  Business,  he  can 't  attend,  &  being  inform  'd  that  whn.  it  so 
happens  as  afores^.  several  Members  who  live  near,  &  have  no  excuse,  but 
their  own  imagining  yt  in  ys  Mars  absence,  no  sort  of  Business  can  be  done 
witht  his  pticular  License  for  so  doin,  by  wcii-sevi.  stated  Lodge  Nights 
have  passed,  with*,  any  meeting.  For  pvents.  the  like  invonvenineies  for 
ye  future,  the  Master  desires  &  it  is  agreed,  that  a  Lodge  shall  be  held  att 
every  stat^.  tim  agreeable  to  ye  Bye  Laws  by  as  many  Members  as  can 
be  convened  together,  ye  next  officer  or  oldest  Member  yr  present  taking  ye 
chair  &  ca.  and  yt  all  such  business,  that  yt  Numbr.  of  Masons  are  entituled 
to  do,  by  ye  Constitutions  of  Masonry,  &  ye  Bye  Laws  of  ye  pticular 
Lodge,  may  be  by  ym  pformed. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  records  preserved  by  this 
Minute-Book  tells  of  the  preparations  made  by  the  Lodge 
for  paying  a  formal  visit  to  Governor  Ellis,  at  his  Hon- 
or's residence  in  Savannah.    The  account  runs  as  follows : 

5757 

At  a  particular  Meeting  of  the  Lodge  agreeable  to  last  Nights  reso- 
lution, to  wait  on  his  Honour,  Governor  Ellis  with  our  Address,  wch 
after  having  order  'd  yt  3  times  3  Guns'  to  be  fired  during  ye  Procession, 
vizt.  3  at  leaving  Lodge,  3  at  entering  ye  Governors,  &  3  at  ent  'ring  the 
Lodge  again  (at  ye  return)  &  desiring  Bror  (Capt)  Boddie  to  let  his  Men 
fire  said  Guns  on  board  his  Vessel  &  having  order  'd  &  settled  some  other 
matters,  &ca.  proceeded  in  ye  following  manner,  vizt. 

(Capt)   Isaac  Martin   (youngest  Bror.)   with  ye  Sword. 

(in  absence  of  ye  Tyler) 
Brors.  N.  W.  Jones  &  Jas.  Habersham    (as  Stewards)    with  wants 
**      Jno  Groham  &  Abrm,  Sarzedas 
"      Tho.  Mathars  &  Telemn.  Phenix 
"      Tho  Vincent  &  Benj.  Goldwire 
"     Charles  Watson  &  Nicholas  Lawrence 
"      Jas.  Boddie  &  Jno.  Menzies 
"      Sir  Pat.  Houstoun  &  Wm.  Spencer. 
' '      D.  Nunes        Jno.  Farmur        (ye  wardens) 
N.  Jones  (ye  Master) 
When  come  to  ye  Govrs.  ye  Bhrethren  stopping,  open'd  &  the  Ml  walked 
thro'  ye   Centre,   ye   Wardens   following   the   Brethren   following    in    order 
from  ye  Seniors,  when  came  in;  ye  Master. 

Since  reference  is  made  in  this  Minute-Book  to  the 
existence  of  a  Lodge  in  Augusta  prior  to  1757,  it  will 
be  of  interest  in  this  connection  to  take  a  glance  at  the 
minutes  kept  by  the  trustees  of  Eichmond  Academy.* 

•Trustees  of  Richmond  Academy,  Augusta,  Ga.:  Their  Work  During:  the 
Kighteenth  Century  in  the  Management  of  a  School,  a  Town,  and  a  Church, 
Dp.    40-41. 


268       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

There  are  certain  entries  in  which  local  Masonic  history 
is  reflected.  For  instance,  on  April  1,  1790,  it  was  re- 
solved ''that  the  Garret  room  of  the  Academy  be  arched 
and  painted  and  another  window  put  in  each  end;  and 
that  the  Society  of  Free  Masons  be  permitted  to  use  it, 
provided  they  pay  one-half  of  the  expense."  On  Oc- 
tober 5,  1791,  ''the  old  Academy  was  devoted  to  the  ex- 
clusive use  of  the  Masonic  Lodge  Columbia  for  four 
years  at  5  pounds  per  annum." 

Our  apology  for  preserving  these  records  is  the  im- 
portance which  must  necessarily  attach  to  them  as  per- 
haps the  oldest  well-authenticated  fragments  in  existence, 
showing  the  activities  of  the  Masonic  order  in  Georgia 
during  pioneer  days. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV 


Mrs.  Wilson  Comes  Home 


ALL  Rome  was  there  to  meet  her.  With  the  earliest 
glimmer  of  dawn  the  little  city  of  the  hills  began 
to  stir — but  softly,  like  the  tread  of  gentle  snow- 
flakes.  Long  before  the  sun  was  up,  every  road  was 
thronged  with  travelers  from  the  neighboring  farms  and 
hamlets,  while  every  train  brought  its  burden  of  souls 
from  the  remoter  towns  and  cities.  It  was  a  day  to  be 
remembered  by  the  youngest  child  when  an  aged  man 
or  woman,  a  day  whose  significance  made  it  a  rare  for- 
get-me-not in  the  year's  calendar  of  events.  But,  in- 
stead of  the  emblems  of  rejoicing,  the  symbols  of  grief; 
were  displayed  on  every  hand.  Men  spoke  in  whispers. 
The  eyes  of  women  were  suffused  with  tears,  and  even 
the  faces  of  little  children  were  sad.  No  sound  of 
hammer  or  anvil  smote  the  air.  Shops  were  closed.  The 
great  wheels  of  industry  were  stilled,  and  over  all  there 
brooded  a  deep  and  solemn  hush.  It  was  Mrs.  Wilson's 
home-coming;  and  this  vast  assemblage  of  friends  was 
here  to  welcome  in  silence  a  returning  daughter  of  Geor- 
gia, one  whose  name  was  upon  a  nation's  lips:  the  be- 
loved First  Lady  of  the  Land. 

But  how  vastly  different  this  scene  of  sorrow  from 
the  gladsome  festival  to  which  the  little  city  of  the  hills 
looked  forward  in  the  summer's  earlier  glow!  The  first 
week  in  October  was  to  have  been  a  gala  week  in  Rome — 
one  long  to  be  remembered  for  its  brilliant  social  gaieties. 
Mrs.  Wilson,  in  a  letter  from  the  White  House,  had 


270       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

promised  to  be  the  city's  guest  of  honor,  and  invitations 
had  been  issued  by  the  tens  of  hundreds.  The  Southern 
Railway,  in  preparation  for  this  liappy  season  of  re- 
union, had  planted  near  its  depot  a  bed  of  shrubbery, 
whose  fresh  young  colors  were  just  beginning  to  spell  the 
words:  "Welcome  Home."  But  little  did  any  one  an- 
ticipate the  unfathomed  pathos  with  which  this  symbol 
of  greeting  was  soon  to  be  applied. 

As  the  days  went  by,  the  busy  hum  of  preparation 
grew  apace.  Eomans  were  anxious  for  the  leaves  to 
turn.  There  was  an  eagerness  for  summer  to  depart — 
for  autumn  to  flood  the  air  with  her  mellow  musk  and 
to  flaunt  her  banners  of  gold  upon  the  hills.  But  even 
while  these  plans  were  under  way  there  came  with  ap- 
palling suddenness  a  message  from  Washington,  stating 
that  the  Land's  First  Lady  was  alarmingly  ill.  This 
was  soon  followed  by  another,  announcing  the  presence 
in  the  White  House  of  the  dread  Angel  of  Death.  Mrs. 
Y/ilson  was  coming  home — not  in  October,  but  in  August 
— and  she  was  coming  home  to  stay  forever. 

Savannah,  Augusta,  Princeton,  Washington!  There 
were  many  places,  North  and  South,  at  which  she  tarried 
for  a  season ;  but  there  was  only  on^  spot  to  whose  recol- 
lection the  deepest  chords  of  her  heart  responded — only 
one  place  in  all  the  world  whose  memory  kindled  for  her 
a  hearth-stone  music  and  threw  around  her  a  magician's 
spell.  Amid  the  brightest  gatherings  of  the  White  House 
she  looked  in  fancy  upon  the  old  familiar  scenes  of  her 
girlhood's  home  in  Georgia,  and  even  when  the  kindling 
smile  upon  her  lips  told  of  the  border  lights  of  the  Better 
Land  she  turned  longingly  and  lovingly  in  her  thoughts 
to  the  dear  old  hills  of  Rome.  Here  were  spent  the  golden 
years  of  her  girlhood.  Here  the  little  cottage  home  still 
stood— its  summer  roses  still  in  bloom.  On  these  hills, 
with  her  classmates,  she  had  delved  into  the  deep  mines 
of  truth.  Here  was  the  little  church  from  whose  old- 
fashioned  pulpit  her  father  had  '^  allured  to  brighter 
worlds."    Here,  last  but  not  least,  the  man  of  her  choice 


MYRTLE    HILL 
The   Last    Resting    Place  of   Mrs.   Wood  row  Wilson. 


Mrs.  Wilson  Comes  Home      '  271 

—then  barely  twenty-six — ''a  youth  to  fortune  and  to 
fame  unknown,"  first  breathed  into  her  ear  love's  old, 
old  story;  and  here,  where  the  rivers  meet  and  mingle, 
the  current  of  her  life  met  his  in  a  song  whose  music  was 
to  echo  down  the  years. 

Beautiful  for  situation  is  the  lofty  burial-ground  of 
Rome.  Overlooking  the  city's  domes  and  spires,  it  forms 
a  majestic  citadel  of  silence,  a  marble-crowned  Acrop- 
olis. Beneath  a  giant  oak,  on  this  towering  hill-top,  the 
Land's  First  Lady  was  gently  lowered  to  her  last  long 
rest.  No  fairer  spot  ever  charmed  an  artist.  There, 
tenderly  upon  her  tomb — high-lifted  above  the  mui'mur- 
ing  waters — will  fall  the  golden  light  of  the  stars.  There 
morning's  first  beams  and  sunset's  last  rays  will  linger 
upon  her  couch  of  dreams.  There,  fragrant  with  her 
thought  for  God's  lowly  children,  will  cluster  in  spring- 
time the  bluest  of  the  violets,  and  there,  on  wintry  days, 
in  keei)ing  with  her  heart's  pure  sacrifice,  will  gather 
the  whitest  of  the  snows.  Home  at  last,  she  sleeps  on 
Myrtle  Hill,  around  her  a  silent  ring  of  Iionian  hearts 
and  in  her  ear  the  sweet  music  of  the  Etowah. 


SECTION  III 


Historic  Church-Yards  and  Burial  Grounds 


SECTION  III 


Historic  Church- Yards  and  Burial  Grounds 


Colonial  Park,  Savannah 

Originally  the  parish  burial-ground  of  Christ  Church, 
some  of  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia 
here  sleejo.  On  the  moldering  tombstones  of  the  little 
cemetery  there  are  scores  of  historic  names,  not  a  few 
of  which  are  still  bright  on  the  muster  rolls  of  the  Eevolu- 
tion;  but  Whigs  and  Tories  alike  lie  here  entombed. 
For  more  than  fifty  years  after  Georgia  became  a  State, 
men  of  distinction  in  every  sphere  of  life  were  here  laid 
to  rest  in  the  very  core  of  Savannah's  heart.  Just  when 
the  first  burial  was  made  in  Old  Colonial  is  uncertain; 
but  three  distinct  eras  have  contributed  to  the  treasury 
of  sacred  dust  which  this  little  plot  of  ground  contains — 
Colonial,  Revolutionary,  and  Commonwealth.  No  inter- 
ments have  been  made  here  since  the  early  fifties ;  but  it 
was  not  until  1895  that  by  decree  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
Chatham  County  it  became  the  property  of  the  city  of 
Savannah.  With  this  transfer  of  title,  an  old!  issue  be- 
tween the  parish  and  the  town  was  happily  adjusted,  the 
walls  on  three  sides  were  taken  down,  a  competent  force 
of  workmen  employed  to  repair  the  tombs,  to  open  new 
walks,  and  to  beautify  the  grounds ;  and  thus  out  of  the 
remnants  of  Colonial  Cemetery  emerged  what  is  today 
known  as  Colonial  Park. 

Bounded  by  three  of  Savannah's  busy  thoroughfares, 
the  park  is  reached  in  a  minute's  walk  from  the  DeSoto 
Hotel.  HerCy  at  almost  any  hour  of  the  day,  when  the 
weather  is  pleasant,  may  be  seen  groups  of  little  children, 
playing  at  hide  and  seek  among  the  tombs;  energetic 
business  men  moving  briskly  along  the  walks  which  af- 
ford them  convenient  passage-ways  to  points  beyond; 
or  sightseers  strolling  leisurely  over  the  green-carpeted 
area  to  read  the  inscriptions  upon  the  ancient  monu- 


276       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ments.  Some  of  the  oldest  of  the  tombetones  have 
disappeared  forever.  Others  rescued  in  broken  frag- 
ments have  been  placed  against  the  brick  wall  which  still 
remains.  It  is  only  fair  to  historic  truth  to  state  that 
the  agencies  of  time,  in  producing  this  harvest  of  ruin, 
were  re-enforced  by  the  vandalism  of  Sherman's  men, 
during  the  last  year  of  the  Civil  War.  Not  content  with 
rifling  the  vaults  for  silver,  they  even  made  them  abodes 
of  habitation,  emulating  in  this  respect  the  example  of  a 
certain  demoniac  who  lived  at  Gadara ;  and  to  judge  from 
the  mutilation  of  epitaphs  the  latter  were  no  less  pos- 
sessed of  unclean  spirits  than  were  the  former. 


Entering  the  park  from  Oglethorpe  Avenue— former- 
ly South  Broad  Street — the  first  object  to  attract  the 
attention  of  the  visitor  is  a  fine  old  brick  vault,  which 
stands  somewhat  to  itself.  Entombed  within  this  struc- 
ture are  the  ashes  of  James  Habersham.  He  came  to 
Georgia  with  the  great  Whitfield,  rose  to  the  highest  civic 
station;  and,  during  the  absence  of  Governor  Wright  in 
England,  administered  the  affairs  of  the  province. 
Though  his  sons  were  violent  Whigs,  he  remained  to  the 
last  a  faithful  old  servitor  of  the  Crown.  The  inscription 
on  the  marble  tablet,  which  occupies  a  large  space  in  the 
front  wall,  reads  as  follows : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  JAMES  HABERSHAM,  the 
ancestor  of  the  family  of  that  name.  He  was  born  at 
Beverly,  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  in  January,  1712,  and  died  at 
Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  28th  of  August,  1775,  aged  62 
years.  He  was  an  eminent  Christian  and  a  highly  useful 
man  in  the  then  Colony  of  Georgia,  and  held  many  im- 
portant offices,  among  them,  those  of  President  of  his 
Britannic  Majesty's  Council  and  acting  Governor  of 
Georgia  during  the  absence  of  Governor  Wright.  He 
was  also  in  connection  with  Whitfield  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Bethesda,  and  for  a  long  time  a  co-laborer  in 
that  good  and  great  work. 

Also  to  the  memory  of  MARY  BOLTON,  his  most 
beloved  wife,  who  died  the  4th  day  of  January,  1763, 
and  was  also  buried  in  this  vault. 


Colonial  Park 


277 


Just  above  the  foregoing  inscription  is  the  design  of  a 
crown-encircled  cross,  accompanied  by  the  following 
words : 


' '  Be  thou  faithful  unto  death  and  I  will  give  thee  a 
crown  of  life. ' ' 


Included  among  the  inmates  of  the  same  vault  are 
the  two  noted  patriots,  whose  zeal  for  the  cause  of  inde- 
pendence was  a  thorn  in  the  parental  flesh — Joseph  and 
John  Habersham.  The  former  became  the  first  Post- 
master-General of  the  United  States,  in  the  Cabinet  of 
President  Washington.  With  Commodore  Oliver  Bowen 
he  also  officered  the  first  vessel  commissioned  for  naval 
warfare  in  the  Revolution.  Dr.  James  Habersham,  a 
third  son  of  the  old  loyalist,  and  like  his  brothers,  a 
most  intense  Whig,  is  supposed  also  to  be  one  of  the 
occupants  of  this  tomb. 

Beside  the  Habersham  vault  is  a  slab  level  with  the 
ground,  on  which  the  following  inscription  appears: 


In  remembrance  of  MRS.  MARY  CHARLOTTE 
JACKSON,  daughter  of  WILLIAM  and  SOPHIA 
YOUNG,  and  widow  of  MAJOR-GENERAL  JAMES 
JACKSON;  also  of  her  father  and  mother;  of  MR. 
and  MRS.  ROBERT  DILLON,  her  uncle  and  aunt; 
and  of  an  infant  daughter;  all  of  whom  are  interred 
near  this  tablet. 


General'  Jackson,  the  husband  of  this  lady,  was  the 
famous  old  patriot  who  fought  the  Yazoo  fraud.  He  is 
buried  in  the  Congressional  Cemetery,  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  on  the  bankg  of  the  Potomac.  After  holding  the 
office  of  Governor,  he  died  while  a  Senator  of  the  United 
States. 


Next  the  attention  of  the  visitor  is  attracted  to  a  row 
of  brick  vaults,  four  in  number,  located  at  right  angles  to 


278       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Oglethorpe  Avenue.  There  is  nothing  specially  orna- 
mental about  these  vaults ;  but  the  most  intense  interest 
has  centered  around  them  for  years.  This  reached  a 
climax,  in  the  spring  of  1901,  when  they  were  severally 
opened  by  an  authorized  committee  in  search  of  the  body 
of  Major-Geneeal  Nathaniel  Greene.  They  are  known 
as  "Colonial"  vaults,  because  they  belong  to  distin- 
guished families  identified  with  Savannah  since  the  ear- 
liest settlement  of  the  town. 

In  the  first  of  these  repose  the  ashes  of  Colonel 
EiCHAED  Willy,  Deputy  Quartermaster-General  of  the 
Continental  Army  in  the  Eevolution. 

The  second  is  the  famous  Graham  vault,  in  which  the 
body  of  General  Greene  was  found.  On  a  bronze  tablet, 
unveiled  with  impressive  ceremonies  in  the  fall  of  1902, 
is  the  following  inscription : 


Here  rested  for  114  years  the  remains  of  MAJ.-GEN. 
NATHANIEL  GREENE.  Born  in  Rhode  Island,  Aug. 
7,  1742.  Died  at  Mulberry  Grove,  June  19,  1786.  His 
remains  and  those  of  his  eldest  son,  GEORGE  WASH- 
INGTON GREENE,  now  lie  under  the  monument  in 
Johnson   Square. 


This  vault  belonged  to  the  confiscated  estate  of  the 
royal  Lieutenant-Governor  Graham,  whose  property  was 
bestowed  by  the  Legislature  of  Georgia  ujDon  General 
Greene. 

In  the  next  vault  reposed  for  a  number  of  years  the 
ashes  of  two  of  the  most  illustrious  of  the  early  founders 
of  Georgia :  Judge  Noble  Jones  and  Dr.  Noble  Wym- 
BERLEY  Jones,  his  son.  The  former  commanded  the  first 
Georgia  Eegiment  of  Colonial  troops.  He  was  also  for 
twenty-one  years  a  member  of  the  King's  Council.  The 
latter,  by  reason  of  his  zeal  for  the  cause  of  indepen- 
dence, was  styled  ''one  of  the  morning  stars  of  liberty." 
Both  rest  today  in  Bonaventure,  whither  they  were  re- 
moved, with  other  members  of  the  Jones  family,  several 


Colonial  Park 


279 


years   ago,   under  the   direction   of  Mr,    George   AV.  J. 
DeRenne,  of  Worm  slow,  a  lineal  descendant. 

The  last  vault  in  the  group  belongs  to  the  Thiots,  an 
old  family  of  Savannah.  There  are  no  inscriptions  upon 
any  of  these  tombs,  except  the  one  which  bears  tlic  tablet 
of  General  Greene. 


Pacing  Al)ercorn  Street,  in  an  area  of  ground  en- 
closed by  an  iron  fence,  is  an  oval  slab,  even  with  the 
ground,  on  which  the  following  inscription  appears: 


The  family  vault  of  GEN.  LAt^HLAN  iNIclNTOSH, 
of  the  Eevolutionary  Army,  of  CHARLES  HARRIS, 
coiinsellor-at-law,  and  of  NICHOLAS  S.  BAYARD. 


General  McIntosh  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
soldiers  of  the  first  war  for  independence,  but  he  suffered 
somewhat  in  reputation  by  reason  of  the  fatal  conse- 
quences of  the  duel  which  he  fought  with  Button  Gwin- 
nett. Beside  him  sleeps  his  gallant  nephew.  Colonel 
James  S.  McIntosh,  who  fell  in  the  Mexican  War. 

In  honor  of  Charles  Harris  one  of  the  counties  of 
Georgia  has  been  named.  He  was  one  of  the  foremost 
lawvers  of  Savannah  a  century  ago. 


Not  far  removed  from  the  Mcintosh  tablet,  in  the 
same  enclosed  area,  lies  entombed  another  distinguished 
Georgian  for  whom  a  county  in  this  State  iwas 
named.  The  time-worn  slab  over  his  grave  reads  as 
follows: 


Sacied  to  the  memory  of  .JAMES  SPALDTNC,  m\w 
dejiartod  this  life  in  the  60th.  year  of  hia  age,  at  Sa- 
vannah, on  the  10th.  Nov.,  1794. 


280       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Button  Gwinnett,  who  fell  at  tlie  hands  of  General 
McIntosh  in  a  duel  which  occurred  on  the  outskirts  of 
Savannah,  in  1777,  is  sujoposed  to  be  buried  in  an  un- 
marked grave  in  Colonial  Park.  He  was  living  in  Sa- 
vannah at  the  time,  and  there  is  no  evidence  to  show 
that  he  was  ever  taken  back  to  his  old  home  on  St.  Catha- 
rine's Island.  He  was  one  of  the  Signers  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  for  Georgia,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  President  of  the  Executive  Council  and 
ex-officio  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth. 


One  of  the  strangest  memorials  in  the  cemetery  is  a 
cubical  block  of  marble,  on  which  is  carved  the  figure 
of  a  serpent  in  the  form  of  a  complete  circle.  There  is 
no  inscription  of  any  kind  on  the  monument;  and  just 
what  this  strange  reptilian  monogram  is  intended  to 
signify  is  one  of  the  unsolved  enigmas.  But  from  well 
authenticated  tradition  it  is  the  common  belief  that  in  this 
particular  spot  lies  one  of  the  foremost  of  Georgia's 
early  patriots — Archibald  Bulloch. 


* 


Marked  by  a  tasteful  monument,  in  a  small  area  of 
ground  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing,  is  the  grave  of  Joseph 
Clay.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty; 
and  from  him  a  number  of  distinguished  Georgians  have 
descended.  His  son,  who  bore  the  same  name,  became 
a  noted  Federal  jurist  of  Savannah.  He  afterwards 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Baptist  Church,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  was  the  most  eloquent  divine  of  this 
faith  in  the  great  city  of  Boston.  The  elder  Clay,  during 
the  Eevolution,  held  the  office  of  Deputy  Paymaster-Gen- 
eral in  Georgia,  with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  bold  party  of  rebels  who  broke  into  the 


♦Letter  to  the  author  from  Prof.   Otis  Ashmnre,  of  Savannah. 


Colonial  Park  281 

King's  powder  magazine  at  Savannah,  on  May  11,  1775. 
He  was  also  a  conspicuous  leader  in  tlie  subsequent  meet- 
ings of  tlie  patriots. 


Colonel  Seth  John  Cuthbeet,  a  distinguished  Rev- 
olutionary patriot,  who  married  a  daughter  of  Joseph 
Clay,  the  elder,  is  supposed  to  be  buried  in  the  old  ceme- 
tery, but  his  name  is  not  to  be  found  on  any  of  the  tombs 
which  time  has  spared.  He  was  the  father  of  the  two  dis- 
tinguished Georgians :  United  States  Senator  Alfred 
CuTHBERT  and  Judge  John  A.  Cuthbert.  The  only  mem- 
ber of  the  Cuthbert  family,  whose  monument  yet  stands  in 
Colonial  Park,  is  George  Cuthbert.  Since  he  died  in 
1768,  he  may  have  been  Seth  John's  brother — possibly 
his  father. 


Not  far  distant  from  the  Habersham  vault,  on  a  hori- 
zontal tablet  of  marble,  raised  some  two  feet  above  the 
ground  by  a  wall  of  brick,  is  an  epitaph  inscribed  to  the 
memory  of  Major,  John  Berrien,  a  noted  officer  of  the 
Revolution.  It  was  from  the  old  Berrien  home,  near 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  that  Washington,  in  1783,  issued  his 
farewell  address  to  the  American  Army.  In  the  same 
historic  mansion,  Judge  John  MacPherson  Berrien, 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  Cabinet  and  a  Senator 
from  Georgia,  was  bom.  He  was  a  son  of  Major  John 
Berrien.  The  latter  joined  the  patriotic  ranks  when 
only  fifteen.    The  inscription  on  the  tomb  reads : 


This  tablet  records  the  death  of  MAJOR  JOHN 
BERRIEN,  who  departed  this  life  at  Savannah,  Nov., 
6th.,  181.5,  in  the  56th  year  of  his  age.  In  early  youth 
he  drew  his  sword  in  defence  of  his  country  and  served 
with  reputation  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  He  was 
an  upright  citizen  and  exemplary  in  all  the  relations  of 
social  life.  His  disconsolate  widow  and  afflicted  child- 
ren have  erected  this  tribute  to  his  memory  in  humble 
hope  that  he  rests  in  peace  in  the  bosom  of  his  Heavenly 
Father. 


282       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Major  Berrien  was  decorated  by  the  illustrious  Wash- 
ington himself  with  the  emblem  of  the  famous  Order  of 
the  Cincinnati. 

Here  also  sleeps  De.  Richard  M.  Berrien,  a  half- 
brother  of  Judge  Berrien;  Eliza,  the  latter 's  wife; 
William  Berrien,  his  son,  a  lieutenant  in  the  United 
States  army,  who  died  while  on  duty  in  Florida,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-seven ;  and  Nicholas  Ancieux  Berrien, 
a  son  who  died  in  infancy.  Judge  Berrien  himself  sleeps 
in  Laurel  Grove.  His  death  occurred  after  the  old  ceme- 
tery was  closed  for  burial  purposes.  Benjamin  Bur- 
roughs, a  noted  Georgian  and  a  connection  by  marriage 
of  the  Berrien  family,  occupies  a  handsome  brick  tomb 
fronting  Abercorn  Street. 


On  a  marble  box  near  the  tomb  of  Major  Berrien  the 
following  epitaph  is  inscribed  to  one  of  his  gallant  com- 
rades-in-arms : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  MAJOR  EDWAED  WHITE, 
an  officer  of  the  Revolutionary  Army,  who  died  Jany. 
9th.,  1812.     Aet.  54. 


Marked  by  a  neat  memorial  in  the  shape  of  a  marble 
cube  is  the  grave  of  Savannah's  first  postmaster — Robert 
Bolton,  a  connection  by  marriage  of  the  Habershams. 


Underneath  a  horizontal  slab  of  marble,  even  with  the 
ground,  lies  the  earliest  of  Georgia's  historians — Major 
Hugh  McCall.    The  inscription  on  the  tablet  reads : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  HUGH  McCALL,  Brevet 
Major  in  the  U.  States  army.  Born  in  N.  Carolina, 
Feb.   17,   1767.     Died  June  10,   1824. 


Colonial  Park  283 

He  served  the  United  States  in  various  capacities 
thirty  years ;  the  last  twenty  years  under  severe  bodily 
suffering,  but  with  usefulness  to  himself,  his  country,  and 
his  friends. 


Much  historic  interest  attaches  to  an  old  tombstone 
which  marks  the  last'  resting  place  of  a  gallant  French 
officer,  whose  vessel  gave  substantial  help  to  John  Paul 
Jones  in  the  renowned  engagement  between  the  "Ser- 
apis"  and  the  '^Bon  Homme  Kichard."  There  is  no  ref- 
erence to  this  fig'ht  in  the  epitaph  itself,  but  the  authen- 
tic records  of  the  battle  will  establish  this  fact.  The 
inscription  reads: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  DENIS  L.  COTTINEAU 
DE  KEELOQUEN,  a  native  of  Navies  (France),  for- 
merly a  Lieutenant  in  his  late  most  Christian  Majesty's 
Navy,  Knight  of  the  Eoyal  and  Military  Order  of  St. 
Louia,  Capt.  commanding  a  ship  of  war  of  the  United 
States,  during  their  Eevolution,  and  a  member  of  the 
Cincinnati  Society,  Obit,  Nov.  29,  1808.  Aet.  63  years; 
and  also  of  ACHILLES  J.  ML  COTTINEAU  DE  KEE- 
LOQUEN,  his  son,  obit  July  11,  1812.    Aet.  22  years. 


When  Governor  Troujj  came  to  the  executive  chair,  in 
the  early  twenties,  he  appointed  a  bright  young  historian 
of  Savannah  to  investigate  the  antiquities  of  the  two 
principal  Indian  tribes  of  Georgia:  the  Creeks  and  the 
Cherokees.  With  consummate  skill  this  task  was  most 
successfully  accomplished;  but  soon  after  the  author 
completed  his  work  he  was  seized  with  a  violent  illness, 
which,  in  a  few  weeks,  terminated  his  mortal  career. 
The  State  of  Georgia  sustained  a  grievous  loss  in  the 


284       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

unrealized  jDossibilities  of  this  gifted  man.     The  follow- 
ing epitaph  is  inscribed  upon  his  tomb  in  Colonial  Park : 


Below  this  stone  repose  the  bones  of  JOSEPH  VAL- 
LANCE  BEVAN,  who  was  born  in  Liberty  County,  Ga., 
and  died  in  Savannah,  29th  March,  1830,  aged  32  years. 
His  mind  was  enlightened  and  educated.  His  manners 
were  simple  and  unpresuniing.  His  heart  was  warm  and 
affectionate. 

Eeader:  You  may  have  known  a  wiser  man  than 
JOSEPH  V.  BEVAN,  but  you  have  rarely  known  a 
better,  and  none,  no  none,  against  whose  name  the 
Eecording  Angel  would  more  reluctantly  have  written 
down — Condemnation. 


The  pathetic  story  of  a  talented  young  artist  who 
came  to  Savannah  during  the  first  decade  of  the  last 
century,  in  search  of  the  illusive  boon  of  health,  is  told 
in  the  following  brief  inscription,  lettered  upon  a  ground 
slab: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  MR.  EDWARD  G.  MEL- 
BONE,  the  celebrated  painter,  son  of  the  late  Gen. 
John  Melbone,  of  New  Port,  R.  I.  He  was  cut  off  in 
the  meridian  of  Life  and  Reputation  while  travelling 
for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  Seldom  do  the  records  of 
mortality  boast  the  name  of  a  victim  more  pre-eminently 
excellent.  His  death  has  deprived  the  country  of  an 
ornament  which  ages  may  not  replace  and  left  a  blank 
in  the  catalogue  of  American  genius  which  nothing  has 
a  tendency  to  supply.  He  closed  his  valuable  life,  May 
7,  1807,  in  the  29th  year  of  his  age. 


Colonial  Park  285 

'Another  flat  stone  tells  tlie  story  of  a  tragedy  wliicli 
occurred  in  Savannah  during  the  year  1831.  The  in- 
scription reads: 


ODREY   MILLER,   a   native   of   Scott   Co.,   Ky.,   who 

died   from   a  wound   inflicted  by  — ,    on   the 

13th.  of  July,  1831,  aged  33  years.  Just,  honest,  be- 
nevolent, was  his  reputation  among  strangers.  He  could 
ask  forgiveness  and  as  readily  forgive  but  was  ever 
indignant  at  cruelty  and  oppression  and  wholly  irrecon- 
cilable to  ignoble  submission.  Though  this  stone  is  de- 
signed to  mark  the  spot  where  they  have  laid  him,  his 
name  and  his  virtues  will  be  perpetuated  in  the  affection 
and  friendship  of  many  who  mourn  his  untimely  fate. 


Sir  Patrick  Houstoun  and  Lady  Houstoun,  after 
sleeping  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  in  the  old  ceme- 
tery, were  finally  removed  to  Bonaventure,  where  they 
repose  under  a  massive  granite  monument.  But  the  old 
marble  slab,  containing  the  original  inscriptions,  together 
with  the  family  coat-of-arms,  has  been  incorporated  in 
the  handsome  new  memorial.  Governor  Edward  Telfair 
was  also  laid  to  rest  here  in  a  family  vault,  but  he,  too, 
was  removed  to  Bonaventure  years  ago,  where  he  sleeps 
today  in  an  elegant  tomb.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  of 
the  Colonial  patriots.  The  old  Grovernor  married  a 
daughter  of  William  Gibbons,  the  most  distinguished 
lawyer  of  his  day  in  Savannah.  If  the  latter  is  not  in- 
cluded among-  the  occupants  of  the  Telfair  vault,  he  oc- 
cupies an  unmarked  grave  in  Colonial  Park.  He  espoused 
the  patriotic  cause,  but  there  is  no  evidence  to  show  that 
he  took  any  part  in  the  actual  hostilities.  Plis  income 
from  the  practice  of  law  is  said  to  have  aggregated  three 
thousand  pounds  sterling,  an  immense  sum  of  money  in 
those  days.  William  Ewen,  the  first  President  of  the 
Executive  Council;  John  Glen,  the  first  Chief  Justice  of 
Georgia;  Major  William  Pierce,  a  gallant  soldier  of 


286       Geokgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  Eevolution,  who  represented  Georgia  in  both  tlie 
Continental  Congress  and  the  great  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1787 ;  and  other  patriots  of  the  Revolutionary 
period,  doubtless  lie  here  in  unmarked  graves. 

Included  among  the  curiosities  of  the  old  cemetery  are 
the  following  epitaphs :  Mrs.  Caroline  Lloyd.  Died 
5th.  December,  1836.  Aged  1171  years  and  8  months. 
W.  EicHARDSON,  Sr.^  Died  16th.  October,  1828.  Aged  155 
years.  Edward  Ellington.  Died  30th.  October,  1795. 
152  years  old.  William  Neyle.  Died  9th.  December, 
1802.  Aged  341  years.  Mrs.  Ann  McLaughlin.  Died 
8th.  December,  1839.  Aged  186  years.  Mrs.  M.  E.  Long. 
Died  12th.  October,  1816.  Aged  162  years.  These  phenom- 
enal ages  are  clue  to  the  vandalism  of  some  of  Sherman's 
men,  in  1865 — desecrators,  who  by  affixing:  one  or  more 
figures  to  the  epitaphs  by  means  of  a  chisel,  made  the  ages 
antecleluvian. 


Bonaventure,  Savannah 

From  the  viewpoint  of  natural  scenery,  one  of  the 
most  exquisite  burial  places  of  the  dead  in  America  is 
situated  some  four  miles  from  Savannah,  on  the  road  to 
Thunderbolt — ^liistoric  Bonaventure.  The  extensive  area 
of  ground  is  shaded  by  majestic  live  oaks,  the  youngest 
of  which  was  planted  long  before  the  time  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  midsummer  heat  seldom  pierces  the  dense 
armor  of  foliage  which  nature  Wears  in  this  beauti- 
ful bower  of  evergreens;  and  beneath  the  gnarled  and 
rugged  boughs  of  the  trees,  in  grass-covered  beds  of 
velvet  turf,  swept  by  the  long  pendant  mosses,  more  than 
six  generations  of  Savannah's  gathered  dust  here  sleeps. 
On  the  edge  of  the  cemetery,  the  Wihnington  River  chants 
a  low  requiem;  and  if  aught  is  needed  to  bind  the  spell 
of  beauty  it  is  found  in  this  little  thread  of  silver.  Bona- 
venture was  the  picturesque  old  family  seat  of  the  Tatt- 
nalls.  Though  it  was  not  made  a  cemetery,  in  a  public 
sense,  until  1849,  the  private  burial  ground  ai^purtenant 


BONAVENTURE  287 

to  it  lield  the  remains  of  Governor  Tattnall,  who  died  in 
1803,  together  with  those  of  other  members  of  his  imme- 
diate household  connection.  Besides,  it  was  not  long 
before  a  number  of  the  old  pioneer  guard  who  belonged 
to  Savannah's  heroic  age— including  the  Joneses,  the  Tel- 
fairs,  the  Iloustouns,  and  other  Colonial  families — were 
removed  from  the  old  burial-ground  in  Savannah  to 
this  spot;  so  that  without  exaggeration  the  registers  of 
Bonaventure  may  be  said  to  reach  back  in  an  unbroken 
line  to  the  days  of  Oglethorpe  himself.  The  charm  of 
historic  interest  is  here  so  great  that,  taken  in  association 
with  the  beauty  of  environment,  it  seems  to  invest  death 
with  a  sort  of  fascination,  and  to  make  one  almost  covet 
the  privilege  of  the  sleeper  who  here 

' '  wraps  tlie  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams." 


Surrounded  by  an  iron  fence,  at  the  end  of  Oleander 
Drive,  is  the  most  historic  shrine  in  Bonaventure.  It 
marks  the  last  resting  place  of  the  revered  soldier  and 
jurist  who  accompanied  Oglethorpe  to  the  new  w^orld, 
who  commanded  the  first  regiment  of  Colonial  troops,  and 
who,  for  twenty-one  years,  served  in  the  King's  Council. 
There  is  no  other  spot  around  Savannah — unless  it  be 
the  grave  of  Tomo-chi-chi — which  connects  the  Common- 
wealth of  the  present  day  with  a  period  of  time  more 
remote.  On  the  massive  block  of  stone,  mantled  with  ivy, 
the  following  inscription  appears — half  concealed  by  the 
overhanging  drapery  of  green : 


NOBLE  JONES,  OF  WOEMSLOE,  ESQ.  Senior 
Judge  of  the  General  Court  and  Acting  Chief-Justice  of 
the  Province  of  Georgia.  For  twenty-one  years  IMem- 
ber  and  sometimes  President  of  His  Majesty 's  Council. 
Colonel  of  the  first  Georgia  Regiment.  Died  November 
2,  1775.     Aged,  73. 


288       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

To  the  last  moment  of  liis  life,  tins  pioneer  Georgian 
remained  a  steadfast  and  loyal  friend  to  the  King,  though 
his  famous  son,  Dr.  Noble  Wymbeeley  Jones,  became  one 
of  the  most  violent  of  the  Whigs.  The  ashes  of  Noble 
Jones  first  rested  at  Wormsloe,  afterwards  in  the  old 
Colonial  Cemetery,  in  the  heart  of  Savannali;  but  when 
the  old  grave-yard  was  closed  by  the  local  authorities,  in 
the  early  fifties,  George  Wymberley  Jones  DeRenne,  a 
lineal  descendant,  then  the  recognized  head  of  the  Jones 
family^  in  Georgia,  removed  the  body  of  his  ancestor  to 
the  spot  which  it  now  occupies.  The  site  of  the  grave 
faces  the  open  marshes,  looking  toward  Wormsloe,  the 
old  home  of  Noble  Jones  on  the  Isle  of  Hope. 


Underneath  a  block  of  marble,  at  the  end  of  Palmetto 
Drive,  rest  the  ashes  of  Dr.  Noble  Wymberley  Jones,  one 
of  the  earliest  of  the  Revolutionary  patriots.  His  name 
was  attached  to  the  famous  card  calling  the  Sons  of  Lib- 
erty to  meet  for  the  first  time  in  Tondee's  tavern;  and 
he  was  afterwards  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  delega- 
tion to  represent  Georgia  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
but  he  did  not  repair  to  Philadelphia,  on  account  of  the 
critical  illness  of  his  father,  who  died  a  few  months  later. 
Dr.  Jones  first  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  Crown  in 
1770,  when  his  strong  republican  sentiments  caused  him 
to  be  deposed  from  the  Speakership  of  the  House  of  As- 
sembly; but  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  independence  knew 
no  abatement.  The  grave  of  the  old  patriot  is  enclosed 
by  an  iron  fence.  It  likewise  fronts  the  open  expanse 
looking  toward  Wormsloe.  The  inscription  on  the  well- 
preserved  horizontal  slab  reads  as  follows: 


Consecrated  to  the  memory  of  DOCTE.  NOBLE 
WIMBERLEY  JONES,  who  died  January  9th.,  1805. 
He  was  born  in  England,  came  over  with  Gen.  Oglethorpe 
in  the  year  1733,  at  the  first  settlement  of  this  State. 
He    served    as    cadet    officer    in    Oglethorpe 's    Regiment 


BONAVENTURE 


289 


(Continued) 

during  the  wars  with  the  Spaniards  and  Indians,  at  that 
period.  Acquired  his  professional  education  afterwards 
under  the  immediate  direction  of  his  father,  DR. 
NOBLE  JONES,  the  friend,  companion,  and  co-laborer 
of  Oglethorpe.  He  was  among  the  earliest  and  most 
strenuous  asserters  of  the  liberties  of  his  adopted  coun- 
try and  filled  not  only  the  Professional  but  the  most 
important  Civil  Departments  with  merit  to  himself  and 
the  highest  value  and  satisfaction  to  the  community. 
The  warm  friend,  the  patient,  judicious,  and  successful 
physician,  the  most  affectionate  liusband,  and  a  pure, 
and  humble  and  sincere  Christian.  In  the  midst  of 
usefulness,  and  vigorous  old  age,  he  died  as  he  lived, 
without  fear  and  without  reproach.  Tliis  monument 
has  been  erected  by  the  filial  gratitude  of  his  surviving 
son,  as  a  tribute  to  virtue. 


Adjoining  the  grave  of  Dr.  Noble  Wymberley  Jones 
is  the  tomb  of  his  distinguished  son,  Dr.  George  Jones, 
the  only  member  of  a  large  family  of  children  to  survive 
an  illustrious  father.  During  the  last  two  years  of  the 
struggle  for  independence  he  experienced  the  horrors 
of  war  on  board  an  English  prison  ship,  in  the  harbor 
of  Savannah,  In  the  War  of  1812  he  commanded  a  com- 
pany of  reserves.  Though  not  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
he  was  made  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  Eastern 
Circuit  of  Georgia,  a  tribute  of  the  most  unusual  char- 
acter; and  from  the  bench  was  called  by  executive  ap- 
pointment to  fill  an  unexpired  term  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States.  The  Jones  family,  of  Wormsloe,  was  a 
family  of  physicians.  Even  Noble  Jones  himself  brought 
with  him  to  Georgia  the  professional  prefix.  Dr.  Noble 
W,  Jones  was  the  first  president  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Georgia ;  and  Dr.  George  Jones  was  one  of  his  suc- 
cessors at  the  head  of  the  same  organization.  On  the 
latter 's  handsome  monument  of  granite,  enclosed  by  a 
heavy  iron  fence,  is  inscribed  the  following  brief  record : 


GEORGE   JONES,   OF  WORMSLOE.     Judge   of  the 
Sui)erior  Court  of  Georgia.    Senator  of  the  United  States. 


290       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

In  an  nndergroimd  vault,  which  occupies  an  enclosed 
square  facing  Palmetto  Drive,  rest  the  remains  of  the  dis- 
tinguished antiquarian,  scholar  and  gentleman,  George 
Wymberley  Jones  DeRenne.  He  rendered  the  State  a 
priceless  service  by  publishing  early  Georgia  manu- 
scripts. The  famous  quartos  bearing  the  imprint  of 
Wormsloe  constitute  a  library  of  history  within  them- 
selves. Inscribed  on  the  massive  block  of  marble  which 
stands  in  the  center  of  the  DeRenne  Square,  beside  the 
entrance  to  the  vault,  is  the  following  brief  epitajih : 


GEORGE     WYMBERLEY     JONES     DE      RENNE. 
Born  July  19,  1827.     Died  Aug.  4,  1880. 


Just  beyond  the  DeRenne  lot,  facing  the  same  drive- 
way, in  a  square  likewise  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing,  is 
the  tomb  of  Governor  Edward  Telfair,  marked  by  an 
immense  block  of  stone,  some  eight  feet  in  height.  One 
of  the  earliest  of  the  Revolutionary  patriots,  he  was 
also  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  actors  in  the  drama  of 
independence,  and  represented  Georgia  twice  in  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  His  name  will  be  found  affixed  to 
the  Articles  of  Confederation,  the  earliest  bond  of  Amer- 
ican Union.  He  was  the  chief  executive  of  Georgia  at 
the  time  of  Washington's  celebrated  visit  to  the  State, 
in  1791.  Governor  Telfair  was  perhaps  the  wealthiest 
citizen  of  Savannah  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  the  ben- 
eficiaries of  his  last  will  and  testament  included  the  Tel- 
fair Academy,  the  Telfair  Hospital,  the  Georgia  Histor- 
ical Society,  the  Independent  Presbyterian  Church,  the 
Mary  Telfair  Home  for  Aged  "Women,  and  the  historic 
orphan  asylum  at  Bethesda.  One  of  the  counties  of 
Georgia  bears  the  name  of  this  thrifty  Scotch-Irishman. 
The  remains  of  Governor  Telfair,  together  with  those 
of  other  members  of  his  family,  were  transferred  to  this 
place  years  ago  from  the  old  Colonial  Cemetery  in  Savan- 


BONAVENTURE  291 

nail.    The  inscription  on  the  monument,  wliicli  stands  just 
above  the  family  vault,  reads  as  follows : 


In  memory  of  EDWARD  TELFAIR,  of  GEORGIA, 
who  died  Sept.  17,  1807,  aged  64;  and  of  his  sons,  ED- 
WARD TELFAIR,  THOMAS  TELFAIR,  JOSIAH  G. 
TELFAIR,    ALEXANDER    TELFAIR. 


One  of  his  sons,  Thomas  Telfaik,  served  Georgia  in 
tlio  United  States  Congress.  The  opposite  side  of  the 
tomb  contains  an  inscription  to  his  wife,  Saeah,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Wm.  Gibbons,  the  noted  lawyer  and  patriot.  There 
is  no  inscription  on  the  tomb  to  his  daughters,  for  the 
reason  that  it  was  erected  by  them.  William  B.  Hodg- 
soisr,  for  whom  Hodgson  Hall  was  named — the  home  of 
the  Georgia  Historical  Society— is  memorialized  by  a 
handsome  monument,  which  stands  on  the  Telfair  lot. 
He  married  one  of  the  daughters  of  Governor  Telfair. 


Near  the  center  of  the  cemetery,  in  a  large  square 
richly  adorned  with  handsome  memorials,  is  ,the  'old 
family  burial  plot  of  the  Tattnalls,  several  of  whom 
rest  here.  Josiah  Tattnall,  the  stout  old  loyalist,  who 
refused  to  bear  arms  against  the  King,  is  buried  some- 
where in  England.  He  never  returned  to  Georgia,  after 
quitting  Bonaventure,  his  beloved  country  seat.  An  il- 
lustrious son,  however,  who  bore  the  same  name,  who, 
escaping  to  America,  joined  the  patriot  army  on  the  eve 
of  the  recapture  of  Savannah,  who  afterwards  became 
a  brigadier-general  in  the  State  militia  and  a  Governor 
of  the  Commonwealth;  to  whom  also  the  confiscated  es- 
tate of  his  father  was  restored  in  after  years,  and  whose 
esteemed  privilege  it  was  as  chief  executive  to  sign  the 
bill  recalling  the  latter  back  from  banishment,  here  sleeps 
in  death  where  his  infancy  was  cradled.  He  passed  away 
at  the  early  age  of  thirty-eight  and  was  laid  to  rest  in 


292 


Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


the  same  grave  with  his  beloved  wife,  who  preceded  him 
to  the  tomb  by  only  a  few  months.  On  the  horizontal  slal) 
which  covers  the  grave  is  inscribed  the  following  record : 


This  stone  is  intended  to  perpetuate  the  memory 
of  MRS.  H.  TATTNALL,  consort  of  GEN.  JOSIAH 
TATTNALL,  who  died  the  3rd.  December,  1802,  aged  33 
years.  She  was  truh^  a  pious  Christian,  affectionate 
wife,  fond  mother,  and  sincere  friend.  In  life;  be- 
loved, in  death  regretted.  (Here  follow  the  names 
of  four  deceased  children,  the  eldest  of  whom  was 
only  eight.) 

Also  of  JUSIAH  TATTNALL,  JR.,  ESQ.,  who  after 
having  enjoyed  the  highest  honors  of  the  State  died 
at  the  age  of  thirty-eight  years,  in  the  year  of  1803, 
an  honest  man  rich  in  the  estimation  of  all  who  knew 
him. 


Tattnall  County,  in  this  State,  commemorates  the  his- 
toric name  of  Josiah  Tattnall. 


Underneath  a  handsome  monument,  somewhat  dis- 
colored with  age,  there  rests  in  the  same  enclosure  the 
mortal  remains  of  Edwaed  Fenwick  Tattnall,  a  gallant 
soldier  and  a  former  member  of  Congress.  He  was  a 
son  of  the  noted  Governor.  The  inscription  on  his  monu- 
ment reads: 


EDWARD  FENWICK  TATTNALL,  who  died  in 
Savannah  on  the  21st.  day  of  Nov.,  1832,  aged  44  years. 
This  monument  was  erected  by  the  Savannah  Volun- 
teer Guards  which  corps  he,  for  a  period  of  years, 
commanded,  as  a  tribute,  of  affection  for  his  great 
virtues  as  a  man,  a  soldier,  and  a  patriot.  "Munera 
parva  quidem  sed  magnam  testamenta  amorem. ' ' 


BoNAVENTUKE 


293 


Marked  by  a  liandsoiiio  iiiarble  sarcophagus  in  an 
area  of  ground  next  to  the  tomb  of  General  Josiah  Tatt- 
nall is  the  grave  of  his  illustrious  son  of  the  same  name 
— the  great  American  commodore.  Carved  on  top  of  the 
saTco]ihagus  there  are  three  wreaths,  connected  by  an 
officer's  sword,  bearing  three  dates:  1812-1847-1861. 
These  represent  three  great  wars  in  which  he  bore  a 
conspicuous  part :  the  War  of  1812,  the  Mexican  War,  and 
the  War  between  the  States. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  tomb  is  inscribed: 


COMMODOEE  JOSIAH  TATTNALL,  U.  S.  and 
C.  S.  N.  Born  near  this  spot,  Nov.  9th.,  1795.  Died 
June   14th.,   1871. 


On  the  south  side 


Erected  by  admiring  friends'  to  the  memory  of  a 
grand  manhood  and  an  exalted  character.  Without  fear 
and  without  reproach. 


His  wife  sleeps  beside  him.  Other  members  of  the 
Tattnall  family  connection  who  rest  within  the  same  en- 
closure are:  John  Roger  Fenwick,  a  brigadier-general 
in  the  United  States  Army,  born  Januar}^  13,  1773,  died 
March  19,  1842 ;  Charlotte,  wife  of  Ebenezer  Jackson 
and  daughter  of  Edward  Fenwick;  Josiah  Mullryne 
Tattnall,  of  England,  who  died  on  a  visit  to  Bonaven- 
ture,  in  1805;  and  John  R.  F.  Tattnall,  1828-1907,  an 
officer  in  the  Marine  Corps  of  the  Confederate  States, 
afterwards  a  colonel  in  the  Confederate  Army,  whose 
grave  is  the  most  recent  one  on  the  lot. 


Swept  by  the  pendant  mosses,  the  beautiful  burial- 
ground  of  Bonaventure  holds  a  silent  host  of  noted  Geor- 
gians, but  only  one  Baron  and  Baroness — Sir  P.^trick 
and  Lady  Houstoun.  Both  died  prior  to  the  out- 
break  of   hostilities   with    England,    and   were   laid    to 


294       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

rest  in  tlie  old  Colonial  Cemetery,  in  Savannah,  but 
years  ago  the  deceased  members  of  the  Houstoun  family 
were  exhumed  from  the  old  grave-yard  of  the  early  col- 
onists and  reinterred  in  this  green  lap  of  Arcadia,  where 
they  have  since  reposed.  Sir  Patrick  Houstoun  was  for 
some  time  President  of  the  King's  Council.  He  was  also 
Registrar  of  Grants  and  Receiver  of  Quit  Claims  for  the 
Province  of  Georgia.  His  attachment  to  the  Crown  of 
England  never  wavered;  but  two  of  his  sons,  John  and 
AViLLiAM,  became  illustrious  on  the  honor  roll  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary patriots.  In  the  center  of  the  Houstoun  lot 
in  Bonaventure,  facing  Live  Oak  Drive,  stands  a  hand- 
some monument  of  granite,  surmounted  by  an  urn.  It 
contains  the  fine  old  marble  tablet  from  the  original  tomb, 
the  inscription  on  which  reads  as  follows: 


PATRICK  HOUSTOUN,  BARONET.  Presi.leut  of 
His  Majesty's  Council  of  Georgia.  Died  5tli.  of  Feb., 
1762,  aged  64.  LADY  HOUSTOUN,  his  widow.  Died 
(ith.  Feb.,   1775,  aged   60. 


On  the  right  side  of  the  monument  is  chiseled  the 
name  of  the  son  to  whom  the  title  descended;  also  the 
name  of  his  wife.  The  inscription  reads:  Sir  George 
Houstoun,  Baronet.  1744-1795.  Lady  Anne  Houstoun. 
1749-1821.  Sir  George  remained  a  staunch  loyalist 
throughout  the  Revolutionary  period.  His  home  at  White 
Bluff,  on  the  Vernon  River,  furnished  an  asylum  of 
safety  for  his  rebel  brothers,  on  more  than  one  occasion, 
when  hard  pressed  by  the  British. 


One  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  the  cemetery 
is  a  mammoth  vault  of  granite,  cubical  in  shape,  the 
only  lettering  on  which,  in  large  characters,  is  the  name 
of  one  of  Georgia's  most  noted  families: 


BONAVENTURE 


295 


CLINCH 

Entombed  within  this  splendid  mausoleum  rest  the 
ashes  of  Brigadier-General  Duncan  L.  Clinch,  a  distin- 
guished soldier  of  the  United  States  Army,  who  won  his 
spurs  in  the  second  war  with  England.  He  afterwards 
achieved  renown  in  the  conflicts  wdth  the  Indians.  Relin- 
quishing military  life,  he  succeeded  John  Millen  in  the 
National  House  of  Representatives.  His  home  for  many 
years  was  on  the  Georgia  coast,  near  St.  Mary's,  where 
he  owned  an  extensive  plantation.  Clinch  County,  on  the 
Florida  border  line,  was  named  for  this  gallant  Georgian, 
and  one  of  his  grandsons,  Governor  Duncan  C.  Heyward, 
has  twice  filled  the  office  of  Chief  Executive  in  the  State 
of  South  Carolina. 


At  the  extreme  rear  of  the  cemetery,  occupying  a  site 
which  overlooks  the  beautiful  Wilmington  River,  is  the 
grave  of  the  famous  soldier,  diplomat,  orator,  jurist  and 
poet — Brigadier-General  Henry  R.  Jackson.  The  mon- 
ument which  marks  the  spot  is  a  handsome  column  of 
brown  marble  surmounted  by  an  urn;  and  the  inscription 
lettered  in  gold  upon  the  broad  pedestal  reads  as  follows : 


HENEY  ROOTES  JACKSON.     Born  June  24,  1820. 
Died  May  23,  1898. 


On  the  opposite  side,  the  various  roles  which  he  filled 
in  the  public  service  are  recorded : 


Colonel  1st.  Georgia  Regiment  in  the  Mexican  War. 
Judge  of  Chatham  Superior  Court,  1849-1853.  United 
States  Minisfer  to  Austria,  1853-1858.  Brigadier-General 
in  the  Army  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America,  1861- 
1865.  United  States  Minister  to  Mexico,  1885-1887; 
and  for  twenty-four  years  President  of  the  Georgia  His- 
torical Society.  Statesman,  Diplomat,  Poet  and  Jurist. 
His  life  work  faithfully   done,   he   rests  in  peace. 


296       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

General  Jackson's  second  wife,  Florence  Barclay 
King  Jackson,  was  recently  laid  beside  him  in  Bonaven- 
ture.  Slie  was  a  dangliter  of  the  noted  Thomas  Bntler 
King,  of  St.  Simon's  Island, 

It  was  from  tlie  pen  of  General  Jackson  that  the  cele- 
brated poem  entitled:  "The  Bed  Old  Hills  of  Georgia," 
leaped  into  life  during  the  late  forties  or  early  fifties. 
He  was  born  on  the  hills  of  Athens;  and  though  he  loved 
the  tide-water  region,  in  which  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
was  spent,  there  was  always  a  tender  chord  in  his  soul, 
which  vibrated  to  the  call  of  the  uplands.  It  seems  a  little 
strange  that  one  should  be  \jmg  in  this  spot,  whose 
world-renowned  song  concludes  with  this  stanza — almost 
a  prayer: 

"The  red  old  hills  of  Georgia 

I  never  can  forget ; 
Amid  life's  joys  and  sorrows, 

My  heart  is  on  them  yet; 
And  when  my  course  is  ended — • 

No  more  to  toil  or  rove, 
May  I  he  held  in  their  dear  clasp 

Close,  close  to  them  I  love !  ' ' 


Only  a  few  feet  removed  from  the  Jackson  lot  is  the 
grave  of  another  illustrious  diplomat  and  soldier;  Brig- 
adier-Geneeal  Alexandee  R.  Lawton.  He  was  for  years 
a  partner  of  General  Jackson  in  the  j^ractice  of  law. 
His  first  introduction  to  fame  occurred  on  the  eve  of 
the  Civil  War,  when  in  command  of  an  independent  regi- 
ment of  Savannah  troops  he  seized  Fort  Pulaski,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Savannah  Eiver.  At  this  time  Georgia 
had  not  seceded  from  the  Union.  It  was,  technically, 
therefore,  an  act  of  treason  against  the  United  States 
Government;  but  from  the  Southern  point  of  view  it  was 
an  act  of  patriotism,  justified  by  the  logic  of  events.  He 
was  a  graduate  of  West  Point;  and  during  the  Civil  War 
held  the  important  office  of  cpiartermaster-general,  after 
commanding  a  brigade  in  the  field.  Under  Mr.  Cleve- 
land's first  administration  he  became  United  States  Min- 


BONAVENTURE 


297 


ister  to  Austria,  an  appointment  held  prior  to  the  -war 
by  his  old  law  partner.  There  were  some  little  compli- 
cations growing  out  of  the  part  i^layed  by  General  Law- 
ton  in  the  seizure  of  Fort  Pulaski ;  but  his  political  dis- 
abilities were  finally  removed.  He  was  a  strong  minor- 
ity candidate  for  the  United  States  Senate,  in  1880, 
against  fomier  Governor  Joseph  E.  Brown,  and  several 
years  later  the  chosen  orator  at  the  laying  of  the  corner- 
stone of  the  new  State  Capitol,  in  Atlanta.  His  beloved 
wife  sleeps  beside  him  in  Bonaventure.  The  graves  are 
united  by  a  handsome  arch  of  marble,  sculptured  in  Flor- 
ence, Italy,  by  the  famous  Romanelli. 
On  the  right  column  is  this  inscription : 


ALEXANDER  ROBERT  LAWTON.     Boru  November 
.1.  ISIS.     Dic<l  July  2,  1896. 


On  the  left  column 


SARAH    ALEXANDER    LAWTON.      Born    Jan.    2G, 
1826.     Died  Nov..  1,   1897. 


On  guard,  at  the  entrance  to  the  portal,  stands  the 
figure  of  an  angel,  and  just  beneath  are  these  words : 


"Heirs  together  of  the  grace  of  life.' 


Two  other  distinguished  Confederate  brigadier-gen- 
erals, both  of  them  graduates  of  Vv^est  Point,  repose  be- 
neath handsome  monuments  in  Bonaventure — -Hugh  W. 
Mercer  and  Robert  H.  Anderson.  TJie  first  was  a  son 
of  the  gallant  Revolutionary  soldier.  General  Hugh 
^Mercer,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Princeton.  He  was  an 
officer  under  Washington,  who  accompanied  the  latter  in 
his  famous  crossing  of  the  Delaware;  and  the  heroic 
death  of  this  sturdy  patriot  is  today  memorialized  by 
the  name  of  the  county  in  which  New  Jersey's  capitol  is 


298       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

located.  General  Anderson  was  for  years  Savannah's 
chief  of  police.  In  the  same  area  of  ground  sleeps  his 
son,  Captain  Egbert  H.  Anderson,  Jr.,  who  died  at  Ma- 
nila, in  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  1901. 


Bishop  John  W.  Beckwith,  one  of  the  foremost  pul- 
pit orators  of  his  day,  rests  in  Bonaventure.  His  grave 
marked  by  a  handsome  stone.  Succeeding  the'  lamented 
Bishop  Stephen  Elliott,  in  the  oversight  of  the  Episco- 
pal diocese  of  Georgia,  he  brought  to  his  high  office  not 
only  a  gift  of  eloquence,  seldom  if  ever  excelled,  but  a 
genius  for  organization  of  the  very  highest  order.  He 
assumed  the  episcopal  robes  in  1868,  and  wore  them  with 
honor  until  his  death,  in  1890. 


Marked  by  one  of  the  loftiest  granite  shafts  in  the 
cemetery  is  the  grave  of  Rufus  E,  Lester,  for  sixteen 
years  a  representative  of  the  Savannah  district  in  Con- 
gress. His  tragic  death,  the  result  of  a  fall  which  oc- 
curred in  Washington,  J).  C,  while  searching  for  his 
little  grandchild,  in  the  attic  of  his  hotel,  plunged  the  en- 
tire State  of  Georgia  in  grief.  He  was  a  brilliant  law- 
yer, a  stainless  gentleman,  and  a  faithful  public  servant. 
On  a  handsome  tablet  of  bronze,  near  the  base  of  the 
monument,  is  inscribed  this  epitaph ; 


EUFUS  EZEKIEL  LESTER.  Born  in  Burke  Co.,  Ga., 
Dec.  12,  1837.  ^Died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  June  16,  1906. 
A  gallant  Confederate  soldier.  State  Senator,  1870-1879. 
Three  years  President  of  the  Senate.  Mayor  of  Savan- 
nah, 1883-1889.  Member  of  Congress,  1890-1906.  True 
to  every  trust. 


Laurel  Grove  299 

Included  among  the  other  Georgians  of  note  who  sleep 
in  Bonaventure  may  be  mentioned:  Brigadier-General 
W.  W.  Gordon,  a  distinguished  veteran  of  both  the  Civil 
and  the  Spanish- American  wars,  a  legislator  and  a  man 
of  affairs;  John  H.  Estell,  a  gallant  Confederate  sol- 
dier, for  thirty  years  president  of  the  Union  Society  and 
for  forty  years  proprietor  of  the  Savannah  Morning 
Neivs;  Hugh  M.  Comer,  Sr.,  long  president  of  the  Cen- 
tral of  Georgia,  a  noted  financier  and  a  public  spirited 
citizen;  Dr.  Richard  D.  Arnold  and  Dr.  William  C. 
Daniell,  both  eminent  physicians,  the  former  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Georgia  Historical  Society,  the  latter 
one  of  the  mayors  of  Savannah;  Judge  Walter  S.  Chis- 
HOLM,  Dr.  John  Cumming,  Thomas  Arkwright,  a  native 
of  Preston,  Eng. ;  Eev.  Edward  Neufville,  D.  D.,  an  emi- 
nent Episcopal  divine;  William  Gaston,  P.  M.  Kollock, 
George  J.  Kollock,  Thomas  H.  Harden,  Brantley  A. 
Denmark,  and  Dr.  R.  J.  Nunn,  besides  a  number  of 
others  wliose  memories  are  still  tenderly  cherished  by 
a  grateful  Commonwealth. 


Laurel  Grove,  Savannah 

Opened  in  1852,  Laurel  Grove  is  still  the  chief  burial- 
ground  of  the  City  of  Savannah.  It  lacks  the  charm  of 
natural  beauty  which  belongs  to  Bonaventure,  but  in  the 
green  expanse  of  native  woods  there  is  much  to  please  the 
eye,  while  a  multitude  of  handsome  vaults  and  monu- 
ments give  it  a  wealth  of  artistic  attractions.  The 
cemetery  is  situated  on  the  southwestern  outskirts  of  the 
city,  where  it  occupies  an  extensive  area  of  land.  It  is 
famed  as  the  last  resting  place  of  several  thousand  Con- 
federate soldiers  who  perished  in  the  operations  around 
Savannah.  Some  of  the  most  illustrious  of  Georgia's 
honored  dead  also  sleep  here,  including  a  number  for 
whom  counties  have  been  named.     Underneath  a  hand- 


300 


Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


some  block  of  granite,  some  four  feet  in  lieight,  com- 
pletely covering  the  grave,  sleeps  the  dust  of  the  gallant 
Bartow.  One  of  tlie  most  zealous  advocates  of  secession, 
he  became  one  of  the  first  martyrs  of  the  Civil  War.  As 
a  member  of  the  first  Confederate  Congress  he  was  instru- 
mental in  selecting  gray  uniforms  for  the  Confederate 
soldier— a  color  which  was  destined  to  become  immor- 
tally associated  with  heroic  valor.  He  also  participated 
in  the  dramatic  seizure  of  Fort  Pulaski.  His  company — 
the  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry — left  Savannah  for  the 
front  on  May  21,  1861 ;  and  he  was'  subsequently  made 
Colonel  of  the  Eighth  Georgia  Regiment  to  which  he  was 
attached.  There  arose  between  Governor  Brown  and 
Colonel  Bartow,  an  issue  concerning  the  propriety  of  the 
latter 's  taking  to  Virginia  the  guns  which  belonged  to 
Georgia  and  which  were  needed  for  the  State's  defense; 
but  the  historic  reply  of  the  gallant  officer  was:  "I  go  to 
illustrate  Georgia."  Two  months  later,  he  fell  on  the 
field  of  Manassas.  Death  overtook  him  while  making  a 
victorious  charge  at  the  head  of  a  brigade.  In  honor  of 
the  brave  hero,  Georgia,  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature, 
changed  the  name  of  Cass  County  in  this  State  to  Bartow, 
Inscribed  on  his  monument,  in  Laurel  Grove,  is  the  fol- 
lowing record : 


FRANCIS  S.  BAETOW.  Colonel  8th.  Regiment, 
Georgia  Volunteers,  Confederate  States  Army.  Born 
Savannah,  Ga.,  September  6th.,  1818.  Fell  at  Manassas, 
July  21st,  1861. 


On  the  right  side 


"I   go   to   illustrate   Georgia. ' ' 


On  the  left  side 


"They  have  killed  me,  boys,  but  I  never  gave  up." 


Laurel  Grove 


301 


His  father,  Dr.  Theodosius  Bartow,  who  died  in  1857, 
at  the  age  of  83,  occupies  a  grave  in  the  same  lot.  He  was 
a  noted  physician  of  Savannah  in  ante-bellum  days  but 
a  gentleman  of  Northern  birth. 


Only  a  short  distance  removed  is  the  grave  of  an  illus- 
trious Greorgian  in  whose  office  Colonel  Bartow  began  the 
study  of  law :  Johk  MacPhersoist  Berrieost.  The  latter 's 
prestige  as  an  orator,  in  the  days  when  Webster  and 
Calhoun  and  Clay  were  still  upon  the  stage,  caused  him 
to  be  styled  "the  American  Cicero."  He  became" 
Attorney-General  of  the  United  States  in  the  cabinet  of 
President  Jackson ;  and  twice  represented  Georgia  in  the 
American  Senate.  The  monument  over  the  grave  of  Mr. 
Berrien  is  an  octagonal  shaft  of  beautifully  sculptured 
white  marble,  resting  upon  an  ivy-covered  mound  of 
rock.  It  is  one  of  the  most  artistic  memorials'  in  Laurel 
Grove.  The  inscription  on  the  monument  reads  as  fol- 
lows: 


The  grave  of  JOHN  MacPHEESON  BEREIEN, 
eldest  son  of  Major  John  Berrien,  and  of  Margaret 
MacPherson.  Born  at  Eoekingham,  near  Princeton, 
N.  J.,  Aug.  23,  1781.  Died  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  1, 
1856. 


On  the  right  side  of  the  column  we  read 


This  monument  is  placed  over  his  ashes  by  his'  be- 
reaved and  loving  children  in  memory  of  a  life  laborious 
in  the  discharge  of  every  duty,  adorned  with  every  Chris- 
tian grace,  illustrious  in  the  public  service,  but  more 
glorious  in  the  milder  light  of  those  gentle  virtues  which 
teade  his  home  beautiful  and  holy  and  beamed  upon  all 
it  incircled  a  love  over  which  the  grave  can  achieve  no 
victory. 


On  the  other  sides  of  the  monument  there  are  Biblical 
quotations. 

Judge  Berrien's  mother  was  Margaret  MacPherson. 
The  Senator  was  named  for  her  brother  John  who  fell  at 


302       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Quebec,  where  lie  was  an  aide-de-camp  on  Gen.  Mont- 
gomery's staff.  Mrs.  Berrien  was'  never  vigorous  in 
health.  She  died  early  in  life  at  Baisden's  Bluff,  then  a 
summer  resort,  in  Mcintosh  County,  where  she  w^as  buried 
on  the  old  Bailey  plantation,  afterwards  the  property  of 
Dr.  Troup.  Her  grave  is  near  the  old  Oglethorpe  road. 
some  12  miles  from  Darien. 

The  Senator 's  father  is  buried  in  Colonial  Park.  There, 
too,  in  the  old  cemetery,  repose  the  ashes  of  his  wife,  with 
two  of  her  children.  The  reason  Judge  Berrien  himself 
is  not  there  is  due  to  the  fact  that  at  the  time  of  his  death 
the  old  cemetery  was  closed  for  burial  purposes.  Berrien 
County  bears  the  name  of  this  great  orator  and  states- 
man. Judge  Berrien's  only  rival  for  the  palm  of  oratory 
during  his  day  in  Georgia  was  the  gifted  John  Forsyth, 
who  lived  for  a  time  in  Savannah  but  afterwards  removed 
to  Augusta.  The  latter  died  while  Secretary  of  State, 
in  the  cabinet  of  President  Van  Buren,  and  was  buried  in 
the  Congressional  cemetery,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 


Within  sight  of  the  Berrien  monument  is  the  tomb  of 
William  Washington  Gordon,  one  of  the  great  pioneer 
railway  builders  of  Georgia,  in  honor  of  whom  Gordon 
County  in  this  State  was  named.  There  also  stands  on 
Bull  Street,  in  the  City  of  Savannah,  a  superb  memorial 
shaft  erected  to  him  by  the  Central  Railway  of  Georgia, 
of  which  he  was  the  first  president.  The  modest  inscrip- 
tion on  the  unpretentious  stone  which  marks  his'  grave  in 
Laurel  Grove  reads  as  follows : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  WILLIAM  WASHINGTON 
GORDON,  son  of  Ambrose  and  Elizabeth  Gordon,  who 
was  born  near  Augusta,  June  4,  1796,  and  died  at  Sa- 
vannah on  March  20,  1842.  He  lived  among  his  fellow- 
men  distinguislied  for  lofty  independence  of  character, 
for  honesty  and  firmness  of  purpose,  and  for  patriotic 
'public  services.  He  died  in  the  bosom  of  his  family,  a 
Christian  in  humble  hope  of  a  glorious  immortality 
through  the  merits  of  his  Saviour. 


Laurel  Grove  303 

Judge  Egbert  M,  CnAKLTGisr,  a  distinguislied  citizen  of 
Savannah  v^ho  was  several  times  mayor  of  his  native 
town,  a  jurist  of  note,  a  poet  of  rare  gifts,  and  a  states- 
man who  served  Georgia  in  the  United  States  Senate, 
occupies  a  grave  in  Laurel  Grove;  and  on  the  handsome 
marble  stone  is  inscribed  the  following  tribute  from  his 
beloved  wife : 


My  husband,  ROBERT  M.  CHARLTON.     Born  Jan- 
uary, 19th,  1807.     Died  January  18th.,  1854. 

"Green  be  the  turf  above  thee, 
Friend  of  our  happier  days; 
None  knew  thee  but  to  love  thee. 
None  named  thee  but  to  praise." 


Charlton  County,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner 
of  this  State,  was  named  in  honor  of  Judge  Charlton. 
His  noted  father,  Thomas  U.  P.  Charlton,  who  wrote 
''The  Life  of  Major-General  James  Jackson,"  and  who 
was  also  both  a  former  mayor  of  Savannah  and  a  famous 
jurist,  is  buried  in  the  same  area  of  ground.  The  latter 
rested  for  many  years  in  the  old  Colonial  burial-ground  of 
Savannah;  but  in  the  early  fifties,  when  the  historic  old 
grave-yard  was  closed  by  the  local  authorities,  his 
remains,  together  with  those  of  other  members  of  the 
Charlton  family,  were  removed  to  Laurel  Grove  where 
they  have  since  reposed. 


In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Bartow  lot  sleeps 
another  distinguished  hero  of  the  War  between  the  States 
■ — Major-General  Lafayette  McLaws.  On  the  handsome 
block  of  granite  which  covers  the  old  soldier's  last 
bivouac  is  chiselled  a  sword.  The  monument  erected  by 
the  Confederate  survivers  and  citizens  of  Savannah  bears 
the  following  inscription : 


LAFAYETTE  McLAWS,  Major-General  Confederate 
States  Army.  Born,  Augusta,  Ga.,  January  15,  1821. 
Died,  Savannah,  Ga.,  July  24,  1S97. 


304       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

On  the  left  side  of  the  monumeut  is  inscribed  this 
tribute  from  his  comrades: 


' '  He  knew  where  to  lead  us  and  he  always  brought  us 

out." 


On  the  right  side  is  the  following  sentiment  quoted 
from  the  old  soldier  himself: 


' '  I  fought  not  for  what  I  thought  -to  be  right  but  for 
principles   that   were   right. ' ' 


General  McLaws  was  a  superb  strategist — though  he 
never  held  an  independent  command.  He  re-enforced 
Jackson's  corps  at  Harper's  Ferry  in  time  to  aid  in  the 
capture  of  12,000  prisoners  of  war ;  while  at  Gettysburg 
his  single  division  put  to  rout  the  Federal  corps  under 
General  Sickles,  in  the  second  day's  fight.  Longstreet 
filed  complaint  against  him  for  desistiiig  from  an  attack 
which  the  former  ordered  upon  Fort  Sanders,  but  his 
conduct  was  justified  by  the  court  martial.  In  1864  he 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  District  of  Georgia.  On 
the  issues  of  Reconstruction,  after  the  war,  he  gave  his 
support  to  the  dominant  party  in  politics  and  was 
appointed  collector  of  customs  at  Savannah,  after  which 
he  held  for  a  time  the  office  of  postmaster. 


Ma.tor-General  Jeremy  Francis  Gilmer,  of  North 
Carolina,  a  distinguished  Confederate  officer  who  com- 
manded a  division  during  the  Civil  War  and  who  located 
in  Savannah  some  time  after  the  close  of  hostilities, 
occupies  a  grave  in  Laurel  Grove,  marked  by  a  handsome 
block  of  stone.  He  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point,  and 
served  in  the  old  army  on  the  western  frontier.  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  Dec.  1,  1883,  he  was 


Laurel  Grove 


305 


engaged  in  railway  enterprises  in  Georgia,  with  head- 
quarters in  Savannah. 


Close  by  sleep  two  famous  brothers,  Joseph  Clay 
Habersham  and  William  Neyle  Habersham,  who  fell 
within  a  few  feet  of  each  other,  while  defending  Atlanta 
in  the  celebrated  battle  of  July  22,  1864.  The  former  was 
a  lieutenant,  aged  23.  The  latter  was  a  private,  aged  20. 
Between  the  graves  in  which  they  lie  there  stands  a  beau- 
tiful shaft  of  white  marble,  on  the  face  of  which  this  in- 
scription is  chiselled : 


"111  their  death  they  were  not  divided. 


Underneath  a  handsome  shaft  of  granite,  to  the  left 
of  the  main  driveway,  repose  the  mortal  ashes  of  the 
great  editor  and  humorist,  William  T.  Thompson.  He 
founded  the  Savannah  Morning  News,  a  paper  of  which  he 
continued  to  be  the  editor  for  more  than  three  decades ; 
but  he  is  best  known  to  fame  as  the  author  of  the 
renowned  "Major  Jones's  Courtship,"  a  classic  of  ante- 
bellum wit  and  humor.  The  inscription  on  the  tomb  of 
Colonel  Thompson  reads  as  follows: 


To  the  memory  of  WILLIAM  TAPPAN  THOMPSON, 
Author  and  Journalist.  Born  August  31,  1812.  Died 
March  24,  1882.  Dedicated  by  the  Savannah  Morning 
News  to  its  Founder  and  during  thirty-two  years  its 
faithful  and  able  Editor ;  and  by  the  Georgia  Press 
Association  to  a   distinguished   and   lamented   member. 


Marked  by  a  neat  shaft  of  marble  is  the  grave  of 
Joseph  W.  Jackson,  a  former  member  of  Congress  and 
a  lawyer  of  note.  He  was  the  youngest  son  of  the  cele- 
brated old  chief  executive  w^ho  called  down  fire  from 


306       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

hecaven  to  extiuguisli  the  iniquitous  records  of  tlie  Yazoo 
fraud.    The  inscription  on  the  monument  is  as  follows : 


JOSEPH  W.  JACKSON,  youngest  son  of  Gov.  James 
Jackson,  was  born  on  6th.  of  Dec,  1796,  at  Cedar  Hill 
near  Savannah,  and  departed  this  life  on  29th.  of 
Sept.,  1854,  a  victim  of  jthe  yellow  fever. 


Geneeal  Henry  R.  Jackson,  the  noted  soldier,  diplo- 
mat, statesman,  and  poet,  who  wrote  ''The  Red  Old  Hills 
of  Georgia,"  a  nephew  of  the  old  Governor,  sleeps  in 
Bonaventure,  but  his  first  wife  Cornelia  Augusta  Daven- 
port lies  entombed  in  the  Jackson  lot  in  Laurel  Grove. 
This  lot  adjoins  the  one  on  which  Joseph  W.  Jackson  is 
buried.  Here,  too,  rests  Cornelia  Jackson  Barrow,  the 
second  wife  of  United  States  Senator  Pope  Barrow. 
His  daughter  Florence  Barclay  Barrow  also  sleeps  here, 
but  the  Senator  himself  is  interred  in  the  burial-ground 
of  his  ancestors,  near  the  town  of  Lexington. 


Longstreet's  chief  of  staff,  Brigadier-General  G. 
MoxLEY  Sorrel,  occupies  one  of  the  handsomest  vaults  in 
Laurel  Grove.  On  the  outer  wall  of  the  crypt  which  con- 
tains his  mortal  ashes  may  be  read  the  following  inscrip- 
tion: 


GEN.  G.  MOXLEY  SORREL,  U.  S.  Army  of  America. 
Chief  of  Staff,  Longstreet  Corps,  Army  of  N.  V.  Later 
Brigade  Commander  in  same.  Feb.  23,  1838.  Aug  10, 
1901.     "Et  Virtiite  et  Valore. " 


Another  gallant  Confederate  officer  who  sleeps  in 
Laurel  Grove  is  Brigadier-General  George  P.  Harrison, 
Sr.,  whose  son,  George  P.  Harrison,  Jr.,  held  the  same 
rank. 


Laurel  Grove  307 

Under  a  handsome  monument,  near  the  Confederate 
reserve,  rest  the  mortal  ashes  of  Julian  Hartkidge,  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  men  of  his  day  in  public  life.  He 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Confederate  Congress,  after 
a  brief  experience  in  the  field  with  the  Chatham  Artillery ; 
and  subsequent  to  the  war  was  twice  elected  to  a  seat  in 
the  National  House  of  Eepresentatives.  While  serving 
his  second  term  in  the  latter  high  forum  an  illness,  from 
which  no  one  anticipated  serious  results,  took  an  unex- 
pected turn  for  the  worse,  ending  in  his  death.  As  an 
advocate  before  a  jury  he  possessed  few  equals.  Though 
he  held  public  office,  his  ambitions  were  not  along 
political  lines ;  and  he  even  declined  at  one  time  a  seat  on 
the  Supreme  Bench  of  Georgia.  Inscribed  on  his  tomb 
is  the  following  epitaph: 


JULIAN  HARTRIDGE,  member  of  the  44th.  and 
45th.  Congress  of  the  United  States.  Born  Sept.  9th., 
•1829.  Died,  Washington,  D.  C,  Jan.  8,  1879.  Even 
when  life  promised  most  how  many  hopes  have  perished. 


Bishop  Stephen  Elliott,  the  first  Bishop  of  the 
Episcopal  Diocese  of  Georgia,  and  the  great  leader  and 
organizer  of  the  church  in  this  State,  where  he  labored 
for  more  than  twenty-five  years,  is  included  among  the 
illustrious  dead  of  Laurel  Grove.  He  was  a  native  of 
South  Carolina  and  a  son  of  the  distinguished  naturalist 
who  bore  the  same  name.  Bishop  Elliott  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  University  of  the  South,  at  Sewanee, 
Tenn.  He  possessed  a  genius  for  organization  equalled 
by  few  and  surpassed  by  none.  His  labors  were  Hercu- 
lean; and  it  was  probably  due  to  burdens  which  overtaxed 
his  strength  that  he  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-one.  His 
gifted  son,  Robert  W.  B.  Elliott,  became  the  first  Bishop 
of  Southwestern  Texas.  His  daughter,  Sarah  Barnwell 
Elliott,  is  a  brilliant  writer.    In  almost  every  generation 


308       Georgia's  LandmTarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

this  noted  family  has  given  birth  to  distinguished  men. 
Bishop  Elliott  left  a  number  of  volumes  to  attest  his 
varied  intellectual  activities ;  but  the  Episcopal  Church  of 
Georgia  is  his  noblest  monument.  The  Bishop's  grave  is 
somewhat  uniquely,  marked.  Upon  a  brick  foundation 
rests  a  heavy  slab  of  gray  granite,  which  in  turn  supports 
a  sui3erstructure  of  red  granite,  rectangular  in  shape  to  a 
height  of  nine  inches,  when  it  assumes'  something  of  a 
Gothic  curve,  culminating  at  the  roof  in  a  Gothic  cross, 
of  slender  proportions,  which  extends  the  entire  length  of 
the  tomb.  At  the  head,  is  chiseled  the  Bishop's  mitre. 
On  the  sides  there  are  other  emblems  of  the  Church  of 
England.  The  inscription  is  in  Latin,  lettered  in  old 
English  characters'.  Consequently  it  is  difficult  to  read. 
Here  is  the  inscription: 


STEPHANUS  ELLIOTT.  d.  g.  epis.  Georgiamis 
primus.  Ob.  in  pace  Jehu  S.  Thomas  festo  MDCCCLXVI. 
Aet.  LXI. 


Colonel  Charles  A.  Lamar,  one  of  the  owners  of  the 
famous  slave-ship  "Wanderer"  and  a  gallant  Confeder- 
ate soldier,  who  fell  near  Columbus,  Ga.,  in  one  of  the  last 
battles  of  the  war,  sleeps  under  a  handsome  monument  of 
marble,  designed  in  imitation  of  a  broken  column,  draped 
at  the  top.    The  inscription  on  the  monument  reads : 


CHARLES  A.  L.  LAMAR.  Born  in  Savannah,  April 
1,  1824.  Killed  during  the  fight  at  Columbus,  April  16, 
1865. 


At  his  side  reposes  his  beloved  wife,  Caroline  Agnes, 
who  survived  him  until  1902.  In  the  same  lot,  which  is 
shaped  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  sleeps  his  gifted  son- 
in-law,  one  of  the  most  magnetic  orators  known  to  the 


Laurel  Grove 


309 


public  life  of  Georgia  since  the  war;  at  one  time  also  a 
strong  minority  candidate  for  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States.  The  inscription  on  the  neat  granite  headstone 
reads  as  follows: 


FLEMING    GEANTLAND    DU    BIGNON.      July    '25, 
1853.     Nov.  19,  1909. 


In  the  close  neighborhood  of  the  Lamar  lot  sleeps 
John  Millen,  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Savannah 
bar,  for  whom  the  town  of  Millen  in  this  State  was  named. 
He  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Congress, 
but  death  overtook  him  before  he  could  assume  the  hoiiors 
for  which  he  was  so  well  fitted  by  reason  of  his  great 
talents.  The  grave  is  marked  by  a  most  substantial  shaft 
of  marble,  on  which  the  following  inscription  is  chiseled: 


Saered  to  the  memory  of  JOHN  MILLEN,  son  of 
George  and  Margaret  Millen.  Representative-Elect  from 
Georgia  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  who  died 
in  Savannah,  October  15,  1843,  in  the  39th.  year  of  his 
age. 


On  the  left  side  of  the  tomb  appears  this  epitaph 


Possessing  a  mind  of  no  ordinary  character  and  a  heart 
warm  and  enthusiastic,  COL.  MILLEN  filled  the  stations 
of  son,  brother,  and  friend  surpassed  by  none,  thereby 
ensuring  to  his  mental  worth  and  noble  qualifications  a 
remembrance  that  will  ever  live  and  be  cherished  in  the 
hearts  of  those  who  mourn  his  loss'.  "Oh  tyrant,  who 
shall  snap  thy  bow  or  stay  thy  arrow  when  they  have 
been  leveled  at  the  heart  of  thy  victim  ? ' ' 


Over  the  Gettysburg  dead,  in  the  Confederate  area, 
stands'  a  monument  which  attracts  much  attention  from 
visitors.     It  is  a  beautifully  carved   statue  of  Silence 


310       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

mounted  upon  a  handsome  pedestal   of  marble.     The 
inscription  upon  the  west  side  reads : 


"To  the  Confedemte  Dead.     Here  rest  till  Roll  Cull 
the  Men  of  Gettysburg. ' ' 


On  the  other  sides  of  the  pedestal  appropriate  verses 
are  inscribed.  The  luxuriant  ivy  which  clusters  at  the 
base  was  brought  from  Gettysburg  with  the  dead  who 
sleep  around  the  monument. 


To  mention  by  name  only  some  of  the  many  other  dis- 
tinguished Georgians  who  sleep  in  Laurel  Grove,  the  list 
includes:  Judge  James  M.  Wayne,  for  thirty  years  an 
Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  and  for  three  successive  terms  a  member  of  Con- 
gress; Judge  Edward  J.  Harden,  a  noted  jurist,  who 
wrote  the  ''Life  of  George  M.  Troup;"  George  W.  Owens, 
a  former  member  of  the  National  House  of  Representa- 
tives ;  Major  Wm,  P.  Bowen,  to  whose  initiative  was  due 
in  large  measure  the  monument  in  Savannah  to  Count 
Pulaski;  Judge  Wm.  B.  Fleming  and  Judge  John  C. 
NiCHOLLs/both  noted  jurists  and  former  moml)ers  of  Con- 
gress ;  William  Law,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  lawyers 
of  the  late  ante-bellum  period;  Jeremiah  L.  Cutler  and 
Richard  R.  Cuyler,  both  noted  railway  pioneers  and 
eminent  members  of  the  bar;  Thomas  Purse,  the  first 
superintendent  of  the  C^entral  of  Georgia;  Judge  Alex- 
ander Pratt  Adams,  a  brilliant  young  jurist,  whose  early 
death  at  the  age  of  forty-one,  while  in  the  prime  of  his 
intellectual  powers,  was  a  bereavement  to  the  State; 
George  W.  Stiles,  Israel  K.  T^.fft,  Dr.  James  P.  Scre- 
ven ;  Dr.  Joachim  R.  Saussy,  a  distinguished  victim  of 
the  yellow  fever  in  the  epidemic  of  1854;  Dr.  Edward  H. 
Myers,  a  noted  Methodist  divine,  who  perished  in  the 
same  fatal  scourge;  John  J.  Kelly,  George  B.  Cumming, 


Catholic  Cemetery — Old  Jewish  Burial  Ground     311 

Major  John  Foley,  Dr.  William  R.  Waring,  Dr.  James 
J.  Waring,  Dr.  Cosmo  P.  Richardson,  Charles  N.  West, 
William  H.  Bulloch,  William  B.  Bulloch,  Dr.  William 
Gr.  Bulloch,  George  W.  Stiles,  Rev.  Henry  Kollock,  D. 
D.,  John  Y.  Noel,  George  Anderson,  Edward  G.  Ander- 
son, John  Boston,  Dr.  John  Clay  Habersham,  and  a  host 
of  others  whose  names  are  still  fragrant  around  the 
hearthstones  of  Savannah  and  in  the  hearts  of  Georgians. 


Catholic  Cemetery,  Savannah 

Situated  on  the  road  to  Thunderbolt,  two  miles  from 
the  city,  this  handsome  necropolis  was  established  in 
1853  by  the  Savannah  Catholics.  Here  lies  entombed  the 
first  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Savannah — the  Right  Rev- 
erend F.  X.  Gartland,  whose  memory  is  today  revered  by 
thousands,  irrespective  of  creed."  He  died  a  victim  of 
the  yellow  fever  in  the  great  plague  of  1854.  Bishop 
Barron,  who  held  a  foreign  jurisdiction,  is  likewise  buried 
here.  He,  too,  perished  in  the  fearful  scourge  of  the  same 
year.  Bishop  Barry,  who,  broken  in  health  by  his  ard- 
uous labors,  went  aliroad  to  recoup  his  strength,  but  died 
in  the  city  of  Paris,  where  he  was  the  special  guest  of 
the  Archbishop,  is  also  buried  here.  He  was  first  laid  to 
rest  in  Pere-la-Chaise;  but,  at  the  request  of  his  parish- 
ioners, he  was  brought  back  to  Savannah  for  final  inter- 
ment by  the  side  of  his  revered  predecessor.  Here  also 
sleeps  the  beloved  Bishop  Becker. 


Old  Jewish  Burial  Ground,  Savannah 

On  Guerard  Street,  near  the  Union  Station,  is  the  old 
Jewish  burial-ground  of  Savannah.  It  contains  the 
tomb  of  the  noted  Mordecai  Sheftall,  one  of  the  earliest 
pioneer  residents  of  the  town,  who  donated  this  tract  of 


312       Georgia's  Landmarks,  IMemokials  and  Legends 

land  to  his  peo})le  for  l)iirial  juirposos.  Here  also  rests 
Slieftall  y  lief  tall.  Father  and  son — they  were  both  pa- 
triots of  the  Revolution,  and  both  men  of  the  most  ex- 
alted character. 


St.  Paul's,  Augusta 

The  church-yard  of  old  St.  Paul's,  in  Augusta,  is 
thickly  sown  with  historic  dust.  It  is  not  alone  the  burial- 
place,  but  the  cradle,  of  the  ancient  town,  reaching  back 
to  the  earliest  pioneer  days.  The  site  of  the  primitive 
little  fort  which  was  here  built  by  order  of  Oglethorpe,  in 
173'6,  is  today  marked  by  a  handsome  Celtic  cross,  in  the 
extreme  rear  of  the  church-yard,  overlooking  the  Savan- 
nah River.  On  the  beautiful  grass-covered  lawn,  under- 
neath the  shade  of  trees,  some  of  which  are  more  than 
two  centuries  old,  may  be  seen  a  number  of  rare  monu- 
ments ;  but  the  ancient  edifice  itself  is,  in  many  respects, 
the  most  precious  of  Augusta's  sacred  heir-looms  and 
memorials. 

It  marks  the  spot  where  Christianity  was  first  planted 
in  the  wilderness  of  upper  Georgia;  and  the  name  of 
the  pioneer  evangel,  therefore,  is  an  appropriate  one  for 
it  to  bear.  The  ashes  of  the  great  soldier-bishop,  Lieu- 
tenant-Geneeal  Leonidas  Polk^  repose  underneath  the 
sanctuary  of  the  church.  His  wife  sleeps  beside  him. 
Here,  too,  rest  the  mortal  remains  of  two  of  the  beloved 
rectors  of  St.  Paul's— Dr.  Edward  E.  Ford  and  D'r. 
William  H.  Clarke.  Mr.  Richard  Tubman,  one  of  the  most 
generous  of  Augusta's  public-spirited  citizens,  likewise 
occupies  a  crypt  underneath  the  house  of  worship.  There 
are  also  costly  memorials  within  the  edifice  to  United 
States  Senator  John  P.  King,  for  forty  yeai's  president 
of  the  Georgia  Railroad;  to  Captain  John  Carter,  an  of- 
ficer in  the  Continental  Army,  who  was  the  first  senior 
warden  of  the  parish  after  the  Revolution,  and  to  other 
distinguished  residents  of  the  town. 


St.  Paul's 


313 


When  the  burial-gTound  was  made  a  battle-field,  in 
1781,  the  oldest  monuments  were  destroyed;  but  there 
are  quite  a  number  of  memorials  in  the  church-yard  which 
have  reached  the  century  mark.  On  the  left  of  the  his- 
toric edifice  there  is  only  one  grave  of  special  note,  but 
around  it  clusters  a  wealth  of  fragrant  associations. 
Here  sleeps  the  famous  inventor  who,  twelve  months 
before  the  keel  of  Fulton's  boat  began  to  plow  the  Hud- 
son, was  successfully  applying  steam  to  navigation  on 
the  waters  of  the  same  stream  which  his  grave  today 
overlooks.  He  died  the  victim  of  adverse  fortunes;  and 
in  the  simple  epitaph  inscribed  on  the  time-worn  slab 
above  him  there  is  a  world  of  pathos.    It  reads : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  WILLIAM  LONGSTREET 
who  departed  this  life,  September  1,  1814,  aged  54  years, 
10  months,  and  26  dayg.  "All  the  days  of  the  afflicted 
are  evil ;  but  he  that  is  of  a  merry  heart  hath  a  con- 
tinual feast. ' ' 


William  Longstreet  was  the  father  of  the  celebrated 
Judge  Augustus  B.  Longstreet,  who  wrote  "Georgia 
Scenes."  He  was  also  the  grandfather  of  the  no  less 
distinguished  General  James  Longstreet — Lee's  old  War- 
Horse. 


Perhaps  the  tomb  which  attracts  the  chief  interest  on 
the  part  of  visitors  to  St.  Paul's  is  the  tomb  of  old  Gov- 
ernor George  Mathews,  in  the  area  of  ground  to  the 
right  of  the  church.  An  officer  of  note  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, he  is  credited  with  having  saved  the  American 
army  from  rout  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine.  He  was 
notoriously  a  bad  speller.  At  one  time  he  wanted  to 
thrash  John  Adams.  While  Governor  of  Georgia  he 
committed  the  fatal  blunder  of  approving  the  Yazoo  Act. 
His  grave  is  covered  by  an  old-fashioned  box  of  marble, 
on  which  the  following  inscription  is  recorded : 


In    memory    of    GENERAL    GEORGE    MATHEWS, 
Avho  died  30  of  August,  1812,  in  the  73rd.  year  of  his  age. 


314       Georgians  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Next  to  Governor  Mathews,  in  a  similar  tomb,  sleeps 
Robert  Forsyth,  the  father  of  Georgia's  illustrious 
statesman,  Hon.  John  Forsyth.  He  was  killed  by  the 
notorious  Beverly  Allen,  whom  he  was  seeking  to  arrest, 
while  United  States  marshal  for  the  District  of  Georgia. 
The  following  epitaph  is  inscribed  on  the  tomb: 


Hacred  to  the  memory  of  ROBERT  FORSYTH,  Fed- 
eral Marshal  of  Georgia,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  his  office,  fell  a  victim  to  his  respect  for  th^ 
laws  of  his  country  and  his  resolution  in  supjiort  of 
them,  on  the  11th.  of  January  1794,  in  the  40th.  year 
of  his  age.  His  virtues  as  an  officer  of  rank  and  un- 
usual confidence  in  the  war  which  gave  independence  to 
the  United  States  and  in  all  the  tender  and  endearing 
relations  of  social  life  have  left  impressions  on  his 
country  and  friends  more  durably  engraved  than  tliis 
monument. 


Underneath  a  horizontal  slab  of  marble,  in  the  fore- 
ground of  the  ehurch-yard,  lie  the  ashes  of  the  gallant 
naval  officer  who  commanded  the  very  first  vessel  com- 
missioned during  the  American  Revolution.  On  account 
of  the  recognized  priority  of  his  claims  in  this  respect, 
he  has  sometimes  been  styled  by  pre-eminence,  the  "Ad- 
miral of  the  American  Navy."  The  inscription  on  the 
slab  is  as  follows : 


This  stone  is  placed  by  fraternal  affection  to  tlic 
memory  of  COMMODORE  OLIVER  BOWEN,  a  native 
of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island,  where  he  sprang  from  an 
honorable  stock.  He  departed  this  life,  July  the  11th. 
A.  D.  1800,  in  the  59th.  year  of  his  age.  A  patriot  of 
1775,  he  wa§  among  the  first  in  this  Stato  who  stepped 
forth  in  Vindication  of  our  Rights.  His  life  equally  with 
his  property  was'  often  risked  in  the  Cause.  His  widow, 
his  relations,  and  his  many  friends  will  c\er  regret  the 
departure  of  the  Benevolent  and  Honest  Man. 


r 

!■  This     Stone 

is  placed  by  Fraternal  affe<itioa, 

to  the   Memory  of 

ICommodore  OLIVER  BOWEN 

a  Native  of  the  State  of  Khode  Hland 
^//her?  he  iJ)rangfroTn  anhonourahle  Stocl< 
He  departed  this  Life 
July  theii'^A.B  18 ob 
m  the  59'^  Year  of  his  Age. 

A  Patriot  of    I775- 
r    heivas  atnong  tKefirftinthis  5tate 

who  fteped  forth 
I      m  Vindication  of  our  Rights 
I      His  life  equally  with  his  property 
^        were  often  rifqued  in  the  Ca-ufe, 

:  His  "Widow  his  Relations  and  his  many  Friends 

will  ever  regret  the  departure 

of  the  Benevolent 

and  Honeft 

Man 


HORIZONTAL    SLAB    OVER    THE    TOMB    OF   COMMODORE 
OLIVER     BOWEN,     AUGUSTA,     GA. 


St.  Paul's 


315 


Commodore  Bowen,  at  the  outbreak  of  tlie  Revolution, 
was  a  resident  of  Savannah.  Most  of  his  life  was  spent 
on  the  ocean  front;  and  how  he  came  to  be  buried  in 
Augusta  is  unknown.  Dr.  Chauncey  C.  Williams,  a 
former  rector  of  the  parish,  in  speaking  of  his  services  to 
the  cause  of  independence,  makes  this  statement: 

"When  Washington  was  at  Cambridge  and  powerless 
td  dislodge  Lord  Howe  from  Boston,  because  he  had  no 
ammunition.  Commodore  Bowen,  by  a  clever  and  daring 
attack,  captured  a  shipload  of  gunpowder  off  Savannah. 
One-half  of  this  was  sent  to  General  Washington,  and 
enabled  him  to  drive  the  British  out  of  Boston.  It  may 
almost  be  said,  therefore,  that  this  man,  buried  in  St. 
Paul's  church-yard,  made  the  success  of  the  Revolution 
possible."* 


Bordering  upon  the  main  walk,  just  within  the  gate, 
is  the  last  resting  place  of  Colonel  Ambeose  Goedon,  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution  and  an  officer  in  the  State  troops. 
He  was  the  father  of  William  Washington  Gordon,  the 
first  president  of  the  Central  of  Geori^a,  for  whom  Gor- 
don County,  in  this  State,  was  named.  The  monument 
over  him  is  cubical  in  shape,  built  somewhat  in  the  fash- 
ion of  an  urn.    The  inscription  reads  as  follows: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  COLONEL  AMBROSE 
GORDON,  who,  in  the  various  relations  of  life,  dis- 
charged his  duty  with  fidelity  and  diligence.  He  was 
born  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  on  the  28th.  of  June 
1751  and  departed  this  life  in  the  State  of  Georgia,  on 
the  28th.  of  Jan.,  1804,  aged  53  years. 


William  Thompson,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  sleeps 
in  a  grave  near  Governor  Mathews.    His  tomb  bears  the 


♦The   Story   of   St.   Paul's   Church,    Augusta,    Ga.,    A.  D.    17501796,    p.    7, 
a  pamphlet. 


316        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

insignia   of  the  Order  of  tlie  Ciiu'innati.     Inscribed  on 
the  surface  of  the  marble  box  is  tlie  following'  record: 


Here  lies  the  body  of  WILLIAM  THOMPSON, 
Esq.,  ■who  Avas  an  OflPiccr  in  the  Dtli.  Pennsylvania 
Regt.  of  the  late  American  Army  from  its  formation  in 
1776  to  its  dissolution  and  amongst  liis  American 
Brethren  made  an  Offering  of  his  Blood  on  the  Altar 
of  Liberty.  He  departed  this  life  on  19th.  day  of  March, 
1794,  Aged  45  Year§.  And  as  a  testimony  of  her  re- 
gret and  in  remembrance  of  him,  his  disconsolate  Widow 
hath  caused  this  Stone  to  be  placed  as  a  covering  to  his 
bed   of  rest. 


Near  the  east  wall  of  the  church  is  buried  Seaborn 
Jones,  an  uncle  of  the  Congressman  who  bore  the  same 
name.  He  was  the  first  speaker  of  the  House  of  Assem- 
bly after  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution  in 
1789.  His  grave  is  marked  by  a  massive  square  column, 
inscribed  as  follows : 


SEABORN  JONES.  Born  at  Halifax,  N.  C,  June 
15,  1759.  Died  at  Augusta,  Ga.,  July  24,  1815.  Aet  at 
56.  Eminent  as  a  jurist,  a  Christfan  without  guile,  a 
man  without  reproach. 


George  Steptoe  Washington,  a  nephew  of  General 
Washington,  died  in  Augusta  on  Januar}^  10,  1809,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  church-yard,  but  there  is  no- 
stone  to  mark  the  spot.  On  the  east  side  of  the  church  is 
the  grave  of  the  first  Presbyterian  minister  in  Augusta, 
the  Reverend  Washington  McKnight.  It  is  a  fact  of 
some  interest  that  St.  Paul's,  though  an  Episcopal 
Church,  was  leased  by  the  town  authorities,  in  1804,  to 
the  Presbyterians.  This  grew  out  of  complications,  which 
are  elsewhere  discussed.  The  property  was  in  part  re- 
stored to  the  Episcopalians  in  1818. 


Summer  viLLE 


317 


Summerville,  Augusta 

Some  of  Georgia's  most  distinguislied  dead — includ- 
ing Governors,  United  States  Senators,  Congressmen, 
judges,  editors,  historians,  and  men  of  eminence  in  every 
sphere  of  usefuhiess— lie  buried  on  the  Sand  Hills,  near 
Augusta.  The  land  for  the  cemetery  was  deeded  to  the 
village  of  Summerville  by  Thomas  Gumming,  Esq.,  and 
an  Act  to  incorporate  the  trustees  of  this  burial-ground 
was  approved  by  Governor  Troup,  on  November  21, 1823. 
Mr.  Gumming  was  the  first  intendant  of  the  town  of  Au- 
gusta, and  the  first  president  of  Georgia's  oldest  bank. 
His  grave,  near  the  center  of  the  burial-ground,  is  marked 
by  a  substantial  monument,  from  which  we  learn  that  he 
was  born  on  May  30,  1765,  and  died  on  March  6,  1834. 

Several  members  of  his  family  sleep  near  him.  One 
of  these,  a  son,  William  Gumming,  was  a  gallant  soldier 
of  the  War  of  1812,  holding  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the 
United  States  army.  He  afterwards  declined  a  briga- 
dier-general's commission  from  President  Jackson,  and  a 
major-general's  commission  from  President  Polk.  In 
1822  he  was  drawn  into  a  duel  with  the  famous  George 
McDuffie,  of  South  Carolina,  an  affair  in  which  the  latter 
was  severely  wounded.  The  inscription  on  the  monu- 
ment to  William  Gumming  reads  as  follows : 


In  memory  of  WILLIAM  GUMMING,  eldest  son  of 
Thomas  and  Ann  Cmnming,  born  Savannah,  July  27, 
1786,  died,  Augusta,  Feb.  18,  1863.  Distinguished  by 
rare  mental  endowments  and  varied  knowledge,  his  serv- 
ices as  a  soldier  and  his  high  sense  of  honor  commanded 
the  respect  of  his  comrades-in-arms,  while  his  acknowl- 
edged worth  as  a  citizen,  his  integrity  and  truth,  com- 
manded for  him  esteem  and  confidence  in  the  community 
and  State,  in  which  was  passed  a  long  life. 


Not  far  removed,  there  stands  a  shaft  to  General  Al- 
fred Gumming,  an  early  Mayor  of  Augusta,  who  after- 


318       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

wards  became  Governor  of  Utah.    Inscribed  on  liis  monu- 
ment is  the  following  epitaph : 


In  memory  of  ALFEED  GUMMING.  Born  at  Sum- 
merville,  Sept.  4,  1802.  Died  at  the  same  place,  Oct.  9, 
1S73.    Aged  71  years. 

(Side) 

As'  mayor  of  the  city  of  Augusta,  during  the  epi- 
demic of  18.39,  lie  rendered  services  that  were  grate- 
fully acknowledged  by  his  fellow-citizens.  As  Superin- 
tendent of  Indian  Affairs  and  Governor  of  Utah,  he 
administered  these  trusts  of  the  general  government 
with  courage  and  humanity,  integrity  and  fidelity.  In 
the  relations  of  private  life,  a  man  of  kindly,  strong  and 
wencrous   aflfections. 


In  a  lot  immediately  adjoining,  sleeps  Henry  Har- 
ford Gumming,  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  of  his  day  in 
Georgia,  to  whose  vigorous  initiative  is  largely  due  the 
Augusta  Canal.  The  following  epitaph  is  inscribed  upon 
his  tombstone: 


In  memory  of  HENRY  HAEFOED  GUMMING, 
dear  to  his  family  as  the  devoted  husband,  the  tender 
father;  honored  in  this  community  as  the  distingui.shed 
lawyer,  the  good  citizen,  the  faithful  friend,  the  fearless 
defender  of  the  right,  the  peerless  gentleman.  Born, 
Oct.  15,  1790.     Died,  April  14,  1866. 


Two  distinguished  sons  sleep  near  him,  Julian,  a 
man  of  rare  gifts,  who  gave  his  life  to  the  Confederacy, 
and  General  Alfred  Gumming^  a   distinguished  com- 


SUMMERVILLE 


319 


manding  officer  on  tlie  Confederate  side  in  the  late  Civil 
War.    On  the  tomb  of  the  former  is  inscribed : 


His  life,  rich  in  the  promises  which  a  rare  intellect 
and  a  generous  heart  could  give,  he  offered  for  his 
country;  wounded  and  captured  at  Gettysburg,  a  mar- 
tyred patriot,  he  died  a  prisoner  of  war  on  Jolinson  's 
Island,  Lake  Erie,  March  8,  18G4.  He  breathed  his  latest 
breath  among  foes  and  strangers;  he  sleeps  here  in  the 
midst  of  friends  and  kindred. 


General  Alfred  Gumming,  nepliew  and  namesake  of 
the  distinguished  Governor  of  Utah,  sleeps  under  a  hand- 
some headstone,  on  which  the  following  inscription  is 
lettered : 


ALFRED  GUMMING.  Born,  January  30,  1829. 
Died,  Dec,  5,  1910.  God  is  the  strength  of  my  heart 
and  my  portion  forever. 

(Rear) 

ALFRED,  son  of  Henry  Hartford  and  Julia  Ann 
Gumming.  A  Graduate  of  the  West  Point  Military 
Academy  and  Brigadier-General  of  the  Army  of  the 
Confederate  States. 


Dr.  Harford  Montgomery  Gumming,  an  accomplished 
young  pliysician,  and  a  soldier  of  the  Confederacy,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  thirty-four,  is  also  buried  in  this  area. 


Underneath  a  square  headstone,  in  a  remote  corner  of 
the  cemetery,  sleeps  the  widow  of  William  Longstreet,  a 
noted  inventor,  who  anticipated  Robert  Fulton  in  apply- 
ing steam  to  navigation.  She  was  the  grandmother  of 
the  noted  Confederate  general — Lee's  "Old  War-Horse. " 
The  inscription  on  her  tomb  reads : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  HANNAH  LONGSTREET. 
She  was  born  in  Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.,  March  23,  1765 
and  died  on  the  Sand  Hills,  Feb.  12,  1837.  ''I  have 
waited  for  thy  salvation,  O  Lord." 


320        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Judge  Ebenezer  Starnes,  a  distinguished  jurist,  is 
buried  here. 


Marked  by  a  huge  block  of  solid  granite  is  the  last 
resting  place  of  Moses  Wadley,  one  of  the  railway  pio- 
neers of  this  State,  long  j^resident  of  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia.   The  monument  bears  this  inscription: 


MOSES    WADLEY.      Brantwood,    N.    H.,    April 

29, 

1822.     Sand  Hills,  Ga.,  .Jan.   6,   1887.     "We  know 

that 

all    things    work   together   for    good    to    them   that 

love 

Cod." 

There  is  a  monument  in  this  cemetery  to  General 
W.  W.  Montgomery,  though  his  ashes  repose  elsewhere. 
The  following  epitaph  is  inscribed  on  the  monument : 


In  memory  of  GEN.  W.  W.  MONTG01\iERY,  who 
rests  in  the  cemetery  in  Augusta,  Ga.  At  the  close  of 
an  honored  life,  his  spirit  returned  to  God  who  gave  it, 
Sept.  5,  1847. 


His  son.  Judge  W.  W.  Montgomery,  sleeps  in  an  un- 
marked grave  on  this  same  lot.  His  widow,  to  whom 
there  is  an  inscription  on  the  above  monument,  also  rests 
here. 


Underneath  a  horizontal  slab,  lifted  some  two  feet 
above  the  ground,  on  marble  pillars,  rest  the  mortal  ashes 
of  an  illustrious  Georgian,  the  inscription  upon  whose 
tomb  reads  as  follows: 


In  memory  of  the  HON.  JOHN  MILLEDGE,  who  de- 
parted this  life  on  the  9th.  of  February,  1818,  aged  61 
years.  The  deceased  was  born  in  the  city  of  Savannah 
and  his  political  life  is  intimately  connected  with  the 
history  of  Georgia. 


SUMMERVILLE  321 

Quite  a  simple  epitaph  for  one  who  was  both  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State  and  United  States  Senator,  who  rei3re- 
sented  Georgia  also  in  the  National  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, who  gave  to  the  State  University  the  land  on 
which  the  present  city  of  Athens  is  built,  and  whose 
name  was  conferred  upon  the  historic  town  which  re- 
mained for  sixty  years  the  seat  of  government. 


Close  to  Governor  Milledge  sleeps  an  honored  Geor- 
gian, upon  whom,  as  chairman  of  the  famous  Secession 
Convention,  of  1861,  devolved  the  duty  of  pronouncing 
Georgia  "free,  sovereign  and  independent."  He  filled 
the  high  office  of  Governor  of  the  State,  represented  Geor- 
gia in  Congress,  and  held  the  portfolio  of  war  in  the 
Cabinet  of  President  Taylor.  There  is  nothing  whatever 
to  mark  the  grave  in  which  he  lies;  but  the  lot  is  en- 
closed by  an  iron  railing,  and  on  the  gate  is  lettered  the 
illustrious  name: 


GEORGE  W.  CRAWFORD 


The  distinguished  Governor  of  the  State  who  bore  the 
executive  seal  of  Georgia  into  exile  rather  than  see  it 
profaned  by  military  usurpers  in  the  days  of  Recon- 
struction, also  sleeps  here.  His  grave  is  marked  by 
a  handsome  shaft  of  brown  granite,  on  which  may  be 
read  the  following  inscription : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  HON.  CHARLES  J.  JEN- 
KINS. Died  June,  13,  1883.  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Georgia,  1860-1865.  Governor  of  Georgia,  1865- 
1868.     In  arduis  fidelis. 


The  Latin  motto  quoted  in  the  epitaph  was  stamped 
upon  the  handsome  gold  medal  presented  to  him  by^  the 
State    of   Georgia.     Translated   it  means   ''faithful   in 


322       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

liardsliips. "    Tlie  medal  was  a  facsimile  reproduction  of 
the  original  seal  which  he  rescued. 


Further  down  the  same  walk,  some  fifty  feet  from  the 
Jenkins  lot,  is  a  grave  covered  with  an  old-fashioned  box 
of  marble,  well  preserved,  but  yellow  with  age,  on  which 
appears  the  following  record: 


Saered  to  the  mcnioiy  of  ALFRED  CUTHBERT. 
Bom  in  the  city  of  Savannah,  Dec.  2?>,  1785.  Died  in 
Jasper  Co.,  Ga.,  July  9,  185G,  in  the  71.st.  year  of  his 
age. 


His  wife,  Sarah  C^uthbert,  sleeps  beside  him.  Mr. 
Cuthbert  represented  Georgia  with  distinction  in  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  United  States.  He  also  served  for  a  number 
of  years  in  the  national  House  of  Representatives.  His 
brother,  John  A.  Cuthbert,  a  distinguished  Congressman 
and  jurist,  removed  from  Georgia  to  Alabama,  where  the 
last  years  of  his  life  were  spent. 


Georgia's  foremost  historian,  Colonel  Charles  C. 
Jones,  Jr.,  a  gentleman  of  profound  scholarship,  of  tire- 
less research,  of  elegant  manners,  and  of  rare  gifts  of 
oratory,  also  sleeps  here,  under  a  handsome  granite  stone, 
surmounted  by  an  artistic  cross  of  marble.  The  inscrip- 
tion on  the  monument  reads : 


CHARLES  COLCOCK  JONES,  JR.  Born,  Savannah, 
Ga.,  Oct.  28,  183L  Died,  Snmmerville,  Ga.,  July  19, 
1893. 


Beside  him  sleeps  his  beloved  wife.     The  lot  i^  bor 
dered  by  four  beautiful  cedars,  one  at  each  corner. 


Arsenal  323 

Incliuled  among  the  other  distingaiished  Georgians 
who  rest  in  this;  little  cemetery  on  the  Sand  Hills  may 
be  mentioned :  H.  H.  Hickman,  Pleasant  Stovall,  George 
T.  Stovall;  Judge  Robert  Falligant,  a  distinguished 
jurist,  long  a  resident  of  Savannah,  whose  father  fought 
under  the  first  Napoleon  and  emigrated  to  America  after 
the  battle  of  Waterloo ;  Joseph  Ganahl,  a  representative 
member  of  the  Georgia  bar ;  and  a  number  of  others. 


The  Arsenal,  Augusta 

When  the  United  States  Government  purchased  the 
tract  of  land  near  vSummerville,  on  which  the  present  Ar- 
senal is  located,  it  assumed  an  obligation  to  preserve  the 
private  burial-ground  of  the  Walker  family,  some  of  the 
members  of  which  are  included  among  the  most  distin- 
guished of  Georgians.  The  little  area  of  ground  has  been 
enclosed  by  a  high  wooden  fence,  but  the  brambles  of 
late  years  have  been  allowed  to  overrun  it;  and  some  of 
the  tombs,  under  an  accumulated  mass  of  dead  leaves,  in 
a  thick  tangle-wood  of  bushes,  have  moldered  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  inscriptions  on  them  can  hardly  be  deci- 
phered. One  of  these  is  the  tomb  of  Major  Freeman 
WalkeRj  for  whom  Walker  County,  in  this  State,  was 
named.  The  epitaiih  on  the  raised  horizontal  slab  has 
been  almost  completely  effaced;  Init  happily  this  inscrip- 
tion, which  came  from  the  pen  of  Ei chard  Henr}^  Wilde, 
tlie  famous  poet  and  member  of  Congress,  who  wrote  the 
** Summer  Rose,"  has  been  preserved  in  Wliite's  Statis- 
tics of  Georgia.    It  reads  as  follows  : 


Consecrated  to  the  cherished  memory  and  mortal  relics 
of  FEEEMAX  WALKER,  an  able  and  successful  advo- 
cate, a  graceful  and  fluent  speaker.  His'  influence  as  a 
Statesman,  his  reputation  as  an  Orator,  his  urbanity 
as  a  gentleman,  were  embellished  and  endeared  by  social 
and  domestic  virtues.     Long  a  distinguished  Member  of 


324       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


(Continued) 

the  Bar,  often  elected  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  he 
at  length  became  one  of  her  Senators  in  Congress,  and 
retired  after  two  years  of  honorable  service,  to  resume  a 
profitable  profession  which  he  practiced  with  untiring  in- 
dustry and  unblemished  character,  until  shortly  before 
his  death.  Generous,  Hospitable,  and  Humane,  of  cheer- 
ful temper  and  familiar  manners,  he  was  idolized  by  his 
family,  beloved  by  his  friends,  and  admired  by  his  coun- 
trymen. Even  party  spirit,  in  his  favor,  forgot  some- 
thing of  its'  bitterness,  and  those  who  differed  from  the 
politician  did  justice  to  the  man.  Born  in  Virginia,  in 
October,  1780,  his  brilliant  and  useful  life  was  termi- 
nated by  a  pulmonary  complaint,  on  the  23rd.  day  of 
September,  1827,  in  the  47th.  year  of  his  age. 


One  of  the  most  distingiiislied  soldiers  of  the  Civil 
War,  Major- General.  Wm.  H.  T.  Walker,  who  lost  his 
life  in  the  battle  of  Atlanta,  on  July  22nd,  1864,  is  also 
buried  in  this  little  enclosure  of  ground.  His  grave  is 
handsomely  marked  with  a  monument  of  white  marble,  on 
which  the  following  epitaph  is  inscribed : 


MAJOE-GENERAL  WM.  H.  T.  WALKEE.  Born  in 
Augusta,  Ga.,  Nov.  26,  1816.  Killed  in,  the  Battle  of 
Atlanta,  July  22,   1864. 

"His  soul  to  Him  who  gave  it  rose; 
God  led  it  to  its  long  repose. 

Its  glorious  rest; 
And,  though  the  warrior's  sun  has  set, 
Its  light  shall  linger  round  us  yet. 

Bright,  radiant,  blest." 


Some  few  feet  distant  sleeps  his  gallant  brother,  Gen- 
eral Valentine  Walker,  under  a  neat  memorial  stone. 


Augusta  325 

Further  down  the  main  walk  repose  the  mortal  ashes 
of  the  most  celebrated  woman  of  her  day  and  time: 
Madam  Octavia  Walton  LeVert.  Her  mother  was  a 
member  of  the  Walker  family;  and,  after  the  deatli  of 
Dr.  LeVert,  she  removed  from  her  former  home  in  Mo- 
bile, Ala.,  to  the  Sand  Hills,  near  Augusta,  where  the  last 
years  of  her  life  were  passed.  The  grave  of  Madam 
LeVert  is  in  the  corner  of  a  lot,  surrounded  by  an  iron 
fence  and  overarched  by  a  number  of  beautiful  shade 
trees.  The  ornamental  headstone  over  her  last  resting- 
place  is  somewhat  discolored,  but  the  inscription  is  still 
quite  distinct: 


OCTAVIA  WALTOTsT  LE  VERT.  Born,  August  11, 
1811.  Died,  Mar.  12,  1877.  "Blessed  are  the  merciful, 
for  they  shall  obtain  mercy. ' ' 


On  the  same  lot  is  buried  her  daughter,  Cara  Netta 
Eeab,  who  died  at  the  age  of  thirty;  also  two  grand- 
children. Madam  LeA^ert  was  the  granddaughter  of 
George  Walton,  one  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  for  Georgia,  and  the  daughter  of  George 
Walton,  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Florida.  She  spoke 
fluently  several  different  languages,  traveled  extensively 
over  Europe,  where  she  met  the  crowned  heads,  published 
a  delightful  volume  entitled,  '' Souvenirs  of  Travel,"  and 
was  for  years  the  best-known  woman  in  the  social  life  of 
America. 


City  Cemetery,  Augusta 

On  the  main  driveway  of  Augusta's  city  cemetery, 
in  what  is  called  ''Poet's  Eow,"  sleep  the  mortal  ashes 
of  three  noted  Georgia  poets.  The  first  of  the  trio  is  the 
author  of  the  greatest  war  song  ever  written.  His  grave 
is  a  bed  of  flowers  bordered  with  marble,  and  marked 
by  a  neat  headstone,  of  ornamental  design,  on  which  the 


326       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

artist  has  chiseled  a  cross,  emblematic  of  the  author's 
deep  religious  faith.    The  inscription  reads : 


JAiMES  RYDER  RANDALL.  Born  in  Baltimore, 
lAffl..  Jan.,  1,  1839.  Died  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  Jan.  l.j,  1908. 
Author  of  ' '  My  Maryland. ' ' 


Though  a  native  of  the  State  with  whose  name  his 
matchless  anthem  is  forever  entwined,  Mr.  Randall  spent 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  Augusta,  where  he  occu- 
pied an  editorial  chair  on  the  Chronicle.  He  was  al sc- 
at one  time  the  Washington  correspondent  of  this  paper, 
and  still  later  the  private  secretary  of  Congressman  W. 
H.  Fleming.  It  is  quite  a  coincidence  that  while-  Mary- 
land has  given  to  Georgia  one  of  her  greatest  poets, 
Georgia,  in  turn,  hag  given  one  of  her  greatest  poets  to 
Maryland.  Sidney  Lanier,  who  wrote  "The  Song  of 
the  Chattahoochee"  and  ''The  Marshes  of  Glynn,"  slee])s 
in  an  ivy-covered  grave,  otherwise  unmarked,  on  the 
Turnbull  lot,  in  Green  Mount  Cemetery,  in  Baltimore. 


Just  a  few  feet  beyond  the  Randall  lot  stands  a  tall 
marble  slab,  on  which  the  signs  of  age  are  quite  appar- 
ent. It  marks  the  last  resting  place  of  the  celebrated 
poet,  historian,  orator,  and  Member  of  Congress,  Rich- 
ard Henry  Wilde.  The  grave  is  bordered  with  brick,  and 
chiseled  upon  the  time-worn  slab  is  the  simple  epitaph : 


RICHARD  HENRY  WILDE.     B  irn,   Sept.   24,   1789. 
Died  Sept.,  10,  1847. 


His  celebrated  poem,  "The  Summer  Rose,"  is  one  of 
the  great  American  classics.  The  opening  lines  are  famil- 
iar to  every  one — 

My  life  is  like  the  summer  rose 

That  opens  to  the  morning  sky, 
But  ere  the  shades  of  evening  close 

Is  scattered  on  the  ground  to  die. 


Augusta  327 

Mr.  Wilde  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever  in  the  city 
of  New  Orleans.  Defeated  for  re-election  to  Congress, 
after  a  long  period  of  service^  he  took  up  his  abode  in 
the  Louisiana  metropolis.  His  remains  were  brought 
back  to  Georgia  and  for  a  number  of  years  reposed  in  a 
grave  on  the  Sand  Hills.  The  following  account  of  the 
re-interment  is  taken  from  an  old  file  of  the  Augusta 
Chronicle : 

''Yesterday  a  party  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  drove  to 
the  Sand  Hills  to  witness  the  disinterment  of  the  remains 
of  the  illustrious  Eichard  Henry  Wilde.  The  soil  was 
light  and  easily  yielded  to  the  spade.  Almost  without  a 
flaw  as  to  location  the  original  limits  of  the  grave  were 
disclosed.  The  wooden  box  containing  the  zinc  or  lead 
coflin  had  crumbled  away,  leaving  only  fragments  of 
rotten  timber.  The  metal  case  had  shrunk,  leaving  only 
the  outlines  of  the  skeleton.  A  small  orifice,  at  one  end, 
revealed  the  shoes  worn  by  the  deceased,  in  an  excellent 
state  of  preservation.  By  some  mistake,  at  the  time  of 
burial,  the  head  was  placed  to  the  east,  facing  westward. 
This  is  not  the  case  now.  The  poet  sleeps  with  his  face 
to  the  sunlit  east  in  our  cemetery,  awaiting  the  resur- 
rection. The  grave  of  Wilde  will  no  longer  be  remote 
or  neglected.  It  will  be  lovingly  decorated,  and,  at  no 
distant  day,  appropriately  marked.  The  summer  rose 
will  bloom  upon  it,  and  many  a  pilgrim  will  journey 
toward  it  as  one  of  the  Meccas  of  the  mind." 


Adjoining  the  lot  in  which  the  poet  Wilde  lies  buried 
is  the  grave  of  Paul  H.  Hayne,  the  Southern  laureate. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  way  of  a  headstone  to  mark  the 
last  resting-place  of  this  bay-crowned  prince  of  song,  but 
the  lot  is  most  exquisitely  kept;  and  in  this  respect,  when 
visited  by  the  writer,  in  the  spring  of  1912,  it  contrasted 
most  decidedly  with  the  lot  next  to  it,  which  holds  the 
lamented  dust  of  Wilde.  The  area  in  which  the  poet 
Hayne  sleeps  is  beautifully  planted  in  flowers.    The  grave 


328       Georgia 's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

itself  is  neatly  covered  with  brick,  and  at  the  head  stands 
a  Inxuriant  rose  bnsh.  Perhaps  it  is  just  the  sort  of  a 
monument  which  the  poet  himself  might  have  chosen. 
There  is  something  about  it  which  suggests  the  fragrant 
breath  of  his  own  songs.  He  loved  the  woods  and  the 
fields;  and,  far  removed  from  the  city's  din,  his  little 
nest  of  a  home  at  Copse  Hill  was  couched  among  the  ver- 
dant pines.  In  the  absence  of  an  epitaph,  the  flowers 
above  him  seemed  to  whisper: 

"In  sylvan  nooks  rejoicingly  I  met 
The  wild-rose  and  the  violet. ' ' 


In,  a  different  part  of  the  cemetery,  on  a  lot  encom- 
passed by  an  iron  railing,  stands  a  massive  monument 
of  marble.  It  marks  the  last  resting  place  of  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  legislator,  for  whom  one  of  the  coun- 
ties of  the  State  has  been  named.  Inscribed  on  the  monu- 
ment is  the  following  epitaph: 


ANDEEW  J.  MILLER.  Born  in  Camden  County, 
March  21,  ]806.  Died  in  Augusta,  Feb.  3,  1856.  His 
life  was  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  fellow-men,  to 
whom  his  family  and  kindred  commit  the  guardianship 
of  his  fame. 


On  one  of  the  sides  is  this  inscription 


The  Oglethorpe  Infantry  to  their  lamented  comman- 
der. ' '  In  him  the  elements  were  so  mixed  that  nature 
might  stand  up  and  say  to  all  the  world — -this  was  a 
man. ' ' 


Judge  Miller  served  in  the  General  Assembly  for  more 
than  twenty  years.  Throughout  this  entire  period,  he 
was  the  champion  of  a  measure  reserving  to  the  married 
woman  her  separate  property  rights.  He  failed  to  see 
his  favorite  bill  crystallized  into  law,  for  the  reason  that 
old  legal  customs  do  not  readily  jdeld ;  but  ten  years  after 
his  death  it  became  a  statute,  and  is  today  embedded  in 
the  Constitution  of  Georgia. 


Augusta  329 

Within  a  very  short  distance  of  the  tomb  of  Judge 
Miller  sleeps  a  noted  soldier  of  the  Seminole  Indian 
wars,  who  afterwards  represented  Georgia  in  Congress, 
and  whose  name  was  conferred  upon  one  of  the  counties 
of  the  State  in  recognition  of  his  distinguished  services : 
Geneeal  Thomas  Glascock.  The  inscription  on  his  mon- 
ument was  written  by  the  celebrated  Judge  Longstreet,  a 
warm  personal  friend.    It  reads  as  follows : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  GEN  THOMAS  GLAS- 
COCK. Born  Oct.,  21,  1790.  Died  May  19,  1841.  He 
was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of 
Georgia.  At  one  time  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives'. Twice  elected  to  Congress,  once  as  the  can- 
didate of  both  political  parties,  on  account  of  distin- 
guished services  at  a  former  session.  A  Captain  of  Vol- 
unteers, he  served  in  the  War  of  1812  with  England.  A 
Brigadier  General,  he  served  in  the  Seminole  War  of 
1817  under  General  Jackson.  He  retired  from  public  life 
and  a  short  time  before  his  death  removed  to  Decatur, 
in  DeKalb  County,  intending  to  spend  the  remainder  of 
his  days  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  the  Law,  where 
he  was  suddenly  cut  off  by  a  fall  from  his  horse.  As 
an  advocate,  he  was  eminently  successful.  As  a  speaker, 
he  was  highly  popular.  As  husband  and  father,  he  was 
deeply  beloved  for  his  unchanging  kindness',  his  devoted 
and  enthusiastic  affection.  To  the  poor  and  the  unfor- 
tunate, to  the  widow  and  the  orphan,  he  was  a  protector 
•\n(\  a  friend.  His  heart  was  full  of  charity  to  his  species. 
His  soul  abounded  with  good-will  to  man,  and  his  best 
epitaph  Ls  written  on  the  hearts  that  experienced  his 
ricndship  and  knew  his  love. 


On  this  same  lot,  underneath  a  well-preserved  marble 
box,  sleeps  Hon.  Wm.  Glascock,  Speaker  of  the  House 
of  Assembly  during  the  Revolution.  His  wife's  grave 
is  marked  by  a  similar  memorial.  Judge  Wm.  Tracy 
Gould  and  Judge  Wm.  W.  Holt  are  buried  in  the  same 
area,  and  each  grave  is  substantially  marked. 


330       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

There  is  also  in  this  part  of  the  cemetery  a  monu- 
ment which  possesses  a  two-fold  interest.  It  marks  the 
last  resting-place  of  an  old  Revolutionary  patriot,  who 
reached  a  phenomenal  age.  The  inscription  on  the  tomb- 
stone reads  as  follows: 


JOHN  MARTIN,  a  soldier  of  the  Eevolution,  died  in 
Augusta,  Georgia,  14th  February,  1843.  Agfed  105 
years.  He  served  in  the  Cherokee  war  of  1755  and  was 
ounded  in  the  head  by  a  tomahawk.  He  served  through 
the  v.hole  of  the  Revolutionary  War  with  honor.  A 
tribute  of  respect  by  the  ladies  of  Augusta. 


Major-Geneeal  a.  R.  Wright,  one  of  Georgia's  most 
distinguished  soldiers,  is  buried  in  the  Town  Cemetery  of 
Augusta.  He  commanded  a  famous  division  during  the 
Civil  War,  after  which  he  became  an  editor  of  note.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  Congressman-elect  from 
the  Eighth  Congressional  District,  The  inscription  on 
his  monument  reads : 


To  the  memory  of  AMBROSE  RANSOM  WRIGHT, 
Major-General  C.  S.  A.  and  member-elect  of  the  Forty- 
Second  Congress.  Born  in  Jefferson  County,  Ga.,  Ajiril 
6,  1826.     Died  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  December  21,  1872. 


The  last  resting-place  of  Victor  J.  B.  Girardy,  a 
native  of  France,  who  fell  near  Richmond,  Va.,  at  the 
head  of  his  brigade,  fighting  for  the  liberties  of  the  South, 
is  marked  by  a  neat  monument.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
26.  Three  of  his  comrades,  Goode  Bryan,  J.  K.  Jackson, 
and  M.  A.  Stovall,  all  brigade  commanders,  sleep  near 
by  in  unmarked  graves. 


Underneath  a  monument,  yellow  with  age,  in  a  cor- 
ner of  the  cemetery,  near  the  tomb  of  Judge  Miller, 
sleeps  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution :    Captain  Daniel  Mac- 


Augusta 


331 


Murphy.  For  a  number  of  years  lie  represented  Rich- 
mond in  tlie  General  Assembly  of  Georgia.  The  old 
patriot's  monument  is  inscribed  as  follows : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  CAPT.  DANIEL  Mac- 
MURPIIY,  who  died  Oct.  27,  1819.  Aged  82  years. 
T'orn  ill  Antrim,  Irehmd,  he  came  to  Georgia-  in  1756, 
identified  himself  with  the  colony  and  served  his  coun- 
try during  tlie  Eevolutionary  War  a.s  soldier  and  legis- 
lator. 

Also  to  tiie  memory  of  his  wife,  SUSANNAH,  who 
assisted  in  taking  care  of  the  wonnded,  after  the  battles 
of  Eutaw  and  Guildford. 


Dr.  Wm.  Henry  Doughty,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished surgeons  of  Augusta,  is  buried  in  this  cemetery, 
where  his  grave  is  marked  by  four  handsome  columns, 
forming  a  portal,  enclosed  within  which  there  is  a  marble 
urn,  resting  upon  a  granite  base.  There  are  several  in- 
scriptions on  the  monument,  as  follows : 


(Front) 
WM.  HENRY  DOUGHTY,  M.  D. 
(Side) 
His    profound    and    resourceful    knowledge    of    medi- 
cine and   skill  in   the  practice,   his   kindliness   of   dispo- 
sition,   his    strict    integrity    and    unvarying    devotion    to 
every  duty,  won  for  him  the  respect  and  esteem  of  his 
colleagues,    the   confidence    of    the    community   and    the 
love  of  all  who  knew  him. 

(Rear) 
Born  Feb.  5,  1836,  in  this  city,  where  he  gave  fifty 
years'  of  faithful  service  as  a  physician,  as  a  steadfast 
Christian,  a  valued  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  Med- 
ical College  of  Georgia,  and  a  writer  of  valuable  scien- 
tific treatises,  he  served  his  generation,  and  in  the 
midst  of  his  activities  was  called  to  rest  eternal,  March 
27,  1905. 

(Side) 
He    rendered    meritorious   service    to    the    Confederacy 
as   surgeon   at  various   points. 


332       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

On  a  mound  of  ivy,  not  far  removed  from  the  Doughty 
monument,  there  stands  a  handsome  granite  memorial 
to  Dk.  Louis  A.  Dugas,  another  distinguished  surgeon 
and  physician,  whose  brief  inscrii3tion  reads  thus: 


LOUIS  ALEXANDER  DUGAS.     Born  Jan.  3,  1806. 
Died  Oct.  19,  1884. 


Marked  by  a  simple  granite  headstone,  facing  one  of 
the  main  driveways,  in  the  center  of  the  cemetery,  is  the 
grave  of  a  noted  jurist:  Judge  Claiborne  Snead.  The 
inscription  lettered  upon  the  headstone  reads : 


CLAIBOENE    SNEAD.      Mar.    31,    1836.      Jau.    25, 
1909.     A  Confederate  Soldier. 


There  is  also  a  family  monument  in  the  center  of  the 
lot. 


Over  the  grave  of  De.  Joseph  A.  Eve,  one  of  the 
most  beloved  physicians  of  Augusta,  there  stands  a  hand- 
some granite  shaft  surmounted  by  an  urn.  The  monu- 
ment is  inscribed  as  follows :  . 


(Front) 

In  memory  of  DE.  JOSEPH  ADAMS  EVE,   M.  D., 
LL.  D.  Aug.   1,   1805.     Jan.   6,  1886. 
(Side) 

Majestic  in  form,  noble  in  mind,  tender  in  heart, 
and  pure  in  life.  Gentle,  generous  and  true.  Our  fa- 
ther, who  was  honored  among  men,  revered  by  the 
people,  and  devotedly  beloved  by  our  mother,  consecra- 
ted his  many  days  to  the  service  of  humanity  and, 
having  walked  with  God,  ended  his  glorious  life,  in  the 
fulness  of  divine  joy. 


Just  beyond  the  Barron  vault,  there  stands  a  hand- 
some marble  monument  to  Dr.  Paul  F.  Eve,  the  greater 
part  of  whose  professional  life  was  spent  in  Nashville, 


Augusta 


333 


Term.  When  a  student  abroad,  Dr.  Eve  distinguished 
himself  in  the  service  of  Poland,  for  which  he  was 
awarded  a  badge  of  honor.    His  epitaph  reads : 


PAUL  FITZSIMJMONS  EVE,  M.  D.  Born,  27tK 
June,  1806.  Died,  3rd  Nov.,  1877,  His  professional 
motto   was:    "The  Lord  healeth  all  our   diseases." 


Underneath  a  handsome  marble  monument,  sur- 
mounted by  an  urn,  sleeps  one  of  the  great  industrial 
captains  of  Augusta :  William  C.  Sibley,  to  whose  con- 
structive genius  and  wise  management  is  due  in  large 
measure  the  wonderful  growth  of  the  famous  Sibley 
Mills.  On  his  tombstone  the  following  epitaph  is  in- 
scribed : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  WILLIAM  CRAWFOED 
SIBLEY.  Born  May  3,  1832.  -  Died  April  17,  1902.  A 
good  citizen.  A  patriot  of  the  Southern  Confederacy. 
A  man  devoted  to  his  family.  A  Christian  strong  in 
faith  and  faithful  to  duty. 


Only  a.  few  feet  distant  from  the  Sibley  lot  rest  the 
mortal  ashes  of  a  noted  editor,  whose  pen  was  long  a 
power  in  the  journalistic  ranks  of  Georgia :  James  Gard- 
ner, for  years  editor  of  the  Augusta  Chronicle.  The 
inscrij^tion  on  his  monument  reads : 


In  memory  of  JAMES  GARDNER.  Born  in  Au- 
gusta, Ga.,  Jan.  28,  1813.  Died  at  his  residence,  near 
his  birth-place,  Oct.  7,  1874. 

(Side) 

His  culture  and  integrity  illustrated  his  State  in 
her  prosperity;  his  wisdom  in  council  and  manhood 
in  danger  sustained  her  in  adversity. 


334       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

James  Gardner  filled  a  large  place  in  the  liistory  of 
his  times.  He  presided  over  the  famous  Convention 
which  renominated  Herschel  V.  Johnson  for  Governor 
in  1855,  and  was  himself  a  candidate  for  the  Democratic 
nomination  td  this  high  office  in  1857,  missing  the  coveted 
goal  by  only  a  few  votes.  His  pen  was  a  scepter  of  power 
in  the  politics  of  Georgia. 


Beneath  a  weeping  willow,  which  makes  a  beantiful 
canopy  over  his  grave,  sleeps  one  of  the  most  beloved 
of  Augustans.  Perhaps  his  best  monument  is  to  be  found 
in  the  great  city  whose  material  wealth  he  helped  to 
create.  He  was  also  for  years  a  power  in  State  politics, 
and  was  peniiitted  near  the  close  of  his  long  career  of 
public  service  to  occupy  a  seat  in  the  American  Senate. 
His  fame  as  an  editor  will  long  endure;  and  when  many 
a  native-born  son  of  the  S.tate  is  forgotten  the  memory 
of  this  genial  Irishman  will  still  be  green  in  the  hearts 
of  his  fellow-citizens.  The  violet-bordered  grave  is 
marked  by  an  ornamental  cross  of  marble,  on  which  the 
following  simple  record  is  inscribed: 


PATRICK  WALSH.     Born  Jan.  1,  1840.     Died  Mar. 
19,  1S99. 


On  a  handsome  box  of  Scotch  marble,  in  a  square  not 
far  removed  from  the  grave  of  Andrew  J.  Miller,  is  in- 
scribed the  following  epitaph: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  BRIGADIER-GENERAL 
WM.  D.  SMITH.  July  28,  1825.  Oct.  4,  1862.  A  gal- 
lant soldier.  An  accomplished  gentleman.  An  earnest 
Christian.     He  died  for  his  country. 


Augusta  335 

Under  a  neat  headstone  of  granite  sleeps  the  gallant 
chief  of  artilleryi  in  Longstreet's  corps,  afterwards  dis- 
tinguished as  an  editor,  a  railroad  builder,  and  a  man 
of  affairs.    The  inscription  on  his  tomb  is  as  follows : 


In  memon-  of  EDWARD  PORTER  ALEXAN- 
DER. Born  in  Washington,  Ga.,  May  26,  1835.  Died 
in  Savannah,  Ga.,  April  26,  1910.  Graduate  of  West 
Point  Academy  into  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. 
Brigadier-General,  C.  S.  A.  Chief  of  Artillery,  Long- 
street  's  Corps,  A.  N.  V. 


Nearby  is  the  grave  of  John  S.  Davidson,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  masons  of  his  day,  at  one  time  Pres- 
ident of  the  Senate  of  Georgia.  The  spot  is  marked  by 
a  most  substantial  monument  of  granite,  surmounted  by 
a  cross.  Inscribed  on  the  handsome  stone  is  the  follow- 
ing epitaph: 


JOHN  SHELDON  DAVIDSON.  Born  June  17, 
>846.  Died  March  11,  1894.  President  of  Senate,  1886- 
1887.  Grand-Master  Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  He 
was  a  man  among  men  and  a  mason  among  masons. 


One  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  the  cemetery 
is  the  immense  square  vault  of  granite,  in  which  lie 
entombed  the  ashes  of  the  noted  gambler,  Wylly  Bar- 
eon,  who  owned  and  operated  in  Augusta  for  years  an 
establishment  which  was  famous  throughout  the  land. 
It  was  a  sort  of  Monte  Carlo,  at  which  some  of  the 
wealthiest  ante-bellum  planters  of  the  old  regime  were 
often  seen.  In  spite  of  certain  grave  faults,  he  was  a 
man  of  chivalrous  manners  and  of  high  ideals,  belonging 
to  a  peculiar  type  which  has  long  since  jDassed  away, 
called  "the  gentleman  gambler."    On  more  than  one  oc- 


336       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

casion  he  is  said  to  l;ave  refunded  the  money  lost  at  his 
tables,  especially  where  the  loser  was  an  inexperienced 
youth.  He  lived  to  be  an  octogenarian,  but  lost  the  bulk 
of  his  fortune  long  before  his  death.  The  vault  was 
probably  built  by  him  in  the  height  of  prosperity,  for 
when  the  end  came  he  is  said  to  have  been  penniless. 
The  inscription  over  the  door  of  the  vault  is  as  follows : 


"Farewell,  vain  world,  I  have  enough  of  thee 
And  now  am  careless  what  thou  sayest  of  nie ; 
Thy  smiles  I  court  not  nor  thy  frowns  I  fear; 
My  cares  are  past,  my  head  lies  quiet  here. 
What  faults  you  know  in  me  take  care  to  shun 
And  look  at  home,  enough  there's  to  be  done." 


Then  follows  this  record: 


W.  W.  BAEEON.     Born  in  Elbert  Co.,  Oct.  8,  1807. 
Died  Dee.  19,  1884.     Aged  88  years. 


There  is  some  discrepancy  in  these  figures,  but  they 
have  been  copied  literally  from  the  inscription  on  the 
tomb. 

Judge  Richard  H.  Clark  has  given  us  an  excellent 
pen  picture  of  Wylly  Barron.  Says  he,  in  an  interview 
which  appeared  at  the  time  of  the  latter 's  death:  "I 
possess  no  personal  acquaintance  with  Wylly  Barron, 
but  he  w^as  often  seen  at  the  watering-places  and  in  the 
principal  cities  of  Georgia.  He  was  among  the  most 
distinguished  looking  men  in  his  prime  I  ever  saw.  Tall 
and  slender,  he  appeared  to  be  more  than  six  feet  high, 
and  carried  himself  like  a  prince.  His  hair  was  black, 
his  complexion  of  the  typical  brunette  kind,  which  sug- 
gested Spanish  or  Italian  blood.  He  dressed  elegantly, 
gave  strict  observance  to  the  minutest  details  of  fashion, 
and  adorned  himself  with  ornaments,  including  diamonds 
and  other  precious  gems.  His  whole  make-up  was  impres- 
sive— even  picturesque.  It  is  said  that  he  would  never 
perniit  minors  to  play  at  his  tables,  nor  young  men  known 


Augusta  337 

to  have  large  amounts  in  trust,  like  cashiers  and  tellers. 
Byron  writes  of  the  Corsair  as  having  one  virtue  linked 
with  a  thousand  crimes.  May  not  that  be  changed,  so 
that  a  man,  though  a  gambler,  may  have  a  thousand  vir- 
tues linked  to  one  crime.  The  best  of  human  nature  may 
be  only  lower  than  the  angels ;  and  the  worst  only  a  little 
above  the  devils;  and  between  the  two  there  is  an  in- 
finite variety." 

Dr.  James  S.  Lamar,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
theologian,  father  of  Hon.  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  oc- 
cupies a  grave  in  this  favorite  burial  ground  of  Augusta ; 
and  on  the  handsome  marble  box  which  covers  his  last 
resting  place  is  inscribed : 


In  memory  of  JAMES  S.  LAMAE.  Born  in  Gwin- 
nett Co.,  Ga.,  May  13,  ]829.  Died  in  Augusta,  Ga., 
Jan.  20,  1908.  A  student.  A  writer.  A  minister  of 
God. 


To  mention  by  name  only  some  of  the  many  other 
distinguished  Georgians  who  sleep  within  the  quiet  pre- 
cincts of  this  beautiful  city  of  the  dead,  the  list  includes : 
Congressman  George  T.  Barnes,  Judge  Wm.  T.  Gary, 
Colonel  John  D.  Twiggs,  George  R.  Sibley,  Dr.  Eugene 
Foster,  Thomas  Glascock  Barrett,  Wm.  Hale  Barrett, 
Edward  F.  Clayton,  John  Phinizy,  Dr.  Louis  D.  Ford,  Dr. 
H.  H.  Steiner,  Porter  Fleming,  Frank  H.  Miller, -Dr. 
James  Bayard  Walker,  Major  McP.  Berrien  Eve,  Cap- 
tain Francis  Edgeworith  Jones,  Foster  iE(lodgett,  Jo- 
siali  Sibley,  Amory  Sibley,  and  a  host  of  others.  Qliite 
a  number  of  Augusta's  dead  here  sleep  in  splendid  mau- 
soleums, some  beneath  towering  monuments  of  massiv^e 
stone.  Perhaps  there  are  few  cemeteries  in  which  may 
be  seen  finer  specimens  of  the  sculptor's  art. 


338 


Georgia's  Landmarks,  Mp:morials  and  Legends 


Old  Midway,  Liberty  County 

Perhaps  nowhere  in  America  can  there  l)e  found  a 
cemetery  of  equal  -area  which  is  richer  in  historic  dust 
than  the  little  burial-ground  of  the  famous  Midway  set- 
tlement. It  is  situated  on  the  old  military  road  between 
Savannah  and  Darien,  at  a  point  some  forty  miles  distant 
from  each  town.  As  a  place  of  interment  it  has  long  since 
been  abandoned.  The  little  house  of  worship,  whose 
spire  rises  above  the  tree  tops,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  road,  echoes  but  once  a  year  to  the  tread  of  human 
feet ;  and  the  section  for  miles  around  is  almost  as  desti- 
tute of  life  as  the  little  grave-yard  itself.  But  here,  at 
one  time,  centered  the  most  prosperous  rural  comnjunity 
in  Georgia.  Men  of  large  means,  who  cultivated  great 
rice  plantations,  who  accumulated  libraries,  who  built 
schools,  and  to  whom  religion  was  ever  the  chief  concern 
peopled  the  district,  and  here,  on  the  frontier  belt  of 
the  wilderness,  in  the  ordinary  intercourse  of  daily  life, 
they  displayed  a  refinement  which  was  not  to  be  sur- 
passed in  the  aristocratic  suburbs  of  London,  The  little 
burial-ground  embraces  less  than  two  acres;  but  from 
1752  to  1865  something  like  1,200  persons  died  in  the  im- 
mediate settlement,  according  to  the  churcli  records,  most 
of  whom  presumably  were  buried  here.  Within  the  sa- 
cred enclosure  rest  olie  Governor,  one  L'^nited  States 
Senator,  two  generals  of  the  Revolution,  one  commodore, 
one  scientist  of  world-wide  reputation,  one  diplomat,  and 
eleven  ministers  of  the  Gospel,  besides  an  .irmy  of  de- 
vout believers  in  the  Word  of  God.  It  was  not  until 
1813  that  the  brick  walls  enclosing  the  rncient  burial- 
ground  at  Midway  were  completed;  and,  despite  the  cen- 
tury of  time  which  has  since  elapsed,  the  masonry  is  still 
intact.  The  grave-yard  is  swept  by  magnificent  live  oaks, 
the  youngest  of  which  cannot  be  less  than  two  centuries 
old;  and  with  the  long  pendent  mosses  drooping  from 
the  gnarled  old  limbs  it  is  an  ideal  place  of  abode  for  the 
dead. 


Old  Midway 


339 


Just  to  tlie  right  of  the  narrow  gateway,  by  which 
the  cemetery  is  entered,  may  be  seen  the  family  vault  of 
United  States  Senator  John  Elliott,  a  structure  of 
brick,  well  preserved.  The  distinguished  statesman  who 
sleeps  here  died  in  1827,  at  the  age  of  fifty-four.  On  a 
marble  plate  embedded  in  the  front  wail  is  this  inscrip- 
tion : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  JOHN  ELLIOTT'S  family. 
"I  know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth  and  that  he  will 
stand  at  the  latter  day  upon  the  earth. ' ' 


Under  a  large  live  oak,  on  the  left  of  the  main  walk, 
is  the  grave  of  a  distinguished  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
for  whom  Georgia  has  named  one  of  her  counties.  The 
ornamental  slab  was  doubtless  a  work  of  art  when  first 
put  here,  but  time  has  taken  heavy  toll  of  the  once  hand- 
some memorial.  Inscribed  on  the  stone  is  the  following 
record : 


GEN.  DAiNlEL  STEWART.     Died   May  27th,   iSL'9. 
Aged  70  years. 


General  Stewart  was  an  ancestor  of  iex-President 
Roosevelt.  Crossing  over  to  the  opposite  side  of  the 
walk,  a  small  block  of  marble  will  be  found  in  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  burial  grounch  which  informs  the  vis- 
itor that  somewhere  near  this  spot  lies  buried  another 
gallant  officer  of  the  first  war  for  independence.  The  in- 
scription is  as  follows: 


This  stone  marks  the  spot  where,  beside  her  re- 
nowned brother,  GEN.  JAMES  SCREVEN,  are  de- 
posited the  remains  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Lee,  formerly 
widow  of  Rev.  Moses  Allen,  second  pastor  of  Midway 
church. 


Mrs.  Lee  died  December  12,  1843,  at  the  age  of  85. 
The  presumption  is  that  her  illustrious  brother  is  buried 


340       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

under  the  north  wall  of  the  grave-yard.  It  was  while  re- 
connoitering  in  the  neighborhood  of  Midway  Church, 
in  the  fall  of  1778,  that  General  Screven  was  fatally 
shot  from  ambush.  He  fell  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of 
where  his  ashes  today  rest.  He  died  at  the  home  of 
John  Elliott,  grandfather  of  the  United  States  Senator. 
Screven  County  in  this  State  was  named  for  this  revered 
martyr  of  the  Eevolution.  It  was  not  until  forty  years 
after  the  death  of  General  Screven  that  the  burial-ground 
was  enclosed  by  brick  walls,  a  fact  which  may  serve  to  ex- 
plain why  it  was  that  his  grave,  which  was  doubtless  un- 
marked at  the  time,  was  covered  in  this  manner.  Mrs. 
Lee  was  probably  the  only  person  who  knew  the  exact 
spot  in  which  her  brother  was  buried,  and  it  may  be  that 
she  failed  to  give  directions  in  time  for  the  boundary 
line  to  be  altered.  At  any  rate,  it  is  certain  that  General 
Screven  sleeps  somewhere  in  this  angle  of  the  grave-yard. 


Congress  has  recently  appropriated  the  sum  of  $10,- 
000  for  a  handsome  monument  to  the  two  distinguished 
soldiers  of  the  Eevolution  who  are  here  buried.  It  will 
stand  in  the  main  walk,  running  from  east  to  west, 
through  the  center  of  the  cemetery ;  and  to  the  left  of  the 
shaft  will  be  General  Stewart 's  grave — General  Screven 's 
to  the  right.  • 


Nathan  Brownson,  an  early  Governor  of  the  State,  a 
physician  and  a  planter,  is  also  numbered  among  the  il- 
lustrious dead  of  Midway;  but  if  his  grave  was  ever 
mal*ked  the  slab  has  long  since  crumbled. 


Louis  Le  Conte,  a  noted  naturalist,  who  introduced 
the  famous  Le  Conte  pear,  is  buried  here.    His  two  sons, 


Old  Midway  341 

John  and  Joseph  Le  Conte,  both  natives  of  the  Midway 
settlement,  became  world-renowned  scientists.  They 
made  the  University  of  California  famous.  They  sleep 
within  a  short  distance  of  each  other,  in  the  cemetery 
at  Oakland,  Calif. 


Marked  by  a  plain  headstone,  near  the  west  wall  of  the 
enclosure,  is  the  grave  of  a  noted  diplomat  and  lawj^er, 
Hon.  John  E.  Waed.  He  accumulated  three  handsome 
fortunes  during  his.  life-time;  but  if  the  slab  over  him 
throws  any  light  upon  his  means  at  the  time  of  his 
death— at  the  age  of  88 — he  must  have  been  in  reduced 
circumstances.    The  inscription  reads : 


JOHN  ELLIOTT  WAED.     Born  Oct.  2,  1814.     Died 
Nov.  29,  1902. 


Mr.  Ward  was  the  first  United  States  Minister  to 
China  after  the  opening  of  diplomatic  relations  with  this 
port.  On  account  of  the  demands  of  his  law  practice,  he 
refused  an  appointment  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
tendered  him  by  Governor  Cobb,  in  the  early  fifties ;  but 
accepted  the  chairmanshiiD  of  the  convention  in  Cincin- 
nati which  nominated  James  Buchanan  for  President.  He 
opposed  secession,  and  subsequent  to  the  war  removed 
to  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  became  one  of  the  fore- 
most members  of  the  great  metropolitan  bar.  Toward 
the  close  of  his  long  career  he  returned  to  Midway  to 
spend  his  last  days  amid  the  haunts  of  his  youth;  and, 
though  he  had  built  a  stately  vault  in  Laurel  Grove  at 
Savannah,  he  preferred  to  rest  in  an  humble  tomb  at 
Midway,  beside  the  bones  of  his  ancestors. 

Here  sleeps  the  revered  old  patriarch,  John  Quab- 
TERMAN,  from  whose  loins  have  sprung  twenty-two  min- 
isters of  the  Gospel — four  of  them  missionaries  on  the 
foreign  field. 


342       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Near  the  grave  of  Mr.  Ward,  in  box-covered  tombs, 
ranged  side  by  side,  sleep  the  j)arents  of  United  States 
Senator  Augustus  0.  Bacon.  Tlie  Senator's  father  was 
a  gifted  young  Baptist  minister  of  the  county,  who  died 
in  less  than  six  months  after  his  ordination.  He  was 
closely  followed  to  the  grave  by  his  youthful  wife,  the 
latter  only  21,  the  former  barely  23,  leaving  the  future 
Senator  an  orphan,  at  the  tender  age  of  two  years. 


Commodore  James  McKay  McIntosh  occupies  a  grave 
in  Midway,  the  modest  slab  over  which  bears  the  fol- 
lowing  inscription: 


HON.  JAMES  McKAY  McINTOSH,  a  distiuguishea 
officer  of  the  United  States  Navy.  Born  at  Sunbury, 
Liberty  County.,  Ga.,  Nov.  10,  1792.  Died  while  in 
command  of  the  navy  yard  at  Pensacola,  Sept.  1,  1860. 


To  the  left  of  the  main  walk,  near  the  east  wall  of 
the  enclosure,  there  stands  a  hand&ome  old  monument 
which  no  one  visiting  the  little  burial  ground  should  fail 
to  observe.  It  marks  the  grave  of  John  Lambert.  Ac- 
cording to  tradition,  he  seems  to  have  been  a  waif,  found 
under  a  bridge  on  Lambert's  Causeway,  in  South  Caro- 
lina; hence  the  name  Lambert  which  he  bore.  He  was 
reared  by  an  aged  couple,  who  gave  him  a  pair  of  chick- 
ens with  which  to  begin  life;  and  on  this  modest  founda- 
tion he  built  a  neat  fortune.  In  1838,  the  estate  which 
he  willed  to  the  church,  after  making  a  number  of  lega- 
cies, was  sold  for  $40,000,  and  the  amount  reinvested  in 
securities.  Mr.  Lambert  died  in  1786,  at  the  age  of 
seventy  years. 


One  of  the  largest  live  oaks  on  the  coast  of  Georgia 
stands  just  within  the  north  wall  of  the  grave-yard.    Jt 


Tomb  of  Senator  John  Elliott 

Burial  Place  of  Gen.  James  Screven,  indicated  by 
headstone  to  the  extreme  left 


Tomb  of  Gen.  Daniel  Stewart 

Ancestor  of  Ex-President 

Roosevelt 


HISTORIC    TOMBS    IN    THE    OLD    CHURCH-YARD    AT    MIDWAY. 


Old  Midway  343 

is  a  majestic  old  monarch  of  the  forest,  measuring  nine- 
teen feet  in  .circumference  and  covering  at  least  a  quarter 
of  an  acre  of  ground.  Several  families  of  the  Midway 
settlement  sleep  in  the  shadow  of  this  single  tree.  Close 
to  the  trunk  may  be  seen  the  tomb  of  Dr.  Abner  Porter, 
a  young  physician,  who  took  his  own  life,  on  February 
6,  1808,  by  severing  one  of  the  femoral  arteries.  Dis- 
appointment in  a  love  affair  is  said  to  have  furnished  the 
occasion  for  the  rash  act.  He  was  only  34  years  of  age 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  The  tomb  has  been  lifted 
several  inches  by  the  increasing  size  of  the  roots. 


Decidedly  the  most  unique  inscription  to  be  found 
among  the  quaint  epitaphs  in  this  ancient  burial-ground 
of  the  dead  is  the  quatrain  in  which  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Gil- 
dersleeve  has  embalmed  the  many  virtues  of  his  beloved 
spouse.  The  inscription,  chiseled  upon  the  marble  box^ 
reads  thus : 


' '  She,  who  in  Jesus,  sleeps'  beneath  this  tomb, 
Had  Eaehel  's  face  and  Leah 's   .fruitful   womb, 
Abigail's   wisdom,   Lydia 's   faithful   heart, 
And  Martha  's  care,  with  Mary  's  better  part. ' ' 


Dr.  James  Stacy,  the  historian  of  Midway  Church, 
calls  attention  in  his  book  to  some  of  the  curious  monu- 
ments in  the  cemetery,  made  of  cypress  wood,  some  of 
which  are  still  standing  in  the  ground  after  the  lapse  of 
more  than  a  century  of  time.  Says  he:  *'I  have  a  piece 
of  one  of  them  now  before  me  that  stood  in  the  ground 
from  1776  to  1889 — one  hundred  and  thirteen  years,  the 
interior  portion  being  still  hard  and  firm.  For  the  past 
fifty  years,  the  preservation  of  these  pieces  has  excited 
the  wonder  and  astonishment  of  every  one  who  visits  the 
ground." 


344       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

To  mention  by  name  only  the  several  ministers  of 
the  Gospel  who  sleep  in  the  little  cemetery,  at  Midway, 
the  list  includes:  Eev.  John  Osgood,  the  pioneer  Con- 
gregational minister,  who  came  with  the  colonists  to  the 
settlement;  Rev.  Stephen  Hoyt,  a  Congregationalist ; ; 
Rev,  Thomas  S.  Winn,  a  Baptist ;  Rev.  James  C.  Crosby, 
a  Presbyterian;  Rev.  Augustus  0.  Bacon,  a  Baptist; 
Rev.  Peter  Winn,  a  Presbyterian;  Rev.  Robert  Quar- 
terman,  a  Presl)yterian ;  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Cassels,  a  Pres- 
byterian; Rev.  Henry  J.  Stevens,  a  Baptist;  Rev.  Moses 
Way,  a  Methodist;  and  Rev.  Charles  C.  Jones,  D.  D.,  a 
Presbyterian.  The  last-named  minister  devoted  his  life 
largely  to  evangelistic  work  among  the  negroes.  He  was 
the  father  of  the  distinguished  antiquarian,  historian 
and  scholar,  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  of  Augusta. 


Old  Cemetery,  Louisville 

Though  Louisville  was  the  State  Capital  for  only  ten 
years,  there  lived  here  in  the  early  days  a  number  of 
distinguished  residents.  In  what  is  called  the  old  ceme- 
tery of  the  toAvn  is  the  grave  of  a  famous  soldier  and 
statesman,  who,  unhappily  for  his  fame,  became  identi- 
fied with  the  notorious  Yazoo  Act,  of  1795,  by  which 
Georgia,  for  a  mere  pittance,  agreed  to  cede  her  western 
lands.    The  inscription  on  the  tomb  reads : 


Here  lies  the  body  of  BRIGADIER-GEN EEAL 
JAMES  GUNN,  who  died  on  the  30th  day  of  July,  1801, 
aged  48  years,  4  months,  and  17  days. 


His  former  colleague  in  the  United  States  Senate 
and  his  bitter  political  adversary.  General  James  Jack- 
son, who  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  repeal  of  the 
obnoxious  measure,  resided  for  a  number  of  years  in 
Louisville.  The  latter  is  buried  in  the  Congressional 
Cemetery,  in  AVashington,  D.  C,  where  he  died  in  1806, 


Old   Cemetery 


345 


after  resuming  the  toga.  It  may  be  said  in  justice  to 
the  memory  of  General  Gunn  that  some  of  the  foremost 
public  men  of  the  day  were  concerned  in  the  Yazoo  land 
deals,  among  them  Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia;  Thomas 
Glascock,  of  Georgia ;  and  other  patriots  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. They  regarded  the  transaction  purely  in  the  light 
of  a  business  matter.  There  were  no  railroads  in  those 
days.  It  seemed  hardly  within  the  bounds  of  reason  to 
expect  any  expansion  of  the  State's  populated  area  to 
a  region  so  remote;  and  the  lauds  for  this  reason  were 
comparatively  worthless. 

In  the  opinion  of  Colonel  N.  J.  Hammond,  a  noted 
lawyer  and  a  former  member  of  Congress,  the  course  of 
General  Jackson  in  assailing  the  Yazoo  Act  was  in  the 
nature  of  a  play  to  the  grand  stand ;  but  in  the  light  of 
subsequent  developments  it  made  him  a  hero.*  Gen- 
eral Gunn's  death,  in  1801,  was  probably  hastened  by  the 
unpleasant  notoriety  to  which  he  was  subjected. 


Just  a  few  feet  distant  from  the  tomb  of  General 
Gunn  lie  the  mortal  remains  of  a  noted  jurist,  who,  in  ad- 
dition to  serving  Georgia  on  the  bench,  illustrated  the 
State  in  Congress.  He  was  the  first  bearer  of  a  name 
which  three  generations  of  his  family  have  enriched  with 
honor.  Inscribed  on  this  tomb  in  the  old  cemetery  is 
the  following  epitaph: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  the  HON.  EOGER  L.  GAM- 
BLE, who  died  on  the  2ath  day  of  December,  1847, 
aged  Sixty  years.  Industry,  Perseverance,  and  Integ- 
rity raised  the  deceased  from  the  humbler  walks  of  life 
to  a  position  of  eminence  and  usefulness.  He  served 
the  country  as  a  Commissioned  Officer  in  the  last  war 
with  Great  Britain,  as  a  prominent  member  of  the  Leg- 
islature of  Georgia,  as  a  Eepresentative  in  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States,  and  as  a  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  his'  native  State.  In  the  latter  years  of  his 
life  he  served  his  Maker  as  an  elder  of  the  Presbyterian 
Faith  in  the  church  militant. 


•Georgia  Driftwood,  a  paper  read  before  the  Georgia  Bar  Association  at 
Warm   Springs,   Ga.,   July   2,    1S9G,   p.    17,   pamphlet. 


346       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

New  Cemetery,  Louisville 

Underneath  a  handsome  shaft  of  Georgia  granite,  in 
the  new  cemetery  at  Louisville,  so  called  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  ancient  burial-ground  in  another  part  of 
the  town,  repose  the  remains  of  an  honored  citizen  of 
Georgia,  who  served  the  State  in  the  high  office  of  Gov- 
ernor, in  the  Senate  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  on 
the  Superior  Court  Bench.  He  was  also  a  candidate,  in 
1860,  for  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  on  the 
ticket  with  Stephen  A.  Douglass.  The  monument  rests 
upon  a  mound,  in  the  center  of  a  lot  enclosed  by  an  iron 
fence;  and  inscribed  upon  the  stone  is  the  following 
simple  record : 


EX-GOVERNOR  HERSCHEL  V. 

•JOHNSON.     Born 

in   Burke   Co.,   Ga.,   Sept.   18,    1812. 

Died   in  Jefferson 

Co.,  Ga.,  Aug.  16,  1880. 

His  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Ann  F.  Polk, 
sleeps  underneath  the  mound  beside  him.  She  was  a 
relative  of  President  James  K.  Polk,  and  a  lady  of  rare 
social  charms.  Mrs.  Johnson  was  three  years  her  hus- 
band's senior.  She  was  a  native  of  Somerset  County, 
Md.,  where  she  was  born  October  10,  1809.  Her  father 
was  the  Hon.  William  Polk,  of  Maryland;  but  she  was 
the  widow  Walker  at  the  time  of  her  marriage  to  Gov- 
ernor Johnson. 


The  grave  of  Judge  Roger  L.  Gamble,  a  noted  jurist, 
born  1829,  died  1893',  is  marked  by  a  substantial  monu- 
ment. His  father,  who  bore  the  same  name,  also  a  noted 
jurist  and  a  member  of  Congress,  sleeps  in  the  old  ceme- 
tery; while  his  son,  who  likewise  bore  the  ancestral  name, 
a  distinguished  occupant  of  the  bench,  died  in  1912.  He 
sleeps  not  far  from  his  honored  father. 


Town  Cemetery 


347 


One  of  the  most  exquisite  epitaphs  to  be  found  in 
any  burial-ground  in  the  State  is  inscribed  upon  a  hand- 
some monument  of  marble  erected  here  to  Henry  GRfiiCx- 
ORY  Wright.  He  was  a  brother  of  Major-General  Am- 
brose R.  Wright  and  an  uncle  of  Georgia's  present 
Comptroller-General,  William  A.  Wright.  There  was 
at  one  time  an  editorial  writer  on  the  staff  of  the  Au- 
gusta Chronicle  who  bore  the  same  name,  but  he  was  a 
nephew,  General  Wright's  son.    The  epitaph  reads: 


HENRY  GREGORY  WRIGHT.  Born  July  9,  1830. 
Died  May  3,  1904.  Whatever  of  human  fault  was  in 
him,  leaned  to  virtue  's  side.  His  faith  in  the  substance 
of  religion  never  faltered.  The  shadows  he  never  pur- 
sued. 


On  the  opposite  side 


Never  husband  or  father  loved  more  or  was  more 
beloved.  In  civic  virtue  he  was  of  a  chastity  that  an 
untempted  vestal  might  have  envied;  and  thus  did  he 
earn  the  right  to  be  hardly  less  proud  of  the  enemies 
he  made  than  of  the  friends  he  cherishe  I.  Successful 
in  affairs,  every  achievement  of  his  life  was  accom- 
plished in  the  lofty  spirit  of  Cato  's  noble  words : 
"  'Tis  not  in  mortals  to  command  success' 
But  we  'II  do  more,   Sempronius,   we  '11  deserve  it. ' ' 


Town  Cemetery,  Milledgeville 

For  a  period  of  sixty  years,  Milledgeville  was  the  seat 
of  government.  Dating  back  to  the  year  1807,  when  the 
State  Legislature  here  met  for  the  first  time,  this  noted 
old  town  has  been  the  permanent  home  of  some  of  Geor- 
gia's most  distinguished  citizens'.  Less  than  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  the  ancient  Gothic  structure,  on  Capitol 
hill,  in  which  the  law-making  power  of  the  State  once 
assembled — today  a  hall  of  learning  for  the  youth  of 
Georgia — lies  the  little  cemetery,  on  the  outskirts  of  the 


348       Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

town;  and  few  strangers  visit  Milledgeville  without 
taking  the  shaded  highway  of  oaks  which  leads  to  God's 
acre,  there  to  spend  a  quiet  hour,  communing  with  the 
State's  illustrious  dead  and  trying  to  decipher  some  of 
the  quaint  epitaphs  upon  the  old  tombs. 

Perhaps  the  earliest  memorial  reared  to  a  man  of  note 
is  the  monument  which  marks  the  last  resting-place  of 
General  Jett  Thomas,  for  whom  Thomas  County  in  this 
State  was  named.  It  was  originally  a  fine  specimen  of 
white  Vermont  marble,  but  the  withering  touch  of  time 
has  long  since  turned  the  handsome  column  to  a  deep  yel- 
low; so  mucli  so,  indeed,  that  the  almost  completely 
obliterated  inscription  can  hardly  be  read — 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  GEX.  JETT  THOMAS, 
who  was  born  May  IS,  in  the  year  of  onr  Lord,  1776, 
and  departed  this  life,  Jan.  26,  1817.     Aged  40  years, 

7  morths.  and  24  dars. 


General  Thomas  was  the  builder  of  the  State  Capitol 
at  Milledgeville.  He  was  given  the  rank  of  Major-Gen- 
eral  for  his  bravery  as  Caj^tain  Jett  Thomas  in  the  War 
of  1812.  Tlie  Legislature  of  Georgia  also  presented  him 
with  a  Major-General's  hat,  sword,  and  sash.  The  last 
named  article  was  worn  by  his  grandson.  Lieutenant  Jett 
Thomas  Howard,  a  gallant  Confederate  officer,  through- 
out the  entire  war,  from  1861  to  1865. 


Only  a  few  feet  removed  from  the  Thomas  lot  is  a 
weather-beaten  obelisk  under  which  repoues  the  elder 
Judge  L.  Q.  C.  Lamak,  father  of  the  renowned  jurist  and 
statesman,  who  bore  the  same  odd  name.  Though  still 
short  of  thirty-seven,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  the  dis- 
tinguished Georgian  who   sleeps  here  was   styled  "the 


Town  Cemetery 


349 


great  Judge  Lamar."    Inscribed  on  the  monument  is  the 
following  somewhat  lengthy  epitaph: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  LUCIUS  Q.  C.  LAMAR, 
late  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  Ocmulgee  cir- 
cuit, Avho  during  a  brief  service  of  five  years  discharged 
the  duties  of  that  high  office  with  probity,  firmness, 
assiduity,  and  unquestionable  reputation.  The  devoted 
love  of  his  family,  the  ardent  attachment  of  personal 
friends,  the  admiration  of  the  Bar,  and  the  universal 
approbation  of  his  enlightened  administration  of  jus- 
tice, attest  the  goodness  and  eminence  of  one  arrested 
by  death  too  early  in  the  bright  and  useful  career  in 
which  he  had  been  placed  by  his  native  State.  Born 
July  15,  1797.     Died  July  4,  1834. 


Judge  Lamar  died  the  tragic  victim  of  melancholia,  on 
a  day  celebrated  with  rejoicing  as  the  anniversary  of  the 
nation's  birth.  His  illustrious  son  is  said  also  to  have 
contemplated  self-destruction,  when  depressed  in  spirit 
by  conditions  which  followed  the  close  of  the  Civil  War ; 
but  a  calmer  mood  at  length  prevailed,  and  he  lived  to 
become  a  United  States  Senator,  a  member  of  President 
Cleveland's  first  Cabinet,  and  finally  an  occupant  of  the 
Supreme  Bench  of  the  nation.  This  statement  is  made  on 
the  authority  of  the  latter 's  son-in-law,  Dr.  Edward 
Mayes,  former  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi.* 


Marked  by  a  handsome  monument  in  this  same  part 
of  the  cemetery  is  the  grave  of  Dr.  Tomlinson  Fort,  a 
distinguished  physician  and  former  member  of  Congress. 


Underneath  a  (ime-worn  box  of  marble,  in  a  lot  not 
far  removed  from  Dr.  Tomlinson 's  sleeps  a  Governor  of 
the   State  whose    administration    was  tossed    upon    a 


♦Lucius    Q.    C.    Lamar:    His    Life,    Times   and    Speeches,    1825-1893,    by 
Edward  Mayes,  LL.  D.,   rp.    1661G8,  Nashville,   1896. 


350       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

troubled  sea.  But  he  acquitted  himself  with  credit  in 
this  high  office,  and  toward  the  close  of  his  second  term 
voluntarily  relinquished  the  public  service.  Mitchell 
Count}"  was  named  in  his  honor;  also  Fort  Mitchell,  a 
stronghold  erected  during  the  Indian  wars,  on  the  Ala- 
bama side  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  near  Columbus. 
Inscribed  on  the  marble  box  is  the  following'  record : 


In  memory  of  DAVID  BRYDIE  MITCHELL.  Sen- 
ator from  the  County  of  Baldwin  and  former  Governor 
of  Georgia.  Born  near  Nuthil,  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
22nd  Oct.  1766.  Died  in  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  22nd  April, 
1837.  Tliis  stone  is  erected  by  vote  of  the  Legislature 
of  Georgia. 


Seaton  Gteantland,  a  noted  editor  and  a  former  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  grandfather  of  the  late  Fleming  G. 
DuBiGNON,  sleeps  under  a  massive  structure  of  stone,  on 
which  the  following  brief  record  is  inscribed: 


SEATON   GRANTLAND.     Born   in  New   Kent   Co.,  . 
Va.,  June  8th,  1782.     Died  at  Woodville,  Ga.,  Oct.  18th, 
1864.     "Mark  the  perfect  man  and  behold  the  upright, 
for  the  end  of  that  man  is  peace."     Psalms  37:  37. 


Near  the  Grantland  lot,  in  a  box-covered  tomb,  repose 
the  ashes  of  a  victim  who  came  to  his  death  in  a  singular 
manner.  The  inscription  on  the  discolored  marlDle  top 
reads : 


To  the  memory  of  JAMES  D.  ALLMAN,  who  died 
on  the  16th  of  July,  1845,  from  the  accidental  dis- 
charge of  a  cannon  at  the  funeral  obsequies  of  General 
Jackson.  Honest,  mirthful,  and  beloved,  he  acquired 
the  title  of  Crockett.     It  lives  with  his  memory. 


Town  Cemetery 


351 


Underneath  a  massive  granite  headstone,  handsomely 
sculptured,  lie  the  mortal  remains  of  a  gallant  officer  who 
perished  on  the  field  of  battle ;  but  who  attained  while  still 
a  mere  j^outh  the  stars  of  a  Brigadier-General.  Inscribed 
on  the  handsome  block  of  granite  is  the  following  epitaph  : 


Erected  by  his  old  comrades  of  the  4th  regiment  of 
Georgia  Volunteers,  A.  N.  V.,  in  honor  of  BRIGADIER- 
GENERAL  GEORGE  DOLES,  killed  in  battle,  at  Cold 
Harbor,  Va.,  June  2,  1864,  Crowned  with  early  fade- 
less laurels,  he  lies  sleeping  upon  this  sacred  spot  where 
love  is  keeping  his  honored  dust. 


One  of  the  costliest  memorials  in  the  cemetery  marks 
the  last  resting-place  of  Leonidas  Jordan,  a  wealthy  ante- 
bellum planter  and  man  of  affairs.  Another  elegant  shaft 
of  marble  adorns  the  grave  of  Zachariah  Lamar,  a  dis- 
tinguished former  resident  of  Milledgeville,  the  father- 
in-law  of  Governor  Howell  Cobb.  The  list  of  noted  dead 
who  sleep  here  includes  also  Judge  Thomas  P.  Carnes, 
an  eminent  jurist  for  whom  the  town  of  Carnesville  was 
named;  Judge  Iverson  L.  Harris,  a  former  occupant  of 
the  Supreme  Court  Bench ;  Brigadier-General  Bryan  M. 
Thomas,  a  distinguished  Confederate  officer;  Hon. 
Nathan  C.  Barnett,  Georgia's  secretary  of  State  for 
nearly  forty  years;  Richard  McAllister  Orme,  one  of 
Georgia's  pioneer  editors,  who,  with  Seaton  Grantland, 
founded  the  famous  Southern  Recorder,  and  who  re- 
mained for  years  at  the  editorial  helm;  Augustus  H. 
Kenan,  a  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress  and  a 
noted  lawyer;  Lieutenant-Colonel  John  M.  Brown, 
who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Atlanta,  a  brother  of  Georgia's 
war  Governor ;  Dr.  J.  Harris  Chappell,  the  first  president 
of  the  Georgia  Normal  and  Industrial  College;  Judge 
Daniel  B.  Sanford,  a  distinguished  jurist  «nd  soldier, 
long  the  ordinary  of  Baldwin  County,  in  whose  honor  the 


352       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

local  camp  of  Sons  of  Confederate  Veterans  was  named; 
and  a  host  of  others,  including  members  of  the  General 
Assembly  who  died  while  serving  the  State  at  Milledge- 
ville,  and  to  whom  the  State  erected  substantial  monu- 
ments. 


Rest  Haven,  Washington 

Within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  gate,  beneath  a  massive 
monument  of  white  marble,  perhaps  the  loftiest  shaft  in 
this  beautiful  city  of  the  dead,  sleeps  the  great  Mirabeau 
of  Secession :  Robert  Toombs.  There  is  nothing  in  the 
way  of  an  epitaph  upon  the  monument,  but  at  the  base  of 
the  column,  in  large  Roman  letters,  is  chiseled  a  name 
forever  radiant  in  the  annals  of  Georgia : 


TOOMBS 


On  the  left  side  of  the  monument  appears  this  inscrip- 
tion: 


ROBERT  TOOMBS.     July  2,  1810.     Dee.  15,  1885. 


Beside  him  sleeps  his  beloved  companion  to  whom, 
amid  the  turmoils  of  public  life,  he  once  wrote :  ' '  I  begin 
to  be  more  anxious  to  see  you  than  to  save  the  republic. 
The  old  Roman  Anthony  threw  away  an  empire  rather 
than  abandon  Cleopatra,  and  the  world  called  him  an 
idiot;  but  I  begin  to  think  he  was  the  wiser  man  and  the 
world  was  well  lost  for  love." 


Just  off  the  main  driveway,  not  far  from  the  Toombs 
lot,  sleeps  a  pioneer  resident  of  Washington,  distinguish- 
ed for  frequent  commissions  with  which  he  was  entrusted 
to  negotiate  with  the  Cherokee  and  Greek  Indians  and  for 
his  early  chamxnonship  of  the  cause  of  female  education : 


Rest  Haven 


353 


Duncan  G.  Campbell,  One  of  the  counties  of  Georgia 
bears  liis  name;  and,  in  after  years,  his  son,  Judge  John 
A.  Campbell,  occupied  a  seat  on  the  Supreme  Bench  of 
the  United  States.  Col.  Campbell  died  while  still  com- 
paratively a  young  man.  lie  was  first  buried  on  his 
plantation,  near  Washington,  but  his  body  was  after- 
w^ards  taken  up  and  reinterred  in  Rest  Haven.  On  a  hori- 
zontal grave 'Cover,  resting  upon  a  brick  foundation,  in 
the  center  of  the  lot,  is  inscribed  the  following  epitaph : 


To  the  memory  of  COL.  DUNCAN  G.  CAMPBELL, 
who  died  .July  31,  1826.  Aged  41.  His  talents  were 
given  to  his  country,  his  property  to  his  friends,  his 
affections  to  his  family,  and  his  soul  to  God.  Eespeeted, 
beloved,  and  lamented,  he  lived  and  died  an  honest  man, 
a  true  Patriot  and  a  sincere  Christian. 


Judge  Garnett  Andrews,  who  presided  for  years  on 
the  Bench  of  the  Northern  Circuit  and  w^ho  wrote  a  de- 
lightful little  book  entitled  ''Reminiscences  of  an  Old- 
time  Georgia  Lawyer,"  a  work  of  rare  value,  which 
throws  some  important  side-lights  upon  the  early  history 
of  this  State,  is  buried  in  Rest  Haven.  The  substantial 
monument  which  marks  his  last  resting  place  is  inscribed 
as  follows : 


GARNETT  ANDREWS.  Born  Oct.  30,  1798.  Died, 
August  13,  1873.  Judge  of  the  Superior  Courts  of  the 
Northern  Circuit  of  Georgia  24  years. 


Besides  the  above  mentioned  Georgians,  the  list  of 
distinguished  dead  buried  in  this  cemetery  includes:  Gen. 
Dudley  Dubose,  formerly  a  Confederate  Brigade  Com- 
mander and  a  member  of  Congress,  who  married  a  daugh- 


354       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ter  of  General  Toombs ;  Dr.  Morgan  Callaway,  for  years 
a  professor  of  English  at  Emory  College;  Dr.  Marshall 
Andrews,  a  beloved  physician  of  the  town,  whose  monu- 
ment was  erected  by  the  people  of  Wilkes;  Eliza  A. 
BowEN^  a  noted  educator  and  historian ;  Nicholas  Wiley, 
a  pioneer  citizen  of  large  means;  Father  James  O'Brien, 
founder  of  the  Orphans  Home  for  Catholic  Children;  and 
scores  of  others,  including  the  Popes,  the  Hills,  the  Alex- 
anders, the  Simpsons,  and  the  Winns. 


Smyrna  Church- Yard,  Eight  Miles  From  Washington 

Eight  miles  from  Washington,  on  the  old  Lincolnton 
Eoad,  stands  Smyrna  Church,  in  the  rear  of  which  there 
is  an  old  burial-ground  of  rare  historic  interest.  It  con- 
tains some  of  the  most  precious  dust  of  "this  State, 
reaching  back  to  Eevolutionary  times,  and  there  is  hardly 
an  equivalent  area  of  ground  north  of  St.  Paul's  Church, 
in  Augusta,  in  which  so  many  splendid  old  pioneers  sleep. 
Smyrna  Church  was  organized  by  the  Presbyterians  early 
in  the  last  century;  but  with  the  decreasing  numbers  of 
this  denomination  it  eventually  became  the  joroperty  of 
the  Baptists. 

Here,  in  an  unmarked  grave,  lies  John  Talbot,  per- 
haps the  most  extensive  owner  of  wild  lands  in  the  State 
of  Georgia.  The  land  for  the  church,  including  a  tract 
of  five  acres,  was  donated  by  this  wealthy  pioneer.  On 
the  eve  of  the  Eevolution,  he  acquired  in  this  region  of 
the  State,  a  tract  of  land,  embracing  50,000  acres.  He 
came  originally  from  Virginia,  and  was  a  scion  of  the 
aristocratic  old  Talbot  familv  of  England. 


His  son,  Matthew  Talbot,  became  an  honored  chief 
executive  of  this  State.    There  is  a  well-preserved  monu- 


Smyrna  Cpiurch-Yard 


355 


ment  over  the  grave  of  Governor  Talbot  on  wliicli  tlie 
following  epitaph  is  inscribed : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  MATTHEW  TALBOT, 
who  was  born  July  24,  1795,  and  died  March  14,  1855. 
Aged  59  years,  7  months,  and  10  days. 


Near  by  sleeps  Thomas  Talbot,  an  elder  brother.  The 
inscription  upon    his  tombstone  reads: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  THOMAS   TALBOT,  who 
died  Sept.  1,   1853.     Aged  86  years. 


Two  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  lie  here  buried :  Col. 
David  Ckeswell,  an  officer  on  Gen.  Greene's  staff,  and 
Ma.jor  Francis  Triplett,  of  Virginia.  The  former  mar- 
liied  John  Talbo;t's  daughter,  Phoebe;  ithe  latter  his 
daughter,  Mary  Williston.  Col.  Wm.  Jones,  an  officer  of 
the  War  of  1812,  is  also  buried  at  Smyrna.  He  married 
Elizabeth  Conway  Talbot,  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Talbot. 
Samuel  Baenett,  cashier  of  the  old  branch  bank  of  the 
State  of  Georgia  sleeps  in  Smyrna  church-yard  under  a 
handsome  monument.  There  is  also  an  ancient  headstone 
which  marks  the  grave  of  an  early  Congressman.  It 
bears  the  following  inscription: 


WILLIAM  BAENETT    departed   this  life   Oct.    25, 
1834.     Aged  86  years  and  11  months. 


356       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Presbyterian  Cemetery,  Lexington 

In  the  Presbyterian  Cemetery,  at  Lexington,  occupy- 
ing the  center  of  a  square  enclosed  by  a  heavy  iron  fence, 
on  the  gateway  to  which  is  marked  ''Gihiier,"  stands  a 
shaft  of  Italian  marble,  some  ten  feet  in  height.  It  rests 
upon  a  horizontal  slab  of  granite,  which  covers  completely 
the  grave  beneath,  and  the  only  inscription  upon  the 
monument  is  the  one  which  follows,  giving  the  name  of 
the  great  statesman  who  here  slumbers,  together  with 
the  dates  which  tell  when  his  career  began  and  ended : 


George  R.  Gilmer.    Born  April  the  11th,  A.  D.,  1790. 
Died  November  the  16th,  A.  D.,  1859. 


On  either  side  of  the  monument  there  are  two  hand- 
some marble  urns.  To  the  right  of  the  Grovernor's  grave 
sleeps  a  kinsman,  whose  last  resting-place  is  covered  by  a 
box  of  marble;  while  to  the  left  there  is  a  vacant  space 
which  was  intended  for  Mrs.  Gilmer,  but  the  Governor's 
devoted  wife  survived  him  by  a  number  of  years,  and, 
dying  while  on  a  visit  to  relatives  in  Virginia,  was 
buried  near  the  home  of  her  childhood.  Shrubs  and  ever- 
greens adorn  the  section,  bespeaking  the  tender  care 
which  she  bestowed  upon  it  in  by-gone  days. 


Several  yards  in  front  of  the  Gilmer  lot,  is  another 
square  enclosed  in  like  manner,  on  the  gateway  to  which 
is  marked  ''Upson";  and  the  handsome  shaft  of  Italian 
marble  contains  the  following  simple  but  sufficient  in- 
scription : 


Stephen   Upson.      Died    August,    1824.      In   his    40th 


year. 


There  is  a  modesty  refreshing  to  the  reader  in  both  of 
these  epitaphs,  neither  of  which  in  the  slightest  degree 


Town  Cemetery 


357 


hints  of  the  jDart  which  the  illustrious  dead  played  in  the 
drama  of  events ;  but  when  the  muse  of  history  is  eloquent 
the  marble  needs  no  lengthened  scroll.  .  The  Upson  lot  is 
beautified  by  a  number  of  rose  bushes,  which,  throughout 
the  summer  months,  burden  the  air  with  perfume ;  but  in 
the  annals  of  his  adopted  State  the  name  of  this  lamented 
Georgian  is  not  less  fragrant.  For  dying  at  the  early  age 
of  forty,  without  official  jirestige,  there  was  enough  to 
his  credit  in  the  way  of  solid  achievement  to  justify  the 
creation  of  a  county  in  his  honor. 


Two  unmarked  graves  in  the  Presbyterian  Cemetery 
at  Lexington  contain  the  ashes  of  noted  men.  One  of 
these  is  Carlisle  McKinley,  a  gifted  poet,  without  a 
reference  to  whom  no  anthology  of  Southern  literature  is 
complete.  The  other  is  the  Rev.  John  Newton,  who 
founded  the  oldest  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Synod  of 
Georgia  and  whose  unmarked  grave  at  Lexington  is  a 
reproach  to  the  great  denomination  for  whose  subsequent 
growth  and  power  in  Georgia  he  laid  the  foundations  in 
pioneer  days. 


Town  Cemetery,  Greensboro 

In  the  center  of  the  beautiful  cemetery  at  Greens- 
boro, there  is  a  horizontal  tablet  of  marble,  on  which 
the  following  epitaph  is  inscribed: 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  the  Honorable  Tliomas  W. 
Cobb,  who  departed  this  life  on  Monday,  February  1. 
1830,  in  the  46th  year  of  his  age.  He  had  been  at 
successive  periods  a  Eepresentative  and  Senator  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  and  was  at  the  time  of 
death  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Courts  of  the  State  of 
Georgia.  In  his  domestic  circle,  he  was  fond  and  affec- 
tionate; as  a  friend,  honorable  and  sincere;  as  a  states- 
man, independent  and  inflexible;  as  a  judge,  pure  and 
incorruptible ;  amiable  in  private  and  useful  in  public 
life.  ' '  An  honest  man  's  the  noblest  work  of  God. ' ' 


358       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Not  far  distant  from  the  grave  of  Judge  Cobb,  there 
stands  an  obelisk  of  white  marble,  which,  notwithstand- 
ing the  lapse  of  more  than  fifty  years,  is  exceedingly  well 
preserved.  It  marks  the  last  resting-place  of  another 
eminent  Georgian.  The  inscription  on  this  monument  is 
as  follows : 


(West) 
William  C.  Dawson  was  born  on  the  4th  day  of  Jan- 
uary, 1798,  and  died  on  the  6th  day  of  May,  1856.    Bred 
to  the  Bar,  he  entered  upon  his  profession  in  1818  and 
prosecuted  it   successfully  until  his  death. 

(South) 

In  1830,  by  order  of  the  General  Assembly,  he  com-' 
piled  the  Statutes  of  Georgia.  In  1845,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  to  fill  a  vacancy  on  the  bench 
of  the  Ocmulgee  Circuit,  declining  a  candidacy,  at  the 
expiration  of  his  term.  He  represented  his  native 
county  of  Greene  in  the  Legislature  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  the  State  of  Georgia  in  the  representative 
branch  of  Congress,  from  December  1836,  to  November 
1841.  In  November,  1847,  he  Vv-as  elected  a  Senator 
from  Georgia  in  the  Congress  of  the  Union  and  dis- 
chai;ged  the  duties  of  the  place  for  the  constitutional 
term  of  six  years. 

(East) 

He  was  an  able  jurist,  an  eloquent  advocate,  and  an 
upright  judge.  Cautious,  practical,  and  independent, 
he  commanded  confidence  by  frankness  of  his  manners, 
purity  of  his  motives,  and  candor  of  his  counsel. 

(North) 
The  State  of  Georgia  honors  his  memory  for  his  fi- 
delity to  her  numerous  trusts,  his  neighbors  cherish  it 
because  he  was  kind  and  liberal  to  them,  his  family  re- 
vere it  because  as  husband,  parent,  and  master,  he  was 
affectionate,  considerate,  gentle,  and  true. 


The  wife  of  Judge  Dawson  sleeps  beside  him.  Her 
grave  is  marked  by  a  monument  somewhat  similar  in 
design. 


Underneath   a  massive  monument  of  white  marble, 
sleeps    a   renowned   jurist    of   the    ante-bellum   period: 


Town  Cemetery 


359 


Judge  Fkancis  H.  Cone.  In  1844,  Judge  Cone  became 
involved  in  a  personal  difficulty  with  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  on  the  steps  of  the  old  Thompson  Hotel  in 
Atlanta,  the  sensational  character  of  which  has  somewhat 
overshadowed  his  prestige  at  the  Bar  and  on  the  Bench, 
but  the  fact  remains  that  he  was  one  of  the  ablest  jurists 
of  his  day  in  Georgia.  On  each  side  of  the  monument, 
there  is  a  carefully-worded  inscription,  dealing  with  some 
])articular  phase  of  his  career.  These,  taken  separately, 
read  as  follows : 


(Front) 

Our  Father.  lu  memory  of  HON.  FRANCIS  H. 
CONE,  who  was  boru  on  the  5th  of  September,  1797, 
and  died  on  the  18th  of  May,  1859.  Erected  by  his 
children. 

(Side) 

A  lawyer,  able,  acute,  diligent,  learned,  he  attained 
confessedly  to  the  front  rank  of  his  profession,  with 
no  superior,  if  any  equals.  A  judge  at  that  time,  upon 
the  highest  judicial  Bench  of  the  State,  he  inaugurated 
numerous  practical  reforms,  approved  and  followed  to 
this  day  and,  though  no  reporter  preserved  his  decisions. 
Tradition  at  the  Bar  will  long  retain  the  memory  of  his 
administration. 

(Rear) 

He  sought  not  political  honors  and  sat  but  once  in 
the  Legislative  Halls  of  his  adopted  State.  Yet  this 
brief  term  as  a  Legislator  was  improved  by  the  prepa- 
ration and  adoption  of  such  various  and  important  re- 
forms in  the  Law  that  they  alone  would  entitle  him  to 
the  grateful  remembrance  of  the  people  he  served. 

(Side) 
In  domestic  and  social  life,  he  was  most  happy  and 
beloved :  an  indulgent  father,  a  merciful  master,  a  loyal 
friend,  and  a  genial  companion.  By  his  ready  wit,  by 
his  flowing  conversation,  by  his  universal  charity  and 
his  kind  disposition,  he  enchained  the  attention,  claimed 
the  admiration,  and  won  the  affections  of  all  who  knew 
him. 


360       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Almost  within  the  shadow  of  the  Cone  monument,  rest 
the  mortal  ashes  of  a  noted  pioneer  educator  and  minister 
of  the  gospel,  Dr.  Francis  Cummins,  whose  memory  still 
abides  in  upper  Georgia  like  a  fragrant  incense.  He  was 
the  first  Presbyterian  minister  to  preach  in  Greene 
County.  On  the  horizontal  slab  which  covers  the  grave 
of  this  devout  pioneer  is  inscribed  the  following  epitaph: 


THE  EEV.  FRANCIS  CUMMINS,  D.  D.  Died,  Feb. 
22,  1852,  in  the  85th  year  of  his  age  and  the  53rd  of 
his  ministry,  fully  assured  there  remaineth  a  rest  to 
the  people  of  God. 


His  widow,  Sarah  Cummins,  who  attained  to  the  same 
ripe  age,  is  buried  with  her  husband,  in  the  same  tomb. 


The  famous  schism  of  1844,  in  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  of  the  United  States,  was  due  to  the  fact  that 
when  Bishop  James  0.  Andrew  married  his  second  wife, 
a  much  beloved  lady  of  Greensboro,  he  became  the  owner 
of  slave  property,  with  which  he  refused  to  part.  Mrs. 
Andrew,  the  innocent  cause  of  this  upheaval,  the  result 
of  which  was  the  formation  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  sleeps  in  this  burial  ground.  Her  grave 
is  marked  by  a  neat  monument  inscribed  as  follows : 


In  memory  of  ANN  LEONORA,  wife  of  EEV. 
BISHOP  ANDREW.  Born,  July  26,  1801.  Died  at 
Oxford,  June  10,  1854.  As  a  wife,  mother,  step-mother, 
and  mistress,  she  had  no  superior.  As  a  Christian,  dil- 
igent, humble,  and  conscientious.  A  bereaved  husband 
and  sorrowing  children  have  inscribed  this  frail  testi- 
monial to  her  memory. 


Judge  Henry  T.  Lewis,  a  distinguished  jurist,  who 
served  his  State  on  the  Supreme  Court  Bench,  is  buried 
here.    In  the  famous  Chicago  Convention,  of  1896,  Judge 


Town  Cemetery  361 

Lewis,  as  the  chosen  spokesman  of  the  G-eorgia  delega- 
tion, placed  "V^ulliam  J.  Bryan  in  nomination.  On  the 
handsome  granite  headstone  is  lettered  the  following 
epitaph : 


HENRY  THOMAS  LEWIS.  1847-1903.  Associate 
Justice,  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia,  1897-1902.  A  faith- 
ful and  able  advocate.  A  learned  and  upright  judge. 
AVithal  a  kindly  gentleman  and  a  true  friend. 


For  years,  with  each  successive  session  of  the  State 
Legislature,  Hon.  Thomas  Stocks,  of  Greensboro,  was 
chosen  to  preside  over  the  deliberations  of  the  State 
Senate  of  Georgia.  He  was  a  power  in  public  affairs,  a 
zealous  advocate  of  internal  improvements,  and  one  of 
the  founders  of  Mercer  University,  to  which  he  contribu- 
ted largely  of  his  means.  On  the  neat  monument  which 
marks  the  grave  of  this  pioneer  citizen  of  Greensboro  is 
chiseled  an  open  Bible,  underneath  which  the  following 
epitaph  is  inscribed : 


THOMAS  STOCKS.  Born,  Feb.  1,  1786.  United 
with  the  Baptist  Church,  1828.  Died,  Oct.  6,  1876.  "He 
was  a  good  man,  full  of  the  Holy  Ghost  and  of  faith. ' ' 
Acts,  11:   24. 


Near  the  tomb  of  Senator  Cobb,  there  stands  an 
obelisk,  yellow  with  time,  which  marks  the  last  resting 
place  of  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution:  Jeremiah  Sanford, 
The  inscription  on  the  monument  reads : 


.TEREMIAH  SANFORD.  Born  in  Virginia,  Nov.  4, 
1739.  Died,  August  li,  1825.  He  was  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  a  friend  of  Washington,  and  an  honest 
man. 


362       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
Oconee  Cemetery,  Athens 

For  more  than  forty  years,  the  little  cemetery  on 
Jackson  street,  facing  the  University  campus,  was  the 
sole  burial  ground  of  the  town  of  Athens.  Here  rest  Dr. 
Moses  Waddell,  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  presidents 
of  Franklin  College;  Rev.  Hope  Hull,  one  of  the  ear- 
liest of  the  local  pioneers,  and  a  host  of  others.  In 
justice  to  these  men,  who  blazed  the  way  for  the  future 
town  and  who  laid  the  foundations  of  the  University, 
whose  names — some  of  them  at  least — are  household 
words  in  Georgia,  it  is  deeply  to  be  regretted  that  the 
little  cemetery  has  been  permitted  of  late  years,  to  be- 
come a  thicket  of  weeds.  The  present  beautiful  burial 
ground  of  the  city  of  Athens  is  most  charmingly  situated 
upon  the  banks  of  the  Oconee  River,  on  the  extreme  out- 
skirts of  the  town.  It  comprises  an  extensive  area  of 
land;  but  when  first  opened  in  1856  it  embraced  little 
more  than  twenty-five  acres.  To  quote  Mr.  A.  L.  Hull, 
in  his  '^Annals  of  Athens,"  it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  spots,  *' adorned  by  nature  with  forest  trees,  with  vines' 
covering  hillsides,  clinging  to  rocks  and  climbing  the 
sombre  pines,  while  at  the  foot  of  the  hills  the  Oconee 
murmurs  between  banks  redolent  with  honey-suckles  and 
jessamines."  Here  a  host  of  Georgia's  distinguished 
men  lie  buried. 

On  the  highest  knoll  in  the  cemetery  sleeps  Governor 
Wilson  Lumpkin.  Except  for  a  circular  area  of  ground, 
somewhere  near  the  center  of  which  he  is  supposed  to 
rest,  there  is  nothing  whatever  to  mark  the  grave  of  this 
illustrious  Georgian.  He  served  the  State  in  the  high 
office  of  Governor,  in  the  popular  branch  of  Congress,  and 
in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  was  also  one  of  the  pio- 
neers of  railway  development  in  Georgia,  and  the  present 
capital  of  the  State  was  at  one  time  called  Marthasville  in 
compliment  to  his  daughter.  Moreover,  in  honor  of  the 
old  Governor  himself  one  of  the  counties  of  the  State 
was  called  Lumpkin.    Much  of  the  land  embraced  in  the 


Oconee  Cemetery  363 

present  cemetery  belonged  at  one  time  to  liis  extensive 
plantation ;  and  lie  sleeps  today  in  sight  of  his  old  home 
place,  Cedar  Hill,  where  he  resided  for  more  than  half  a 
century.  It  seems  like  the  irony  of  fate  that  he  should 
fill  an  unmarked  grave  amid  such  surroundings.  But 
after  all  could  there  be  reared  to  him  a  memorial  more 
appropriate  than  the  verdant  mausoleum  in  which  he 
sleeps,  where  every  leaf  and  twig  and  blade  of  grass 
recalls  the  epitaph  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren: 

"If  yoii  seek  his  monument,  look  around  you." 


Under  a  magnificent  shaft  of  granite  repose  the  mor- 
tal ashes  of  General  Howell  Cobb,  one  of  Georgia's  most 
distinguished  sons.  His  long  list  of  public  honors  includ- 
ed the  Speakership  of  the  national  House  of  Representa- 
tives, the  treasury  portfolio  in  Mr.  Buchanan's  cabinet, 
the  high  office  of  Governor  of  the  State,  and  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Provisional  Congress  of  the  Confederate 
States  of  America.  He  was  also  a  Confederate  Major- 
General.  On  the  west  side  of  the  handsome  monument  is 
inscribed : 


HOWELL  COBB,  son  of  John  Addison  Cobb  and  his 
wife  Sarah  Eootes  Cobb.  Born,  Cherry  Hill,  Jefferson 
Co.,  Ga.,  Sept.  7,  1815.  Died,  New  York  City,  Oct.  9, 
1868. 


On  the  south  side 


Eepresentative  from  Georgia  in  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  1843-1851,  1856-1857.  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Eepresentatives,  31st  Congress.  Governor  of 
the  State  of  Georgia,  1857-1860.  President  of  the  Pro- 
visional Congress  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America. 
Colonel  16th  Eegiment  Georgia  Volunteers,  C.  S.  A. 
Brigadier-General,  C.  S.  A.     Major-General,  C.  S.  A. 


364       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Beside  him  sleeps  his  beloved  wife,  Mary  Ann  Lamar 
Cobb;  and  in  the  same  area  lie  buried  Judge  Howell 
Cobb,  his  son  and  Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb,  his  grandson.  The 
latter  was  a  young  lawyer  of  the  most  brilliant  promise, 
whose  early  death  was  a  bereavement  to  the  State.  He 
was  handsome,  magnetic,  and  gifted. 


In  another  part  of  the  cemetery,  on  a  large  square  lot, 
enclosed  by  an  iron  fence,  stands  a  superb  monument  of 
marble.  It  marks  the  last  resting  place  of  one  of  Geor^ 
gia's  purest  and  greatest  men— General  Thomas  B.  R. 
Cobb,  a  brother  of  the  distinguished  Governor.  It  was 
due  chiefly  to  the  eloquent  appeals  of  this  one  man  that 
Georgia  in  1861,  adopted  the  ordinance  of  secession. 
Until  this  time  he  had  never  held  a  political  office  or  made 
a  political  speech.  His  zeal  in  the  cause  of  Southern  inde- 
pendence, coupled  with  his  deep  religious  nature,  caused 
him  to  be  likened  to  Peter  the  Hermit.  He  was  the 
author  of  Cobb  on  Slavery,  a  masterpiece  of  legal  litera- 
ture, compile.d  before  he  was  thirty-six.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  pioneers  of  the  public  school  system  in  Georgia, 
and  the  founder  of  Lucy  Cobb  Institute.  At  the  out 
break  of  the  war,  he  organized  and  commanded  Cobb's 
famous  legion.  He  was  killed  by  a  shell  at  the  battle  of 
Fredericksburg ;  and  his  death  was  the  occasion  of  a  letter 
from  General  Lee,  addressed  to  his  brother,  paying  the 
highest  tribute  to  his  character  as  a  soldier.  Inscribed 
on  the  monument  is  the  following  brief  record,  in  a  list  of 
the  Cobb  family  names : 


THOMAS  R.  R.  COBB.     Born,  April  IG,  1823.     Died, 
Dec.   13,   1862,  at  Frederieksbur.^,   Va. 


Captain  Henry  Jackson,  a  distinguished  member  of 
the  Georgia  bar,  with  his  sons,  Davenport,  Thomas  Cobb, 
and  Henry  R.  also  slee^j  here;  while  in  the  same  lot  are 


Oconee  Cemetery  365 

buried  Dr.  John  Gerdine,  a  beloved  physician  of  Athens ; 
Prof.  W.  W.  Lumpkin,  a  son  of  the  Chief  Justice  and  a 
former  professor  of  Belle  Lettres  in  the  University  of 
Georgia ;  Mr.  A.  L.  Hull,  for  years  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Board  of  Trustees ;  besides  other  members  of 
the  same  family  connection. 


In  the  lot  adjacent  sleeps  Colonel  John  Addison 
Cobb,  one  of  the  pioneer  citizens  of  Athens,  for  whom 
the  beautiful  residence  section  known  as  Cobbham 
was  named.  He  was  the  father  of  the  two  illustrious 
Confederate  generals.  The  inscription  on  the  handsome 
slab  which  marks  his  grave  is  as  follows : 


COLONEL  .JOHN  ADDISON  COBB.  Born  5th  Jan., 
1783.  Died  23rd  Nov.,  1855.  An  affectionate  husband, 
a  kind,  fond  parent,  a  public  spirited  citizen,  a  friend 
to  the  friendless,  a  consistent  Christian,  he  lived.  Wept 
by  his  family,  mourned  by  his  friends,  respected  by  all, 
without  an  enemy,  in  the  triumph  of  faith,  he  died. 


Colonel  William  H.  Jackson,  who  married  Mildred 
Lewis,  a  sister  of  Colonel  John  Addison  Cobb,  is  buried 
in  this  same  lot.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  graduating 
class  of  the  State  University  and  a  son  of  the  famous 
Governor  James  Jackson,  of  Savannah.  The  brief  in- 
scription on  his  tomb  reads : 


colonel   WILLIAM    H.   JACKSON.      Born   June 
3,  1786.     Died  Aug.  8,  1875. 


This  distinguished  Georgian  died  at  the  age  of  ninety. 
He  served  in  the  State  Senate  of  Georgia  and  was  for 
years  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  his  alma 
mater.  Colonel  Jackson  was  an  eccentric  old  man  and 
some  time  prior  to  his  death  he  formally  executed  a  deed 
of  gift  conveying  to  an  old  shade  tree  the  area  of  ground 


366       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

wliicir  lies  immediately  around  it.  This  tree — perhaps 
the  only  freeholder  of  the  kind  in  existence— is  still 
standing  in  Athens,  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing. 


Pkof.  Williams  Eutherfoed,  who  married  Laura,  a 
daughter  of  Colonel  John  Addison  Cobb,  is  buried  in  this 
same  enclosure,  beside  his  wife.  Here  too  sleeps  his  son, 
John  C.  Eutherfoed,  a  distinguished  lawyer  of  Macon. 
Prof.  Eutherford  occupied  for  thirty-three  years  the 
chair  of  mathematics  in  the  State  University,  his  alma 
mater.  His  father  was  a  classmate  of  Colonel  Wm.  H. 
Jackson,  in  the  first  class  to  graduate  from  old  Franklin 
College.  His  daughter,  Mildeed  Lewis,  is  the  noted 
educator  and  historian. 


Under  a  horizontal  block  of  granite,  in  a  corner  of  the 
Cobb  lot,  sleeps  a  gallant  Georgian  who  perished  on  the 
field  of  battle.    The  inscription  on  the  tomb  reads : 


LIEUTENANT-COLONEL  JEFFERSON  MIEA- 
BEAU  LAMAE,  son  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar  and  Sarah  Byrd. 
Born  in  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  Jan.  3,  1835.  Died  Sept.  15, 
1862.  He  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cramp- 
ton  's  Gap,  Maryland,  leading  Cobb 's  Georgia  Legion. 
He  was  a  true  Southern  gentleman,  without  fear  and 
without   reproach. 


In  the  same  part  of  the  cemetery,  perhaps  a  hundred 
feet  distant  from  the  Cobb  lot,  underneath  a  handsome 
granite  stone,  sleeps  the  immortal  discoverer  of  anes- 
thesia.   Beside  him  sleeps   his    beloved   wife;    and   the 


Oconee  Cemetery  367 

monument  erected  to  both,  in  the  center  of  the  square, 
contains'  the  following  inscription : 


CRAWFORD   WILLIAMSON  LONG,   M.   D.     Born 

November  1,  1815.  Died  June  16,  1878.  "My  profes- 
sion is'  to  me  a  ministiy  from  God. ' '  CAROLINE 
SAVAIN  LONG.  Born  December  14,  1825.  Died  Sep- 
tember 23,   1888.     "They  rest  in  everlasting  love." 


Dr.  Long's  statue  will,  eventually  be  placed  by  the 
State  of  Georgia  in  Statuary  Hall,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 
At  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  a  handsome  medallion 
of  the  great  physician  was  recently  unveiled.  There 
hangs  a  life-size  portrait  of  him  on  the  walls  of  Georgia's 
State  capitol. 


On  a  small  headstone,  in  a  corner  of  the  same  lot  with 
Dr.  Long,  are  chiseled  the  initials  ''H.  L.  S."  The  little 
block  of  granite  marks  the  grave  of  Henri  L.  Stuart,  of 
New  York.  Pie  presented  to  the  State  of  Georgia  in  1879 
an  oil  painting  of  Dr.  Long;  and  while  on  a  visit  to 
Athens,  after  attending  the  formal  exercises  of  presenta- 
tion, he  died  suddenly  and  was  buried  at  his  request  on 
the  lot  with  Dr.  Long.  He  seems  to  have  been  without 
family  ties  or  connections  at  the  North. 


Directly  opposite  the  Long  lot  is  the  grave  of  Dr. 
Nathan  Hoyt,  who  for  thirty-six  years  was  pastor  of  the 
old  First  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Athens.  Dr.  Hoyt  was 
the  grandfather  of  Mrs.  Woodrow  Wilson.  In  this  same 
part  of  the  cemetery  sleeps  Major  William  S.  Grady,  the 
father  of  the  South's  great  editor  and  orator;  also  Dr. 
Charles  W.  Lane,  one  of  the  most  beloved  pastors  of 
Athens,  the  successor  to  Dr.  Nathan  Hoyt.  Handsome 
monuments  mark  the  graves  of  both  of  these  divines;  but 


368       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

only  a  simple  headstone  tells  where  Major  Grady  lies 
buried. 


Close  to  the  river  side  in  the  center  of  a  lot,  somewhat 
overgrown  with  weeds,  is  a  handsome  family  monument 
on  the  base  of  which  is  inscribed: 


WADDELL 


Here  lie  buried  two  distinguished  educators,  James  P. 
Waddell  and  William  H.  AVaddell,  father  and  son,  both 
of  whom  were  long  identified  with  the  University  of  Geor- 
gia. There  are  no  epitaphs  on  the  monument  except  one 
to  a  daughter  of  Prof.  Wm.  H.  Waddell,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  21.  But  both  of  the  graves  are  marked  by  neat 
headstones.  Dr.  Moses  Waddell,  one  of  the  early  presi- 
dents of  Franklin  College,  is  buried  in  the  little  cemetery 
on  Jackson  Street;  but  he  is  here  memoralized  by  a  little 
block  of  stone  which  tells  of  his  interment  elsewhere. 

The  Waddell  monument  is  a  work  of  art.  It  is  sur- 
mounted by  the  statue  of  an  angel  making  an  entry  in 
the  book  of  life.    The  entire  structure  is  of  white  marble. 


Enclosed  by  an  iron  fence,  facing  one  of  the  main 
driveways  of  the  cemetery,  on  the  slope  of  the  highest 
hill  is  the  grave  of  a  noted  educator.  It  is  not  far  distant 
from  the  tomb  of  General  Howell  Cobb ;  and  the  inscrijD- 
tion  on  the  monument  reads : 


HENRY  JACKSON,  .AL  D.,  LL.  D.  Born  in  Eng- 
land, July  7,  1778.  Died  near  Athens,  April  26,  1840. 
'  *  We  meet  again. ' ' 


His  wife  is  buried  beside  him.  Dr.  Jackson,  when  a 
young  man,  accompanied  the  great  William  H.  Crawi'ord 
to  France,  in  1813,  and  witnessed  the  famous  scene  in  the 


Oconee  Cemetery  369 

audience  chamber  of  Napoleon  between  the  great  diplo- 
mat and  the  first  emperor.  Dr.  Jackson  was  the  younger 
brother  of  old  Governor  James  Jackson  and  the  father 
of  General  Henry  R.  Jackson,  both  of  Savannah. 


Marked  by  a  neat  shaft  of  white  marble,  which  time 
seems  gently  to  have  touched  is  the  grave  of  a  distin- 
guished jurist  and  statesman  for  whom  Georgia  has 
named  one  of  her  counties^JuDGE  Augustin  S.  Clayton. 
Judge  Clayton  represented  Georgia  with  distinction  both 
in  Congress  and  on  the  bench.  He  was  also  a  writer  of 
brilliant  satire.  When  a  pupil  at  the  Richmond  Academy, 
in  Augusta,  he  received  for  the  best  declamation  a  copy 
of  Sallust  presented  by  the  illustrious  Washington,  then 
President  of  the  United  States.  The  inscription  on  the 
monument  is  as  follows: 


AUGUSTIN  SMITH  CLAYTON,  who  was  born  in 
Frederick  Co.,  Va.,  Nov.  27,  1783  and  died  at  Athens, 
Ga.,  June  21,  1839.  His  eulogy  is  with  those  who 
knew  him  best. 


Beside  him  sleeps  his  wife,  Julia  Carnes  Clayton. 


Only  a  few  feet  distant  is  the  grave  of  Dr.  Alonzo 
Church,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  presidents  of 
Franklin  College.  He  also  filled  for  a  number  of  years 
the  chair  of  mathematics.  His  last  resting  place  is  beauti- 
fied by  a  handsome  marble  column,  surmounted  by  an  urn. 
Inscribed  on  the  monument  is  the  following  brief  record : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  EEVEREND  DOCTOR 
alonzo  CHURCH.  Born  at  Brattleboro,  Vt.,  April  9, 
1793.    Died  May  18,  1862. 


In   the   same  lot  is   buried  his   wife,   Sarah   Trippi; 
Steele,  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Robb,  and  his  grand-daughter, 


370       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


Sarah   Craig  Barrow,   the  first  wife   of  United   States 
Senator  Pope  Barrow. 


To  the  right  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  cemetery  is 
the  grave  of  the  noted  Dr.  Lipscomb,  the  first  of  the 
chancellors.  The  spot  is  marked  by  a  handsome  shaft  of 
marble,  which  bears  the  following  inscription : 


ANC'KEW    ADGATE    LIPSCOMB,    D.  D.,    LL.  D. 
Born    in    Georgetown,    D.    C,    Sept.    5,    3816.      Died    in 
Athens,  Ga.,  Nov.  23,  1890.     On  the  left  side:  Chancellor 
University  of  Georgia,  1860-1874.     On  the  right  side,  a 
quotation  from   Scripture.     In  the  rear: 
"Life's   race    well    run, 
Life 's    work   well   done. 
Life 's   crown   well  won, 
Now   comes   rest. ' ' 


His  gifted  son,  Francis  Adgate  Lipscomb,  at  one  time 
professor  of  Belle  Lettres,  occupies  a  neatly  marked 
grave  in  the  same  area. 


On  the  summit  of  the  hill,  near  the  Lumpkin  circle, 
sleeps  Chancellor  Mell.  The  handsome  obelisk  of  blue 
granite  which  marks  the  grave  of  the  famous  educator, 
liarliamentarian,  and  divine,  bears  the  following  inscrip- 
tion: 


Sacred  to  the  mcjuory  of  Patrick  Hues  Mell.  Born 
in  Walth(airvi]]e,  Lilerty  Co.,  Ga.,  July  18,  1814.  Died 
at  Athens,  Ga.,  Jan.  26,  1888. 


On  the  side 


"Seivant   of   God,   well   done, 
Rest  from  thy  loved  employ  ; 

The   battle   fought,   the   victory   won, 
Enter  thy  Master's  joy.    ' 


Oconee  Cemetery  371 

At  tlie  foot  of  the  slope,  just  in  front  of  the  main 
entrance  to  the  cemetery  is  the  grave  of  Chancellor 
Walter  B.  Hill.  It  is  covered  with  a  neat  layer  of  brick, 
but  is  otherwise  unmarked.  In  the  near  future  a  hand- 
some monument  will  doubtless  beautify  the  spot.  Mr. 
Hill  was  the  first  alumnus  of  the  institution  to  hold  the 
office  of  chancellor.  He  was  also  the  first  layman;  and 
from  his  induction  into  office  dates  the  modern  University, 
with  its  enlarged  boundaries  and  with  its  new  ideals'. 

Not  far  from  the  grave  of  Governor  Cobb,  facing  the 
main  driveway,  stands  a  modest  slab  of  marble,  on  which 
the  following  inscription  appears: 


GENERAL  M.  L.  SMITH.     Sept.  29th,  1829.     July 
29th,  1866. 


GrENERAL  Smith  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point  and  a 
classmate  of  General  Longstreet.  He  married  Miss 
Sarah  Nisbet,  of  Athens ;  and,  on  resigning  from  the  old 
arniy,  he  came  here  to  live.  He  served  in  the  Mexican 
War  and  was'  one  of  the  founders  of  the  famous  Aztec 
Club,  composed  of  Mexican  War  veterans.  His  career  in 
the  Civil  War  was  replete  with  honors,  and  he  attained  to 
the  rank  of  Major-General  by  reason  of  his  prowess.  At 
the  close  of  hostilities,  he  was  made  professor  of  Civil 
Engineering  in  the  University  but  he  died  in  Rome,  Ga., 
while  an  engineer  of  the  Alabama  and  Tennessee  Rail- 
road. 


To  the  list  of  distinguished  dead  here  buried  on  the 
Oconee's  green  banks  may  be  added:  John  White,  who 
built  the  first  cotton  factory  south  of  Baltimore;  Ferdi- 
nand Phinizy  and  Young  L.  G.  Harris,  two  of  the  most 
noted  financiers  and  business  men  of  Athens;  Jacob 
Phinizy,  an  early  pioneer;  Dr.  Eustace  W.  Speer,  a 
noted  educator  and  divine,  the  father  of  Judge  Emory 
Speer;  Albon  Chase,  a  wide-awake  man  of  varied  inter- 
ests, who  organized  the  Athens  Banner;   Gen.  Burwell 


372       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Pope,  an  officer  of  the  State  militia;  Capt.  Henry  H. 
Carlton,  a  gallant  Confederate  soldier  and  a  member  of 
Congress ;  Col.  Wm.  G.  Deloney,  a  brave  commander  who 
fell  in  battle  and  who  sleeps  in  a  grave  unmarked ;  Alex- 
ander B.  Linton,  Thomas  Bishop,  Wm.  H.  Dorsey, 
Thomas  N,  Hamilton,  James  Camak,  William  Bearing, 
Edward  R.  Hodgson,  Dr.  Edward  R.  Ware,  Dr.  Henry 
Hull,  Hon.  Asbury  Hull,  Thomas  Moore,  Thomas 
Stanley,  Marcellus  Stanley,  Robert  Taylor,  Stevens 
Thomas,  William  A.  Talmadge,  William  L.  Mitchell, 
Dr.  James  Nisbet,  John  Nisbet,  Elizur  L.  Newton,  John 
H.  Newton,  Dr.  John  S.  Linton,  Dr.  Richard  D.  Moore, 
Thomas  Stanley,  Marcellus  Stanley,  Stephen  ^W. 
Harris,  Sampson  W.  Harris,  Frederick  W.  Lucas,  Oliver 
H.  Prince,  Jr.;  William  M.  Morton,  W.  W.  Thomas, 
George  D.  Thomas,  Judge  Howard  Van  EIpps,  Dr.  Joseph 
B.  Carlton,  Albin  P.  Dearing,  John  W.  Nicholson, 
Reuben  Nickerson,  A.  K.  Childs,  Judge  S.  P.  Thurmond, 
Prof.  Charles  Morris,  Prof.  C.  P.  Willcox,  Rev.  Eller- 
SON  D.  Stone,  a  beloved  minister  and  printer,  who  mar- 
ried more  couples  than  any  man  who  has  lived  in  Athens ; 
and  a  host  of  others.  Judge  Charles  Dougherty,  for 
whom  the  State  has  named  a  county  was  for  years  a  resi- 
dent of  Athens  and  is  supposed  to  be  buried  in  Oconee 
Cemetery;  but  his  name  cannot  be  found  among  the 
records. 


Town  Cemetery,  Sparta 

In  the  center  of  the  beautiful  little  cemetery  at  Sparta 
sleeps  the  Demosthenes  of  Southern  Methodism — Bishop 
George  F.  Pierce.  On  a  mound  of  ivy,  at  the  head  of 
the  grave,  stands  a  superb  shaft  of  marble,  on  which 
has  been  deftly  chiseled  an  excellent  profile  of  the  illus- 
trious preacher.  The  monument  is  surmounted  by  an 
urn,  and  at  the  base  in  large  raised  letters  is  insci'ibed: 

PIERCE 


Town  Cemetery 


373 


On  the  front  of  the  monument  is  the  following  ej^i- 
taph: 


GEORGE  FOSTER  PIERCE,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.  Boru  in 
Greene  Co.,  Ga.,  Feb.  3,  1811.  Died  in  Hancock  Co.,  Ga., 
Sept.  3,  1884.  Entered  the  Christian  Ministry  of  the 
M.  E.  Church,  South,  in  1830.  Ordained  a  Bishop  of 
the  M.  E.  Church,  South,  May,  1854. 


On  the  left  side 


As  an  orator  he  never  had  a  superior.  As  a  citizen  he 
was  a  model.  As  a  patriot  he  was  loyal  to  his  State. 
Georgia  never  gave  birth  to  a  nobler  son. 


On  the  right  side 


He  was  the  first  President  of  Wesleyan  Female  Col- 
lege at  Macon,  Ga.  For  six  years  he  was  President  of 
Emory  College,  at  Oxford,  Ga.  The  peerless  preacher, 
the  devoted  husband  and  father,  the  humble  and  con- 
sistent Christian,  he  lived  beloved  and  died  lamented. 
"For  me  to  live  is  Christ  and  to  die  is  gain."    St.  Paul. 


His  beloved  wife,  Ann  M.  Pierce,  sleeps  beside  him. 
His  son,  George  F.  Pierce,  Jr.,  is  also  buried  on  the  lot. 


besides  a  grandson. 


Under  a  marble  cube,  surmounted  by  an  urn,  facing 
the  main  walk,  is  the  grave  of  an  old  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier. The  monument  is  somewhat  dingy  with  age,  but 
the  epitaph  is  still  quite  distinct.  It  contains  the  fol- 
lowing record: 


ROBERT   TLOURNOY,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
departed  this  life  the  6th  of  July,  1825,  aged  62  years. 


374       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


In  a  grave  covered  by  an  old-fashioned  box  of  marble 
sleeps  the  dust  of  a  gallant  officer  of  the  struggle  for 
independence,  the  inscription  upon  whose  tomb  is  as 
follows : 


GENERAL  HENRY  MITCHELL,  who  died  May  17, 
18o9,  in  his  79th  year. 


To  another  distinguished  soldier  of  Georgia  there  is 
a  neat  memorial  stone  on  which  appears  the  following 
inscription : 


GENERAL   EPPS' BRO^VjST.      Born   Dec.    17,    176G. 
Died  Aug.  27,  1827. 


It  is  by  no  means  least  among  the  claims  to  distinc- 
tion possessed  by  this  little  cemetery  at  Sparta  that 
it  holds  the  dust  of  a  distinguished  citizen  of  Georgia, 
for  whom  one  of  the  counties  of  the  State  has  been 
named.  On  the  door  of  a  massive  vault  of  granite,  to. 
the  left  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  burial-ground,  is  a 
small  metal  plate,  not  much  larger  than  a  visiting  card, 
on  which  appears  simply  the  name : 


WILLIAM  TERRELL 


Dr.  Terrell  was  for  years  the  most  eminent  practi- 
tioner of  medicine  in  this  section  of  Georgia.  He  amassed 
quite  a  handsome  fortune,  and  left  to  the  University 
of  the  State  a  legacy  of  $20,000,  which  still  bears  the 
name  of  the  Terrell  Fund. 


Dr.  Thomas  Spencer  Powell,  the  founder  of  the  old 
Southern  Medical  College,  in  Atlanta,  is  buried  under- 
neath a  handsome  shaft  of  granite  in  the  cemetery  at 
Sparta.     The  list  of  distinguished  dead  also  includes 


Alta  Vista 


375 


Cliarles  W.  DuBose,  a  lawyer  of  note;  Catharine  Anne 
DnBose,  his  wife,  a  writer  of  singular  gifts ;  and  a  num- 
ber of  others.  In  vain  one  looks  in  the  cemetery  at 
Sparta  for  the  tomb  of  Judge  Linton  Stephens.  He  is 
buried  in  the  front  yard  of  his  old  home,  at  the  far  end 
of  the  town,  in  what  is  now  a  thicket  of  magnolias,  cedars, 
and  oaks.  There  is  no  memorial  slab  or  stone  of  any 
kind  to  mark  the  last  resting  place  of  this  glorious  Geor- 
gian. 


Alta  Vista,  Gainesville 

Occupying  one  of  the  central  lots  in  Alta  Vista  Ceme- 
tery, surrounded  by  a  magnificent  amphitheater  of  hills, 
is  the  grave  of  Lee's  old  AVar  Horse — General  James 
Longstreet.  The  last  resting  place  of  the  old  soldier  is 
marked  by  a  huge  boulder  of  mountain  granite,  hewn 
from  the  quarries  of  his  own  State.  It  suggests  the 
rugged  strength  of  character  which  belonged  to  the  great 
field  marshal  of  the  South,  and  is  also  at  the  same  time 
thoroughly  artistic  in  design.  The  memorial  was  planned 
in  every  detail  by  his  widow,  the  gifted  Mrs.  Helen 
Dortch  Longstreet,  who  insisted  that  even  the  stone  itself 
should  be  a  product  of  the  soil  in  which  he  sleeps. 
Crossed  flags,  representing  the  two  national  emblems  for 
which  he  fought — Federal  and  Confederate — are  chiseled 
u])on  the  front  of  the  monument,  beneath  which,  on  a  pol- 
ished surface,  is  lettered  the  following  inscription : 


JAMES  LONGSTREET.  In  the  military  service  of 
the  United  States,  1833-1S61.  Brigadier-Genexal  Con- 
federate States'  Army,  June,  1861.  Promoted  Major- 
General,  May  1862.  Promoted  Lieutenant-General, 
September  1862.  Commanding  First  Corps  of  Xorthern 
Virginia  to  April  9,  1865. 


On  the  rear  is  inscribed  this  couplet 


"How  sleep  the  brave,  who  sink  to  rest 
By  all  their  country's  wishes  blest?" 


376       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
Odi  the  left  side : 


Palo    Alto    to    Chapultepcc. 


On  the  right  side: 


Manassas  to  Appomattox. 


The  monument  occupies  the  center  of  the  lot.  Slightly 
to  one  side  is  the  old  hero's  grave,  on  the  headstone  of 
which  is  inscribed :  James  Longstreet,  1821-1904.  In  the 
same  area  sleeps  his  first  wife,  Maria  Louisa  Garland, 
whom  he  married  at  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War.  There 
are  also  other  graves  on  the  lot.  His  widow  is  so  thor- 
oughly reconstructed  that  each  year  on  Confederate 
Memorial  Day  she  decorates  the  grave  of  General  Long- 
street  with  the  flag  of  the  United  States. 


Some  few  feet  distant,  in  a  lot  enclosed  by  a  substan- 
tial wall  of  brick,  is  the  grave  of  Governor  James  M. 
Smith,  the  first  of  Georgia's  chief  executives  to  occupy 
the  chair  of  State  after  the  days  of  Reconstruction.  He 
was  long  a  resident  of  Columbus,  but  his  remains  were 
brought  to  Gainesville  for  interment,  because  it  was  here 
that  his  wife  was  buried.  There  is  nothing  to  mark  the 
last  resting  place  of  the  Governor;  but  over  the  grave 
of  Mrs.  Smith  there  stands  a  neat  monument,  which 
states  that  her  maiden  name  was  A.  B.  Hester,  and  that 
she  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-three  years. 


In  the  same  neighborhood  is  the  grave  of  Governor 
Allen  D.  Candler,  recently  marked  by  a  handsome  mon- 
ument, the  gift  of  his  appointees  to  office.    On  the  same 


Alta  Vista  377 

square  is  buried  his  distingaiislied  father,  Captain  Daniel 
G.  Candler.    The  latter 's  grave  is  marked  by  a  neat  shaft. 


To  the  left  of  the  sexton's  office,  in  the  center  of  the 
cemetery,  is  the  grave  of  a  distinguished  surgeon  and 
physician,  in  whose  honor  one  of  the  counties  of  Georgia 
has  been  named.  Under  a  design  of  sculptured  lilies,  on 
a  marble  monument,  surmounted  by  an  urn,  is  inscribed 
the  following  epitaph : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  DR.  EICHARD  BANKS. 
Born  Oct.  23rd,  1794,  in  Elbert  Co.,  Ga.  Died  May  6, 
1856,  in  this  city.  "What  I  do  thou  knowest  not  now, 
but   thou   shalt   know   hereafter." 


Beside  him  sleeps  his  wife,  Martha  B.  Banks,  who 
survived  him  for  twenty-five  years,  dying  in  1881.  The 
graves  of  two  of  his  daughters  are  also  on  the  same  lot. 
His  son-in-law.  Captain  A¥alter  S.  Brewster,  a  gallant 
Confederate  officer,  who  lost  his  life  in  the  battle  of  Fred- 
ericksburg, is  also,  buried  here.  He  died  of  his  wounds  on 
the  day  following  the  battle,  December  14,  1862. 


Among  the  other  distinguished  dea'd  in  iVlta  Vista 
Cemetery  are  Judge  John  B.  Estes,  a  noted  jurist;  Colo- 
nel C.  C.  Sanders,  a  brave  Confederate  officer,  after  whom 
the  local  chapter  of  Children  of  the  Confederacy  was 
named,  also  a  successful  financier,  a  thorough  Bible 
scholar  and  a  great  traveler;  Major  Theodore  Moreno 
and  Captain  John  Venable,  both  of  them  splendid  sol- 
diers; Dr.  James  Wray  Bailey,  the  renowned  specialist; 
Colonel  H.  W.  J.  Ham,  at  one  time  a  member  of  the 
Legislature,  whose  lecture  on  the  ''Snollygoster"  made 
him  famous;  Dr.  Emmet  E.  Dixon,  and  a  number  of 
others.    The  little  cemeterv  at  Gainesville  is  rich  in  his- 


378       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriat.s  and  Legends 

toric  dust,  containing  two  Governors  of  the  State,  an 
eminent  physician,  for  whom  Georgia  christened  one  of 
her  counties,  and  a  soldier  who  commanded  the  veteran 
First  Corps  in  the  immortal  army  of  Lee. 


Town  Cemetery,  Forsyth 

Under  a  horizontal  slab,  to  the  extreme  left  of  the 
main  entrance,  and  only  a  few  feet  from  the  Confederate 
area,  sleeps  the  mortal  dust  of  Judge  Robert  P.  Trippe, 
at  one  time  a  member  of  Congress,  and  afterwards  an  oc- 
cupant of  the  Supreme  Bendi  of  Georgia.  The  inscrip- 
tion on  the  tombstone  reads  as  follows : 


ROBERT    P.    TRIPPE.      Dee.    21,    1819.      July    li2, 
1900.     "An  honest  man  is  the  noblest  work  of  God." 


His  wife  sleeps  beside  him,  and  on  the-  same  lot  re- 
pose two  of  his  sons:  Robert  P.,  Jr.,  and  William  T., 
the  latter  of  whom  died  bv  his  owm  hand. 


Here  sleeps  General  Gilbert  J.  Wright,  a  gallant 
Confederate  officer  and  a  well-known  .jurist.  His  grave  is 
marked  by  a  handsome  headstone,  on  which  tlie  following 
epitaph  is  inscribed: 


GEN. 

GILBERT   J. 

WRIGHT. 

Born    in 

Gwinnett 

Co 

,  Ga., 

Feb 

.  18,  1825. 

Died  in  Monroe  Co., 

Ga. 

,  June 

3, 

1895. 

A 

Confederate 

'  General. 

A    profound 

Jurist. 

A  Good  Man 

with  Many 

Virtues  has 

Passed  A 

waj 

In  a  remote  part  of  the  cemetery  sleeps  a  renowned 
Baptist  clergyman,  educator,   scholar  and  author:  Dr. 


Town  Cemetery  379 

Shaler  G.  Hillyer.  The  substantial  monument  over  liis 
.a,Tave  is  surmounted  by  a  handsomely  carved  urn,  and 
the  inscription,  a  gem,  reads  as  follows: 


EEV.  SHALER  GSANBY  HILLYEE.  Born,  June 
20,  1809.  Died,  Feb.  19,  1900.  Ordained  to  the  Baptist 
ministry,  1835,  he  continued  to  preach  for  sixty-five 
years,  eloquent,  profound  and  faithful  even  to  the  last. 
The  sunrise  of  his  life  was  like  that  on  the  morning 
hills,  steady,  sure,  forever  increasing  unto  greater  bright- 
ness and  a  warmer  glow;  the  sunset  of  his  life  was  like 
that  on  the  mountains  at  evening,  full  of  quiet  rest  and 
glorv.    "The  path  of  the  just  is  as  a  shining  light"  etc. 


His  wife,  Dorothea  M.  Fueman,  sleeps  in  a  grave 
beside  him,  and  on  the  monument  there  is  an  appropriate 
inscription  to  her  also. 


Just  a  short  distance  removed  from  the  Hillyer  lot 
sleeps  John  Milledge,  a  son  of  one  of  the  early  Gov- 
ernors of  Georgia,  and  himself  a  man  of  note  in  his  day. 
His  grave  is  covered  by  a  horizontal  slab,  bearing  this 
inscription: 


/  '- 

Sacred 

to 

the 

memory 

of 

JOHN 

MILLEDGE 

who 

Avas  born 

on 

the 

8th  day  of  J 

anuary, 

1814,  and  died  on   1 

the  13th 

day 

of 

May,   18' 

■o 

We  who  believe  do 

enter 

into  rest. 

Beside  him  rests  his  wife,  Catharine  Elliott. 


One  of  the  handsomest  monuments  in  the  cemetery 
marks  the  last  resting  place  of  Hon.  William  H.  Head, 
a  sagacious  financier  and  man  of  affairs,  who  was  a 
leader  in  the  town  of  Forsyth  and  a  power  in  the  State. 


380       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

On  the  monument,  a   handsome  shaft   of  marble,   sur- 
mounted by  an  urn,  is  inscribed  the  following  epitaph: 


In  loving  memory  of  WILLIAM  H.  HEAD.  Born, 
May  9,  1829.  Died,  Sept.  27,  1887.  Aged  58  years,  3 
months,  and  28  days.  Thy  true  worth  cannot  be  record- 
ed on  this  perishing  stone. 


Judge    Cincinnatus    Peeples,    a   noted    lawyer    and 
jurist,  is  buried  here. 


In  this  cemetery  also  sleeps  Hon.  Zachariah  H.  Har- 
mon, a  famous  lawyer  of  the  ante-bellum  period. 


Marked  by  a  neat  headstone  is  the  grave  of  aii  emi- 
nent Georgian,  who  for  many  years  adorned  the  Superior 
Court  bench  of  this  State,  But  the  only  inscription  on 
the  monument  is  as  follows : 


E.  G.   CABANISS.      1802-1872. 


There  is  a  like  inscription  for  his  wife,  Sarah  C.  Caba- 
"Niss,  who  followed  him  to  the  grave  within  four  years. 


Others  of  local  prominence  buried  in  the  cemetery  at 
Forsyth  are:  Cyrus  Sharp  (1799-1893),  who  died  at' the 
age  of  96  years;  Aaron  Talmadge  (1801-1879),  William 
T.  Maynard  (1818-1905),  Isaac  W.  Ensign  (1820-1907), 
Dr.  L.  B.  Alexander  (1829-1890),  De.  B.  F.  Eudicill 
(1834-1901),  Alford  H.  Bramlett  (1835-1899),  T.  B. 
HoLLis  (1855-1901). 


Rose  Hill  381 

Rose  Hill,  Macon 

Situated  on  the  green  slopes  of  the  Ocmulgee  River, 
there  are  few  burial  places  of  the  dead  which,  in  natural 
charm,  can  surpass  Rose  Hill.  It  is  a  garden  of  loveli- 
ness. Here  native  forest  oaks,  interspersed  with  fra- 
grant bays  and  cedars,  lend  a  peculiar  beauty  to  the  land- 
scape; while  the  river  murmuring  softly  in  the  distance 
chants  a  requiem  for  the  silent  loved  ones  who  here 
sleep  in  the  cool  shade  of  the  trees.  Opened  in  1841,  the 
cemetery  was  named  in  honor  of  Simri  Rose,  a  public- 
spirited  citizen  of  Macon.  On  passing  through  the  hand- 
some gate  which  constitutes  the  main  entrance  to  Rose 
Hill,  the  eye  is  attracted  by  a  majestic  shaft  of  granite, 
which  towers  to  the  right  of  the  principal  driveway.  The 
inscription  on  the  base  of  the  monument  reads : 


WASHINGTON 


It  is  the  family  lot  of  a  distinguished  former  resident 
of  Macon — Hon.  James  H.  R.  Washingtoist.  He  was  both 
a  planter  and  a  banker,  and  held  at  one  time  the  office  of 
mayor.  Though  opposed  to  secession,  he  devoted  his 
princely  fortune  to  the  cause  of  the  South,  and  was  a 
tower  of  defence  to  Macon  during  the  dark  days  of  the 
Civil  War.  His  famous  old  home,  on  the  hill  where,  in 
ante-bellum  days,  he  dispensed  a  lavish  hospitality,  is 
still  one  of  the  local  landmarks.  The  inscription  on  the 
marble  plate  which  covers  his  grave  reads  as  follows: 


JAMES  H.  E.  WASHINGTON.  Born  in  Wilkes  Co., 
Ga.,  July  19,  1809.  Died  Miacon,  Ga.,  Nov.  21,  1866. 
Mayor  of  Milledgeville,  1844.  Mayor  of  Macon,  18.51. 
Banker,  Planter,  Legislator.  He  fulfilled  every  duty 
with  courage  and  fidelity. 


Beside  him  sleeps  his  beloved  wife,  the  founder  of 
the  D.  A.  R.  in  Georgia  and  the  first  real  daughter. 
She  was  also  a  charter  member  of  the  national  organ- 


382       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ization.  The  father  of  Mrs.  Washington  was  Colonel 
Samuel  Hammond,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  a  former  member  of  Congress,  .and  the 
first  territorial  Governor  of  Upper  Louisiana.  Recently 
a  handsome  memorial  bust  of  Mrs.  Washington  has  been 
placed  by  the  National  Society  in  Continental  Hall,  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  Inscribed  on  the  marble  plate  which 
covers  her  grave  is  the  following  epitaph: 


MARY  A.  HAMMOND  WASHINGTON.  Born  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  May  12,  1816.  Died  Macon,  Ga.,  Nov.  2, 
1901.  Founder  of  the  Society  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution  in  Georgia.  Her  life  was  the  ex- 
pression of  herself,  all  that  was  noble  and  beautiful  and 
true  in   womanhood. 

"Faith  that  withstood  the  shocks  of  toil  and  time, 
Hope  that  defied  despair. 
Patience  that  conquered  care 
A  loyalty  whose  courage  was'  sublime. ' ' 


Mrs.  Washington  died  in  her  eighty-sixth  year.  Six 
children  are  buried  on  the  family  lot:  Samuel  Hammond, 
a  lieutenant  in  Company  F.  of  the  Third  Georgia  Regi- 
ment of  Infantry;  Leroy  Hammond,  who  resigned  from 
the  United  States  Navy  in  1861  to  serve  the  Confederate 
cause,  becoming  first  an  officer  on  board  the  "Jackson," 
at  New  Orleans,  in  1862,  afterwards  a  private  in  the 
Macon  Light  Artillery ;  Robert  Porter,  Mary  Elizabeth, 
Annie  Tufft,  and  Hugh  Vernon.  The  last  named  rep- 
resented Georgia  as  a  special  commissioner  at  both  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  and  the  Jamestown  Expositions.  He 
also  organized  the  Macon  Athenaeum,  and  gave  the  ini- 
tial impetus  to  a  number  of  important  civic  reforms. 


Only  a  few  feet  distant  towers  a  handsome  monument 
to  Henry  J.  Lamar,  one  of  the  wealthy  merchants  of 
Macon. 


Rose  Hill  383 

Under  a  plain  marble  shaft,  resting  upon  a  granite 
base,  in  a  lot  some  distance  to  the  left  of  the  main  drive- 
way, repose  the  mortal  ashes  of  Alfred  H.  Colquitt, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  Georgians  of  his  day  and 
time.  T'wice  elected  to  the  high  office  of  Governor, 
he  was  also  twice  commissioned  by  the  Legislature  to  a 
seat  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  attained  the  rank  of  Major-General  in  the  Con- 
federate army;  and,  for  a  brilliant  victory  achieved  over 
the  Federals  by  a  clever  piece  of  strategy,  at  a  time 
when  his  ammunition  was  'almost  exhausted,  he  was 
styled  "the  hero  of  Olustee" — a  sobriquet  which  at- 
tached to  him  through  life.  He  was  also  a  minister  of 
the  Gospel.  Inscribed  on  the  monument  is  the  following 
brief  epitaph: 


ALFRED  PIOLT  COLQUITT.     Born  April  20,  1824. 
Died  Mar.  26,  1894.     The  memory  of  the  just  is  blessefl. 


Enough  for  one  whose  life  is  written  in  the  annals 
of  Georgia.  The  grave  is  covered  by  a  flat  stone,  bor- 
dered with  brick.  In  the  center  of  the  lot,  which  is 
handsomely  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing,  stands  a  beau- 
tiful magnolia.  There  are  several  other  graves  on  the 
lot,  only  one  of  which,  however,  is  marked.  This  is  the 
grave  of  a  little  grandchild,. Alfred  Colquitt  Marshall. 


Adjoining  the  Colquitt  lot  is  the  lot  of  Goveris^or 
George  W.  Towns,  likewise  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing; 
but  except  for  the  name  on  the  gate  there  is  naught  what- 
ever to  suggest  that  here  lies  a  Georgian  upon  whom 
many  public  honors  were  once  lavished.  Governor 
Towns  represented  the  State  in  Congress  for  several 
terms,  in  addition  to  occupying  the  chair  of  State.  His 
health  began  to  fail  soon  after  his  retirement  from  the 
latter  office;  and  he  died  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  intellec- 


384       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tual  powers.    Georgia  has  named  one  of  her  counties  in 
honor  of  this  well-beloved  son. 


Two  other  distinguished  citizens  of  Georgia  who  are 
neighbors  in  death  to  Governor  Colciuitt,  both  of  them 
occupying  graves  at  present  unmarked,  are  Judge  Rich- 
ard H.  Clark  and  Colonel  Thomas  C.  Howard.  The 
former  was  one  of  the  original  codifiers  of  the  Georgia 
statutes,  a  distinguished  jurist,  and  a  man  of  wonderful 
powers  of  memory,  who  possessed  at  his  tongue's  end 
the  family  antecedents  of  nearly  every  one  in  Georgia. 
The  latter  was  one  of  the  State's  most  brilliant  editors,  a 
man  of  sparkling  wit,  who  was  always  the  most  zealous 
champion  of  Governor  Colquitt.  There  was  not  an  ofifice 
in  the  gift  of  the  people  which  he- was  not  competent  to 
fill,  but  he  preferred  to  remain  an  humble  subaltern 
iu  the  ranks.  His  father,  the  noted  Methodist  divine, 
Eev.  John  Howard,  whose  monument  is  one  of  the  old 
landmarks  of  the  cemetery,  was  the  foremost  orator  of 
his  day  in  the  Methodist  pulpit,  not  even  excepting  the 
famous  D'r.  Lovick  Pierce,  who  was  one  of  his  contempo- 
raries. William  Schley  Howard,  the  present  member 
of  Congress  from  the  Fifth  District,  is  a  son  of  Colonel 
Thomas  C.  Howard. 


Marked  by  a  handsome  granite  monument,  occupying 
the  center  of  a  lot  bordered  with  stone,  is  the  grave  of 
John  Basil  Lamar,  a  wealthy  planter  and  a  noted  man 
of  letters,  who  fell  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Crampton's  gap  in  Marjdand,  while  serving  on  the  staff 
of  his  brother-in-law.  General  Howell  Cobb.  The  in- 
scription on  the  west  side  of  the  monument  is  as  follows : 


JOHN  BASIL  LAMAR,  son  of  Zachariah  Lamar  and 
his  wife,  Mary  Ann  Lamar.  Born  in  Milledgeville,  Ga., 
Nov.  5th.,   1812.     Died   in  Maryland,   Sept.    15th.,   1862. 


Rose  Hill 


3S5 


On  the  south  side  the  inscription  reads 


Colonel  Lamar,  while  serving  in  the  army  of  the 
Confederate  States,  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Crampton  's  Gap,  Maryland,  Sunday,  Sept.  14th,  1862, 
and  died  the  following  day. 


As  a  writer  of  short  stories,  Colonel  Lamar  has  won 
an  established  place  in  the  literature  of  the  South.  One 
of  his  most  famous  productions,  ''The  Blacksmith  of  the 
Mountain  Pass,"  fell  under  the  eye  of  the  great  Dickens, 
who  borrowed  the  central  idea  for  one  of  his  own  novels. 
Colonel  Lamar  declined  a  nomination  to  Congress,  pre- 
ferring the  life  of  a  planter  to  a  seat  in  the  national 
councils.    He  never  married. 


In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Lamar  lot 
stands  a  weather-beaten  cenotaph,  the  inscription  on 
which  recalls  one  of  the  saddest  catastrophes  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  State.    It  reads  thus : 


OLIVER  HILLHOUSE  PEINCE  and  MARY  R. 
PRINCE,  wfltio  perished  in  the  wreck  of  the  steamship 
"Home,"  Monday,  Oct.  9,  1837.  "They  were  lovely 
and  pleasant  in  their  lives  and  in  their  death  they  were 
not  divided." 


Further   down    on    the    slab    appears   the    following 
record : 


This  tablet  is  erected  to  perpetuate  the  beloved  mem- 
ory of  our  parents  by  their  bereaved  and  sorrowing 
children. 


Mr.  Prince  represented  Georgia  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  he  was  en  route 
to  New  York  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  out  a  second 
edition  of  his  celebrated  digest.  "The  Militia  Drill,"  in 
Longstreet's  "Georgia  Scenes,"  is  credited  to  the  pen 


386       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  Mr.  Prince.     He  possessed  a  keen  sense  of  humor, 
associated  with  rare  literary  gifts. 


On  a  high  bkiff,  immediately  overlooking  the  river, 
stands  one  of  the  handsomest  marble  piles  in  Rose  Hill. 
It  marks  the  last  resting  place  of  a  wealthy  planter  who 
met  his  death  while  in  the  act  of  defending  one  of  his 
slaves,  who  had  been  struck  by  the  overseer  of  an  ad- 
jacent plantation.  His  estate,  on  the  eve  of  the  Civil 
War,  was  appraised  at  something  over  $1,000,000.  There 
is  nothing  on  the  monument  to  record  this  story  of  sacri- 
fice, but  it  deserves  to  be  embalmed  in  the  memory  of 
Georgians.    The  brief  inscription  on  the  tomb  reads : 


JOSEPH  BOND.     Born  Jan.   11,   1815.     Died  Mar. 
21,   1859. 


At  the  time  of  Mr.  Bond's  death,  the  only  man  in 
Macon  who  possessed  the  means  to  purchase  his  palatial 
house  on  the  hill  was  Jeremiah  Cowles,  the  famous  rail- 
way pioneer,  who  bought  and  completed  the  old  Monroe 
Road,  at  a  time  when  the  enterprise  was  threatened  with 
collapse.  It  now  forms  part  of  the  Central  of  Greorgia 
between  Macon  and  Atlanta.  Subsequently  encountering 
financial  reverses,  Mr.  Cowles  lost  his  fortune;  and  his 
grave  in  Rose  Hill  is  today  unmarked. 


While  lingering  in  this  part  of  the  cemetery  there 
is  a  monument  which  must  not  be  overlooked.  It  marks 
the  grave  of  a  noted  physician  and  duelist,  who  was  for 
years  prominent  in  the  public  life  of  the  State — De.  Am- 
brose Barer.  He  came  to  his  death  at  the  bedside  of 
a  patient,  while  taking  a  dose  of  medicine  to  show  the 
sick  man  that  the  liquid  was  harmless.     It  seems  that 


Rose  Hill  387 

the  mistake  was  caused  by  a  misprint  in  the  formula 
of  a  certain  compound,  the  use  of  which  had  been  most 
effective;  and  the  drug  clerk,  detecting  the  error,  had 
attached  a  note  to  the  bottle,  warning  the  invalid  not  to 
take  it,  on  account  of  the  deadly  nature  of  the  contents. 
When  Dr.  Baber  called  on  his  patient  the  next  day,  he 
was  provoked  to  find  that  he  had  not  taken  the  medicine, 
and  he  swallowed  a  part  of  it  himself  as  an  object  lesson 
to  his  patient;  but  in  less  than  twenty  minutes  he  was 
dead.  The  monument  is  planted  upon  a  mound  of  ivy. 
Inscribed  thereon  is  the  following  epitaph: 


AMBEOSE  BABER.  Born  in  Buckingham  Co.,  Va., 
Sept.  12,  1792.  Died  in  Macon,  Ga.,  Mar.  8,  1846.  But 
though  the  righteous  be  prevented  by  death  yet  shall 
he  be  at  rest.  For  honorable  age  is  not  that  which  stand- 
eth  in  length  of  time  nor  is  marked  by  length  of  days. 
But  wisdom  is  the  gray  hair  unto  men  and  an  unspotted 
life  is  old  age.  Erected  by  Macon  Lodge,  No.  6,  and 
Constantine  Chapter,  No.  4,  to  their  deceased  brother 
and  companion,  who  was  for  many  years  their  presiding 
officer,  also  past  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Georgia. 


Chief  Justice  James  Jackson,  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Georgia,  a  former  member  of  Congress,  and  a  grand- 
son of  the  illustrious  Governor  James  Jackson,  is  num- 
bered among  the  honored  dead  at  Eose  Hill.  So  likewise 
is  Chief  Justice  Thomas  J.  Simmons. 


Near  the  foot  of  a  slope  overlooking  the  river  rest  the 
mortal  ashes  of  the  noted  jurist  who  framed  Georgia's 
ordinance  of  secession.  When  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
State  was  organized  in  1845,  he  was  one  of  the  celebrated 
trio  of  judges  chosen  to  preside  upon  this  august  bench. 
Subsequently  he  also  represented  Georgia  in  Congress. 


388       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Judge  Msbet  was  one  of  the  State's  most  polished  ora- 
tors and  one  of  her  purest  men.  The  inscription  on  the 
handsome  monument  is  as  follows : 


EUGENIUS  A.  NISBET.     Born  Dec.  1,  1803.     Died 
Mar.  18,  1871. 


In  adjoining  lots  repose  his  distinguished  brother, 
James  A.  Nisbet,  and  his  honored  son,  James  T,  Nisbet, 
both  lawyers  of  note,  who  frequently  served  the  public 
in  high  official  positions. 


On  a  green  slope,  not  far  removed  from  the  Bond 
monument,  sleeps  a  distinguished  Georgian,  Hon.  Henry 
O.  Lamak,  who  ably  served  his  State  on  the  Bench,  in 
Congress,  and  on  important  missions  to  the  Cherokee 
and  Creek  Indians.  In  1857,  he  was  a  strong  minority 
candidate  for  the  Gubernatorial  nomination.  His  wife 
sleeps  beside  him;  and  on  the  handsome  shaft  of  metal 
is  lettered  the  following  inscription : 


To  the  memory  of  our  father  and  mother.  HENRY 
G.  LAMAR.  Born,  July  10,  1798.  Died,  Sept.  10,  1861. 
MARY  ANN  LAMAR.  Born,  August  16,  1807.  Died, 
May  3,  1882. 


Next  to  the  Lamar  lot,  in  a  new-made  grave,  sleeps 
United  States  Senator  Augustus  0.  Bacon,  a  son-in- 
law  of  Judge  Lamar.  Senator  Bacon  was  serving  his 
fourth  term  in  the  upper  house  of  Congress  when  death 
removed  him  from  the  councils  of  the  nation.  As  a  par- 
liamentarian, he  was  unsurpassed.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Re- 
lations and  one  of  the  most  trusted  advisers  of  President 
Wilson.  The  first  wife  of  Chief  Justice  0.  A.  Lochrane 
is  buried  on  this  same  lot.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Judge 
Lamar. 


Rose  Hill  389 

At  the  foot  of  a  liill,  in  sight  of  the  Lamar  monument, 
stands  a  massive  but  plain  shaft  of  gray  marble,  be- 
neath which  lies  a  distinguished  soldier  of  the  War  of 
1812,  Major  Philip  Cook,  at  one  time  commandant  in 
charge  of  Port  Hawkins.  The  inscription  on  the  monu- 
ment reads: 


MAJOE  PHILIP  COOK,  U.  S.  A.,  1812.  Son  of 
Capt.  John  Cook  and  Martha  Pearson,  his  wife.  Born, 
Fairfield  District,  S.  C,  1775.  Died,  Twiggs  Co.,  Ga., 
Nov.   7,   1841.     A  Scholar.     A  Patriot.     A  Christian. 


Beside  him  sleeps  his  wife,  Anne  Wooten  Cook.  On 
this  same  lot  lies  buried  his  son  of  the  same  name,  who 
illustrated  Georgia  with  brilliant  distinction  on  the  field 
of  battle,  in  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State  and  on  the 
floor  of  Congress.  His  epitaph,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  monument,  reads : 


GENEEAL  PHILIP  COOK,  C.  S.  A.,  1861.  Son 
of  Philip  Cook  and  Anne  Wooten,  his  wife.  Born, 
Twiggs  Co.,  Ga.,  July  31,  1817.  Died,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
May  21,  1894.      A  good  name  is  better  than  great  riches. 


His  wife,  Sarah  G.  Cook,  is  buried  in  a  grave  imme- 
diately adjoining.    She  died  in  1860. 


One  of  the  most  artistic  monuments  in  the  cemetery 
is  the  handsome  cross  of  granite  which  marks  the  last 
resting  place  of  Congressman^  James  H.  Blount.  It 
rests  upon  a  massive  pedestal  of  the  same  kind  of  stone, 
mounted  by  granite  steps,  on  the  second  round  of  which 
is  the  figure  of  an  angel  chiseled  in  marble.  Inscribed 
on  the  monument  is  the  following  epitaph : 


JAMES    H.    BLOUNT.      Sept. 

12,    1837.      Mar.    8, 

1903.     "Lord,   who   shall   dwell   in 

thy  tabernacles;    or 

who  shall  rest  upon  thy  holy  hill? 

Even  he  that  lead- 

eth   an    uneorrupt    life    and    doeth 

the    thing    which    is 

right  and  speaketh  the  truth  from 

his  heart." 

390       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Mr.  Blount  was  several  times  elected  to  Congress. 
On  retiring  from  the  national  councils,  he  was  sent 
by  President  Cleveland  as  a  special  envoy  to  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  at  a  time  when  serious  international 
complications  were  threatened.  He  was  chosen  to  fill 
this  office  by  reason  of  his  peculiar  fitness  for  the  task 
in  hand;  and  the  manner  in  which  he  performed  his  diffi- 
cult errand  is  a  part  of  the  nation 's  history. 


"Washington  Poe,  a  distingaiished  lawyer,  who  de- 
clined a  seat  in  Congress  after  an  election  to  fill  It,  is 
likewise  numbered  among  the  dead  of  Eose  Hill. 


Here  sleeps  Judge  E.  D,  Teacy,  a  noted  jurist.  His 
son,  a  gallant  Confederate  brigadier-general,  who  bore 
the  same  name,  is  also  buried  here.  Another  son,  Colo- 
nel Philemon  Tracy,  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Sharps- 
burg,  in  Maryland.  The  latter  rests  among  his  Northern 
kindred  in  the  cemetery  at  Batavia,  N.  Y.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  gifted  writers  in  the  ante-bellum  group  of 
Georgia  journalists,  though  barely  more  than  a  youth 
when  he  met  a  hero's  death. 


The  list  of  Eose  Hill's  distinguished  dead  includes 
also :  Colonel  Thomas  Haedeman,  Jr.;,  a  former  member 
of  Congress,  a  brave  soldier,  and  a  matchless  orator; 
Stirling  Laniee,  a  noted  landlord  of  ante-bellum  period ; 
SiMEi  Eose,  a  pioneer  citizen  for  whom  the  cemetery  was 
named;  Judge  Eichaed  F.  Lyon,  a  noted  lawyer  and 
a  former  occupant  of  the  Supreme  Bench ;  John  B. 
Eoss,  an  early  merchant  prince  of  Macon;  Cliffoed  L. 
Anderson,  long  the  State's  Attorney-General;  Egbert  S. 
Lanier,  LeEoy  M.  Wiley,  Thomas  Cooper  Nisbet^,  I.  C, 


Oak  Hill  391 

Plant,  the  famous  railway  magnate,  who  organized  the 
Plant  System;  R.  H.  Plant,  a  wealthy  banker,  whose 
tragic  death  shocked  the  entire  State;  Judge  Thaddeus 
G-.  Holt,  Colonel  Wm.  S.  Holt,  Judge  John  J.  Gtresham, 
Judge  George  T.  Bartlett,  Nathan  Monroe,  a  pioneer 
banker;  Major  John  W.  Park,  Captain  Robert  E.  Park, 
the  latter  for  a  number  of  years  State  Treasurer  of 
Georgia;  Captain  Isaac  Holmes,  Judge  Abner  P.  Pow- 
ers, Dr.  Henry  Kolloch  Green,  Dr.  James  Mercer 
Green,  Samuel  J.  Ray,  Samuel  T.  Bailey,  W.  K.  De- 
Graffenreid,  Henry  J.  Lamar,  Washington  Dessau,  Ira 
E.  Fort,  Elam  Alexander,  L.  N.  Whittle,  and  a  host  of 
others.  On  the  Holt  lot,  overlooking  the  river,  at  the  far 
end  of  the  main  driveway,  sleeps  the  second  wife  of  As- 
sociate Justice  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of  the  United  States  Su- 
preme Court.  Here  the  remains  of  the  latter  rested  until 
taken  back  to  Mississippi  for  final  interment.  On  the 
slopes  of  Rose  Hill  sleeps  a  silent  army  of  the  Confed- 
erate dead,  most  of  whom  perished  in  the  battles  around 
Macon  during  the  last  year  of  the  Civil  War. 


Oak  Hill,  Griffin 

Some  of  the  most  distinguished  of  Georgia's  sons  lie 
buried  in  this  little  cemetery  at  Griffin.  Within  a  few 
feet  of  the  gate  is  the  grave  of  a  former  Associate  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia,  Hon.  Alexander 
M.  Speer.  Inscribed  upon  the  handsome  monument  of 
marble  is  the  following  inscription : 


ALEXANDEE  MIDDLETON  SPEER.  Born  in  Ab- 
beville District,  S.  C,  July  27,  1820.  Died  March  28, 
1897. 


Just  a  short  distance  further  on  lies  buried  Hon.  John 
D.  Stewart,  formerly  a  member  of  Congress,  a  Judge  of 


392       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  Superior  Court  and  a  minister  of  the  Gospel,  The 
grave  is  covered  by  a  horizontal  slab  of  marble,  with 
an  ornamental  urn  at  the  head.  On  the  family  monument, 
in  the  center  of  the  lot,  is  this  inscription : 


In  loving  remembrance  of  JOHN  D.  STEWART. 
Born  August  2,  1833.  Died,  January  28,  1894.  "I  have 
fought  a  good  fight, ' '  etc.  In  life  he  was'  loved  and 
honored;  in  his  death  the  people  mourned;  and  his 
memory  will  be  embalmed  in  the  hearts  of  the  many 
whom  he  loved  so  well  and  served  so  faithfully. 


Geneeal  John  MoIntosh  Kell,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  Confederate  naval  officers,  and,  at  the  time 
of  his'  death,  Adjutant-General  of  the  State  of  Georgia, 
lies  buried  in  this  cemetery,  underneath  a  handsomely 
carved  block  of  solid  marble,  on  which  the  sculptor  has 
chiseled  an  anchor.  Inscribed  on  the  old  hero's  tomb 
are  these  words: 


JOHN  -  Mcintosh    kell,    I823-I9OO.      Patriot- 
Hero — Christian.     Mizpeh. 


During  the  Civil  War,  General  Kell  was  associated 
with  Admiral  Raphael  Semmes  in  command  of  the  famous 
Confederate  cruiser,  the  Alabama.  This  gallant  sea-rover 
was  sunk  in  the  British  Channel,  after  an  unequal  fight 
lasting  for  several  hours  with  one  of  the  stoutest  armored 
vessels  afloat,  the  Kearsarge;  but  the  annals  of  the  sea 
will  be  searched  in  vain  for  a  more  brilliant  record  of 
captures  than  was  made  by  this  renowned  ship  before 
she  went  to  her  final  doom  beneath  the  waves.  It  was 
not  until  the  deck  of  the  vessel  was  covered  with  water 
that  either  Semmes  or  Kell  were  willing  to  leave  the  ship. 
On  leaping  into  the  sea,  they  were  rescued  by  English 
yachts  and  landed  upon  the  docks  at  Portsmouth,  Eng. 


Oak  Hill  393 

GrovEENOR  James  S.  Boynton,  an  honored  chief  execu- 
tive of  this  State,  a  former  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court, 
and  a  man  of  the  strictest  integrity  of  character,  is 
buried  in  Oak  Hill,  beside  his  first  wife,  Fannie  Loyall. 
The  grave  of  the  ex-Governor  is  marked  by  a  substantial 
monument,  on  which  the  following  epitaph  is  lettered: 


JAMES  STODDAED  BOYNTON.  Born,  May  7, 
1832.  Died,  Dec.  22,  1902.  He  was  a  public  man  with- 
out vices,  a  private  citizen  without  reproach,  a  neighbor 
without  fault,  and  a  Christian  without  hypocrisy. 


Under  a  handsome  granite  monument,  on  a  beautifully 
shaded  lot,  sleeps  David  J.  Bailey,  a  former  member  of 
Congress  and  one  of  the  towering  men  of  his  time.  The 
inscription  on  his  tombstone,  in  keeping  with  his  mod- 
esty as  a  man,  reads  as  follows  : 


DAVID    JACKSON    BAILEY.      March    11,     1812. 
June  14,  1897. 


To  mention  by  name  only  a  few  other  Georgians  of 
note  buried  in  Oak  Hill,  the  list  includes:  Erasmus  W. 
Beck  and  James  Freeman,  both  at  one  time  members  of 
Congress;  Judge  John  I.  Hall,  a  distinguished  jurist, 
who  held  the  office  of  Assistant  Attorney-General  of  the 
United  States,  under  President  Cleveland ;  John  Lamar, 
Gilman  J.  Drake,  John  B.  Reid,  Dr.  Milton  Daniel, 
Colonel  Frederick  D.  Dismuke,  Colonel  E.  W.  Ham- 
mond, Dr.  John  T.  Banks,  DeForrest  Allgood,  Joseph 
D.  Boyd,  Dr.  John  L.  Moore,  and  a  host  of  others. 


Stonewall  Cemetery  immediately  adjoins  Oak  Hill, 
and  in  this  little  burial  ground  repose  several  hundred 
Confederate  soldiers,  some  of  whom  died  in  the  Griffin 


394       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

hospitals,  while  others  were  brought  from  the  battle- 
field of  Jonesboro  and  from  other  nearby  i^oints. 


Oak  Grove,  Americus 

On  a  beautifully  kept  lot,  to  the  left  of  the  main 
driveway,  near  the  gate,  repose  the  mortal  ashes  of  the 
noted  jurist  and  statesman,  Chaeles  F.  Ckisp.  Twice 
elected  to  the  Speakership  of  the  national  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, Judge  Crisp  was  one  of  the  foremost  men 
in  the  public  life  of  the  nation.  He  was  also  a  power 
in  debate;  and  during  the  long  period  of  time  in  which 
he  represented  Georgia  in  Congress,  he  commanded  the 
respect  of  his  colleagues,  regardless  of  party  lines.  While 
occupying  the  office  of  Speaker,  he  declined  an  appoint- 
ment to  the  United  States  Senate,  in  deference  to  exist- 
ing obligations;  but  was  later  called  by  the  unanimous 
voice  of  the  State  to  assume  the  toga.  His  death  occurred 
on  the  eve  of  the  assembling  of  the  Legislature,  nearly 
eveiy  member  of  w'hich  had  been  instructed  to  vote  for 
him  for  Senator.  For  a  number  of  years  Judge  Crisp 
served  Georgia  on  the  Bench.  His  parents  were  cele- 
brated actors.  The  monument  which  covers  his  grave  is 
a  handsome  shaft  of  marble,  on  which  appears  the  fol- 
lowing inscription: 


CHAELES  FREDERICK  CRISP.  Born  in  Shef- 
field, Eng.,  Jan.  29,  1845.  Died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Oct. 
23,  1896.  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States,  Fifty-Second  and  Fifty-Third  Con- 
gress. 


His  wife,  a  daughter  and  two  sons  occupy  graves  on 
the  same  lot,  each  of  them  neatly  marked.  There  is  also 
a  memorial  to  his  father  and  mother.  Judge  Crisp's  son, 
Charles  R.  Ceisp,  succeeded  him  in  Congress  for  the  un- 
expired term.     He  then  served  for  a  number  of  years 


Town  Cemetery  395 

on  the  City  Court  Bench  of  Americus,  after  which  he 
was  again  returned  to  the'  national  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. 


Included  among  the  other  distinguished  Georgians 
who  sleep  in  Oak  Grove  may  be  mentioned :  Judge  Willis 
A.  Hawkins,  a  former  member  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Georgia  and  a  noted  lawyer;  Colonel  Samuel  H. 
Hawkins,  a  distinguished  financier,  who  devoted  his 
fortune  to  developing  Georgia's  railway  interests;  Judge 
Allen  Fort,  long  a  member  of  the  State  Railroad  Com- 
mission ;  Rev.  Samuel  Anthony,  a  minister  of  State-wide 
reputation;  Colonel  E.  G.  Simmons  and  Colonel  A.  S. 
CuTTs,  both  eminent  lawyers  and  legislators,  besides  a 
host  of  others.  Judge  Henry  K.  McKay,  a  celebrated 
jurist,  who,  after  serving  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  Geor- 
gia, was  elevated  to  the  Federal  Bench,  is  not  buried  here, 
though  Americus  was  his  home  for  years.  He  sleeps  in 
Westview  Cemetery,  in  Atlanta. 


Town  Cemetery,  Oxford 

Underneath  a  marble  obelisk,  in  the  little  cemetery 
at  Oxford,  sleeps  the  mortal  dust  of  Bishop  James  Os- 
good Andrew,  the  first  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.  For  years  Bishop  Andrew  was  the  most 
dominant  figure  in  Southern  Methodism.  Because  of 
his  ownership  of  slave  property,  he  was  singled  out  for 
martyrdom  by  the  Northern,  or  anti-slavery,  element  of 
the  Methodist  Church;  but  in  the  famous  General  Con- 
ference at  Baltimore,  in  1844,  his  brethren  of  the  South 
supported  him  with  overwhelming  unanimity,  urged  him 
not  to  resign,  and,  in  the  end,  seceded,  to  form  an  inde- 


396       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

pendent   organization.     Inscribed  on  the  monument  to 
Bishop  Andrew  is  the  following  simple  epitaph : 


(West) 
BISHOP  JAMES  OSGOOD  ANDREW.     Born,  May 
3,    1794.      Died,   March   2,   1871.     "Even   so   also   them 
which  sleep  in  Jesus  will  God  bring  with  Him." 
(East) 
"For  he  was  a  Good  Man,  full   of  the  Holy  Ghost 
and   of   faith. ' ' 


As  an  educator,  Bishop  Atticus  G.  Haygood  took 
rank  among  the  foremost  men  of  his  time.  He  was  one 
of  the  ablest  presidents  of  Emory  College,  an  institu- 
tion which  has  called  to  its  helm  some  of  the  brightest 
minds  of  Methodism.  His  views  on  the  race  question 
brought  him  into  wide  favor  throughout  the  North,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  was  intrusted  as  Agent  with 
the  administration  of  the  John  F.  Slater  fund,  an  official 
trust  which  he  discharged  with  consummate  ability,  and 
which  he  relinquished  only  to  become  a  bishop  of  the 
Southern  Methodist  Church.  The  inscription  on  his  mon- 
ument, a  plain  shaft  of  white  marble,  twelve  feet  in 
height,  reads  as  follows: 


ATTICUS  GREEN  HAYGOOD,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
Preacher  and  Philanthropist.  Born  in  Watkinsville, 
Ga.,  Nov.  19,  1S39.  Licensed  to  preach  by  Rev.  W.  R. 
Branham  at  Salem  Camp  Ground,  Sept.  13,  1858.  Mar- 
ried to  Mary  F.  Yarbrough,  June  6,  1859.  Sunday 
School  Secretary,  M.  E.  Church,  South,  1870-1875.  Pres- 
ident of  Emory  College,  1875-1884.  Editor  Wesleyan 
Christian  Advocate,  1878-1882.  Agent  John  F.  Slater 
Fund,  1882-1891.  Author  of  The  Man  of  Galilee,  and 
other  books.  Bishop  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South,  1890- 
1896.  Died  in  Oxford,  Ga.,  Jan.  19,  1896.  He  lived 
not  unto  himself  and  being  dead,  yet  speaketh. 


LiNNwooD  397 

His  sister,  Laura,  a  noted  educator,  for  years  prin- 
cipal of  the  Girls'  High  School,  of  Atlanta,  and  after- 
wards a  missionary  to  China,  is  also  buried  in  the  ceme- 
tery at  Oxford. 


Here  also  sleeps  Dr.  Alexander  Means*  (1801-1883), 
a  former  president  of  the  college,  who,  fifty  years  in  ad- 
vance of  his  day,  predicted  the  marvels  of  electricity,  in- 
cluding the  motor  car  and  the  electric  light.  Dr.  Means 
was  hoth  a  scientific  scholar  and  a  poet. 


Linnwood,  Columbus 

This  beautiful  garden  of  the  dead,  on  the  outskirts  of 
Columbus,  possesses  a  claim  to  distinction  which  it  shares 
in  common  with  no  other  cemetery  in  the  land,  and 
which  gives  it  a  recognized  pre-eminence  among  the 
burial-grounds  of  America.  It  was  here,  on  April  26, 
1866,  that  the  custom  of  decorating  annually  the  graves 
of  the  heroic  martyrs  of  the  Lost  Cause  was  first  ob- 
served; and  from  this  initial  ceremony  started  also  the 
custom  which  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  has  since 
adopted  of  holding  exercises  yearly  in  the  Federal  cem- 
eteries throughout  the  South.  On  a  neat  headstone,  near 
the  center  of  the  cemetery,  is  inscribed  the  following 
tribute  to  the  author  of  Memorial  Day: 


Tlie  Soldier's  Friend.    LIZZIE  KUTHERFORD  EL- 
LIS.    "She  hath  done  what  she  could."  Mark  14:   8. 


On  the  reverse  side: 


A  loving  tribute  to  our  co-worker,  MRS.  LIZZIE 
RUTHERFORD  ELLIS.  In  her  patriotic  heart  sprang 
the   thought   of   our   Memorial   Day. 


398       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
On  the  horizontal  grave  cover: 


LIZZIE  RUTHERFORD.  The  Soldier 's  Friend  and 
Suggester  of  MEMORIAL  DAY.  Secretary  Soldier's 
Aid  Society,   1861-18G5. 

"Voices  have  blessed  her  now  silent  and  dumb 
Voices  will  bless  her  for  long  years'  to  come. ' ' 

Married  EOSWELL  ELLIS,  Captain  of  Columbus 
Guards,  November  23,  1868.  Daughter  of  Adolphus 
Skrine  and  Susan  Thweatt  Rutherford.  Born,  June  1, 
1S33.  Died,  March  31,  1873.  Erected  by  Lizzie  Ruth- 
erford  Chapter,   Daughters   of  the  Confederacy. 


Just  a  few  feet  distant  is  the  grave  of  a  lady,  through 
whose  gifted  pen  the  observance  of  Memorial  Day  was 
first  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  public.  The  inscrip- 
tion on  her  tomb  reads: 


MRS.  CHARLES  J.  WILLIAMS.     In  loving  recog- 
nition of  her  memorial  work  by  her  co-workers. 


Marked  by  a  handsome  monument  of  white  marble, 
which  the  elements  have  kindly  spared,  despite  the  lapse 
of  more  than  three-quarters  of  a  century,  is  the  grave  of 
Judge  Eli  S.  Shortee,  one  of  the  most  noted  men  of 
his  day  in  Georgia.    It  bears  the  following  inscription : 


Erected  as  a  tribute  of  love  by  his  family  to  the 
memory  of  ELI  S.  SHORTER,  who  departed  this  life 
Dec.  13,  li836,  in  the  44th  year  of  his  age.  The  emi- 
nent distinction  of  Judge  Shorter  was  founded  in  the 
happiest  union  of  the  social,  kindly,  and  intellectual 
elements  of  character.  Profound  and  distinguished  as 
a  jurist.  Ardent  as  a  friend.  Just  and  kind  as  a  citi- 
zen. His  name  will  be  long  revered  in  the  circle  of 
his  acquaintance. 


LiNNWOOD 


399 


In  the  same  neigliborhood  there  stands  a  time-worn 
obelisk  of  marble,  severely  simple  in  design,  on  which 
appears  the  following  pathetic  epitaph: 


Erected  by  MIRABEAU  B.  LAMAR  in  memory  of 
his  wife  whose  death  has  left  him  no  other  happiness 
than    the   remembrance    of   her    virtues. 


The  gentle  woman  who  sleeps  here  was  Miss  Tabitha 
Jourdan.  She  died  in  the  bloom  of  her  yonthful  beauty, 
soon  after  her  marriage  to  the  future  soldier  and  states- 
man. In  1834,  the  bereaved  husband,  overwhelmed  with 
grief,  left  Georgia — a  homeless  wanderer.  The  outbreak 
of  the  war  for  Texan  independence  attracted  him  to  the 
West.  He  plunged  headlong  into  the  struggle,  rose  like 
a  flash  to  the  front  as  an  officer,  won  the  famous  victory 
at  San  Jacinto,  and  became  the  second  President  of  the 
Republic  of  Texas.  General  Lamar  was  also  a  diplomat 
and  a  poet. 


The  first  native-born  Presbyterian  minister  in  Geor- 
gia sleeps  in  Linnwood — Rev.  Thomas  Goulding.,  D.  D. 
His  son  was  also  a  distinguished  divine  of  the  same  faith. 
But  the  latter 's  chief  claim  to  distinction  rests  upon  his 
authorship  of  ^'The  Young  Marooners,"  one  of  the  most 
famous  stories  ever  written.  The  inscription  on  the  tomb 
of  the  elder  Goulding  is  as  follows : 


REV.  THOMAS  GOULDING,  D.  D.  Born  in  Liberty 
Co.,  Ga.,  March  14,  1786.  Ordained  to  the  Gospel  Min- 
istry, January  1,  1816.  Fell  asleep  in  Jesus,  June  21, 
1848.  He  was'  an  able  and  faithful  pastor,  a  skilled 
comforter  of  the  sick  and  afflicted.  Eminently  chari- 
table, he  was  greatly  beloved.  After  a  long  life  of 
successful  labor  in  the  ministry,  he  departed  this  life 
in  faith  and  hope,  ardent  for  the  crown  of  righteousness. 
In  testimony  of  their  affectionate  regard  for  the  mem- 
ory of  their  venerated  pastor,  a  grateful  people  have 
erected  this  monument  and  the  table  in  the  Presbyter- 
ian Church. 


400       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

His  wife,  Ann  H.  Goulding,  sleeps  beside  him.    She 
died  in  1878,  at  the  advanced  age  of  92. 


In  an  unmarked  grave  on  the  Jeter  lot  repose  the 
mortal  ashes  of  Judge  Walter  T.  Colquitt,  one  of  tlie 
most  illustrious  of  Georgia's  honored  sons.  He  died  in 
1856.  As  an  orator  he  possessed  few  equals.  On  the 
hustings  he  never  met  a  superior.  He  served  Georgia 
in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  in  the  popular  branch 
of  Congress,  and  on  the  Bench.  He  was  also  an  ordained 
Methodist  preacher.  It  is  understood  that  at  some  time 
in  the  near  future  the  grave  of  Judge  Colquitt  will  be 
marked  by  an  impressive  memorial. 


Underneath  a  marble  slab,  resting  upon  a  granite 
base,  in  the  Dillingham-Ticknor  lot,  sleeps  the  immortal 
author  of  "Little  Giffen."  Elsewhere  will  be  found  an 
account  of  this  famous  poem.  The  inscription  on  the 
tomb  is  as  follows : 


In  loving  memory  of  Francis  Orray  Ticknor.  Phy- 
sician and  Poet.  Born  in  Baldwin  Co.,  Ga.,  Nov.  9th, 
1823.  Died  in  Columbus,  Ga.,  Dec.  18th,  1874.  ''I  am 
the  resurrection  and  the  life,  saith  the  Lord.  He  that 
believeth  on  me,  though  he  were  dead,  yet  shall  he  live. ' ' 


One  of  the  most  distinguished  members  of  the  ante- 
bellum group  of  Georgia  lawyers  who  practiced  at  the 
Columbus  bar  was  Colonel  Seaborn  Jones.  He  also 
represented  the  State  with  marked  ability  in  the  national 
House  of  Representatives.  As  aide  to  Governor  Troup, 
in  1825,  when  the  great  Lafayette  was  a  guest  of  the 
■State,  it  devolved  upon  him  to  act  as  master  of  cere- 
monies at  the  famous  banquet  which  was  tendered  the 
old  paladin  of  liberty,  at  Milledgeville,  then  Georgia's 


LiNNWOOD  401 

state  capital.  The  occasion  was  perhaps  the  most  bril- 
liant in  the  social  annals  of  the  State,  prior  to  the  Civil 
War;  and  Colonel  Jones,  in  presiding  over  the  historic 
banquet,  is  said  to  have  been  the  embodiment  of  grace 
itself.  This  courtly  gentleman  of  the  old  regime  is  in- 
cluded among  the  honored  dead  of  Linnwood.  He  sleeps 
beside  his  beloved  wife;  and,  on  the  monument  which 
commemorates  both,  is  inscribed  this  simple  record: 


SEABOEN    JONES,    son    of    Abraham    and 

Sarah 

Jones.       Born    Feb.    1,    1788.       Died    Mar.    18, 

1864. 

MARY,  wife  of  SEABORN  JONES.    Born  Jan.  13, 

1788. 

Died    Feb.    4,    1869.         Daughter    of    John    and 

Jane 

Howardi 

* '  Old  Rock, ' ' — to  use  the  term  of  endearment  bestowed 
upon  the  great  soldier  and  jurist,  who  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Colonel  Seaborn  Jones — sleeps  in  a  grave  not  far 
removed.  Whether  on  the  field  of  battle,  in  the  forum 
of  legislation,  or  on  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  State, 
General  Henry  L,  Benning  served  Georgia  with  a  fidel- 
ity which  no  one  ever  surpassed.  The  inscription  on 
his  tomb  reads : 


HENRY 

LEWIS   BENNING, 

son 

of 

Pleasant    M. 

and 

Malinda 

L.   Benning.     Born 

Apri 

2, 

1814.     Died 

July 

10,  1875 

Brigadier-General, 

C.  S. 

A. 

"Old  Rock." 

This 

was  a  man. 

His  wife,  Mary  Howard:  Benning,  sleeps  in  a  grave 
beside  him.  Samuel  Spencer,  who  married  a  daughter 
of  General  Benning,  was  the  first  president  of  the  South- 
ern Railway,  and  one  of  the  foremost  industrial  captains 
of  his  day  and  time  in  this  section.  Mr.  Spencer  was 
a  native  of  Columbus.  He  met  a  tragic  death  near  the 
boundary  line  between  North  Carolina  and  Virginia, 
while  traveling  in  his  private  car,  on  Thanksgiving  Day, 
1906.  He  is  buried  in  Oak  Hill  Cemetery,  near  Wash- 
ington, P.  0, 


402       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Two  other  distingiiislied  former  judges  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Georgia  sleep  in  Linnwood:  Judge  Mar- 
tin J.  Ceawford  and  Judge  Mark  H.  Blandford. 


Underneath  a  granite  shaft,  on  a  lot  encompassed  by 
an  iron  railing,  near  the  center  of  the  cemetery,  reposes 
the  famous  Nestor  of  Southern  Methodism.  Inscribed  on 
the  monument  is  the  following  brief  record : 


EEV.  LOVICK  PIERCE,  T>.  D.  Born  in  Halifax 
Co.,  N.  C,  Mar.  24,  1785.  Died  in  Sparta,  Ga.,  Nov.  9, 
1879. 


Dr.  Pierce,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  in  his  ninety- 
fifth  year.  As  an  orator,  he  was  scarcely  inferior  to  his 
gifted  son,  the'  Bishop.  His  wife,  a  Miss  Foster,  sister 
of  Congressman  Thomas  F.  Foster,  occupies  a  grave  in 
the  same  area  of  ground. 


Colonel  Absalom  H.  Chappell,  a.  former  member  of 
Congress  and  a  lawyer  of  high  rank,  whose  eventide  of 
life  was  devoted  to  the  writing  of  his  famous  ''Miscel- 
lanies of  Georgia"  is  buried  in  Linnwood,  beside  his  wife, 
Loretta  Lamar  Chappell,  a  sister  of  the  famous  General 
Mirabeau  B.  Lamar,  of  Texas.  The  inscriptions  read  as 
follows : 


ABSALOM 

H.  CHAPPELL 

.     Born  in  Hancock 

Co., 

Ga 

,  Dec.    18, 

1801. 

Died   in 

Columbus, 

Ga 

,    Dec 

n, 

187 

8.     "Blessed  are 

the   pure 

in   heart 

for 

they 

shall 

see 

God. ' ' 

To  his  wife; 


LORETTA  REBECCA  LAMAR  CHAPPELL.  Born 
in  Putnam  Co.,  Ga.,  July  26,  1818.  Died  in  Columbus, 
Ga.,  August  29,  1905.     "He  giveth  his  beloved  sleep." 


LiNNWOOD  403 

At  tlie  time  of  her  death,  Mrs.  Chappell  was  in  her 
eighty- eighth  year.  She  was  one  of  the  most  noted 
women  of  her  day  and  time  in  Georgia.  In  the  same  area 
of  ground  sleeps  Thomas  J.  Chappell,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  legislator,  and  a  son  of  Colonel  Absalom  H. 
and  Loretta  Lamar  Chappell.  The  wife  of  Prof.  J. 
Harris  Chappell,  of  Milledgeville,  late  President  of  the 
Georgia  Normal  and  Industrial  College,  is  also  buried 
on  this  lot.  The  graves  are  each  marked  with  handsome 
memorials. 


One  of  the  handsomest  granite  shafts  in  the  cemetery 
adorns  the  Garrard  lot,  where,  beside  his  wife,  sleeps 
the  lamented  Louis  F.  Gakeaed,  at  one  time  Speaker  of 
the  Georgia  House  of  Eepresentatives,  a  lawyer  of  note 
and  a  strong  minority  candidate  for  United  States  Sen- 
ator. The  list  of  distinguished  dead  in  Linnwood  in- 
cludes also  General  Paul  J.  Semmes,  a  brave  Confed- 
erate officer,  who  fell  at  Gettysburg;  and  three  former 
members  of  Congress — Hikes  Holt,  Thomas  F.  Foster 
and,  Thomas  W.  Grimes,  but  in  a  somewhat  hasty  tour 
of  the  cemetery  the  graves  of  these  eminent  Georgians 
were  not  located.  On  the  Hurt  lot,  in  a  grave  marked 
by  a  handsome  monument  of  marble,,  sleeps  Colonel 
Peyton  H.  Colquitt,  a  gallant  officer,  who  fell  at  the 
head  of  his  regiment  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  He 
was  a  son  of  Judge  Walter  T.  Colquitt  and  a  brother  of 
Governor  Alfred  H.  Colquitt.  Here,  too,  rest  Colonel 
John  A.  Jones,  who  was  killed  at  Gettysburg,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer ;  Col.  Thomas  M.  Nelson,  who  fell  leading 
the  Sixth  Mississippi  Cavalry ;  Rev.  Robert  Carter,  D.  D., 
a  noted  minister  of  the  Gospel,  and  a  number  of  others. 
Colonel  Raphael  J.  Moses,  the  famous  Confederate  quar- 
termaster, a  noted  lawyer  and  a  magnetic  orator,  is 
buried  at  Esquiline,  his  old  country  home,  some  five  miles 
fi*om  Columbus.  Judge  Marshall  J.  Wellborn,  a  former 
member  of  Congress  and  a  Baptist  minister,  long  a  resi- 


404       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

dent  of  Columbus,  sleeps  in  Oakland  Cemetery,  in  Atlan- 
ta. GovEENOR  James  M.  Smith^  also  a  former  citizen 
of  Columbus,  is  buried  in  Alta  Vista  Cemetery,  at  Gaines- 
ville. Governor  James  Johnson,  provisional  cbief  execu- 
tive of  the  State  during  the  days  of  Reconstruction,  rests 
in  Linn  wood. 


Town  Cemetery,  Decatur 

Decatur  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  the  Georgia 
foothills.  For  this  reason,  though  not  a  large  community, 
it  has  been  the  home  of  a  number  of  distinguished  people, 
during  the  century  of  time  which  has  passed  ovep  the 
little  town.  Two  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  are  known 
to  be  buried  here,  and  there  are  doubtless  others  who 
sleep  in  unmarked  graves.  Under  a  rude  granite  slab, 
fast  crumbling  with  age,  encompassed  by  a  pipe  railing, 
with  stone  posts  at  each  end,  lies  one  of  these  old  heroes 
of  the  first  war  for  independence.  Carved  by  the  un- 
lettered muse,  on  this  simple  monument,  is  the  following 
epitaph,  which  some  little  skill  is  required  to  decipher : 


COLONEL  JOHN  MAFFETT,  an  old  Revolutioner. 
Supposed  to  be  87. 


Only  a  few  feet  distant,  on  a  lot  enclosed  in  the  same 
rude  fashion  by  a  pipe  railing,  but  overhung  by  the 
boughs  of  an  immense  oak  tree,  there  are  three  graves 
in  a  row,  each  marked  by  an  ancient  headstone,  on  which 
the  lettering  is  quite  uniform  and  distinct.  The  one 
in  the  center  bears  this  inscription : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  JOHN  HAYES,  a  Revolu- 
tionary Soldier.  Born,  Nov,  2,  1751.  Departed  this 
life,  June  17,  1839.  Aged  87  years,  7  months  and  15 
days. 


Town  Cemetery  405 

To  the  right  of  the  old  soldier  is  buried  his  wife, 
Mary,  who  survived  him  by  only  two  days.  She  died  on 
June  19,  1839,  at  the  age  of  78  years.  On  his  left  is 
the  grave  of  his  son,  Thomas,  born  just  at  the  close  of 
the  Revolution.  He  died  on  January  7,  183'1,  several 
years  in  advance  of  his  parents,  at  the  age  of  45. 


In  the  center  of  a  lot,  perhaps  two  hundred  feet  to 
the  left  of  the  main  entrance  to  the  cemetery,  near  the 
south  wall,  is  a  grave  of  historic  interest,  covered  by 
an  old-fashioned  box  of  marble,  on  which  a  draped  urn 
is  surmounted.  It  marks  the  last  resting  place  of  Dr. 
Thomas  H.  Chivers,  an  eccentric  genius,  from  whom  it 
is  claimed  by  competent  critics  that  Edgar  Allan  Poe 
caught  the  poetic  inspiration  and  borrowed  the  peculiar 
measure  of  his  celebrated  masterpiece — "The  Raven." 
Prone  to  melancholy  the  poems  of  Dr.  Chivers  are  tinc- 
tured with  sadness ;  and  some  of  them  are  weird  in  char- 
acter. But  undoubtedly  he  possessed  rare  poetic  gifts. 
He  was  also  a  physician  and  a  draftsman,  like  Dr.  Tick- 
nor — a  man  of  varied  talents.  The  inscription  on  his 
tomb  is  as  follows : 


Here  lie  the  remains  of  THOMAS  H.  CHIVERS, 
M.  D.  Of  his  excellence  as  a  lyric  poet,  his  works  will 
remain  a  monument  for  ages  after  this  temporary  tribute 
of  love  is  in  dust  forgotten.  This  soul  winged  its  flight 
Heavenward,   December   19th,   1858.     Aged  52  years. 


His  wife,  Harriet,  is  buried  in  the  same  lot.  She 
survived  him  until  1888.  On  the  south  side  of  the  urn, 
above  Dr.  Chivers,  there  is  a  brief  inscription  to  Mrs. 
Chivers.  .  On  the  north  side  there  is  also  one  to  his  son, 
Thomas  H.,  Jr.,  who  died  in  1892. 


On  the  highest  point  of  ground  within  the  little  enclo- 
sure, under  an  impressive  monument  of  white  marble. 


406       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  handsomest  work  of  art  in  the  cemetery,  sleeps  Hon. 
Charles  Murphey,  a  former  member  of  Congress.  It 
bears  the  following  inscription : 


In  memory  of  HON.  CHARLES  MTURPHEY.  Born, 
May  9th,  1799.  Died,  January  16th,  1861.  Wise  as  a 
legislator,  conservative  as  a  statesman,  he  won  early  in 
life  the  confidence  of  his  countrymen,  which  he  held 
uninterrupted  and  unshaken  to  the  day  of  his  death. 
Kind  as  a  neighbor,  honest  and  reliable  as  a  counselor, 
he  never  failed  to  receive  upon  all  occasions  the  warm 
support  of  a  large  majority  of  his  fellow-citizens  of 
DeKalb  County.  In  the  more  intimate  relations  of 
parent  and  master,  indulgent  to  a  fault,  he  was  loved 
almost  to  admiration.  In  affectionate  remembrance  of 
his  many  deeds  of  love  and  kindness,  his  only  .sur- 
viving daughter  has  placed  this  monument  over  his  re- 
mains. 


At  the  north  end  of  the  same  lot  is  the  grave  of  his 
son-in-law  Milton  A.  Candler,  also  a  member  of  Con- 
gress and  a  lawyer  of  note.  The  handsome  stone,  which 
is  beautifully  overarched  by  a  green  bay  tree,  is  inscribed 
as  follows: 


MILTON  A.  CANDLER.  January  11,  1837.  August 
8,  1909.  "And  I  heard  a  voice  from  heaven  saying  unto 
me.  Write,  Blessed  are  the  dead  which  die  in  the  Lord, ' ' 
etc.     Rev.   14:    13. 


Marked  by  an  elegant  headstone  of  solid  marble,  some 
few  feet  to  the  south  of  the  Murphey  lot,  is  the  grave  of 
Colonel  George  W.  Scott,  the  beloved  philanthropist  and 
soldier,  whose  liberality  founded  Agnes  Scott  College. 


Confederate  Cemetery  407 

His  wife  sleeps  beside  him ;  and  on  the  monument  which 
commemorates  both  the  following  record  is  inscribed: 


GEORGE  W.  SCOTT.  February  22,  1829.  October 
3,  1903.  REBECCA  SCOTT.  May  20,  1834.  July  12, 
1899. 


Captain  Edward  Cox,  who  slew  Colonel  Robert  A. 
Alston  in  the  old  State  C'apitol,  sleeps  here  in  a  grave 
not  far  from  his  victim's.  Both,  graves  are  simply 
marked.  Here  repose  Charles  and  Eleanor  Swift 
Latimer,  the  parents  of  the  distingTiished  Mrs.  Wm.  H. 
Felton,  both  of  whom  reached  the  age  of  eighty-five.  The 
list  of  former  residents  of  Decatur  who  are  also  buried 
here  includes :  Rev.  Donald  Eraser,  who  was  long  pastor 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church;  James  Wallace  Kirkpat- 
RicK,  John  Bryce,  Adam  Hoyle,  Rev.  John  E.  DtjBose, 
evangelist  of  the  Atlanta  Presbytery;  Rev.  Wm.  Henry 
Clarke,  Rev.  W.  M.  Sams,  Robert  Hollingsworth,  John 
W.  Medlock,  Stanhope  Augustus  Sams,  and  Rev.  J.  A. 

ROSSER. 

Confederate  Cemetery,  Marietta 

In  the  Confederate  Cemetery  at  Marietta  something 
like  3,000  Confederate  soldiers  lie  buried.  They  sleep  al- 
most within  the  shadow  of  Kennesaw  Mountain,  on  whose 
fiery  slopes,  during  the  last  year  of  the  Civil  War,  many 
of  them  met  death.  But  the  entire  line  of  Sherman's 
march,  from  Dalton  to  Marietta,  has  contributed  to  swell 
the  silent  ranks.  The  wooden  headstones  which  were  used 
at  first  to  mark  the  graves  were  destroyed  by  sparks 
of  fire  from  the  constantly  passing  engines  of  the  West- 
ern and  Atlantic  Railroad,  upon  whose  tracks  the  ceme- 
tery borders.  But  under  the  energetic  direction  of  Mrs. 
R.  T.  Nesbitt,  who  became  president  of  the  local  Memor- 
ial Association,  an  interest  was  revived  in  this  sacred 


408       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


burial  ground  of  the  Lost  Cause;  and,  though  many 
of  the  names  were  hopelessly  lost,  handsome  stone  mark- 
ers were  placed  over  each  grave,  and  Georgia,  through 
her  law-making  power,  was  finally  induced  to  take  the 
consecrated  area  under  her  perpetual  guardianship. 
Towering  like  a  sentinel  above  the  long  rows  of  head- 
stones is  the  handsome  monument  erected  by  Kennesaw 
Chapter  of  the  U.  D.  C,  in  1908,  while  spanning  the  walk 
which  leads  to  the  monument  there  is  an  archway  of 
marble,  from  the  floor  of  which  bubbles  a  fountain.  On 
the  face  of  the  massive  structure  of  stone,  at  the  top 
of  the  hill,  the  artist  has  deftly  chiseled  a  flag,  wreathed 
with  laurels,  and  on  this  side  of  the  monument  appears 
the  following  inscription: 


To  our  Confederate  Dead.  Erected  and  Dedicated 
hy  Kennesaw  Chapter  United  Daughters  of  the  Confed- 
eracy, Marietta,  Ga.     1908. 


On  the  left  side 


To  our  Cobb  County  Soldiers  who  so  nobly  illus- 
trated Georgia,  on  many  a  hard  won  field,  to  those 
who  died  for  a  sacred  cause,  and  to  those  who  lived  to 
win  a  nobler  victory  in  time  of  peace. 


In  the  rear,  under  a  sculptured  design  of  the  Con- 
quered Banner: 


"For  though  conquered,  they  adore  it, 
Love  the  cold  dead  hands  that  bore  it. ' ' 


On  the  right  side 


To  the  3,000  soldiers  in  this  cemetery,  from  every 
Southern  State,  who  fell  on  Georgia  soil  in  defence  of 
Georgia  rights  and  Georgia  homes. 

* '  They  sleep  the  sleep  of  our  noble  slain. 
Defeated,  yet  without  a  stain, 
Proudly  and   peacefully. ' ' 


Confederate  Cemetery 


409 


Some  twenty-five  feet  distant  stands  a  little  brass 
cannon  which,  after  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
was  restored  to  the  State  and  formally  unveiled  on 
Memorial  Day,  in  1910.  It  was  one  of  four  artillery  pieces 
belonging  to  the  famous  old  Georgia  Military  Institute. 
The  guns  were  captured  by  General  Sherman  on  his 
celebrated  march  to  the  sea. 


Beneath  a  massive  shaft  of  granite,  in  the  far  end  of 
the  cemetery,  sleeps  a  distinguished  Georgian,  who  was 
three  times  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate. On  the  west  side  of  the  monument,  in  large  raised 
letters,  is  chiseled  the  name : 


CLAY 


On  the  west  side ; 


ALEXANDEE  STEPHENS  CLAY.  Born,  Sep- 
tember 25,  1853.  Admitted  to  Marietta  Bar,  1877. 
Speaker  House  of  Representatives,  1889-1890.  Presi- 
dent of  Georgia  Senate,  1892-1893.  Chairman  Demo- 
cratic Executive  Committee,  1894-1895-1896.  Elected 
United  States  Senate,  1896-1903-1909.  Died,  November 
13,  1910. 


On  the  north  side 


He  retreated  with  the  aspect  of  a  victor  and  though 
he  surrendered  he  seemed  to  conquer.  His  sun  went 
down  amid  the  splendor  of  an  eternal  dawn. 


On  the  west  side : 


Honest  and  capable,   faithful,  courageous,   patriotic, 
and  God-fearing. 

"His  life  was  gentle;  and  the  elements 

So  mixed  in  him  that  Nature  might  stand  up 

And  say  to  all  the  world — this  was  a  man." 


410       Geoiigia^s  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Included  among  the  State's  distinguished  dead  who 
are  buried  in  the  Confederate  Cemetery  at  Marietta  are : 
Judge  George  D.  Andeeson,  a  noted  jurist,  who  died  at 
Spring  Place,  in  Murray  County,  Ga.,  while  engaged  in 
the  duties  of  his  circuit — a  young  man  but  possessed  of 
the  most  brilliant  gifts ;  Judge  George  N.  Lester,  a  well- 
known  jurist  and  a  one-armed  Confederate  soldier,  who 
unsuccessfully  opposed  Dr.  Felton  for  Congress;  Colo- 
nel James  D.  Waddell,  a  distinguished  author,  a  former 
clerk  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives,  and  a  gallant 
Confederate  officer;  Rev.  Isaac  Watts  Waddell,  D.  D., 
a  noted  Presbyterian  divine;  General  Andrew  J.  Han- 
sell,  Colonel  John  Heyward  Glover,  and  a  number 
of  others.  Governor  Charles  J.  McDonald  is  buried 
in  the  Episcopal  Cemetery,  in  another  part  of  town. 
General  William  Phillips,  who  commanded  the  famous 
Legion,  is  buried  at  his  old  home  place,  on  the  outskirts 
of  Marietta.  Rev.  William  H.  Sparks,  the  noted  his- 
torian, who  wrote  '' Memories  of  Fifty  Years,"  died  here, 
but  an  effort  to  locate  his  grave  has  been  unsuccessful. 


Town  Cemetery,  Cartersville 

On  entering  the  cemetery,  the  first  memorial  of  gen- 
eral interest  to  arrest  the  eye  of  the  stranger  is  the 
horizontal  slab  of  white  marble  which  covers  the  grave 
of  Dr.  Wlliam  H.  Felton.  Statesman,  orator,  minister 
of  the  Gospel,  physician,  controversialist,  he  was  one 
of  the  State's  most  illustrious  citizens.  Dr.  Felton  was 
often  a  leader  of  minorities,  often  subjected  to  harsh 
and  bitter  criticism,  but  in  natural  powers  of  oratory 
it  is  doubtful  if  he  has  ever  been  surpassed  in  the  arena 
of  Georgia  politics.  On  the  smooth  surface  of  the  marble 
slab  is  inscribed  the  following  epitaph: 


WILLIAM  HAERELL  FELTON.  1823-1909.  An 
heroic  soul  ever  enlisted  in  the  cause  of  the  right.  En- 
dowed   with    a    magnificent    mind,    matchless    eloquence, 


Town  Cemetery 


411 


(Continued) 

and  the  commanding  force  which  acknowledged  integ- 
rity and  lofty  courage  inspire.  He  gave  to  his  country 
efficient,  patriotic,  and  unsullied  service  in  State  and 
National  legislation.  He  lavished  tender  consideration 
and  affection  on  his  beloved  home,  while  for  more 
than  fifty  years  the  best  efforts  of  this  superb  intellect 
and  noble  heart  were  devoted  to  the  continuous,  zealous, 
gratuitous,  and  consecrated  work  of  a  minister  of  the 
gospel. 


Just  beyond  tlie  Felton  lot  is  the  grave  of  the  world- 
renowned  evangelist,  Sam  P.  Jones.  It  is  marked  by  a 
handsome  shaft  of  Georgia  granite,  severely  simple  in 
design,  but  most  substantial  in  character.  On  one  side 
of  the  monument  is  inscribed  simply  his  name : 


tion 


SAM  JONES 


On  the  opposite  side  appears  the  following  inscrip- 


REV.  SAM  P.  JONES.  Born,  Oct.  16,  1847.  Died, 
Oct.  15,  1906.  "They  that  turn  many  to  righteousness 
shall  shine  as  the  stars  for  ever  and  ever."  Daniel 
12:  3. 


One  of  the  handsomest  monuments  in  the  cemetery 
marks  the  grave  of  a  Georgian  who  seemed  to  be  destined 
to  the  highest  civic  honors.  But  he  died  on  the  thres- 
hold of  achievement.  The  inscription  on  the  granite 
shaft  reads  as  follows : 


JOHN  WESLEY  AKIN.  Born,  Cassville,  Ga.,  June 
10,  1859.  Died,  Cartersville,  Ga.,  Oct.  18,  1907.  Chris- 
tian, Jurist,  Statesman,  Orator,  Man  of  Letters.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  President  of  the  Senate  of  Georgia. 


412       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

In  this  same  neighborhood  is  the  Tumlin  vault,  a 
massive  cube  of  granite,  in  which  lies  entombed  one  of 
the  wealthiest  citizens  of  Bartow  County,  a  distinguished 
pioneer,  and  a  leader  in  public  affairs.  The  only  inscrip- 
tion on  his  tomb  is  the  following  record : 


COLONEL  LEWIS  TURILIN.     Born,  May  19,  1809. 
Died,  June   2,   1875. 


Some  fifty  yards  distant  is  the  grave  of  Georgia's 
noted  philosopher  and  humorist — "Bill  Arp."  It  is  un- 
pretentiously marked;  but  there  is  not  a  spot  in  the 
cemetery  more  sacred  to  Georgians.  On  a  flat  marble 
slab,  somewhat  elevated  above  the  ground,  is  inscribed 
the  following  brief  epitaph: 


In  loving  memory  of  CHAELES  H.  SMITH.  "BILL 
ARP."     June  15,  1826.     Aug.  24,  1903. 


There  follows  underneath  an  inscription  to  his  grand- 
child. At  the  head  of  the  grave  is  a  cross,  which  bears 
the  following  simple  legend: 


From    his    Confederate    Veteran    friends. 


On  one  of  the  highest  points  in  the  cemetery  there 
stands  an  impressive  shaft  of  marble,  which  marks  the 
last  resting  place  of  one  of  the  most  gallant  officers  of 
cavalry  in  the  Confederate  ranks,  afterwards  both  a 
statesman  and  a  diplomat — General  P.  M.  B.  Young. 


Town  Cemetery 


413 


Tlie  inscriptions  on  the  elegant  marble  shaft  are  as  fol- 
lows: 


(East) 

Paered  to  the  memory  of  Pierce  M.  B.  Young,  son  of 
Robert  M.  and  E.  Caroline  Young.  Born  at  Spartan- 
burg, S.  C,  Nov.  15,  1836.  Died,  in  New  York,  July  6, 
1896. 

(North) 

Appointed  Cadet  West  Point,  U.  S.  A.,  1857.  Com- 
missioned 2nd  Lieutenant,  C.  S.  A.,  Feb.  1,  1861.  Ad- 
jutant Cobb's  Georgia  Legion,  Aug.  15,  1861.  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel, Nov.  16,  1861.  Colonel,  Nov.  1,  1862. 
Brigadier-General,  Sept.  28,  1863.  Major-General,  Nov. 
15,   1864. 

(South) 

A  member  of  the  Fortieth,  Forty-First,  Forty-Sec- 
ond, and  Forty-Third  Congresses  of  the  United  States. 
U.  S.  Commissioner  Paris  Exposition,  in  1878.  Ap- 
pointed Consul-General  of  U.  S.  A.  to  Eussia,  June  17, 
1885.  Appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  and  Envoy 
Extraordinary  to  Gautemala  and  Honduras,  April  4,  1893. 


Not  far  removed  from  the  monument  to  Greneral 
Young  is  the  grave  of  a  distinguished  citizen  of  Carters- 
ville,  who  held  the  office  of  Attorney-General  in  the  Cabi- 
net of  President  Grant.  The  grave  is  marked  by  a 
handsome  stone.  On  the  front  of  the  monument  is  in- 
scribed : 


AMOS  T.  AKEBIMAN.     Born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
Feb.  23,  1821.     Died,  Dec.  21,  1880. 


On  the  left  side 


In  thought  clear  and  strong,  in  purpose  pure  and 
elevated,  in  moral  courage  invincible,  he  lived  loyal  to 
his  convictions,  avowing  them  with  candor  and  support- 
ing them  with  firmness.  A  friend  of  humanity,  in  his 
zeal  to  serve  others,  he  shrank  from  no  peril  to  himself. 
He  was  able,  faithful,  and  true. 


414       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
On  the  right  side: 


A  member  of  Georgia  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1868.  United  States  Attorney  for  District  of  Georgia. 
Attorney-General   of   U.    S. 


Myrtle  Hill,  Rome 

Overlooking  the  waters  of  the  Etowah,  Rome's  lofty 
burial-ground  is  beautiful  for  situation.  It  is  in  strict 
literalness  a  marble-crowned  Acropolis ;  and  rising  from 
the  velvet  slopes  of  the  wooded  promontory,  some  of 
the  handsomest  monuments  in  the  State  adorn  the  long 
spiral  driveways,  winding  from  the  base  to  the  summit. 
The  most  conspicuous  object  to  attract  the  eye,  on  en- 
tering the  cemetery,  is  a  superb  mausoleum,  the  archi- 
tectural design  of  which  suggests  some  mediaeval  castle. 
Over  the  doorway  of  this  handsome  stone  sepulchre  is 
the  following  brief  inscription : 


DE.  EGBERT  BATTEY.     1891. 


Despite  the  meagre  epitaph,  no  Georgian  of  the  past 
generation  would  need  to  be  told  that  the  man  of  science 
who  sleeps  here  was  the  renowned  specialist,  who  in  the 
particular  sphere  of  practice  which  he  chose  for  his  life's 
work  was  admittedly  without  a  peer  in  the  South.  Dr. 
Battey  was  born  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  in  1828,  but  his  earliest 
American  ancestors  were  English  Quakers,  who  emi- 
grated to  Providence,  R.  I.  During  a  short  residence 
at  one  time  in  the  State  of  Michigan  he  clerked  for  Zach 
Chandler,  afterwards  the  famous  United  States  Senator. 
He  located  in  Rome,  when  a  young  physician;  and  here 
the  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent.  He  became  distin- 
guished as  a  surgeon,  accumulated  a  fortune,  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  recognition  of  his  marked 
attainments. 


Myrtle  Hill  415 

Underneath  a  massive  block  of  granite  surmounted 
by  a  draped  urn  is  the  grave  of  the  noted  philanthropist 
and  financier  of  Rome,  who  founded  Shorter  College. 
His  wife  sleeps  at  his  side;  and  the  inscription  on  the 
monument  which  commemorates  both  is  couched  in  the 
briefest  terms.    It  reads : 


ALFRED  SHORTER.    Nov.  23,  1803.    July  18,  1882. 
MARTHA  B.,  his  wife.     Jan.  25,  1799.     Mar.  22,  1877. 


Nothing  else  in  the  way  of  an  epitaph  is  to  be  found 
on  the  monument,  but  what  further  need  be  said  of  one 
whose  best  monument  is  the  great  school  of  learning 
which  tops  a  neighboring  hill  and  whose  memory  still 
lingers  like  an  incense  in  the  hearts  of  Romans? 


On  a  simjDle  headstone,  facing  one  of  the  main  drive- 
ways of  the  cemetery,  is  inscribed  the  following  brief 
record : 


JOHN  W.  H.  UNDERWOOD.     Boru  Nov.  20,  1816. 
Died  July  18,   1888.     He  rests  from  his'  labors. 


Jurist,  Congressman,  wit — Judge  Underwood  was 
one  of  Georgia's  most  gifted  sons.  His  father,  Judge 
Wm.  H.  Underwood,  equally  famed  for  his  Attic  salt, 
sleeps  in  another  burial-ground. 


Augustus  R.  "Wright,  a  distinguished  occupant  of 
the  Superior  Court  Bench,  a  former  member  of  Congress, 
and  an  orator  of  unsurjoassed  gifts,  is  also  buried  on 
Myrtle  Hill. 


Covered  by  a  horizontal  slab  of  granite  is  the  grave 
of  the  renowned  "Demosthenes  of  the  Mountains."  On 
the  base  of  the  handsome  family  monument  which  stands 
in  the  center  of  the  lot  is  inscribed : 


MILLER 


416       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
The  epitaph  on  the  slab  reads: 


H.  V.  M.  MILLEE.  1814-1896.  A  Christian  who 
faithfully  served  his  God.  A  Physician  who  loved  his 
fellow-men.  A  Soldier  and  a  Senator  from  Georgia.  He 
never  did  anything  that  caused  a  citizen  of  Georgia  to 
put  on  mourning.     Adsum. 


Underneath  a  handsome  shaft  of  granite,  surmounted 
by  a  draped  urn,  is  the  grave  of  a  distinguished  former 
citizen  of  Rome,  who  served  in  three  separate  State 
Legislatures — first  in  South  Carolina,  then  in  Alabama, 
and  last  in  Georgia.    The  inscription  on  his  tomb  reads : 


BENJAMIN 

CUDWOETH 

YANCEY. 

Born 

April 

27,  18ir. 

Entered  into  rest  Oct.  24 

,   1891. 

True 

man, 

true   hero, 

true 

philanthropist, 

thy 

golden 

motto 

duty 

without   fear. 

Colonel  Yancey  was  a  brother  of  the  noted  William 
L.  Yancey,  of  Alabama,  the  great  orator  of  secession, 
to  whose  impassioned  eloquence  was  due  in  large  meas- 
ure the  revolt  of  1861.  But  the  distinguished  Georgian 
whose  dust  hallows  this  spot  was  scarcely  less  illus- 
trious. He  received  from  Pr'esident  Buchanan  an  ap- 
pointment as  United  States  Minister  to  Argentina,  and 
on  his  return  to  America  was  informed  by  Mr.  Buchanan 
that  he  was  slated  for  the  Court  of  St.  James.  But  the 
appointment  was  never  formally  tendered,  due  to  the 
oncoming  of  the  Civil  War. 


On  a  neat  headstone,  near  the  top  of  the  hill,  ap- 
pears the  following  brief  inscription,  to  which  attaches 
no  small  degree  of  historic  interest : 


COLONEL    DANIEL    E.    MITCHELL,    one    of    the 
Founders  of  Eome.     He  gave  the  city  its  name  in  1834. 


Oakland  417 

Included  among  the  many  other  distinguished  former 
citizens  of  Rome  who  sleep  on  Myrtle  Hill  may  be  men- 
tioned: John-  Wesley  Rounsaville,  Eobeet  F.  Nixoisr^ 
Daniel  S.  Printup,  Henry  J.  Dick,  General  George 
Seaborn  'Blaok,  Colonel  Charles  M.  Harper,  R.  T. 
FoucHE,  Dr.  R.  V.  Mitchell,  Rev.  George  T.  Goetchius, 
D.  D.,  Captain  C.  N.  Featherstone,  Thomas  Berry, 
Mitchell  A.  Nevin,  Robert  Mitchell,  and  a  host  of 
others.  John  H,  Lumpkin,  a  candidate  for  Governor  in 
the  famous  deadlock  of  1857  and  a  representative  from 
Congress  in  Georgia,  is  buried  elsewhere.  On  the  sum- 
mit of  the  hill  stands  a  handsome  monument  of  marble 
erected  to  the  heroes  of  the  Lost  Cause.  It  is  sur- 
mounted by  the  figure  of  a  private  soldier,  holding  his 
musket  at  parade  rest. 


On  August  11,  1914,  the  mortal  dust  of  Mrs.  Woodrow 
Wilson — the  First  Lady  of  the  Land — was  laid  to  rest 
on  Myrtle  Hill  in  the  presence  of  a  vast  concourse  of 
people ;  and  here  at  the  close  of  a  life,  crowned  with  the 
highest  honors  of  a  grateful  republic,  will  doubtless  rest 
the  ashes  of  an  American  President. 


Oakland,  Atlanta 

Atlanta's  earliest  burial-ground  was  located  on 
Peachtree  Street,  between  Cain  and  Baker,  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  what  was  afterwards  the  home  of 
Hon.  N.  J.  Hammond,  a  distinguished  member  of  Con- 
gress. But,  in  1850,  a  tract  of  land,  just  beyond  the 
eastern  boundaries  of  the  city,  was  obtained  from  Colo- 
nel L.  P.  Grant,  and  to  this  site  the  bodies  were  removed. 
The  new  cemetery  was  called  Oakland.  James  Nissen,  a 
druggist,  was  the  first  resident  of  Atlanta  to  occupy  a 
grave  in  the  new  burial-ground,  by  direct  interment.  His 
grave  is  just  to  the  right  of  the  main  driveway,  near 
the  Hunter  Street  entrance,  and  is  marked  by  a  slab  yel- 


418       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

low  with  age,  on  which  the  inscription  can  scarcely  be 
deciphered.  At  the  request  of  Mr.  Nissen,  an  incision 
was  made  in  his  jugular  vein,  prior  to  burial,  by  Dr. 
Charles  D'Alvigny,  an  operation  which  the  latter  per- 
formed at  the  grave  side,  in  the  presence  of  a  number 
of  witnesses.  Oakland  originally  contained  only  one 
acre  of  ground,  but  additional  purchases  were  made 
from  time  to  time.  At  present  it  comprises  eighty-five 
acres,  and  there  are  more  than  86,000  graves  in  this 
beautiful  city  of  the  dead.  The  bodies  of  some  three 
thousand  Confederate  soldiers  are  also  buried  here,  most 
of  them  having  been  gathered  from  the  battle-fields 
around  Atlanta,  under  the  supervision  of  the  deVoted 
women  who  composed  the  local  Memorial  Association. 
In  the  center  of  this  area  stands  the  Confederate  monu- 
ment, an  obelisk  of  Stone  Mountain  granite,  majestic  in 
height,  erected  in  1873.  Not  far  removed  is  a  marble 
reproduction  of  the  famous  Lion  of  Lucerne,  unveiled 
in  1895  to  the  unknown  heroes.  Oakland  belongs  to  the 
city  of  Atlanta.  It  has  yielded  quite  a  large  revenue 
from  the  sale  of  lots,  but  the  area  is  now  well  filled. 
The  grounds  have  been  beautifully  plotted  and  the  spa- 
cious enclosure  adorned  with  many  cost]y  monuments 
and  burial  vaults.  Some  of  the  State's  most  illustrious 
dead  repose  in  Oakland;  and,  with  respect  to  the  num- 
bers interred,  it  is  the  largest  of  Georgia's  silent  cities. 


To  the  right  of  the  Hunter  Street  driveway,  in  the 
extreme  eastern  part  of  the  cemetery,  is  the  grave  of 
Georgia's  illustrious  orator— United  States  Senator 
Benjamin  H.  Hill.  Beside  him  sleeps  his  beloved  wife. 
In  the  same  enclosure  is  the  grave  of  his  distinguished 
son,  Hon.  Charles  D.  Hill,  for  twenty-six  years  solicitor- 
general  of  the  Atlanta  Circuit.  The  first  wife  of  Judge 
Benjamin  H.  Hill,  Jr.,  is  also  buried  here.  The  Senator's 
daughter,  Mrs.  Ridley,  who  sustained  fatal  injuries  in 
an  accident  which  occurred  in  1883,  while  out  driving, 


Oakland  419 

is  another  occupant  of  the  lot.  Each  grave  is  substan- 
tially and  neatly  marked.  On  a  monument  of  white  mar- 
ble, surmounted  by  a  draped  urn,  in  the  center  of  the 
square,  may  be  read  the  following  inscription : 


(West) 

BENJAMIN  H.  HILL.  Born  in  Jasper  Co.,  Ga., 
"September  14,  1823.  Died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  August  16, 
1882. 

(North), 

When  too  feeble  to  speak,  he  wrote  the  following: 
■'If  a  grain  of  corn  will  die  and  then  rise  again  in  so 
much  beauty,  why  may  not  I  die  and  then  rise  again  in 
infinite  beauty  and  life?  How  is  the  last  a  greater  mys- 
tery than  the  first?  And  by  as  much  as  I  exceed  the 
grain  of  corn  in  this  life,  why  may  I  not  exceed  it  in 
the  new  life?  How  can  we  limit  the  power  of  Him 
who  made  the  grain  of  corn  and  then  made  the  same 
grain  arise  in  such  wonderful  newness  of  life. ' " 


In  the  shadow  of  the  Confederate  monument,  under 
a  handsome  block  of  granite,  sleeps  the  Chevalier  Bay- 
ard of  the  South — Geneeal  Johist  B.  Goeuon.  The  plot 
of  ground  in  this  immediate  vicinity  has  been  set  apart 
to  the  Confederate  veterans.  It  is  covered  with  a  mantle 
of  blue  grass  and  is  well  kept  by  the  workmen  in  charge. 
The  inscription  on  the  great  soldier's  tomb  contains 
nothing  beyond  the  name  and  the  vital  dates.  But  what 
else  is  needed.    It  reads  as  follows : 


JOHN  B.  GORDON.    Feb.  6,  1832.    Jan.  9,  1904. 


Equally  brief  is  the  lettering  on  the  tomb  of  the  gal- 
lant hero  and  gentleman  who  commanded  Gordon's  fa- 
mous division  at  Appomattox,  and  who  succeeded  him 


420       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriat.s  and  Legends 

years  later  at  the  head;  of  the  United  Confederate  Vet- 
erans : 


GENEEAL  CLEIMENT  ANSLEM  EVANS.     Febru- 
ary 25,  1833.    July  2,  1911. 


General  Evans  is  buried  ^\^tllin  thirty  feet  of  the 
granite  shaft  which  commemorates  the  Lost  Cause.  His 
grave  is  marked  by  a  plain  but  substantial  headstone.  In 
the  same  area  of  ground,  between  General  Evans  and 
General  Gordon,  sleeps  another  brave  Confederate  of- 
ficer— General  Alfred  Iverson,  the  younger.  His  grave 
is  at  present  unmarked. 


Just  a  few  feet  distant  is  the  grave  of  Governoe  Wm. 
J.  NoRTHEN.  It  is  marked  by  a  double  headstone,  half 
of  which  is  reserved  for  his  wife.  The  simple  inscrip- 
tion reads  as  follows:  ^'Wm.  J.  Northen.  1835-1913." 
On  the  horizontal  grave  cover  is  the  single  word 
''Father." 


Perhaps  the  costliest  monument  in  the  cemetery  is 
the  handsome  shaft  of  marble  which  marks  the  last  rest- 
ing i^lace  of  Joseph  E.  Brown,  Georgia's  famous  war 
Governor,  afterwards  Chief  Justice  of  the  State  and 
United  States  Senator.  It  occupies  the  center  of  a  square 
in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  cemetery,  and  is  con- 
spicuous foil  its  elegance  of  design  no  less  than  for  its 
height.  The  monument  is  surmounted  by  a  statue  of 
the  archangel  Gabriel,  trumpet  in  hand,  while  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  shaft  there  are  two  angels  facing  north  and 
south.  On  the  solid  base  of  the  massive  column  is  in- 
scribed in  largo  capital  letters  the  family  name: 

BROWN 


Oakland 


421 


The  inscriptious  higher  up  on  the  monument  are  as 
follows : 


(West) 
Near  this  stone  repose  the  remains  of  JOSEPH 
EMERSON  BROWN.  He  was  born  in  Pickens  District, 
S.  C,  April  15,  1821,  and  died  hoping  and  relying, 
through  faith,  for  salvation,  in  the  future  world,  alone 
upon  the  mercies  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the  atonement 
made  by  Him,  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Nov.  30,  1894.  He  was 
State  Senator,  1849-1850;  Presidential  Elector,  1852; 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Courts,  1855-1857;  Governor  of 
Georgia  for  four  consecutive  terms,  1857-1865;  Chief- 
Justice  of  Georgia,  1808-1870;  United  States  Senator, 
1880-1891;  President  W.  &  A.  R.  E.  Co.,  1870-1890.  His 
history  i?  written  in  the  annals  of  Georgia. 

(East) 
By  the  side  of  those  of  her  husband  repose  the  mor- 
tal remains  of  ELIZABETH  GRISHAM  BROWN,  wife 
of  Joseph  E.  Brown  and  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  and 
M'ary  Steele  Grisham.  She  was  born  in  Pendleton,  S.  C, 
July  13,  1826;  married  in  Westminster,  S.  C,  July  13, 
1847;  died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Dec.  26,  1896.  In  all  the 
duties  of  life  she  was  faithful  and  true.  She  was  a 
loving  daughter,  a  faithful  wife,  a  devoted  mother,  a 
true  friend,  and  a  sincere  Christian.  "Let  not  your 
heart  be  troubled ;  ye  believe  in  God,  believe  also  in  me. ' '' 


Besides  the  inscriptions  above  given,  there  are  also 
inscriptions  to  his  children  on  the  other  two  sides  of  the 
monument.  The  grave  of  Senator  Brown  is  covered 
by  a  solid  block  of  granite,  on'  which  is  carved  a  cross. 
His  beloved  wife  sleeps  near  him.  Her  grave  is  marked 
by  a  handsome  marble  headstone,,  on  which,,  in  addition 
to  her  name,  is  chiseled  an  excellent  likeness  of  Mrs. 
Brown.  On  the  same  lot  are  buried  Julius  L.  Brown, 
Franklin  Pierce  Brown  and  Charles  McDonald  Brown, 
three  sons  of  Senator  Bro^vn;  Colonel  William  Steele 
Grisham,  a  brothei^  of  Mrs.  Brown,  and  several  others. 
Charles  McDonald  Brown  died  while  a  student  at  Athens. 
In  honor  of  this  splendid  youth,  the  sum  of  $50,000  was 


422       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

afterwards  given  to  the  State  University  by  the  bereaved 
father,  an  amount  which  the  former  was  to  have  received 
on  the  twenty-first  anniversary  of  his  birth.  Franklin 
Pierce  Brown  died  at  the  asje  of  seventeen.  On  the 
monument  is  inscribed  this  estimate  of  him  from  the  pen 
of  Alexander  H.  Stephens:  ''Such  a  prodigy  of  intel- 
lect and  virtue  in  a  body  so  frail  I  never  met  with  in  any 
other  human  form  and  never  expect  to  if  I  were  to  live 
a  thousand  years."  Julius  L.  Brown  was  the  eldest  of 
the  Senator's  children.  At  the  time  of  his  death  in  1910 
he  was  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Georgia  bar. 


Three  hundred  yards  east  of  the  Brown  lot  is  the 
grave  of  Colonel  Nathaniel  J.  Hammond,  a  former  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  the  Atlanta  district  and  a  lawyer 
of  wide  reputation.  It  is  marked  by  a  plain  shaft  of 
granite,  bearing  this  inscription: 


In  memory  of  Nathaniel  J.  Hammond.  Dec.  26,  1833. 
April  20,  1899.  "Behold  the  upright,  for  the  end  of 
that  man  is  peace. ' ' 


On  the  base  below,  in  large  raised  letters,  is  inscribed 


HAMMOND 


In  a  separate  lot  nearbj^  sleeps  his  honored  father, 
Colonel  Amos  W.  Hammond^  with  whom  for  a  number 
of  years  he  practiced  law. 


To  the  left  of  the  Hunter  Street  driveway,  not  far 
from  the  Confederate  monument,  is  a  handsome  marble 
column,  around  which  is  entwined  a  wreath  of  sculptured 
i\"3\  It  is  one  of  the  finest  memorial  shafts  in  the  ceme- 
tery— an  exquisite  work  of  art.  The  grave  which  it 
marks  is  the  last  resting  place  of  Chief  Justice  Osborne 


Oakland 


423 


A.  LOCHRANE. 

follows : 


The  inscriptions  on  the  monument  are  as 


(West) 
In   Menioriam.     Judge   Osborne   Augustus'  Lochrane. 
Born,  Armaugh,  Ireland,  1829.    Died,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  1887. 
(North) 
Generous  spirit,  kingly  heart,  matchless  orator,  up- 
right   jurist,    loving    father,    tender    husband,    princely 
man;  sweet  be  thy  sleep  until  the  glad  resurrection  morn 
shall    summon    thee    to    a    glorious    reunion    with    those 
whose  hearts  now  bleed — 

"For  the  touch  of  a  vanished  hand 
And  the  sound  of  a  voice  that  is  still. ' ' 
(South) 
"Land  of  my  adoption,  where  the  loved  sleep  folded 
in  the  embraces  of  your  flowers,  would  that  today  it  were 
my  destiny  to  increase  the  flood-tide  of  your  glory,  as 
it  will  be  mine  to  share  your  fortune,  for  when  my  few 
more   years   tremble    to    their   close,    I   would    sleep    be- 
neath your  soil,  where  the  drip  of  April  tears  might  fall 
upon  my  grave   and   the  sunshine   of   your  skies   would 
warm  Southern  flowers  to  blossom  upon  my  breast. ' ' 


General  Alfred  Austell,  the  noted  financier,  who  or- 
ganized the  first  national  bank  in  the  Southern  States, 
just  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  and  Dr.  Abner  W. 
Calhoun,  the  distinguished  specialist,  occupy  handsome 


vaults  in  this  same  neighborhood. 


At  the  Fair  Street  entrance,  an  unpretentious  shaft 
marks  the  last  resting  place  of  a  distinguished  minister 
of  the  Grospel,  Congressman  and  jurist.  It  contains  the 
following  epitaph: 


MARSHALL  J.  WELLBORN.  Died  at  Columbus, 
Ga.,  Oct.  16,  1874,  in  the  sixty-seventhi  year  of  his  age. 
Ever  embarrassed  by  physical  infirmities,  he  rose  by  in- 
tellectual excellence  and  rare  energy  to  high  judicial  dis- 
tinction and  served  with  honor  in  the  halls  of  Congress. 
In  the  fullness  of  worldly  success  he  forsook  all  to  follow 
Jesus,  and  lived  and  died  an  able,  devoted,  and  self- 
denying  minister  of  the  gospel. 


424       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

His  nephew,  Judge  Marshall,  J.  Clarke,  for  a  number 
of  years  judge  of  the  Atlanta  Circuit,  sleeps  beside  him. 


To  the  south  of  the  Brown  monument,  in  the  north- 
west part  of  the  cemetery,  is  the  grave  of  Judge  Junius 
HiLLYER,  an  eminent  jurist.  Congressman  and  man  of  af- 
fairs. The  spot  is  impressively  marked  by  a  handsome 
shaft  of  marble,  on  which  is  lettered  the  following  simple 
epitaph : 


JUNIUS   HILLYER.      Born   April   23,    1807.      Died 
June  21,  1886. 


Just  a  few  feet  to  the  east,  under  a  shaft  of  marble 
somewhat  colored  with  age,  sleeps  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  Presbyterianism  in  upper  Georgia,  a  distinguished  edu-* 
cator  and  a  noted  pastor.  The  inscription  on  his  monu- 
ment reads: 


REV'D  JOHN  S.  WILSON,  D.  D.  Born,  Jan.  4, 
179'6.  Died,  Mar.  27,  1873.  For  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury a  standard-bearer  of  the  cross,  he  closed  his  long 
and  useful  ministry  as  pastor  for  fifteen  years  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 
"Servant  of  God  well  done. 

Rest  from  thy  loved  employ. 
The   battle   fought,   the   victory   won. 
Enter  thy  Master's  joy." 


In  this  same  part  of  the  cemetery  sleep  Major  Camp- 
bell Wallace,  a  noted  financier  and  railway  builder; 
Captain  W.  A.  Fuller,  who  overtook  and  captured  the 
notorious  raider  Andrews,  in  one  of  the  most  thrilling 
exploits  of  the  Civil  War;  Colonel  W.  A.  Hemphill, 
long  the  business  manager  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution; 


Oakland  425 

Judge  W.  H.  Hulsey,  a  distinguished  lawyer;  Colonel 
W.  T.  Wilson,  a  gallant  Confederate  officer,  who  fell  at 
Manassas,  one  of  the  first  victims  of  the  Civil  War,  and 
Major  Sidney  Boot,  a  useful  pioneer  citizen. 


To  the  south  of  the  foregoing  group,  in  an  unmarked 
grave,  repose  the  mortal  ashes  of  the  foremost  criminal 
advocate  of  his  day  and  time  in  Georgia;  General  Lu- 
cius J.  Gartrell.  Prior  to  the  Civil  War,  General  Gar- 
trell  was  a  member  of  Congress.  On  the  field  of  battle 
he  won  merited  distinction,  and  in  1882  he  opposed 
Alexander  H.  Stephens  for  the  high  office  of  Governor. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  ere  long  a  substantial  monument 
will  mark  the  last  resting  place  of  this  lamented  Geor- 
gian. 


Another  eminent  citizen  of  the  State  whose  grave 
in  Oakland  Cemetery  is  at  present  unmarked,  is  the  re- 
vered Chief  Justice  Logan  E.  Bleckley;  but  the  proba- 
bilities are  that  a  handsome  memorial  in  the  very  near 
future  will  be  placed  over  his  ashes. 


Just  a  few  feet  from  the  Bleckley  lot  is  the  grave  of 
CoL.  Basil  H.  Overby,  marked  by  a  substantial  head- 
stone. Judge  Overby  was  perhaps  the  first  man  in  Geor- 
gia to  run  for  Governor  on  a  straight  Prohibition  ticket. 
Judge  Bleckley  and  he  married  sisters,  daughters  of 
General  Hugh  A.  Haralson.  Still  another  sister  married 
General  John  B.  Gordon. 


On   the  left   of   the   Hunter  Street  driveway,   some 
three  hundred  yards  from  the  gate,  under  a  simple  monu- 


426       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ment  of  marble,  sleeps  Colonel  James  M.  Calhoun,  At- 
lanta's war-time  mayor.  On  the  south  side  of  the  monu- 
ment is  inscribed  the  following  epitaph : 


JAMES  M.  CALHOUN.  Born  in  Calhoun  Settle- 
ment, Abbeville  District,  S.  C,  February  12,  1811,  and 
died  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Oct.  1,  1875.  Aged  64  years,  7 
months  and  18  days.  An  able  and  faithful  lawyer,  a 
true  and  honorable  public  servant,  an  upright  and  con- 
scientious citizen,  a  generous  and  warm-hearted  friend, 
an  affectionate  husband  and  father.  "His  life,  taken 
all  together,  was  an  eminent  success  and  he  left  the 
world  with  friends,  relatives',  and  a  great  city  to  mourn 
his  loss." 


In  a  neighboring  lot  his  son,  Judge  William  Lown- 
des Calhoun,  a  gallant  Confederate  soldier,  a  former 
mayor,  and  a  well-known  lawyer— for  years  the  Ordi- 
nary of  Fulton  County— lies  buried. 


Mr.  Richard  Peters,  one  of  Atlanta's  earliest  pioneer 
citizens,  a  substantial  man  of  affairs,  is  likewise  buried 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Hunter  Street  driveway,  where 
his  grave  is  handsomely  marked.  Ira  0.  McDaniel  and 
James  E.  Williams,  both  early  mayors  of  the  city,  the 
former  the  father  of  Governor  Henry  D.  McDaniel,  are 
also  buried  in  this  part  of  Oakland.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  driveway  is  the  Collier  vault,  in  which  reposes  the 
body  of  Judge  John  Collier,  who  framed  Atlanta's  ear- 
liest municipal  charter. 


One  of  the  handsomest  mausoleum^  in  Oakland  Cem- 
etery is  occupied  l)y  the  Grants — John  T.  and  Wm.  D. — 
father  and  son,  two  of  Atlanta's  wealthiest  citizens. 


In  the  neighborhood  of  the  Hill  lot,  on  an  eminence 
to  the  right  of  the  main  driveway,  at  the  eastern  extreme 


Oakland  427 

of  tlie  burial-ground,  is  a  neat  shaft  of  marble,  wliicli 
marks  the  last  resting  place  of  Peofessok  Beknard  Mal,- 
LON,  the  first  superintendent  of  Atlanta's  public  schools. 
The  inscriptions  on  the  monument  are  as  follows : 


(North) 
Bernard   Slallon.      Born   in   Ireland,   Sept.   14,   1824. 
From  Nov.,  1848,  until  Aug.,  1879,  a  citizen  of  Georgia. 
Died  in  Texas,  Oct.  21,  1879. 

(South) 
A    trusted    leader    among    Southern    workers    in    the 
cause   of   popular   education,    for   thirty-one   years.      As 
teacher  and  superintendent,  he  devoted  his  life  to  organ- 
izing public  schools  in  Georgia. 
(West) 
Erected    by    the   teachers    and    pupils    of    the    public 
schools  of  Atlanta.     Our  First  Superintendent. 
(East) 
Patient    and   wise   teacher,   he   loved   God    and   little 
children.     Gentle   and   pure  man,   honor  was   his  shield, 
his   golden   motto,   duty   without   fear. 


The  list  of  Oakland's  disTingaiished  dead  includes  also : 
Hon.  Jonathan  Norcross,  Judge  Samuel  B.  Hoyt,  Dr. 
E.  N.  Calhoun,  Joseph  "Winship,  founder  of  Atlanta's 
pioneer  iron  works;  John  F.  Mims,  an  early  mayor; 
Green  B.  Haygood,  Reuben  Cone,  Julius  A.  Hayden, 
Thomas  G.  Healey,  N.  L.  Angier,  Ammi  Williams, 
"Walker  P.  Inman,  Hugh  T.  Inman,  Rhode  Hill,  Will- 
iam Markham,  C.  E.  Boynton,  E.  P.  Chamberlin,  W.  A. 
Rawson,  E.  E.  Rawson,  Wm.  M.  Lowey,  Philip  Dodd, 
Green  T.  Dodd,  M.  C.  Kiser,  J.  F.  Riser,  F.  M.  Coker, 
John  Neal,  T.  B.  Neal,  Colonel  R.  F.  Maddox,  John  T. 
Glenn,  Porter  King,  J.  W.  Rucker,  Joseph  Hirsch,  W. 
A.  Moore,  E.  W.  Marsh,  W.  B.  Cox,  Ira  Y.  Sage,  Judge 
William  Ezzard,  G.  J.  Foreacre,  John  R.  Gramling, 
Colonel  E.  N.  Broyles,  Major  B.  E.  Crane,  Hon.  Moses 


428       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

FoRMWALT,  Atlanta's  first  mayor,  in  a  grave  unmarked; 
Colonel  Wm.  II.  Dabney,  Wm.  C.  Sanders,  John  R. 
Gramling,  John  D.  Turner,  Wm.  B.  Cox,  Judge  John  L. 
Hopkins,  Judge  John  Erskine,  Jared  I.  Whitaker,  John 
M.  Hill,  Judge  John  L.  Hopkins,  R.  H.  Richards,  John 
Ryan,  Anthony  Murphy,  Prof.  W.  A.  Bass,  Dr.  D.  C. 
O'Keefe,  one  of  the  founders  of  Atlanta's  public  scliool 
system;  Colonel  Reuben  Arnold,  Db.  H.  H.  Smith,  and 
a  host  of  others,  who  may  not  improperly  be  called  the 
real  builders  of  the  Gate  City  of  the  South. 


Perhaps  the  most  unique  memorial  structure  in  Oak- 
land is  the  Jasper  N.  Smith  vault,  to  the  right  of  the 
main  driveway,  near  the  Hunter  Street  gate.  Above 
the  door  of  the  vault  is  a  granite  statue  of  Mr.  Smith, 
which  portrays  him  seated  in  an  easy  chair,  with  his 
beaver  in  his  hand,  looking  toward  the  N'orth.  There 
is  no  semblance  of  a  necktie  about  the  collar-band,  for 
the  reason  that  no  one  ever  saw  him  when  he  wore  this 
unnecessary  article  of  adornment.  The  original  of  the 
statue  is  still  in  life,  an  eccentric  old  gentleman  of  large 
means,  whose  first  contribution  to  Atlanta's  architec- 
tural attractions  was  the  quaint  structure,  at  the  corner 
of  Peachtree  and  Forsyth,  known  as  the  ''House  that 
Jack  Built."  The  inscription  on  the  vault,  waiting  to 
be  completed  hereafter,  is  as  follows: 


Jasper  N.  Smith.    Born  in  Walton  Co.,  Ga.,  Dec.  29, 
1833. 


Westview,  Atlanta 

"Westview,  the  modern  cemetery  of  Atlanta,  is  lo- 
cated four  miles  from  the  center  of  the  city,  on  the 
Green's  Ferry  road.  It  is  controlled  by  a  joint  stock 
company,  organized  in  1884.    The  site  is  a  beautiful  one 


Westview  429 

for  the  purpose,  and  tlie  grounds  have  been  highly  im- 
proved. There  are  several  hundred  acres  of  land  within 
the  enclosure,  and  for  years  to'  come  it  is  likely  to  be 
the  city's  favorite  burial-ground,  though  other  ceme- 
teries have  since  been  opened.  Here,  also,  a  handsome 
Confederate  monument,  surmounted  by  the  statue  of  a 
private  soldier,  musket  in  hand,  has  been  erected  on  one 
of  the  highest  i^oints,  and  there  are  many  substantial 
and  costly  memorial  stones.  The  cemetery  contains  a 
number  of  historic  shrines,  including  the  vault  in  which 
the  ashes  of  the  illustrious  Henry  W.  Grady  are  en- 
tombed. 


To  the  left  of  the  main  driveway,  near  the  foot  of  the 
first  hill,  occupying  a  lot  donated  for  the  jDurpose  by 
the  corporation,  is  the  grave  of  Dewey's  flag  lieutenant, 
who  planned  the  battle  of  Manila  Bay  and  hoisted  the 
American  flag  above  the  Philippines.  The  handsome 
granite  shaft,  on  which  is  designed  a  rope  coiled  and 
knotted  in  sailor  fashion,  emblematic  of  service  on  the 
high  seas,  contains  the  following  brief  inscription: 


LIEUTENANT   THOMAS  M.  BEUMBY,  U.   S.  N. 
Died,  December  17,  1899,  aged  forty-four  years. 


Some  distance  from  the  Brumby  monument,  but  to 
the  right  of  the  same  driveway,  on  the  slopes  of  one 
of  the  highest  hills  in  the  cemetery,  is  the  Grady  vault, 
an  impressive  structure  of  marble,  in  which  rest  the 
mortal  remains  of  the  South 's  great  orator  and  editor. 
On  the  crypt  of  the  vault  which  contains  the  ashes  is  in- 
scribed : 


HENRY  WOODFIN  GRADY.    Born  May  24th,  1850. 
Died  Dee.  23rd,  1889. 


430       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memori.vls  and  Legends 

On  the  same  sid©  of  the  vault  sleeps  his  wife,  Julia 
King  Grady ;  on  the  opposite  side  is  David  Banks  Gould. 


Directly  across  the  main  driveway  from  the  Grady 
vault  is  the  tomb  of  Captain  Evan  P.  Howell,  for  years 
an  associate  with  Mr.  Grady  in  the  ownership  of  the 
Atlanta  Constitution,  and  himself  one  of  Georgia's  most 
distinguished  sons.  The  monument  which  marks  his 
last  resting  place  is  a  handsome  shaft  of  granite,  on 
which  is  lettered  the  following  record: 


(N 

ortb) 

EVAN  PARK  HOWELL. 

Dec. 

10, 

1839. 

Aug.  6, 

1905. 

(South) 

A    Confederate 

soldier. 

A 

pat 

riotic 

American.      A   | 

pioneer  builder  of 

Atlanta. 

In  the  same  neighborhood,  under  a  most  substantial 
and  elegant  shaft  of  granite,  sleeps  Peof.  William  Henry 
Peck,  the  novelist. 


Still  nearer  the  crest  of  the  same  hill  on  which  the 
Grady  vault  stands  may  be  seen  a  boulder  of  rough-hewn 
granite,  the  beauty  o7  which  cannot  fail  to  catch  the  eye. 
It  marks  the  last  resting  place  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris, 
the  South 's  most  illustrious  man  of  letters  and  the  cre- 
ator of  the  far-famed  "Uncle  Remus."  On  a  copper 
plate  embedded  in  the  surface  of  the  stone  is  inscribed 
in  raised  letters   the   following  record: 


JOEL  chandler  HARRIS.     Born,  Eatonton,  Ga., 
Dec.   9tli,   1849.     Died,  Atlanta,   Ga.,   July  3rd,   1908. 


Then  follows  a  quotation  from  the  author's  pen: 
''I  seem  to  see  before  me  the  smiling  faces  of  thou- 


>,  o 


Westview  431 

sands  of  children,  some.young  and  fresh  and  some  wear- 
ing the  friendly  marks  of  age,  but  all  children  at  heart 
and  not  an  unfriendly  face  among  them;  and,  while  I 
am  trying  hard  to  speak  the  right  word,  I  seem  to  hear 
a  voice  lifted  above  the  rest,  saying:  'You  have  made 
some  of  us  happy,'  and  so  I  feel  my  heart  fluttering  and 
my  lips  trembling,  and  I  have  to  bow  silently  and  turn 
away  and  hurry  back  into  the  obscurity  that  fits  me 
best." 

Modest  to  a  fault,  simple  in  his  tastes  and  habits, 
rugged  in  his  character,  unselfish  in  his  love,  especially 
for  little  children,  nothing  in  the  way  of  a  memorial 
to  Mr.  Harris  could  possibly  be  more  appropriate  than 
this  boulder  of  mountain  granite,  inscribed  with  the  sen- 
timent which  it  reproduces  from  his  own  writings. 


On  the  summit  of  the  hill,  near  the  grave  of  Uncle 
Remus,  sleeps  George  W.  Adair,  a  pioneer  citizen,  for 
more  than  twenty-five  years  a  close  neighbor  to  Mr. 
Harris  in  West  End ;  Dr.  Henry  Holcombe  Tucker, 
an  eminent  Baptist  educator,  publicist  and  divine; 
John  Silvey,  one  of  Atlanta's  pioneer  merchants; 
Major  D.  N.  Speer,  for  many  years  treasurer  of  the  State 
of  Georg-ia;  Colonelj  Wm,  L.  Scruggs,  an  ex-United 
States  Minister  of  Colombia  and  Venezuela ;  Laurent 
DeGive,  an  ex-consul  of  Belgium,  who  built  Atlanta's 
first  opera  house;  and  David  Mayer,  a  public  spirited 
and  generous  Hebrew,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  local 
system  of  public  schools.  The  inscription  on  the  monu- 
ment of  the  last-named  citizen  of  Atlanta  is  a  model.  It 
reads : 


Broad  in  his  philanthropies,  generous  in  apprecia- 
tion of  his  fellow-men,  he  moved  through  the  circle  of 
his  days,  uninfluenced  by  the  spirit  of  prejudice  against 
either  creed  or  sect ;  thrilled  by  every  song,  moved  by 
every  prayer,  and  sharing  every  tear  of  our  common 
humanity. 


432       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Tlie  list  of  former  distinguished  residents  of  Atlanta 
buried  in  Westview  includes  also :  Judge  Eufus  T.  Dor- 
set^ Dr.  R.  T.  Spalding^  Dr.  Hunter  P.  Cooper,  Rev.  E. 
H.  Barnett,  D.  D.,  for  years  an  honored  pastor  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Atlanta;  Judge  Daniel 
Pittman,  Rev.  I.  T.  TicSnor,  D.  D.,  long  secretary  of  the 
Educational  Board  of  the  Baptist  Church  in  Georgia; 
Colonel  T.  W.  Latham,  Colonel  B.  F.  Abbott,  Captain 
T.  S.  Lewis,  J.  >M.  High,  W.  A.  Russell,  W.  J.  Garrett, 
J.  B.  Whitehead,  Colonel  L.  P.  Grant,  Judge  Henry  K. 
McKay,  Judge  John  S.  Bigby,  and  Judge  Henry  B. 
Tompkins. 


In  an  unmarked  grave,  on  the  slopes  of  Laurel  Hill, 
the  highest  point  of  Westview,  sleeps  Dn.  James  G.  Arm- 
strong, an  Episcopal  clergyman  of  rare  attainments, 
whose  resemblance  to  the  Booth  family  of  actors  was 
most  striking.  He  was  rector  of  St.  Philip's  Cathedrnl 
for  a  number  of  years,  but  was  unfrocked  some  time  in 
the  eighties  for  alleged  offences  in  regard  to  which  there 
has  always  been  a  diversity  of  opinion.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  the  ripest  Shakespearean  scholar  in  the 
iState.  He  was  also  an  authority  on  Goethe;  and  was 
profoundly  versed  in  the  German,  French  and  Englisli 
philosophies.  His  son-in-law,  Hon.  William  C.  Glenn, 
at  one  time  Attorney- General  of  Georgia,  sleeps  in  an 
unmarked  grave  beside  him.  The  State  could  well  afford 
to  build  the  latter  a  monument.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  famous  Glenn  tax  bill,  afterwards  enacted  into  law, 
by  virtue  of  which  a  vast  sum  of  money  was  realized. 
Prior  to  the  adoption  of  this  measure  it  is  said  that  rail- 
road property,  aggregating  in  value  something  like  $60,- 
000,000,  was  exempt  from  taxation.* 


Town  Cemetery,  Greenville 

Greenville  is  only  a  small  country  town,  with  a  popu- 
lation barely  exceeding  one  thousand  souls,  but  in  the 


♦See  Memoirs  of  Georgia,  Vol,  I,   p.   786,  Atlanta,   1895. 


Town  Cemetery  433 

quiet  little  graveyard  on  the  hill  there  sleeps  a  Chief 
Justice,  a  member  of  Congress,  who  was  also  an  Assist- 
ant Postmaster-General;  a  noted  educator  of  Georgia 
youth,  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  and  a  Governor 
of  the  'State,  who  was  also  an  Attorney-General  of  Geor- 
gia and  a  United  States  Senator.  Near  the  center  of 
the  burial  ground,  in  a  lot  enclosed  by  a  handsome  iron 
railing,  sleeps  the  mortal  dust  of  Chief  Justice  Hiram 
Waener.  His  grave  is  marked  by  an  obelisk  of  white 
marble,  devoid  of  anything  like  elaborate  ornamentation. 
It  merely  records  the  fact  that  he  was  Georgia's  Chief 
Justice,  giving  the  date  of  his  birth,  1802,  and  the  date 
of  his  death,  1881. 


Underneath  a  shaft  of  marble,  somewhat  more  or- 
namental in  design,  there  rests  within  this  same  enclos- 
ure the  mortal  remains  of  Judge  Obadiah  Warner,  a 
younger  brother  of  the  Chief  Justice  and  a  jurist  of 
very  great  note.  The  inscription  on  his  monument  reads 
as  follows: 


OBADIAH  waener.  Born  January  8,  1811.  Died 
August  5,  1891.  Aged  eighty  years  and  seven  months. 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  Coweta  Circuit.  He 
never  fell  below  that  standard  of  manhood  which  men 
recognize  as  of  the  highest  type. 


On  this  same  lot  sleeps  Alexander  Franklin  Hill, 
a  much  beloved  citizen  of  Greenville,  who  married  a 
daughter  of  Judge  Hiram  Warner.  He  was  the  father 
of  Judge  Hiram  Warner  Hill,  of  the  present  Supreme 
Court  of  Georgia. 


■&^ 


Handsomely  marked  by  a  double  headstone  of  solid 
granite  is  the  last  resting  place  of  Hon.  Joseph  M.  Ter- 


434       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

RELL,  one  of  Georgia's  most  distinguished  sons.    On  the 
front  is  inscribed: 


JOSEPH     MERIWETHER     TERRELL.       June     6, 
1861.     Nov.  17,  1912. 


On  the  rear  of  the  monument  are  recorded  the  various 
positions  of  honor  which  he  held,  as  follows : 


United  States  Senator,  61st.  Congress.  Governor  of 
Georgia,  1902-1907.  Attorney-General  of  Georgia,  1892- 
1902.     Legislator,  1884-1886-1890. 


His  father,  Dr.  Joel  E.  G.  Terrell,  whose  career  was 
likewise  cut  short  at  the  age  of  fifty-two,  is  buried  on 
the  same  lot,  imderneath  a  beautiful  monument  of  marble. 
The  lot  is  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing. 


One  of  Georgia's  most  noted  educators,  Hon.  Wm. 
T.  Kevill,  is  buried  on  this  hill.  Two  of  his  pupils  sub- 
sequently became  Governors  of  the  State:  William  Y. 
Atkinson  and  Joseph  M.  Terrell.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
Georgia.  The  following  inscription  is  lettered  on  his 
monument : 


WM.  TINSLEY  REVTLL.  Born  Feb.  17,  1836. 
Died  May  9,  1904.  A  fond  husband,  tender  father,  and 
loyal  friend.  True  to  his  convictions,  he  left  to  pos- 
terity a  priceless  heritage,  that  of  an  untarnished  name. 
After  life 's  fitful  fever,  he  sleeps  well. 


Here  sleeps  beneath  a  towering  obelisk  of  granite 
the  mortal  ashes  of  a  former  member  of  Congress:  Hon. 
Heney  R.  Haeris.  He  represented  Georgia  in  the  halls 
of  national  legislation  from  1872  to  1878,  and  from  1884 


Oak  Hill  435 

to  1886,  after  which  he  became  an  Assistant  Postmaster- 
General  under  President  Cleveland.  The  inscription  on 
his  monument  reads : 


HENEY  E.  HAEEIS.     Feb.  2,  1828.     Oct.  15,  1909. 
His  record  is  on  high. 


The  lot  is  enclosed  by  an  iron  railing,  but  opens 
through  a  gateway  into  an  area  of  much  smaller  dimen- 
sions, in  the  center  of  which  stands  a  fine  old  marble 
obelisk,  somewhat  begrimed  with  age,  on  which  the  fol- 
lowing inscription  appears : 


HENEY  HAEEIS.     Born  May  15,  1781.     Died  Dec. 
24,  1858.     In  life  he  was  upright.     In  death  triumphant. 


Mr.  Harris  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Greenville. 
He  was  also  the  founder  of  a  most  distinguished  family 
in  this  State.  His  son,  Henry  R.  Harris,  as  above  noted, 
became  a  member  of  Congress  and  Assistant  Postmaster- 
General  of  the  United  States ;  while  two  of  his  descend- 
ants have  become  Governors  of  States :  Governor  Luther 
E.  Hall,  of  Louisiana,  and  Governor  John  M.  Slaton,  of 
Georgia. 


Oak  Hill,  Newnan 

There  is  not  a  burial  ground  of  the  dead  in  Georgia 
more  Taeautifully  kept  than  Oak  Hill,  at  Newnan,  nor  a 
sexton  more  courteous  than  Mr.  W.  D.  Palmer,  under 
whose  supervision  the  cemetery  has  grown  in  attractive- 
ness until  today  it  is  one  of  the  beauty  spots  of  the  State. 
It  contains  a  number  of  costly  monuments,  not  a  few 
of  which  mark  the  graves  of  distinguished  Georgians. 
Just  to  the  right  of  the  main  driveway,  on  entering  this 
beautiful  citadel  of  silence,  is  the  last  resting  place  of 
Governor  "William  Y.  Atkinson,  whose  death  soon  after 
his  relinquishment  of  pffice  brought  to  a  premature  close 


436       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  public  careers.  The  grave 
of  Governor  Atkinson  is  ornamented  by  an  unpreten- 
tious but  handsome  stone,  with  this  inscrij^tion : 


WILLIAM  YATES  ATKINSON.     1854-1899. 


On  the  marble  grave-cover  is  carved  the  following 
epitaph : 


As  son,  brother,  husband,  father,  he  was  tender  and 
true.  A  friend  to  the  poor  and  the  weak.  In  the  path 
of  duty  he  knew  no  fear.  His  fellow-citizens'  recogniz- 
ing in  him  a  leader  among  men  called  him  to  be  Gov- 
ernor of  Georgia.  A  friend  of  public  education,  he  was 
the  author  of  the  acts  establishing  the  Newnan  Public 
Schools  and  the  Georgia  Normal  and  Industrial  College. 
While  still  in  his  young  manhood  he  was  called  from 
earth  to  a  more  perfect  home  in  Heaven. 


Underneath  a  handsome  box  of  marble,  to  the  left 
of  the  main  driveway,  near  the  entrance,  sleeps  the  mortal 
dust  of  a  former  member  of  Congress :  Hon.  William 
B.  W.  Dent.  At  one  time  Colonel  Dent  was  the  owner 
of  Stone  Mountain,  He  died  in  the  prime  of  life,  on 
the  eve  of  the  Civil  War.  The  inscription  on  his  monu- 
ment reads  as  follows: 


Here  lies  what  is  mortal  of  WM.  B.  W.  DENT,  who 
was  born  in  Bryantown,  Md.,  Sept.  8,  1806,  and  died  at 
Newnan,  Sept.  7,  1855.  He  came  to  Georgia  in  1826. 
Served  in  the  Creek  War  of  1836,  as  Captain  of  the 
Heard  County  Volunteers.  Was  in  the  State  Legisla- 
ture of  1843  as  a  representative  from  the  County  of 
Heard.  Was  elected  a  member  of  Congress  from  the 
4th.  District  in  1853.  In  his  death  society  has  lost  a 
valuable  member,  the  church  an  efficient  servant,  and  the 
country  a  warm  and  devoted  patriot. 


Oak  Hill     •  437 

Within  a  few  feet  of  the  Dent  lot  there  stands  a  hand- 
some monument  of  marble,  the  inscription  upon  which 
informs  us  that  a  noted  ex-Congressman  and  jurist  is 
here  buried.  On  the  front  of  the  monument  appears  this 
inscription : 


HUGH  BUCHANAN.    Born  in  Argyleshire,  Scotland, 
Sept.  15,  1823.    Died  in  Newnan,  Ga.,  June  11,  1890. 

(Side) 
As  a  Confederate  soldier,  he  was  brave  and  true;  a 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  he  was  learned  and  just; 
a  member  of  the  United  States  Congress',  he  was  wise 
and  patriotic.  As  husband,  father,  friend,  and  citizen, 
he  was  all  that  love  could  ask,  all  that  loyalty  could  claim, 
all  that  the  State  could  demand.  He  died  as  he  had 
lived,  a  Christian. 


To  the  right  of  the  main  driveway,  near  the  entrance, 
there  is  a  boxed  tomb,  the  inscription  on  which  records  a 
fact  of  much  interest.    It  reads  as  follows : 


WM.  POTTS  NIMMONS.  May  2,  1829.  August  11, 
1909,  He  was'  the  first  male  child  born  in  Newnan.  He 
spent  his  whole  life  here,  loved  and  respected  by  all  who 
knew  him. 


Forever  asociated  with  Newnan 's  local  history  is  the 
name  of  Professor  M.  P.  Kellogg^  a  distinguished  edu- 
cator and  scholar,  who  founded  the  renowned  Temple 
College.  The  monument  over  his  grave  was  erected  in 
large  part  by  those  who  formerly  sat  at  his  feet  in  the 
class-room.     It  is   a   handsome   shaft  of  granite,   sur- 


438       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

mounted  by  an  urn,  and  lettered  witli  the  following  brief 
iuscrij^tions : 


(Front) 
M.  P.  KELLOGG.     The  faithful  teacher. 

(Side) 
Aetat  66. 

(Bear) 
Erected  by  his  pupils  and  friends. 


Underneath  an  ornamental  headstone  of  marble,  on 
which  the  sculptor  has  chiseled  an  open  Bible,  sleeps 
the  mortal  dust  of  Dk.  James  Stacy,  a  distinguished 
minister  of  the  Gospel,  scholar  and  historian.  Dr.  Stacy 
was  for  more  than  forty  years  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Newnan.  He  also  published  a  number  of 
books,  historical  and  religious,  including  a  History  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Georgia;  The  brief  inscrip- 
tion on  his  monument  reads  as  follows : 


EEV.   JAMES   STACY,   D.  I>.      1830-1912.      He   was 
beloved  by  God  and  man. 


Two  Revolutionary  soldiers,  Randall  Robinson  and 
William  Smith,  are  buried  in  the  cemetery  at  Newnan 
(see  Vol.  I).  Ex-CoNGRESSMAN  Charles  L.  Moses  sleeps 
in  Oak  Hill,  but  as  yet  his  grave  is  unmarked.  On  the 
Bigby  lot  there  are  a  number  of  beautiful  monuments  to 
various  members  of  the  family,  but  the  noted  jurist  and 
former  member  of  Congress,  Judge  John  S.  Bigby,  is 
buried  in  Westview  Cemetery,  in  Atlanta.  Included 
among  the  many  other  distinguished  Georgians  who  rest 
in  Oak  Hill,  most  of  them  under  elegant  monuments,  are : 
Dr.  a.  B.  Calhoun,  General  E.  M.  Storey,  Rev.  James 
Hamilton  Hall,  D.  D.,  Judge  John  D.  Berry,  Robert 
D.  Cole,  Robert  H.  Hard  aw  ay,  Wm.  B.  Berry,  Thomas  J. 
Berry,  John  Ray,  John  Meriwether  Hill,  Wm.  G.  Hill, 
Henry  Willis  Hill,  Judge  Benjamin  Wright,  Dr.  K.  C. 
Divine,  and  others. 


SECTION  IV 


Myths  and  Legends  of  the  Indians 


SECTION  IV 


Myths  and  Legends  of  the  Indians 


The  Legend  of  Nacoochee 

Long  before  the  Anglo-Saxon  had  made  his  first  foot- 
prints on  these  western  shores ;  long  before  even  the 
Genoese  visionary  had  dreamed  of  a  new  world  beyond 
the  columns  of  Hercules,  there  dwelt  in  this  lovely  valley 
a  young  maiden  of  wonderful  and  almost  celestial  beauty. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  a  chieftain — a  princess.  In 
doing  homage  to  her,  the  people  of  her  tribe  almost  forgot 
the  Great  Spirit  who  made  her  and  endowed  her  with 
such  strange  beauty.  Her  name  was  Nacoochee — ''The 
Evening  Star."  A  son  of  the  chieftain  of  a  neighboring 
and  hostile  tribe  saw  the  beautiful  Nacoochee  and  loved 
her.  He  stole  her  young  heart.  She  loved  him  with  an 
intensity  of  passion  such  as  only  the  noblest  souls  know. 
They  met  beneath  the  holy  stars  and  sealed  their  simple 
vows  with  kisses.  In  the  valley,  where,  from  the  inter- 
locked branches  overhead,  hung  with  festoons,  in  which 
the  white  flowers  of  the  climate  and  the  purple  blossoms 
of  the  magnificent  wild  passion  flower,  mingled  with  the 
dark  foliage  of  the  muscadine,  they  found  a  fitting  place. 
The  song  of  the  mocking-bird  and  the  murmur  of  the 
Chattahoochee's  hurrying  waters  were  marriage  hjinn 
and  anthem  to  them.  They  vowed  eternal  love.  They 
vowed  to  live  and  die  with  each  other.  Intelligence  of 
these  secret  meetings  reached  the  ear  of  the  old  chief, 
Nacoochee 's  father,  and  his  anger  was  terrible.     But 


442       (jEORGiA^s  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

love  for  Laceola  was  stronger  in  the  heart  of  Nacoochee 
than  even  reverence  for  her  father's  commands.  One 
night  the  maiden  was  missed  from  her  tent.  The  old 
chieftain  commanded  his  warriors  to  pursue  the  fugitive. 
They  found  her  with  Laceola,  the  son  of  a  hated  race. 
In  an  instant,  an  arrow  was  aimed  at  his  breast. 
Nacoochee  sprang  before  him  and  received  the  barbed 
shaft  in  her  own  heart.  Her  lover  was  stupefied.  He 
made  no  resistance,  and  his  blood  mingled  with  hers. 
The  lovers  were  buried  in  the  same  grave  and  a  lofty 
mound  was  raised  to  mark  the  spot.  Deep  grief  seized 
the  old  chief  and  all  his  people,  and  the  valley  was  .ever 
after  called  Nacoochee.  The  mound  which  marks  the 
trysting-place' and  the  grave  of  the  maiden  and  her 
betrothed,  surmounted  by  a  solitary  pine,  are  still  to  be 
seen,  and  form  some  of  the  most  interesting  features  of 
the  landscape  of  this  lovely  vale.* 


II 
The  Legend  of  Hiawassee 

Over  a  century  ago,  a  bitter  warfare  raged  between 
.the  Catawba  and  Cherokee  tribes  of  Indians.  In  one  of 
those  frequent  and  bold  excursions  common  among  the 
wild  inhabitants  of  the  forest,  the  son  of  the  principal 
Cherokee  chief  surprised  and  captured  a  large  town  be- 
longing to  the  Catawba  tribe. 

Among  the  captives  was  the  daughter  of  the  first 
chief  of  the  Catawbas,  named  Hiawassee,  or  ''the  beauti- 
ful fawn."  A  young  hero  of  the  Cherokees,  whose  name 
was  Notley,  which  means  ''the  daring  horseman," 
instantly  became  captivated  with  the  majestic  beauty  and 
graceful  manners  of  the  royal  captive;  and  was  over- 
whelmed with  delight  upon  finding  his  love  reciprocated 


♦Reproduced   from    White's   Historical    Collections    of   Georgia.      Author- 
ship  unknown. 


The  Legend  op  Hiawasse  443 

by  the  ol)jet't  of  his  heart's  adoration.  With  two  attend- 
ants, he  presented  himself  before  the  Catawba  warrior, 
who  happened  to  be  absent  when  his  town  was  taken  by 
the  Cherokees.  To  this  stern  old  chief  he  gave  a  brief 
statement  of  recent  occurrences,  and  then  besought  his 
daughter  in  marriage.  The  prond  Catawba,  lifting  high 
his  'war-club,  knitting  his  brow,  and  curling  his  lips,  with 
scorn,  declared  that  as  the  Catawd^as  drank  the  waters  of 
the  east,  and  the  Cherokees  the  waters  of  the  west,  when 
this  insolent  and  daring  lad  could  find  where  these  waters 
united,  then  and  not  till  then  might  the  hateful  Cherokee 
mate  with  the  daughter  of  the  great  Catawba.  Dis- 
couraged but  not  despairing,  Notley  turned  away  from 
the  presence  of  the  proud  and  unfeeling  father  of  the 
beautiful  Hiawassee,  and  resolved  to  search  for  a  union 
of  the  eastern  with,  the  western  waters,  which  was  then 
considered  an  impossibility.  Ascending  the  pinnacle  of 
the  great  chain  of  the  Alleghanies,  more  commonly  called 
the  Blue  Ridge,  which  is  known  to  divide  the  waters  of 
the  Atlantic  from  those  of  the  great  west,  and  traversing 
its  devious  and  winding  courses,  he  could  frequently  find 
springs  running  each  ^vay,  and  having  their  source  within 
a  few  paces  of  each  other;  but  this  was  not  what  he 
desired. 

Day  after  day  was  spent  in  the  arduous  search,  and 
there  appeared  no  hope  that  his  energy  and  perseverance 
would  be  rewarded.  But  on  a  certain  day,  when  he  was 
well  nigh  exhausted  with  hunger  and  other  privations,  he 
came  to  a  lovely  spot  on  the  summit  of  the  ridge,  afford- 
ing a  delightful  plain.  Here  he  resolved  to  repose  and 
refresh  himself  during  the  sultry  portion  of  the  day. 
Seating  himself  upon  the  ground,  and  thinking  of  Hia- 
wassee, he  saw  three  young  fawns  moving  toward  a  small 
lake,  the  stream  of  wdiich  was  rippling  at  his  feet;  and 
whilst  they  were  sipping  the  pure  drops  from  the  trans- 
parent pool,  our  hero  found  himself  unconsciously  creep- 
ing toward  them.  Untaught  in  the  wiles  of  danger,  the 
little   fawns   gave  no   indication  whatever   of  retiring. 


444       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Notley  had  now  approached  so  near,  that  he  expected  in  a 
moment,  by  one  leap,  to  seize  and  capture  one,  at  least, 
of  the  spotted  prey;  when,  to  his  surprise,  he  saw  another 
stream  running  out  of  the  beautiful  lake  down  the  western 
side  of  the  mountain. 

Springing  foi^ward  with  the  bound  of  a  forest  deer,  and 
screaming  with  frantic  joy,  he  exclaimed,  ''Hiawassee!  0 
Hiawassee!    I  have  found  it!" 

The  romantic  spot  is  within  a  few  miles  of  Clayton. 
Having  accomplished  his  object,  he  set  out  for  the 
residence  of  Hiawassee 's  father,  accompanied  by  only 
one  warrior,  and  fortunately  for  the  success  of  the  enter- 
prise, he  met  the  beautiful  maiden  with  some  confidential 
attendants  half  a  mile  from  her  father's  house.  She  in- 
formed him  that  her  father  was  indignant  at  his  pro- 
posals, that  he  would  not  regard  his  promises. 

^'I  will  fly  away  with  you  to  the  mountains,"  said 
Hiawassee,  "but  my  father  will  never  consent  to  our 
marriage."  IsTotley  then  pointed  her  to  a  mountain  in 
the  distance,  and  said  if  he  found  her  there,  he  should 
drink  of  the  waters  that  flowed  from  the  beautiful  lake. 
A  few  moments  afterward,  ISTotley  met  the  Catawba 
chief  near  the  town,  and  at  once  informed  him  of  his 
wonderful  discovery,  and  offered  to  conduct  him  to  the 
place.  The  Catawba  chief,  half  choked  with  rage,  accused 
Notley  of  the  intention  to  deceive  him,  in  order  to  get 
him  near  the  line  of  territory,  where  the  army  of  the 
Cherokees  was  waiting  to  kill  him.  "But,"  said  he, 
'  *  since  you  have  spared  my  daughter,  so  will  I  spare  you, 
and  permit  you  at  once  to  depart ;  but  I  have  sworn  that 
you  shall  never  marry  my  daughter,  and  I  cannot  be 
false  to  my  oath."  Notley 's  face  brightened,  for  he 
remembered  the  old  warrior's  promise.  "Then,"  ex- 
claimed he,  "by  the  Great  Spirit,  she  is  mine!"  and  the 
next  moment  he  disappeared  in  the  thick  forest.  That 
night  brought  no  sleep  to  the  Catawba  chief,  for  Hiawas- 
see did  not  return.  Pursuit  was  made  in  vain.  He  saw 
his  daughter  no  more. 


The  Legend  op  the  Cherokee  Rose  445 

Notley,  bounding  tliroiigli  the  mountains,  soon  met  his 
beloved  Hiawassee.  Solemnizing  the  marriage  according 
to  the  customs  of  the  wildeiiaess,  they  led  a  retired  life  in 
those  regions  for  three  years,  and  upon  hearing  of  the 
death  of  his  father,  Notley  settled  in  the  charming  valley 
of  the  river  on  the  western  side  of  the  mountain,  and 
called  it  Hiawassee,  after  his  beautiful  spoiise.  In  proc- 
ess of  time,  he  was  unanimously  chosen  first  chief  of  the 
Cherokees,  and  was  the  instrument  of  making  perpetual 
peace  between  his  tribe  and  the  Catawbas.* 


Ill 
The  Legend  of  the  Cherokee  Rose 

Once  upon  a  time,  a  proud  young  chieftain  of  the 
Seminoles  was  taken  prisoner  by  his  enemies  the  Chero- 
kees and  doomed  to  death  by  torture;  but  he  fell  so 
seriously  ill,  that  it  became  necessary  to  wait  for  his 
restoration  to  health  before  committing  him  to  the  flames. 

As  he  was  lying,  prostrated  by  disease,  in  the  cabin  of 
a  Cherokee  warrior,  the  daughter  of  the  latter,  a  dark- 
eyed  maiden,  became  his  nurse.  She  rivalled  in  grace  the 
bounding  fawn,  and  the  young  warriors  of  her  tribe  said 
of  her  that  the  smile  of  the  Great  Spirit  was  not  more 
beautiful.  Is  it  any  wonder,  then,  though  death  stared 
the  young  Seminole  in  the  face,  he  should  be  happy  in 
her  presence?  Was'  it  any  wonder  that  each  should  love 
the  other? 

Stern  hatred  of  the  Seminoles  had  stifled  every  kindly 
feeling  in  the  hearts  of  the  Cherokees,  and  they  grimly 
awaited  the  time  when  their  enemy  must  die.  As  the 
color  slowly  returned  to  the  cheeks  of  her  lover  and 
strength  to  his  limbs,  the  dark-eyed  maiden  eagerly  urged 
him  to  make  his  escape.  How  could  she  see  him  die? 
But  he  would  not  agree  to  seek  safety  in  flight  unless  she 


♦Reproduced    from   White's    Historical   Collections    of    Georgia.      Author 
unknown. 


446       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

went  with  liim;  he  could  better  endure  death  by  torture 
than  life  without  her. 

She  yielded  to  his  pleading.  At  the  midnight  hour, 
silently  they  slipped  into  the  dim  forest,  guided  by  the 
pale  light  of  the  silvery  stars.  Yet  before  they  had 
gone  far,  impelled  by  soft  regret  at  leaving  her  home 
forever,  she  asked  her  lover's  permission  to  return  for  an 
instant  that  she  might  bear  away  some  memento.  So, 
retracing  her  footsteps,  she  broke  a  sprig  from  the 
glossy-leafed  vine  which  climbed  upon  her  father's  cabin, 
and  preserving  it  at  her  breast  during  her  flight  through 
the  wilderness,  planted  it  at  the  door  of  her  home  in  the 
land  of  the  Seminoles. 

Here,  its  milk-white  blossoms,  with  golden  centers, 
often  recalled  her  childhood  days  in  the  far-away  moun- 
tains of  Georgia;  and  from  that  time  this  beautiful  flower 
has  always  been  known,  throughout  the  Southern  States, 
as'  the  Cherokee  Eose.* 


IV 
The  Legend  of  Lover's  Leap 

In  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  region 
watered  by  the  lower  Chattahoochee  was  inhabited  by 
two  powerful  tribes  of  Indians.  They  were  bitter  and 
relentless  rivals,  though  both  belonged  to  the  Confed- 
eracy of  Creeks,  and  besides  being  equally  matched  in 
numbers,  they  possessed  alike  proud  names.  There  was 
not  a  tribe  in  the  nation  which  dared  to  vaunt  itself  be- 
fore a  Cusseta  or  a  Coweta. 

It  may  have  been  a  small  matter  from  which  the 
jealousy  of  these  tribes  originally  sprung,  but  the  tiny 
thing  had  been  cherished  till,  like  a  serpent,  each  hissed 
at  the  sound  of  the  other's  name.  The  proud  chief  of  the 
Cussetas  was  now  become  an  old  man,  and  much  was'  he 


*Mitchell:   "Georgia  Land  and  People,"  pp.  11-12. 


The  Legend  op  Lover's  Leap  447 

venerated  by  all  wlio  rallied  at  his  battle-cry.  Tlie 
boldest  heart  in  all  his  tribe  quailed  before  his  angry  eye, 
and  the  proudest  did  him  reverence.  The  old  man  had 
outlived  his  own  sons;  one  by  one  had  the  Great  Spirit 
called  them  from  their  hunting  grounds,  and  in  the  flush 
of  their  manhood  had  they  gone  to  the  Spirit  Land.  Yet 
he  was  not  alone.  The  youngest  of  his  children,  the  dark- 
eyed  Moliina,  was  still  sheltered  in  his  bosom,  and  all  his 
love  for  the  beautiful  in  life  was  bestowed  upon  her — ah, 
and  rightly,  too,  for  the  young  maiden  rivaled  in  grace 
the  bounding  fawn,  and  the  young  warriors  said  of  her 
that  the  smile  of  the  Great  Spirit  was  not  so  beautiful. 
While  yet  a  child  she  was  betrothed  to  the  young  Eagle 
of  the  Cowetas,  the  proud  scion  of  their  warrior  chief. 
But  stern  hatred  had  stifled  kindly  feelings  in  the 
hearts  of  all  save  these  two  young  creatures',  and  the 
pledged  word  was  broken  when  the  smoke  of  the  calumet 
was  extinguished.  Mohina  no  longer  dared  to  meet  the 
young  chief  openly,  and  death  faced  them  when  they  sat 
in  a  lone,  wild  trysting-place  'neath  the  starry  blazonry 
of  midnight's  dark  robe.  Still  they  were  undaunted,  for 
pure  love  dwelt  in  their  hearts,  and  base  fear  crouched 
low  before  it,  and  went  afar  from  them  to  hide  in  grosser 
souls.  Think  not  the  boy-god  changes  his'  arrows  when  he 
seeks  the  heart  of  the  Red  Man;  nay,  rather  with  truer 
aim,  and  finer  point,  does  the  winged  thing  speed  from  his 
bow,  and  deeply  the  subtle  poison  sinks  into  the  young 
heart,  while  the  dark  cheek  glows  with  love's  proper  hue. 
The  deer  bounded  gladly  by  when  the  lovers  met,  and  felt 
he  was  free,  while  the  bright-eyed  maiden  leaned  upon  the 
bosom  of  the  young  Eagle.  Their  youthful  hearts  hoped 
in  the  future,  though  all  in  vain,  for  the  time  served  but  to 
render  more  fierce  that  hostile  rivalry,  more  rank  that 
deadly  hatred,  which  existed  between  the  tribes.  Skir- 
mishes were  frequent  among  the  hunters,  and  open 
hostilities  seemed  inevitable.  And  now  it  was  told  by 
some  who  had  peered  through  the  tangled  underwood  and 
the  matted  foliage  of  those  dim  woods,  that  the  Coweta 


448       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

had  pressed  the  maiden  to  his  heart  in  those  lone  places, 
and  that  strange  words  and  passionate  were  even  now 
breathed  by  him  to  her  ear.  Then  the  hunters  of  the 
Cussetas  sprang  from  their  conches,  and  made  earnest 
haste  to  the  dark  glen.  With  savage  yell  and  impetuous 
rush  they  bounded  before  the  lovers.  They  fled,  and  love 
and  terror  added  wings  to  their  flight.  For  a  while  they 
distanced  their  pursuers.  But  the  strength  of  Mohina 
failed  her  in  a  perilous  moment,  and  had  not  the  young 
Elagle  snatched  her  to  his  fast-beating  heart,  the  raging 
enemy  had  made  sure  their  fate.  He  rushed  onward  up 
the  narrow  defile  before  him.  It  led  he  forgot  whither. 
In  a  few  moments  lie  stood  on  the  verge  of  a  fearful 
height.  Wildly  the  maiden  clung  to  him,  and  even  then, 
in  that  strange  moment  of  life,  his  heart  throbbed  jDroudly 
beneath  his  burden.  The  bold  future  alone  was  before 
him;  there  was  no  return.  Already  the  breath  of  one  of 
the  pursuers,  a  hated  rival,  came  quick  upon  his  cheek, 
and  the  gleaming  tomahawk  shone  before  him.  One 
moment  he  gazed  on  him,  and  triumph  flashed  in  the  eye 
of  the  young  chief,  then  without  a  shudder  he  sprang  into 
the  seething  waters  below.  Still  the  young  maiden  clung 
to  him,  nor  did  the  death  struggle  part  them.  The  mad 
waves  dashed  fearfully  over  them,  and  their  loud  wail  was 
a  fitting  requiem  to  their  departing  spirits. 

The  horror-stricken  warriors  gazed  wildly  into  the 
foaming  torrent,  then  dashed  with  reckless  haste  down 
the  declivity  to  bear  the  sad  tidings  to  the  old  chief.  He 
heard  their  tale  in  silence,  but  sorrows  were  on  his' 
spirit,  and  it  was  broken.  Henceforth  his  seat  was  un- 
filled  by  the  council  fire,  and  its  red  light  gleamed  fitfully 
upon  his  grave.* 


♦John  H.   Martin's  History  of  Columbus,   with   slight  alterations  in   the 
first  paragraph   to  make  it  conform   to   the  historical   facts. 


The  Legend  of  Sweetwater  BrxVnch  449 

V 
The  Legend  of  Sweetwater  Branch 

Three  miles  from  the  quaint  old  town  of  St.  Mary's, 
on  the  Georgia  coast,  the  public  road  is  crossed  by  a 
stream  called  Sweetwater  Branch.  It  threads  the  land- 
scape like  a  skein  of  liquid  silver,  winding  in  and  out 
through  the  dense  foliage,  and  in  spite  of  the  solemn 
mosses  which  bend  over  it  on  either  side,  the  little  stream 
dances  merrily  among  the  ancient  live-oaks  and  sends  its 
laughter  rippling  through  the  gloomy  dejDths  of  the  forest. 
The  waters  of  this  tiny  streamlet  are  not  only  crystal- 
clear,  but  pleasant  to  the  taste — whence  the  name.  In  the 
olden  time,  when  the  red  men  still  roamed  the  wilderness 
in  this  vicinity  it  is  told  that  old  Withlacoochee,  an  aged 
chieftain,  was  one  day  seated  beside  the  road  vainly 
trying  to  extract  a  thorn  from  his  foot.  Pretty  Mary 
Jones,  a  belle  of  the  white  settlement  and  a  maiden  whose 
bright  eyes  and  quick  sympathies  were  well  matched, 
chanced  to  be  coming  along  the  road  just  at  this  inoment, 
and  seeing  the  old  warrior's  predicament,  volunteered 
her  assistance,  with  the  result  that  the  ugly  thorn  was 
soon  extracted. 

Full  of  gratitude,  the  old  Indian  told  the  girl  that  if 
she  ever  needed  help  she  must  be  sure  to  let  him  know. 
Shortly  after  this  pleasant  interview,  a  United  States 
recruiting  vessel  appeared  in  the  harbor  and  began  to 
solicit  young  men  to  enlist  in  the  navy.  She  bore  the 
somewhat  jocular  name  of  the  Smashing  Nancy,  but  the 
trim  uniforms  of  the  marines  and  the  splendid  appoint- 
ments of  the  vessel  constituted  an  appeal  which  the  young 
men  of  the  town  could  not  resist.  Among  the  number 
who  felt  the  magic  spell  and  who  hastened  to  enlist  in  the 
crew  of  the  vessel  was  Ben  Johnson,  a  youth  to  whom 
Mary  Jones  was  betrothed.  When  poor  Mary  learned 
the  sad  news  her  heart  was  broken.  She  dreaded  the 
uncertainties  of  the  long  cruise  and  expected  never  to  see 
her  lover  aa'ain. 


450       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Half-distraeted  she  was  walking  along  the  same  road, 
loudly  weeping  and  bewailing  her  fate,  when  she  was 
espied  by  Withlacoochee,  who  quickly  approached  her 
and,  in  kind  tones,  inquired  the  cause  of  her  distress. 
Between  violent  sobs,  the  poor  girl  told  her  story.  The 
old  chief  smiled,  but  there  was  no  derision  in  the  playful 
gleam  of  the  warrior's  eye.  "You  were  good  to  AA'ithla- 
coochee, "  said  the  old  chief,  "and  now  Withlacoochee 
will  be  good  to  you ;"  and  so  saying  he  gathered  a  handful 
of  red  berries  and  green  leaves  and  scattered  them  on  the 
water  of  Sweetwater  Branch.  "Now  see,"  he  resumed, 
"Withlacoochee  has  cast  a  spell  on  these  waters,  and 
whoever  shall  drink  of  them  shall  surely  return.  Bring 
your  lover  here  and  make  him  drink."  Inspired  with  new 
hope,  Mary  brought  Ben  to  the  stream  and  he  drank.  He 
went  away  on  the  cruise,  but  the  spell  brought  him  back; 
and  he  and  faithful  Mary  were  happily  wedded.* 


Yahula 


Years  ago,  before  the  Eevolution,  Yahula  was  a  pros- 
perous stock  trader  among  the  Cherokees,  and  the  tink- 
ling of  the  bells,  hung  around  the  necks  of  his  ponies, 
could  be  heard  on  every  mountain  trail.  Once  there  was  a 
great  hunt,  and  all  the  warriors  were  out,  but  when  it  was 
over  and  they  were  ready  to  return  to  the  settlement, 
Yahula  was  not  with  them.  They  waited  and  searched, 
but  he  could  not  be  found,  and  at  last  they  went  back 
without  him,  and  his  friends  grieved  for  him  as  for  one 
dead. 

Some  time  after,  his  people  were  surprised  and  de- 
lighted to  have  him  walk  in  among  them  and  sit  down  as 
they  were  at  supper  in  the  evening.     To  the  questions' 


*Mr.    J.    T.    Vocele,   of   St.   Mary's,    Ga.,    furnished    the    substance   of   this 
legend  in  a  letter  to  the  author. 


Yahula  451 

which  were  asked  him,  Yahula  replied  that  he  had  been 
lost  in  the  mountains,  and  that  the  ISTunnehi  or  Immortals, 
had  taken  him  to  the  town  in  which  they  dwelt,  and  here 
he  had  been  kept  ever  since,  with  the  kindest  care  and 
treatment,  until  the  longing  to  see  his  old  friends  had 
brought  him  back.  Importuned  to  join  them  at  supper, 
he  said  that  it  was  now  too  late — he  had  tasted  the  fairy 
food  and  could  never  again  eat  with  human  kind,  and  for 
the  same  reason  he  could  not  stay  with  his  family,  but 
must  go  back  to  the  Nunnehi.  His  wife  and  children  and 
brother  begged  him  to  stay,  but  he  said  that  he  could 
not;  it  was  either  life  with  the  Immortals  or  death  with 
his  own  people,  and  he  thereupon  arose  to  go.  They  saw 
him  as  he  sat  talking  to  them  and  as  he  stood  up,  but  the 
moment  he  stepped  from  the  doorway  he  vanished  as  if 
he  had  never  been. 

After  this  strange  occurrence,  he  came  back  often  to 
visit  his  people.  They  would  see  him  first  as  he  entered 
the  door,  and  as  he  sat'and  talked  he  was  quite  himself  in 
every  way,  but  the  instant  he  stepped  across  the  thres- 
hold he  was  gone,  though  a  hundred  eyes  miglit  be  watch- 
ing. He  came  often,  but  at  last  the  entreaties  for  him 
to  remain  at  home  became  so  urgent  that  the  Nunnehi 
must  have  been  offended,  for  he  came  no  more.  On  the 
mountain  at  the  head  of  the  Creek,  about  ten  miles  above 
the  present  town  of  Dahlonega,  is  a  small  square  en- 
closure of  uncut  stone,  without  roof  or  entrance.  Here  it 
was  said  that  he  lived,  so  the  Cherokees  called  it  the  Place 
of  Yahula,  and  they  also  gave  his  name  to  the  stream. 
Often  at  night  a  belated  traveler,  coming  along  the  trail 
by  the  creek,  would  hear  the  voice  of  Yahula,  singing- 
certain  favorite  old  songs  which  he  used  to  sing  as  he 
drove  his  pack  of  horses  across  the  mountains,  the  sound 
of  a  voice  urging  them  on,  and  the  crack  of  a  whip  and  the 
tinkling  of  bells  went  with  the  song,  but  neither  driver  nor 
horses  could  be  seen,  although  the  sounds  passed  close  by. 
The  songs  and  the  bells  were  heard  only  at  night. 

There  was  one  man,  a  friend  of  Yahula 's,  who  sang 


452        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  same  songs  for  a  time  after  Yahiila  had  disappeared, 
but  he  died  suddenly,  and  then  the  Cherokees  were  afraid 
to  sing  these  songs  any  more  until  it  was  so  long  since 
any  one  had  heard  the  sounds  on  the  mountain  that  they 
thought  Yahula  must  have  gone  away,  perhaps  to  .the 
west,  where  others  of  the  tribe  had  already  gone.  It  is 
so  long  ago  now  that  even  the  stone  house  may  have  been 
destroyed  by  this  time,  but  more  than  one  old  man's 
father  saw  it  and  heard  the  songs  and  the  bells  a  hundred 
years  ago.  When  the  Cherokees  went  from  Georgia  to 
Indian  Territor}^  in  1838  some  of  them  said,  '"Maybe 
Yahula  has  gone  there  and  we  shall  hear  him,"  hiit  they 
have  never  heard  him  again.* 


VII 
The  Ustutii 


There  was  once  a  great  serpent  called  the  Qstutli,  that 
made  its  haunt  upon  Cohutta  Mountain.  It  did  not  glide 
like  other  snakes'  but  had  feet  at  each  end  of  its  body,  and 
moved  by  strides  or  jerks,  like  a  great  measuring  worm; 
hence  the  name,  which  means  ''foot  snake."  The  feet 
were  three-cornered  and  flat  and  could  hold  on  to  the 
ground  like  suckers.  It  had  no  legs,  but  would  raise  itself 
up  on  its  hind  feet,  with  its  snaky  head  waving  liigli  in  the 
air  until  it  found  a  good  place  to  take  a  fresh  hold ;  then 
it  would  bend  down  and  grip  its  front  feet  to  the  ground 
while  it  drew  its  body  up  from  behind.  It  could  cross 
rivers  and  deep  ravines  by  throwing  its  head  across  and 
getting  a  grip  with  its  front  feet  and  then  swinging  its 
body  over.  Wherever  its  footprints  were  found  there 
was  danger.  It  used  to  bleat  like  a  young  fawn,  and 
when  the  hunter  heard  a  fawn  bleat  in  the  woods  he  never 
looked  for  it,  but  hurried  away  in  the  other  direction. 


*yahoola    Creek,    Vt^hich    flows    by    Dahlonega,    in    Lumpkin    County,    was 
called  Yahulai,  by  the  Cherokees,  or  "Place  of  Yahula." 


The  Ustutli  453 

Up  the  mountain  or  down,  nothing  could  escape  the 
Ustutli 's  pursuit,  but  along  the  side  of  the  ridge  it  could 
not  go,  because  the  great  weight  of  its  swinging  head 
broke  its  hold  on  the  ground  when  it  moved  sideways. 

Finally  it  came  to  pass  that  not  a  hunter  about 
Cohutta  would  venture  near  the  mountain  for  dread  of 
Ustutli.  At  last  a  man  from  one  of  the  northern  settle- 
ments came  down  to  visit  some  relatives  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. When  he  arrived  they  made  a  feast  for  him,  but 
had  only  corn  and  beans,  and  excused  themselves  for 
having  no  meat  because  the  hunters  were  afraid  to  go 
into  the  mountains.  He  asked  the  reason,  and  when  they 
told  him  he  said  he  would  go  himself  tomorrow  and  either 
bring  home  a  deer  or  find  the  Ustutli.  They  tried  to 
dissuade  him  from  it,  but  as  he  insisted  upon  going  they 
warned  him  that  if  he  heard  a  fawn  bleat  in  the  thicket 
he  must  run  at  once,  and  if  the  snake  ran  after  him  he 
must  not  try  to  run  down  the  mountain,  but  along  the 
side  of  the  ridge. 

In  the  morning  he  started  out  and  went  directly 
toward  the  mountain.  Working  his  way  through  the 
bushes  at  the  base,  he  suddenly  heard  a  fawn  bleat  in 
front.  He  guessed  at  once  that  it  was  the  Ustutli,  but  he 
had  made  up  his  mind  to  see  it,  so  he  did  not  turn  back, 
but  went  straight  forward,  and  there,  sure  enough,  was 
the  monster,  with  its  great  head  in  the  air,  as  high  as  the 
pine  branches,  looking  in  every  direction  to  discover  a 
deer,  or  maybe  a  man,  for  breakfast.  It  saw  him  and 
made  for  him  at  once,  moving  in  jerky  strides,  every  one 
the  length  of  a  tree  trunk,  holding  its  head  high  above  the 
bushes  and  bleating  as  it  came. 

The  hunter  was  so  badly  frightened  that  he  lost  his 
wits  entirely  and  started  to  run  directly  up  the  mountain. 
The  great  snake  came  after  him,  gaining  half  its  length 
on  him  every  time  it  took  a  fresh  grip  with  its  fore  feet^ 
and  would  have  caught  the  hunter  before  he  reached  the- 
top  of  the  ridge,  but  that  he  suddenly  remembered  the 
warning  and  changed  his  course  to  run  along  the  side  of 


454       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  mountain.  At  once  the  snake  began  to  lose  ground,  for 
every  time  it  raised  itself  up  the  weight  of  its  body  threw 
it  out  of  a  straight  line  and  made  it  fall  a  little  lower 
down  the  side  of  the  ridge.  It  tried  to  recover  itself,  but 
now  the  hunter  gained  and  kept  on  until  he  turned  the 
end  of  the  ridge  and  left  the  snake  out  of  sight.  Then  he 
cautiously  climbed  to  the  top  and  looked  over  and  saw 
the  Ustutli  still  slowly  working  its  way  toward  the  sum- 
mit. 

He  went  down  to  the  base  of  the  mountain,  opened  his 
fire  pouch,  and  set  fire  to  the  grass  and  leaves.    Soon  the 
fire  ran  all  around  the  mountain   and  began  to -climb 
upward.     When  the  great  snake  smelled  the  smoke  and 
saw  the  flames  coming  it  forgot  all  about  the  hunter  and 
turned  in  full  speed  toward  a  high  clitf  near  the  summit. 
It  reached  the  rock  and  stood  upon  it,  but  the  fire  followed 
and  caught  the  dead  pines  above  the  base  of  the  cliff  until 
the  heat  made  the  LTstutli's  scales  crack.    Taking  a  close 
grip  of  the  rock  with  its  hind  feet  it  raised  its  body  and 
put  forth  all  its  strength  in  an  effort  to  sprmg  across  the 
wall  of  fire  that  surrounded  it,  but  the  smoke  choked  it 
and  its  hold  loosened  and  it  fell  among  the  blazing  pine 
trunks  and  lay  there  until  it  was  burned  to  ashes.* 


VIII 
Agan-unitsi's  Search  for  the  Uktena 

Once  upon  a  time,  the  Cherokees,  in  battle  with  the 
Shawano  Indians,  who  were  famous  for  magic,  captured 
a  great  medicine  man  whose  name  was  Agan-unitsi.  On 
being  tied  readv  for  the  torture,  he  begged  for  his  life, 
and  ^engaged,  if  spared,  to  find  for  them  the  famous 
wonder-worker,  the  Ulunsuti.  Now  this  was  an  object 
greatly  to  be  desired,  but  the  quest  was  fraught  with  the 
most  deadly  peril.    The  prize  in  question  was  a  blazmg 

♦James  Mooney.  in  Myths  of  the  Cherokee,  House  Documents,  Vol.   113. 


Agan-unitsi's  Skarch  for  the  Uktena  455 

star  set  in  the  foreliead  of  the  great  Uktena  serpent,  and 
the  medicine  man  who  conld  possess  it  might  do  marvel- 
ous things,  but  every  one  knew  that  it  was  ahnost  certain 
death  to  meet  the  Uktena,  They  warned  him  of  all  this, 
but  he  only  answered  that  he  w^as  not  afraid,  for  his  medi- 
cine was  strong.  So  they  gave  him  his  life  on  condition 
that  he  find  the  coveted  charm,  and  he  began  the  search. 

The  Uktena  used  to  lie  in  wait  in  lonely  places  to 
surprise  its  victims,  and  especially  haunted  the  dark 
passes  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains.  Knowing  this, 
the  magician  went  first  to  a  gap  in  the  range  on  the  far 
northern  borders  of  the  Cherokee  country ;  and  here  he 
searched  until  he  found  a  monster  black  snake,  larger 
than  any  one  had  ever  before  seen,  but  it  was  not  what 
he  wanted,  and  he  only  laughed  at  it  as  something  too 
small  to  be  noticed.  Coming  southward  to  the  next  gap 
he  found  there  a  great  moccasin  snake,  the  largest  ever 
seen,  but  when  the  people  wondered  he  said  it  was  noth- 
ing. In  the  next  gap  he  found  an  immense  green  snake 
and  called  the  people  to  see  ''the  pretty  salikawayi,"  but 
when  they  found  an  immense  green  snake  coiled  up  in 
the  path  they  ran  away  in  fear.  Coming  to  Bald  moun- 
tain, he  found  there  a  great  lizard,  basking  in  the  sun, 
but  although  it  was  large  and  terrifying  to  look  at,  it  was 
not  wliat  he  wanted,  and  he  passed  on.  Going  still 
further  south  to  Walasiyi,  he  found  a  great  frog  squat- 
ting in  the  gap,  but  when  the  people  who  came  to  see  it 
were  frightened  like  the  others  and  ran  away  from  the 
monster,  he  mocked  at  them  for  being  afraid  of  a  frog 
and  went  on  to  the  Gap  of  the  Forked  Antler  and  to  the 
enchanted  lake  of  Atagahi.  At  each  place  he  found 
monstrous  reptiles,  but  he  said  they  were  nothing.  He 
thought  the  Uktena  might  be  in  hiding  in  deep  water  at 
the  Leech  place,  on  Hiawassee,  where  other  strange 
things  had  been  seen  before,  and  going  there  he  dived  far 
down  under  the  surface.  He  saw  turtles  and  water 
snakes,  and  two  immense  sun  perches  rushed  at  him  and 
retreated  again,  but  there  was  nothing  more.    Still  going 


456        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

southward,  he  continued  to  try  other  places,  and  at  last 
on  Gahuti  mountain  he  found  the  Uktena  asleep. 

Turning  without  noise,  he  ran  swiftly  down  the  moun- 
tainside as  far  as  he  could  go  with  one  long  breath, 
nearly  to  the  bottom  of  the  slope.  There  he  stopped  and 
piled  up  a  great  circle  of  pine  cones,  and  inside  of  it  he 
dug  a  deep  trench.  Then  he  set  fire  to  the  cones  and 
came  back  again  up  the  mountain.  The  Uktena  was  still 
asleep,  and,  putting  an  arrow  to  his  bow,  Agan-unitsi  shot 
and  sent  the  arrow  through  its  heart,  which  was  under 
the  seventh  spot  from  the  serpent's  head.  The  great 
snake  arose  and,  with  the  diamond  in  front  flashing  fire, 
came  straight  at  its  enemy,  but  the  magician,  turning 
quickly,  ran  at  full  speed  down  the  mountain,  cleared  the 
circle  of  fire  and  the  trench  at  one  bound,  and  lay  down 
on  the  ground  inside.  The  Uktena  tried  to  follow,  but 
the  arrow  was  through  its  heart,  and  in  another  moment 
it  rolled  over  in  the  death  struggle,  spitting  poison  over 
all  the  mountainside.  But  the  poison  drops  could  not 
cross  the  circle  of  fire,  but  only  hissed  and  sputtered  in 
the  blaze,  and  the  magician  on  the  inside  was  untouched 
except  by  one  small  drop  which  struck  upon  his  head  as 
he  lay  close  to  the  ground ;  but  he  did  not  know  it.  The 
blood,  too,  as  poisonous  as  the  froth,  poured  from  the 
Uktena 's  wound  and  down  the  slope  in  a  dark  stream, 
but  it  ran  into  the  trench  and  left  him  unharmed.  The 
dying  monster  rolled  over  and  over  down  the  mountain, 
breaking  down  large  trees  in  its  path,  until  it  reached  the 
bottom.  Then  Agan-unitsi  called  every  bird  in  all  the 
woods  to  come  to  the  feast,  and  so  many  came  that  when 
ihey  were  done  not  even  the  bones  were  left. 

After  seven  days  he  went  by  night  to  the  spot.  The 
body  and  the  bones  of  the  snake  were  gone,  all  eaten  by 
;the  birds,  but  he  saw  a  bright  light  shining  in  the  dark- 
ness, and  going  over  to  it  he  found,  resting  on  a  low- 
•hanging  branch,  where  a  raven  had  dropped  it,  the 
diamond  from  the  head  of  the  Uktena.  He  wrapped  it  up 
cc.arefully  and  took  it  with  him  to  the  Cherokees,  among 


The  Enchanted  Mountain  457 

whom  he  became  the  greatest  medicine  man  in  the  whole 
tribe.  Where  the  blood  of  the  Uktena  had  filled  the 
trench,  there  was  afterwards  formed  a  lake,  the  water  of 
which  was  black,  and  here  the  women  came  to  dye  the 
cane  splits  which  were  used  in  making  baskets.* 


IX 

The  Enchanted  Mountain 

Ten  miles  north  of  the  Blue  Ridge  chain,  of  which  it 
forms  a  spur,  is  the  Enchanted  Mountain,  so  called  from 
the  great  number  of  tracks  or  impressions  of  the  feet  and 
hands  of  various  animals  to  be  found  in  the  rocks.  The 
main  chain  of  mountains  is  about  fifteen  miles  broad, 
forming  the  great  natural  barrier  between  the  eastern 
and  western  waters,  and  the  average  elevation  is  about 
4,000  feet  above  the  Atlantic  level.  The  number  of  well- 
defined  tracks  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-six,  some  of  them 
quite  natural  and  perfect,  others  rather  rude  imitations, 
and  all  of  them,  from  the  effects  of  time,  have  become 
more  or  less  obliterated.  They  include  the  outlines  of 
human  feet,  ranging  from  those  of  the  infant,  some  four 
inches  in  length,  to  those  of  the  great  warrior,  the  latter 
measuring  seventeen  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and  seven 
and  three-quarters  in  breadth  across  the  toes.  And, 
rather  strange  to  say,  all  the  human  feet  are  perfectly  nor- 
mal except  this  large  one,  on  which  there  are  six  toes, 
pro\nng  the  owner  to  have  been  a  descendant  of  Titan. 
There  are  twenty-six  of  these  human  impressions,  all  bare 
save  one,  which  presents  the  appearance  of  having  been 
made  by  moccasins.  A  fine-turned  hand,  rather  delicate, 
may  be  traced  in  the  rocks  near  the  foot  of  the  great  war- 
rior. It  was  no  doubt  made  by  his  faithful  squaw,  who  ac- 
companied him  on  all  his  excursions,  sharing  his  toils  and 
soothing  his  cares.     Many  horse  tracks  are  also  to  be 


♦James  Mooney,   in  Myths  of  the  Cherokee,   House  Documents,  Vol.    118. 


458       Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

seen.  One  seems  to  have  been  sliod.  Some  are  quite 
small,  yet  one  measures  twelve  and  a  half  inches  by  nine 
and  a  half  inches.  This,  the  Indians  say,  was  the  great 
war  horse  which  was  ridden  by  the  chieftain.  The  tracks 
of  numerous  turkeys,  turtles,  and  terrapins  are  likewise 
to  be  seen.  And  there  is  also  a  large  bear's  paw,  a  snake, 
and  two  deer. 

The  Indian  traditions  respecting  these  singular  im- 
pressions are  somewhat  variant.  One  asserts  that  the 
world  was  once  deluged  by  water,  and  all  forms  of  life 
were  destroyed,  with  the  exception  of  one  family,  to- 
gether with  various  animals  necessar}-  to  replenish  the 
earth;  that  the  great  canoe  once  rested  upon  this  spot; 
and  that  here  the  whole  troop  of  animals  was  disem- 
barked, leaving  the  impressions  as  they  passed  over  the 
rocks,  which,  being  softened  by  long  submersion,  kindly 
received  and  retained  them.  Others  believe  that  a  very 
sanguinary  conflict  took  place  here  at  a  very  remote 
period,  between  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees,  and  that  these 
images  or  hieroglyphics  were  made  to  commemorate  the 
fierce  encounter.  They  say  that  it  always  rains  when  one 
visits  the  spot,  as  if  s^^npathetic  nature  wept  at  the  recol- 
lection of  the  sad  catastrophe,  which  they  were  intended 
to  commemorate.  According  to  a  later  tradition,  it  is  the 
sanctuary  of  the  Great  Spirit,  who  is  so  provoked  by  the 
presumption  of  man  in  attempting  to  approach  the 
throne  of  Divine  Majesty  that  he  commands  the  elements 
to  proclaim  his  power  and  indignation  by  awful  thunder- 
ings  and  lightnings,  accompanied  by  down-pours  of  rain, 
so  that  his  subjects  might  be  kept  in  awe  of  him  and  con- 
strained to  venerate  his  attributes. 

On  the  morning  of  the  3rd  of  September,  1834,  our 
party  left  the  Nacoochee  Valley,  for  the  purpose  of 
verifying  these  traditions,  which  for  the  last  half  century 
have  created  so  much  curious  interest  in  the  minds  of 
speculative  philosophers. 

At  six  o'clock  we  arrived  at  the  summit  of  the  moun- 
tain. As  we  approached  it,  the  heavens,  which,  for  several 


The  Enchanted  Mountain  459 

days  and  nights  preceding  had  worn  a  brightened  coun- 
tenance, began  to  scowl  and  threaten;  we  advanced  in 
haste  to  the  foot  of  the  rock  and  spread  out  our  breakfast 
on  the  "table  of  stone,"  poured  out  a  libation  to  appease 
the  wrath  of  Jupiter,  drank  a   few  appropriate  senti- 
ments, and  then,  with  chisel  and  hammer,  commenced  the 
resurrection  of  one  of  the  tracks.     Though  I  claim  to 
possess  as  little  superstition  as  any  one,  I  could  not  sup- 
jDress  a  strange  sensation  of  wonder,  in  fact,  almost  a 
conviction   that   here   a   sanguinary   and   long-contested 
battle  had  at  one  time  been  fought,  for  around  us  were 
piled  huge  heaps  of  loose  rock,  seemingly  in  veneration 
for  the  heroic  dead.     The  tradition  being  so  completely 
fulfilled,  rather  astonished  me;   for  no   sooner   did  we 
arrive  on  consecrated  ground  than  it  began  to  threaten 
rain,  and  the  first  stroke  of  the  hammer  in  the  sacrelig- 
ious  act  of  raising  the  track  of  a  human  being  evoked  a 
loud  peal  of  thunder;  the  clouds  continued  to  thicken  and 
condense,  attended  by  the  most  vivid  flashes  of  lightning; 
and  soon  a  deluge  of  rain  was  precipitated  upon  our 
offending  heads.     I  continued,  however,  to  labor  inces- 
santly, until  I  succeeded  in  disintegrating  the  impression 
of  a  youth's  foot,  which  I  carefully  wrapped  up  and  then 
sounded  a  retreat,  still,  however,  looking  back  toward  the 
sepulchres  of  the  slain,  in  momentary  expectation  of  see- 
ing a  legion  of  exasperated  ghosts  issuing  forth  to  take 
vengeance  on  tl>e  infidel  who  would  presume  to  disturb 
the  sacred- relics  of  the  dead.    As  soon  as  we  passed  the 
confines  of  the  mountain,  the  rain  ceased,  the  sun  broke 
out,  and  all  nature  resumed  her  cheerful  aspect.    At  night 
we  encamped  upon  the  summit  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
after  partaking  of  refreshments  we  retired  to  rest. 

The  rock  upon  which  these  impressions  were  found  is 
an  imperfect  sort  of  soapstone,  which  more  than  any 
other  circumstance,  induced  us  to  believe  that  it  was  a 
production  of  art.  After  excessive  fatigue  and  no  little 
danger,  we  were  now  ready  to  return  home,  but  before 
descending  the  long  slope  we  paused  to  feast  our  enrap- 


460       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tured  eyes  upon  one  of  the  most  magnificent  panoramas 
to  be  found  on  the  North  American  continent.  To  the 
north  and  west,  range  after  range  of  lofty  mountains  rise 
by  regular  graduations,  one  above  another,  until  they  are 
lost  in  the  azure  mists.  On  the  east  is  Tray,  peering 
above  the  clouds,  and  giving  rise  to  several  mighty 
rivers,  while  southward,  in  the  distance,  rising  proudly 
pre-eminent  above  the  surrounding  battlements,  is  the 
majestic  figure  of  Old  Yonah.* 


The  Burnt  Village :  A  Tale  of  the  Indian  War§ 

The  Burnt  Village  lies  six  or  eight  miles  west  of 
LaGrange,  in  the  County  of  Troup,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  where  the  great  Wehadka 
Creek  empties  its  limpid  waters  into  the  tawny  stream. 
Previous  to  the  year  1793,  it  was  the  great  central  point 
of  the  Muscogee  Nation,  the  crossing-place  of  all  the 
trading  and  marauding  parties  west  of  the  Chattahoo- 
chee, where  the  untamed  savages  planned  those  noctur- 
nal attacks  upon  the  heljoless  and  unprotected  dwellers 
on  the  outskirts  of  the  white  settlements,  by  which  con- 
sternation and  dismay  were  spread  throughout  the  land. 
On  account  of  the  sparse  population  of  the  country,  at 
this  time,  the  settlers,  for  mutual  protection,  were  forced 
to  concentrate  in  forts,  hastily  improvised '  upon  the 
borders.  It  was  the  place  where  many  a  scalp,  perchance 
of  some  bright-eyed  youth  or  maiden,  had  been  the  cause 
■of  deep  savage  exultation,  as  the  warrior  in  triumph 
would  exhibit  the  blood-stained  trophies  and  describe 
to  the  half-astonished  women  and  children  of  the  forest 
the  dying  shrieks  and  screams  of  the  slaughtered  victims. 

It  was  after  one  of  these  predatory  excursions  of  the 
Creek  Indians  into  the  settlements  of  the  whites — and 


*Dr.   Stevenson,  of  Dahlonega.     Reproduced,  with  slight  variations,   from 
.an   old   scrap-book. 


The  Burnt  Village  :  A  Tale  of  the  Indian  Wars      461 

tlie  ashes  of  many  a  building  served  to  mark  the  path  of 
desolation — that  other  plans  of  murder  and  plunder  had 
been  arranged,  for  the  warriors  of  the  nation  had  as- 
sembled at  the  little  town  of  which  we  are  speaking,  to 
the  number  of  several  hundred,  to  celebrate  the  Green 
Corn  Dance,  which  was  a  custom  among  them,  and  to 
take  the  Black  Drink,  an  ablution  deemed  necessary  to 
reconcile  the  Great  Spirit  to  the  enterprise  in  which 
they  were  about  to  engage. 

But  there  was  an  irony  of  fate  in  these  grim  orgies. 
For,  even  while  the  conspirators  were  preparing  them- 
selves for  the  expected  feast  of  crime,  a  few  hundred 
men,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  M.  and  Major 
Adams,  who  had  volunteered  and  resolved  to  strike  a 
blow  at  the  heart  of  the  nation,  arrived  within  a  few 
miles  of  the  river,  and  they  were  only  waiting  for  the 
sun  to  sink,  before  crossing  the  Chattahoochee.  Night 
came,  and  they  were  still  halted  in  silence  on  the  bank 
of  the  river  opposite  the  Indian  town.  All  was  hushed 
and  still  as  death ;  not  a  sound  was  heard,  save  the  savage 
yell  and  war-whoop  of  the  Indian,  with  occasionally  a 
monotonous  war-song,  bursting  forth  amid  the  revelry, 
in  which  all  ages  and  sexes  seemed  to  join.  The  moon 
had  commenced  to  shed  a  dim  light  through  the  over- 
hanging clouds,  and  the  water,  breaking  over  the  rocks, 
had  the  appearance  of  the  ghosts  of  the  murdered  whites, 
entreating  their  brethren  upon  the  bank  to  take  signal 
vengeance,  or  else  admonishing  them  of  great  danger ;  and 
many  were  those  who  heard  strange  sounds  in  the  air — 
deep  mournings  and  screams  of  ''Beware."  But  there 
was  amongst  them  one  who  was  unappalled.  The  night 
was  far  spent,  and  the  noise  from  the  other  bank  had 
ceased — the  voice  of  the  wearied  Indian  was  hushed  and 
still — all  had  sunk  to  rest,  or  the  little  army  had  been 
discovered.  It  was  a  solemn  pause.  But  time  was  pre- 
cious, and  the  blow  must  be  struck,  or  all  was  lost. 

Some  one  suggested  to  the  officers  that  they  cross 
the  river  and  ascertain  the  situation  of  the  Indians,  so 


462       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

as  to  be  able  to  lead  the  little  band  to  certain  triumph. 
Colonel  M.  declined  the  hazardous  enterprise.  Major 
Adams  resolved  to  go.  He  sought  a  companion  for  the 
perilous  passage  across  the  stream;  but  he  had  nearly 
despaired  of  finding  one  who  would  volunteer  to  share 
his  dangers,  when  a  rather  small  and  somewhat  feeble 
man,  whose  name  was  Hill,  advanced  from  the  ranks 
and  proposed  to  accompany  him  on  the  trip.  The  two 
men  set  out  together;  but  the  force  of  the  current  soon 
overpowered  the  brave  Hill,  and  swept  him  down  the 
stream.  Major  Adams  sprang  to  his  relief,  and  at  the 
imminent  hazard  of  his  own  life,  rescued  his  friend  from 
a  watery  grave;  with  his  athletic  arm  he  buffeted  the 
rapid  current,  and  bore  the  exhausted  Hill  to  the  b?ink 
which  they  had  left.  He  then  set  out  alone.  The  ford 
which  he  had  to  cross  was  narrow  and  difficult.  More- 
over, it  lay  over  rocks  and  shoals,  sometimes  knee-deep, 
then  up  to  the  neck.  Near  the  middle  of  the  stream 
was  an  island,  and  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  old  trees' 
which  had  drifted  upon  the  island  seemed,  by  the  dim 
light  of  the  moon  shining  through  clouds,  to  be  so  many 
savages  ready  to  pounce  upon  him ;  but  with  a  firm  step 
Major  Adams  proceeded,  and  soon  reached  the  bank  in 
safety. 

The  town  was  situated  on  the  edge  of  the  river 
swamp,  about  three  hundred  yards  from  the  water,  and 
so  numerous  and  intricate  were  the  paths  leading  in  every 
direction  from  the  ford  into  the  swamp,  and  the  dark- 
ness produced  by  the  thick  underbrush  was  so  great,  that 
when  he  reached  the  hill  or  dry  land,  hei  discovered  by 
the  fire,  around  which  the  Indians  had  held  their  revels, 
shooting  up  occasionally  a  meteoric  blaze,  that  he  was 
far  below  the  point  at  which  he  aimed.  Bending  his 
course  cautiously  along  the  margin  of  the  swamp,  he 
soon  reached  the  border  of  the  town;  an  Indian  dog 
seemed  to  be  the  only  sentinel,  and  after  a  few  half 
growls  and  barkings,  as  though  he  had  but  dreamed,  sunk 
away  into  perfect  quiet.    In  a  few  moments  he  was  in 


The  Burnt  Village  :  A  Tale  of  the  Indian  Wars      463 

the  center  of  the  town.  Besides  those  in  the  cabins, 
there  lay  stretched  upon  the  ground  in  every  direction, 
hundreds  of  warriors,  with  rifles  and  tomahawks  in 
hand;  the  earth  was  literally  covered  with  them. 

Major  Adams  examined  the  fastenings  of  the  cabin 
doors  by  running  his  hands  through  the  cracks-  and 
feeling  the  log  of  wood  or  the  peg  by  which  they  were 
secured.  He  was  convinced  that  no  alarm  had  been 
given,  and  that  the  Indians  did  not  suspect  an  enemy  to 
be  so  near.  A  huge  savage,  close  to  whom  he  was 
passing,  raised  himself  upon  his  elbow,  grasped  his  rifle, 
and  looked  around,  as  though  he  heard,  or  dreamed  he 
heard,  strange  footste]3s.  Major  Adams,  perceiving  him 
stir,  threw  himself  down  amidst  a  group  of  snoring  In- 
dians, and  the  warrior,  observing  nothing  unusual,  con- 
cluded he  had  dreamed,  and  again  sunk  into  the  arms 
of  sleep.  Our  hero  proceeded  cautiously,  examining  with 
a  military  eye  every  point  of  attack  and  defence,  ar- 
ranged his  plans,  and  prepared  to  return  to  the  anxious 
army  on  the  other  side  of  the  river.  His  exertion  in 
crossing  the  stream  had  been  great.  He  was  fatigued, 
and,  perceiving  an  Indian  pony  tied  to  a  sapling,  he 
believed  that  the  little  animal  would  pursue  the  ford 
to  which  he  was  most  accustomed— perhaps  show  him 
one  less  difficult  to  cross.  So  he  resolved  to  ride  it 
over  the  river.  He  did  not  observe  the  bell  which  hung 
about  the  animal's  neck;  and,  frightened  at  his  approach, 
it  snapped  the  rope  of  bark  by  which  it  was  fastened, 
and  scampered  off  through  the  town,  with  a  hundred 
dogs  at  its  heels,  whose  bark,  together  with  the  tinkling 
of  the  bell,  produced  a  frightful  noise  through  the  wil- 
derness. Major  Adams  sprang  into  the  river,  but  missed 
his  path,  and  found  himself  surrounded  by  the  briars 
and  thick  undergrowth  of  the  river  swamp.  The  Indians 
passed  within  a  few  paces  of  the  places  where  he  stood, 
half  suspended  by  the  briars,  in  mid-air,  and  returning 
from  their  fruitless  search,  he  thought  he  heard  them 
speak  of  strange  sights  and  sounds,  such  as  were  told 


464       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

in  Rome  of  the  fall  of  Great  Caesar,  They  returned,  and 
again  slept. 

Major  Adams  proceeded  in  a  direct  line  to  the  river, 
glided  into  the  stream,  and  swam  quietly  and  safely  to 
the'  other  bank.  He  told  what  he  had  seen,  and  stated 
his  plan  of  attack.  The  little  army  listened,  amazed 
and  delighted  at  its  gallant  leader;  each  individual  felt 
that  the  danger  to  which  he  exposed  himself  was  in- 
curred for  them,  and,  with  one  voice,  when  orders  were 
given  to  march,  declared  that  they  would  be  led  by 
no  other  commander  than  the  intrepid  Adams.  Compre- 
hending the  situation,  Colonel  M.  was  forced  to  yield. 
They  were  led  across  by  Major  Adams,  and  it  is  needjess 
to  say  that  he  led  them  to  victory,  without  the  loss  of 
a  man. 

Scarcely  a  warrior  escaped.  The  town  was  burned; 
but  as  far  as  possible  the  women  and  children  of  the 
savages  were  saved.  Posts  may  yet  be  seen  standing  in 
the  midst  of  the  saplings  which  have  sprung  up  where 
the  town  was  burned,  but  these  are  the  only  memorials 
which  are  left  to  tell  the  traveler  where  once  stood 
the  Burnt  Village  of  the  Muscogees,* 


XI 
The  Enchanted  Island 

Many  moons  ago  there  dwelt  on  an  island  in  the 
great  Okefinokee  Swamp  a  race  of  Indians,  whose  women 
were  incomparably  beautiful.  Neither  among  the  daugh- 
ters of  the  brave  Creeks,  who  occupied  the  lowlands, 
nor  among  the  dark-eyed  maidens  of  the  stalwart  Cher- 
okees,  whose  towns  were  scattered  over  the  far  moun- 
tains to  the  north,  could  there  be  found  a  damsel  to 
match  in  loveliness  of  person  these  angelic  beings,  who 
were  not  formed  of  common  clay,  like   other  mortals. 


♦Reproduced,  with  slight  variations,   from  Wliite's  Historical  Collections 
of    Georgia.      The   story   originally  appeared   in   an    old   newspaper. 


The  Enchanted  Island  465 

but  were  born  of  the  great  orb  of  day,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance, as  well  as  because  of  the  radiant  beams  of 
light  which  they  seemed  everywhere  to  diffuse,  they 
were  called  Daughters  of  the  Sun. 

The  island  on  which  they  dwelt  in  the  deep  recesses 
of  the  swamp  was  indeed  a  fragment  of  the  Lost  Para- 
dise. It  was  embowered  by  the  most  delightful  foliage, 
which,  throughout  the  whole  year,  remained  perennially 
green.  This  was  because,  on  every  side,  it  was  well  pro- 
tected by  the  dense  everglades.  There  were  sparkling 
streams  of  the  most  transparent  crystal,  there  w^ere 
fruits  the  like  of  which  grew  nowhere  else,  and  there 
were  flowers  of  such  an  exquisite  hue  and  fragrance  that 
they  seemed  to  have  dropped  from  heaven.  But  words 
can  give  no  hint  or  suggestion  of  the  beauty  which  be- 
longed to  this  rare  bower.  The  task  must  be  left  to  the 
imagination. 

On  one  occasion  some  hunters,  in  pursuit  of  game, 
found  themselves  hopelessly  entangled  in  the  deep  laby- 
rinths of  the  great  swamp.  They  wandered  for  hours 
through  tthe  bogs  and  marshes,  finding  no  means  of 
egress,  when  finally,  on  the  verge  of  despair,  they  beheld 
through  an  open  vista  the  most  inviting  of  visions — an 
island,  whose  soft  fringes  of  emerald,  contrasting  with 
the  coarse  underbrush  about  them,  beckoned  the  hunters 
to  approach.  Eevived  by  the  prospect,  they  pressed 
eagerly  forward.  There  was  no  longer  any  sense  of 
fatigue.  They  were  now  invigorated  in  every  limb, 
whereas  a  moment  ago  they  were  about  to  faint  with 
exhaustion.  Strange  it  is  what  a  power  the  mind  exer- 
cises over  the  body,  thus  to  give  it  renewed  strength  in  an 
instant,  simply  by  an  exchange  of  mental  pictures ! 

As  the  Indians  approached  the  island,  its  wealth  of 
attractions  became  more  and  more  apparent.  They  es- 
pied in  the  distance,  through  the  green  lace-work  of 
foliage^  a  lake,  whose  surface  glistened  like  polished  steel 
in  the  clear  sunlight,  while  bordering  it  were  orange  trees 
whose  luscious   globes  gave   it   an   exquisite   fringe   of 


466       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

gold.  But,  having  so  far  penetrated  with  the  eye  into 
this  strange  fairyland,  they  were  destined  to  approach 
no  further.  The  very  tortures  of  Tantalus  now  seized 
them,  for  while  they  continued  to  move  with  impulsive 
haste  in  the  direction  of  the  island,  it  came,  visibly  at 
least,  no  nearer.  At  last  they  were  again  overcome  by 
fatigue.  They  also  began  to  feel  the  sharp  pangs  of 
hunger,  and  once  more  the  Indians  were  about  to  sink  to 
the  ground,  when  there  arose  before  them,  seemingly  out 
of  the  very  air  itself,  so  ethereal  was  the  dream-like  ap- 
pearance which  they  presented,  a  group  of  beautiful 
women,  who  proved  to  be  none  other  than  the  Daughters 
of  the  Sun. 

If  the  hunters  were  bewitched  by  the  scenery  of  the 
island,  they  were  transported  by  the  loveliness  of  the 
fair  inhabitants.  But  ere  the  rising  raptures  w^ithin 
them  could  be  put  into  articulate  expression,  they  were 
told  to  advance  no  further.  The  women  were  exceed- 
ingly gracious.  They  spoke  in  accents  of  music  and 
with  divine  compassion  they  smiled  upon ,  the  hunters ; 
but  they  warned  them  of  the  danger  in  which  they  stood 
from  irate  husbands,  who  were  fierce  men,  and  exceed- 
ingly cruel  to  strangers.  But  the  sense  of  fear  produced 
no  disturbance  in  the  presence  of  such  radiant  appari- 
tions. The  hunters  were  like  men  transfixed.  They  re- 
fused to  betake  themselves  to  flight. 

Finally  the  women,  in  tears,  besought  them  to  leave 
at  once.  The  hunters  were  quite  naturally  touched  by 
this  display  of  emotion.  They  were  ignorant  of  the  way 
back  to  the  settlement,  but  agreed  to  go,  first  craving 
a  morsel  of  food  to  sustain  them  along  the  journey  home. 
Without  a  moment's  loss  of  time  they  were  given  abun- 
dant supplies,  among  other  things,  delicious  fruits,  marsh 
eggs,  and  corn  pones,  the  most  delightful  they  had  ever 
eaten.  The  hunters  were  then  shown  a  path  by  which 
they  might  return  in  safety  to  the  settlements.  With 
great  reluctance  the  Indians  proceeded  to  take  it,  but 
thev  mentallv  resolved  to  return  with  re-enforcements 


Tamar  Escapes  from  the  Indians  467 

and  to  conquer  this  mj^sterioiis  region,  for  they  wished 
to  make  wives  of  these  beautiful  Daughters  of  the  Sun. 
No  sooner  were  they  ready  to  depart  than  the  women 
vanished  as  suddenly  as  they  had  come  into  sight;  and 
the  hunters,  after  encountering  manifold  difficulties,  at 
last  arrived  in  the  settlements.  When  the  adventurous 
story  was  told  about  the  camp-fires,  there  was  no  lack 
of  volunteers  to  undertake  the  hazardous  expedition ;  but 
every  effort  to  find  the  enchanted  island  resulted  in  utter 
failure.  It  was  effectually  concealed  by  some  subtle 
power  of  magic  in  the  bosom  of  the  great  swamp. 


XII 

Tamar  Escapes  from  the  Indians 

Not  long  after  the  Eevolution  there  lived,  on  the 
banks  of  Goody's  Creek,  in  the  flat  woods  of  what  is 
now  the  County  of  Elbert,  a  poor  but  worthy  man  by 
the  name  of  Mr.  Eichard  Tyner.  During  his  absence 
one  day  a  party  of  Indians  made  an  attack  upon  his 
home,  and  Mrs.  Tyner  was  killed,  together  with  her 
youngest  child,  whose  head  was  dashed  against  a  tree. 
Another  child  was  scalped^  and  left  for  dead,  while  a 
third,  whose  name  was  Noah,  succeeded,  amidst  the  con- 
fusion, in  escaping  the  notice  of  the  Indians,  and  crept 
into  a  hollow  tree,  which  for  many  years  afterwards 
was  known  by  the  name  of  Noah's  Ark.  An  elder  son 
of  Mr.  Tyner  fled  to  the  Savannah  River  and  was  pur- 
sued by  some  of  the  savages,  but  he  effected  his  escape. 
Mary  and  Tamar,  two  daughters,  were  carried  by  the 
Indians  to  Coweta  Town,  and  here  they  remained  for 
several  years,  until  an  Indian  trader  named  John  Manack 
purchased  Mary,  who  returned  with  him  to  the  County 
of  Elbert,  and  became  his  wife.  At  another  time  he 
offered  to  purchase  Tamar,  but  the  Indians  refused  to 
sell  her.  The  main  emplo^^nent  of  Tamar  was  to  bring 
wood.     One  day,   an   old  Indian  woman  informed  her 


468       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

that  lier  captors,  suspecting  her  of  an  effort  to  escape, 
had  resolved  to  burn  her  alive.  The  feelings  of  the  poor 
girl  can  be  better  imagined  than  described.  She  deter- 
mined, if  possible,  upon  immediate  flight.  The  old  woman 
obtained  for  her  a  canoe,  well  supplied  with  provisions, 
and  gave  her  directions  how  to  proceed  down  the  Chatta- 
hoochee River.  Bidding  adieu  to  her  benefactress,  Ta- 
mar  launched  her  canoe  and  commenced  her  perilous 
voyage  down  the  stream.  During  the  day  she  secreted 
herself  amidst  the  thick  swamps  of  the  river,  and  at 
night  pursued  her  course.  She  finally  reached  Appa- 
lachicola  Bay,  embarked  on  a  vessel  going  eastward 
around  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  and  at  last  arrived  in 
Savannah.  With  the  assistance  of  some  of  the  citizens 
she  was  enabled  ere  long  to  reach  her  home  in  Elbert, 
where  she  afterwards  married  a  Mr.  Hunt,  and  many  of 
her  descendants  are  still  living  in  Georgia.* 


XIII 
De  Soto  and  the  Indian  Widow 

Learning  that  the  queen's  mother,  who  resided  some 
twelve  leagTies  down  the  Savannah,  was  a  widow,  De 
Soto  expressed  a  strong  desire  to  see  her.  This  wish 
was  doubtless  born  of  the  fact  that  she  was  reported  to 
be  the  owner  of  many  precious  pearls.  Upon  intimating 
his  pleasure,  the  queen  of  Cutafa-chiqui  dispatched  twelve 
of  her  prominent  subjects  to  entreat  her  mother  to  come 
and  see  the  wonderful  strangers  and  the  extraordinary 
animals  which  they  had  brought  with  them.  To  these 
messengers  the  widow  administered  a  severe  rebuke, 
declining  to  accompany  them,  and  returned  to  her  daugh- 
ter words  condemnatory  of  her  conduct. 

Still  intent  upon  his  object,  De  Soto  dispatched  Juan 
de  Anasco,  with  thirty  companions,  to  secure  the  pres- 


*White's   Historical    Collections,    with    slight    verbal    changes. 


De  Soto  and  the  Indian  Widow  469 

-ence  of  the  queen  mother.  They  were  accompanied  by 
B,  youthful  warrior,  whom  the  queen  selected  as  a  guide. 
He  was  a  near  relative  of  the  widow,  and  had  been  reared 
by  her  from  an  infant.  It  was  supposed  that  he,  of 
all  others,  could  best  bespeak  for  the  expedition  a  con- 
siderate reception.  In  the  blush  of  early  manhood,  he 
possessed  handsome  features.  His  head  was  decorated 
with  lofty  plumes.  He  wore  a  mantle  of  dressed  deer- 
skin. In  his  hand  he  bore  a  beautiful  bow,  so  highly  var- 
nished as  to  appear  as  if  highly  enameled;  and  at  his 
shoulder  hung  a  quiver  full  of  arrows.  Indeed,  his  whole 
appearance  is  said  to  have  made  him  an  ambassador 
worthy  of  the  young  and  beautiful  princess,  whom  he 
served. 

What  next  befell  the  deputation,  we  relate  in  the  lan- 
guage of  Theodore  Irving,  who  quotes  from  Garcilasso 
de  la  Vega: 

''Juan  de  Anasco,  with  his  comrades,  having  pro- 
ceeded nearly  three  leagues,  stopped  to  make  their  mid- 
day meal  and  take  their  repose  beneath  the  shade  of 
some  wide-spreading  trees,  as  the  heat  was  oppressive. 
The  Indian  guide  until  now  had  proved  a  cheerful  and 
joyous  companion,  entertaining  them  along  the  way  with 
accounts  of  the  surrounding  country  and  the  adjacent 
provinces.  On  a  sudden,  after  they  had  halted,  he  be- 
came moody  and  thoughtful,  and,  leaning  his  head  upon 
his  hand,  fell  into  a  reverie,  uttering  repeated  and  deep- 
drawn  sighs.  The  Spaniards  noted  his  dejection,  but 
fearing  to  increase  it,  forbode  to  demand  the  cause. 

''After  a  time  he  quietly  took  off  his  quiver,  and,  plac- 
ing it  before  him,  drew  out  the  arrows  slowly,  one  by  one. 
They  were  marvelous  for  the  skill  and  excellence  with 
which  they  were  formed.  Their  shafts  were  reeds.  Some 
were  tipped  with  buck's  horn,  wrought  with  four  corners 
like  a  diamond;  some  were  pointed  with  the  bones  of 
fishes,  curiously  fashioned;  others  with  barbs  of  the  palm 
and  other  hard  woods,  and  some  were  three-pronged. 
The  Spaniards  could  not  sufficiently  admire  their  beauty, 


470       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  they  passed  them  from  hand  to  hand,  examining 
and  praising  their  workmanship  and  extolling  the  skill  of 
their  owner.  The  youthful  Indian  continued  thought- 
fully emjDtying  his  quiver,  until,  almost  at  the  last,  he 
drew  forth  an  arrow  with  a  point  of  flint,  long  and  sharp, 
and  shaped  like  a  dagger ;  then,  casting  around  a  glance, 
and  seeing  the  Spaniards  engaged  in  admiring  his  darts, 
he  suddenly  plunged  the  weapon  in  his  throat  and  fell 
dead  upon  the  spot. 

"Shocked  at  the  circumstance,  and  grieved  at  not 
having  been  able  to  prevent  it,  the  Spaniards  called  to 
the  Indian  attendants  and  demanded  the  reason  of  this 
melancholy  act  in  one  who  had  just  been  so  joyoais. 
The  Indians  broke  into  loud  lamentations  over  the  corpse; 
for  the  3^outh  was  tenderly  beloved  by  them,  and  they 
knew  the  grief  his  untimely  death  would  cause  both  to 
the  queen  and  her  mother.  They  could  only  account  for 
his  self-destruction  by  supposing  him  perplexed  and  af- 
flicted by  his  embassy.  He  knew  that  his  errand  would 
be  distasteful  to  the  mother,  and  apprehended  that  the 
plan  of  the  Spaniards  was  to  carry  her  off.  He  alone 
knew  the  place  of  her  concealment,  and  it  appeared  to 
his  generous  mind  an  unworthy  return  for  her  love  and 
confidence  thus  to  betray  her  to  strangers.  On  the  other 
hand,  he  was  aware  that  should  he  disobey  the  mandates 
of  his  young  mistress  he  would  lose  her  favor  and  fall 
into  disgrace.  Either  of  these  alternatives  would  be 
worse  than  death;  he  had  therefore  chosen  death,  as  the 
lesser  evil,  and  as  leaving  to  his  mistress  a  proof  of  his 
loyalty  and  devotion. 

"Such  was  the  conjecture  of  the  Indians,  to  which 
the  Spaniards  were  inclined  to  give  faith.  Grieving  over 
the  death  of  the  high-minded  youth,  they  mournfully 
resumed  the  journey.  They  now,  however,  found  them- 
selves at  a  loss  about  the  road.  None  of  the  Indians 
knew  in  what  part  of  the  country  the  widow  was  con- 
cealed, the  young  guide  who  had  killed  himself  being 
alone  master  of  the  secret.    For  the  rest  of  the  dav  and 


The  Man  Who  Married  the  Thunderer's  Sister       471 

till  the  following  noon  they  made  a  fruitless  search, 
taking  prisoners  some  natives,  all  of  whom  professed 
utter  ignorance  on  the  subject.  Juan  de  Anasco,  being 
a  fleshy  man  and  somewhat  choleric,  was  almost  in  a 
fever  with  the  vexation  of  his  spirit,  the  weight  of  his 
armor,  and  the  heat  of  the  day;  he  was  obliged,  how- 
ever, to  give  up  the  quest  after  the  widow,  and  to  return 
to  the  camp  much  mortified  at  having  for  once  failed  in 
an  enterprise, 

''Three  days  afterwards,  upon  an  offer  of  an  Indian 
to  guide  him,  hj  water,  to  the  point  where  the  widow  se- 
creted herself,  Anasco,  with  twenty  companions,  departed 
in  two  canoes  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  her.  At  the 
end  of  six  days  he  returned,  vexed  and  chagrined  at  the 
failure  of  the  expedition.  Thus  did  the  queen's  mother 
avoid  the  Spaniards  and  preserve  her  pearls.* 


XIV 
The  Man  Who  Married  the  Thunderer's  Sister 

In  the  old  times  people  used  to  dance  often  and  all 
night.  Once  there  was  a  dance  at  the  old  town  of  Sak- 
wiyi,  at  the  head  of  the  Chattahoochee,  and  after  it  was 
well  started  two  young  women  with  beautiful  long  hair 
came  in,  but  no  one  knew  who  they  were,  or  whence 
they  had  come.  They  danced  with  first  one  partner  and 
then  another,  and  in  the  morning  slipped  away  before 
any  one  knew  that  they  were  gonej  but  a  young  warrior, 
who  had  fallen  in  love  with  one  of  the  sisters  on  account 
of  her  beautiful  hair,  and  after  the  manner  of  the  Chero- 
kees,  had  asked  her,  through  an  old  woman,  if  she  would 
marry  him  and  let  him  live  with  her.  To  which  the  young 
woman  .replied  that  her  brother  at  home  must  first  be 
consulted,  and  she  promised  to  return  for  the  next  dance, 
seven  days  later,  with  an  answer,  but  in  the  meantime, 


♦Reproduced,    with   minor  variations,    from   the    History   of   Georgia,    by 
Charles   C.   Jones,   Jr. 


472       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

if  the  young  man  really  loved  lier,  he  must  prove  his 
constancy  by  a  rigid  fast  until  then.  The  eager  lover 
readily  agreed  and  imj)atiently  counted  the  days. 

In  seven  nights  there  was  another  dance.  The  young 
warrior  was  on  hand  early,  and  later  in  the  evening  the 
two  sisters  appeared,  as  suddenly  as  before.  The  one 
with  whom  he  was  infatuated  told  him  that  her  brother 
was  willing,  and  after  the  dance  she  would  conduct  the 
young  man  to  her  home,  but  warned  him  if  he  told  any 
one  where  he  went  or  what  he  saw  he  would  surely  die. 

He  danced  with  her  again,  and  about  daylight  he 
left  with  the  two  sisters,  just  before  the  dance  closed,  so 
as  to  avoid  being  followed,  and  they  started  off  together. 
The  women  led  the  way  along  a  trail  through  the  woods, 
which  the  young  man  had  never  noticed  before,  until  they 
came  to  a  small  creek,  where,  without  hesitating,  they 
stepped  into  the  water.  The  young  man  paused  in  sur- 
prise on  the  bank,  and  thought  to  himself,  "They  are 
walking  in  the  water;  I  do  not  wish  tol  do  that."  The 
women  understood  his  thoughts,  just  as  though  he  had 
spoken,  and  turned  and  said  to  him,  "This  is  not  water; 
this  is  the  road  to  our  house."  He  still  hesitated,  but 
they  urged  him  on  until  he  stepped  into  the  water  and 
found  it  was  only  soft  grass  that  made  a  fine  level  trail. 

They  went  on  until  the  path  came  to  a  large  stream, 
which  he  knew  to  be  Tallulah  Elver.  The  women  plunged 
boldly  in,  but  again  the  warrior  hesitated  on  the  bank, 
thinking  to  himself,  "That  water  is  very  deep  and  will 
drown  me!  I  cannot  go  on."  They  knew  his  thoughts 
again,  and  turned  and  said;  "This  is  not  water,  but 
the  main  trail  that  goes  past  our  house,  which  is  now 
close  by."  He  stepped  in,  and  instead  of  water,  there 
was  tall  waving  grass  that  closed  above  his  head  as  he 
followed  them. 

They  went  only  a  short  distance  and  came  to  a  cave 
of  rock  close  under  Ugunyi,  the  Cherokee  name  for  Tal- 
lulah Falls.  The  women  lelntered,  while  the  warrior 
stood  at  the  mouth,  but  they  said,  "This  is  our  house; 


The  Man  Who  Married  the  Thunderer's  Sister        473 

come  in,  our  brother  will  soon  be  at  home;  he  is  coming 
now."  They  heard  low  thunder  in  the  distance.  He 
went  inside  and  stood  up  close  to  the  entrance.  Then 
the  women  took  off  their  long  hair  and  hung  it  up  on 
a  rock,  and  both  their  heads  were  as  smooth  as  pump- 
kins. The  man  thought,  "It  is  not  hair  at  all,"  and  he 
was  more  frightened  than  ever. 

The  younger  woman,  the  one  he  was  about  to  marry, 
then  sat  down  and  told  him  to  take  a  seat  beside  her. 
He  looked,  and  it  was  a  large  turtle  on  which  she  sat, 
and  it  raised  itself  up  and  stretched  out  its  claws,  as  if 
angry  at  being  disturbed.  The  youth  refused  to  sit  down, 
insisting  that  it  was  a  turtle,  hut  the  woman  again  as- 
sured him  that  it  was  a  seat.  Then  there  was  a  louder 
roll  of  thunder,  and  the  woman  said,  "Now  our  brother 
is  nearly  home."  While  he  still  refused  to  come  nearer 
or  sit  down,  suddenly  there  was  a  great  thunder  clap 
just  behind  him,  and  turning  quickly  he  saw  a  man  stand- 
ing in  the  doorway  of  the  cave. 

"This  is  my  brother,"  said  the  woman,  and  he  came 
in  and  sat  down  upon  the  turtle,  which  again  rose  up 
and  stretched  out  its  claws.  The  young  warrior  still 
refused  to  come  in.  The  brother  then  said  that  he  was 
just  about  to  start  to  a  council,  and  invited  the  young 
man  to  go  with  him.  The  hunter  said  he  was  willing  to 
:go,  if  only  he  had  a  horse ;  so  the  young  woman  was  told 
to  bring  one.  She  went  out  and  soon  came  back,  leading 
a  great  uktena  snake,  that  curled  and  twisted  along  the 
whole  length  of  the  cave.  Some  people  say  that  it  was  a 
white  uktena  and  that  the  brother  himself  rode  a  red 
one.  The  hunter  was  terribly  frightened  and  said,  "That 
is  a  snake;  I  cannot  ride  that."  The  others  insisted 
that  it  was  not  a  snake,  but  their  riding  horse.  The 
brother  grew  impatient  and  said  to  the  woman,  "He 
may  like  it  better  if  you  bring  him  a  saddle  and  some 
bracelets  for  his  wrists  and  arms."  So  they  went  out 
again  and  brought  in  a  saddle  and  some  arm  bands,  and 
the  saddle  was  another  turtle,  which  they  fastened  on 


474       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  uktena's  back,  and  the  bracelets  were  Jiving  slimy 
snakes,  which  they  made  ready  to  twist  around  the 
hunter's  wrists. 

He  was  almost  dead  with  fear,  and  said,  "What  kind 
of  horrible  place  is  this?  I  can  never  stay  here  to.  live 
with  snakes  and  creeping  things."  The  brother  became 
very  angry  and  called  him  a  coward,  and  then  it  was  as 
if  lightning  flashed  from  his  eyes  and  struck  the  young 
man,  and  a  terrific  crash  of  thunder  stretched  him  sense- 
less. 

When  at  last  he  came  to  himself  again,  he  was  stand- 
ing with  his  feet  in  the  water  and  both  hands  grasping  a 
laurel  bush  that  grew  out  from  the  bank,  and  there  was 
no  trace  of  the  cave  or  the  Thunder  People,  but  he  was 
alone  in  the  forest.  He  made  his  way  out  and  finally 
reached  his  own  settlement,  but  found  that  he  had  been 
gone  so  long  that  all  the  people  thought  him  dead,  al- 
though to  him  it  seemed  only  the  day  after  the  dance. 
His  friends  questioned  him  closely,  and,  forgetting  the 
warning,  he  told  the  story;  but  in  seven  days  he  died, 
for  no  one  can  come  back  from  the  underworld  and  tell 
it  and  live.* 


A  Tragedy  of  the  Swamp 

Over  in  what  is  known  as  the  "Fork" — in  the  angle 
which  Brier  Creek  makes  with  the  Savannah  River — a 
number  of  curious  relics  have  been  discovered  from  time 
to  time  of  the  race  who  here  lived  and  roamed  the  woods 
before  the  bold  Genoese  navigator  found  a  new  world 
in  the  West.  On  this  particular  spot  there  must  have 
stood  an  important  settlement  or  village,  for  number- 
less have  been  the  weapons  of  war  and  the  utensils  for 
domestic  use  which  have  been  here  found.  Indeed,  it 
was  the  logical  site  for  the  red  man's  camp.    The  Savan- 


*  James  Mooriey,  in  Myths  of  the  Cherokee,  House  Documents,  Vol.   118. 


A  Tragedy  of  the  Swamp  475 

nail  Eiver,  on  one  side,  and  Brier  Creek,  on  the  other, 
abounded  in  the  finest  fish,  while  the  dense  swamp  which 
extends  for  miles  over  this  region  of  country  was  full 
of  game.  It  is  well  within  the  bounds  of  fair  inference 
to  assume  that  there  was  here  an  Indian  village  which 
was  even  more  important  than  the  one  which  overlooked 
the  river  from  the  high  bluff  at  Yamacraw,  where  Sa- 
vannah is  today  situated. 

Deep  in  the  labyrinths  of  this  swamp  there  may  be 
seen,  among  other  things,  what  is  said  to  be  an  old  In- 
dian well.  As  far  back  as  the  oldest  inhabitant's  grand- 
sire  can  recollect,  this  hole  has  been  here,  and  here  it 
still  remains.  It  was  evidently  du^-  to  be  used  as  a  well 
— for  what  other  purpose  could  it  serve  in  this  remote 
part  of  the  swamp?  But  late  researches  have  made  it 
quite  certain  that  this  deep  hole  was  not  dug  by  the  In- 
dians. It  was  not  the  habit  of  the  red  man  to  dig  wells, 
when  springs  and  streams  were  near  at  hand. 

In  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  this  well  there  for- 
merly stood  a  large  mound,  some  fifteen  feet  in  length, 
supposed  by  those  who  observed  it  here  for  years  to 
have  been  the  last  resting  place  of  some  Indian  warrior. 
This  lonely  part  of  the  swamp  is  nearly  two  miles  di- 
rectly east  of  the  old  Saxon  place — an  unfrequented  lo- 
cality; but  not  long  ago,  three  young  men  of  Sylvania, 
interested  in  antiquities,  made  a  trip  into  this  quarter  for 
purposes  of  investigation.  They  found  that  on  top  of 
the  mound  a  pine  tree  had  taken  root  and  had  grown  to 
be  a  forest  giant,  perhaps  a  hundred  years  old,  its  roots 
spreading  in  all  directions  over  the  supposed  tomb.  Of 
course,  there  is  no  way  of  telling  how  much  further  back 
the  mound  itself  dated,  but  the  evidence  furnished  by 
the  tree  suffices  to  fix  the  minimum  age  limit. 

Though  somewhat  disappointed  in  failing  to  find  the 
bones  of  an  Indian  chief,  they  unearthed  tt^hat  was  still 
more  startling — the  remains  of  a  small  cabin  or  struct- 
ure of  some  kind,  which  had  been  burned ;  and  it  was  the 
ruins  of  this  structure  which  fonned  the  mound.    It  was 


476       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

evidently  an  abode  of  primitive  character,  for  wliaf  re- 
mained of  the  charred  poles  showed  that  they  had  simply 
been  stuck  in  the  ground ;  but  they  were  probably  brought 
together  in  wigwam  fashion  and  covered  with  some  kind 
of  bark.  The  fact  that  it  was  once  a  human  habitation 
was  confirmed  by  the  discovery  of  small  pieces  of  timber 
which  seemed  to  have  been  carefully  cut  and  by  numerous 
fragTnents  of  domestic  pottery  which  were  unearthed 
from  the  ruins. 

Bringing  the  historic  imagination  constructively  to 
bear  upon  these  disclosures  it  became  evident  to  the  in- 
vestigators that  a  tragedy  of  some  kind  had  taken  place 
here  in  the  swamp — it  may  have  been  two  centuries  ago. 
The  place  was  destroyed  by  fire;  but  whether  it  was  due 
to  accident  or  to  murderous  intent  there  was  nothing  to 
indicate.  In  the  light  cast  upon  the  problem  by  the  bits 
of  pottery,  the  lone  inhabitant  of  this  primitive  abode 
could  not  have  been  an  Indian.  This  rude  hut  in  the 
swamp  was  not  the  work  of  a  red  man.  It  evinced  the 
skill  of  a  hand  accustomed  to  better  structures  than  the 
savage  home-maker  knew  how  to  build. 

Who,  then,  was  the  mysterious  occupant? 


Let  us  go  back.  After  the  pious  Salzburgers  came 
and  settled  at  old  Ebenezer,  on  the  Savannah  River,  some 
thirty  miles  below  this  place,  in  the  year  1733,  there  was 
a  story  told  by  the  Indians  of  a  Lone  Hunter — a  pale 
face — who  lived  in  a  swamp  higher  up  the  river  and  wha 
was  seen  only  at  intervals  by  the  Indians.  This  man  was 
a  mighty  hunter,  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  rifle;  and  he 
sometimes  came  to  the  Indian  village  to  exchange  game 
for  corn.  He  dressed  in  cloths  made  of  the  furs  of  ani- 
mals which  he  had  slain  and  he  learned  to  speak  a  few 
words  of  the  Indian  tongue,  so  that  he  could  communicate 
with  the  natives.  But  the  Indians  managed  to  make  the 
Salzburgers  understand  that  he  was  not  of  the  same  race 


A  Tragedy  of  the  Swamp  477 

with  the  new  comers  at  Ebenezer,  nor  with  the  pale  face 
settlers  at  Savannah.  From  the  accounts  given  by  the 
red  men  it  is  clearly  evident  that  he  was  a  Spanish  sol- 
dier— a  member  of  the  bold  but  cruel  race  which  played 
so  prominent  a  part  in  the  early  explorations  and  con- 
quests of  the  new  world  and  whose  memorials  on  the 
continent  of  North  America  have  not  been  obliterated 
by  two  centuries  of  Anglo-Saxon  domination. 

It  was  during  this  period  that  the  Spaniards,  who 
were  then  in  possession  of  Florida,  made  frequent  in- 
cursions into  Georgia  and  South  Carolina ;  and  perchance 
the  Lone  Hunter  may  have  been  a  Cavalier,  who,  wearied 
and  sick,  had  fallen  by  the  wayside,  where  he  was  left 
to  die.  Or,  he  may  voluntarily  have  deserted  his  com- 
rades for  this  lonely  life  in  the  swamp.  Here,  in  this 
secluded  spot,  not  far  from  the  Indian  village,  where  sup- 
plies could  be  obtained  when  needed,  he  had  doubtless, 
with  the  implements  usually  carried  by  the  Spanish  sol- 
dier, fashioned  the  small  timbers  for  his  house  and  built 
his  wigwam  cabin.  Here,  too,  with  the  pick,  which  he  was 
in  the  habit  of  carrying  on  his  back,  when  on  the  march, 
he  patiently  dug  the  well  that  he  might  be  constantly 
supplied  with  water. 

How  long  he  lived  here  is  only  a  matter  of  vagTie 
speculation,  but  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  he 
perished  with  his  home,  which  some  enemy  must  have 
fired — perhaps  some  skulking  Indian  from  the  village 
who  had  looked  with  envious  eyes  upon  the  Lone  Hun- 
ter's sword  and  rifle.  We  can  almost  see  him  stealthily 
approaching  the  little  cabin,  stopping  ever  and  anon  be- 
hind some  large  tree  to  reconnoiter — then  creeping  slowly 
onward  again.  From  the  top  of  the  Hunter's  hut  rises 
a  thin  line  of  smoke,  for  he  is  cooking  some  beaten  corn, 
which  he  has  purchased  from  the  Indians  and  on  the 
coals  he  is  broiling  a  steak,  cut  from  the  deer  which  fell 
before  his  rifle  on  yester  eve.  Reaching  the  door,  with 
the  noiseless  tread  of  a  panther,  the  savage  springs 
upon  his  unprepared  victim — then  a  fierce  struggle  en- 


478       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

sues.  But  the  Hunter,  taken  unawares,  at  last  suc- 
cumbs. His  body  is  dragged  away,  his  home  is  pilfered, 
and  then  an  ember  from  the  fire  is  applied  to  the  dry 
bark  on  the  sides,  and  soon  the  cabin  is  a  smoldering  ruin. 
It  may  have  been  thus.  This  much  is  true.  The 
Lone  Hunter  was  never  found  by  the  Salzburgers,  though 
they  made  a  search  forjiim  where  the  Indians  said  he 
lived;  and  there  was  a  minor  Indian  chief  who  long 
boasted  of  a  Spanish  rifle  and  sword  which  he  claimed 
to  have  received  from  one  of  the  invaders.  The  site  of 
the  old  Indian  village  was  near  the  Black  plantation, 
some  three  miles  distant  from  the  Lone  Hunter's  cabin.* 


XVI 
Queen  Elancydyne 

Sixteen  years  before  the  beginning  of  our  narrative 
a  war  broke  out  between  the  Cherokee  and  the  Upper 
Creek  Indians.  The  former  claimed  the  territory  as  far 
south  as  the  Tishmaugu  and  the  latter  as  far  north  and 
east  as  the  lacoda  Trail,  which  was  nearly  identical  with 
the  present  Athens  and  Clarkesville  road.  Their  first 
engagement  was  at  Numerado,  near  the  confluence  of 
Hurricane  Creek  and  Etoha  Eiver,  above  Hurricane 
Shoals.  Amercides,  apparently  an  Indian  with  a  Greek 
name,  was  leader  of  the  Cherokees,  and  as  gallant  a 
brave  as  ever  drew  the  bow.  He  rode  a  white  horse  and 
dashed  from  place  to  place  as  if  trained  on  the  battle- 
fields of  Europe. 

Talitch-lechee,  commander  of  the  Creeks,  anxious  for 
a  personal  encounter,  placed  himself  at  a  favorable  point 
and  awaited  the  expected  opportunity.  It  soon  came  and 
the  Creek  buried  his  tomahawk  in  the  gallant  leader's 
side.  When  the  white  horse  was  seen  running  riderless 
through  the  forest  of  Numerado,  the  Cherokees  began  to 


*We  are  indebted  for  the  above  story  to  an  article  which  appeared  in 
a  Sylvania  paper,   signed   "W.  M.   H." 


Queen  Elaxcydyne  479 

retreat.  But  soon  the  scene  changed.  Elancyclyne,  the 
wife,  or  as  she  was  generally  called,  the  queen  of  Amer- 
cides,  committing  a  small  child  which  she  was  holding 
in  her  arms  to  the  care  of  an  attendant,  mounted  the 
riderless  horse  and  at  once  took  command.  She  was 
greeted  by  a  5^ell  from  the  Cherokees  that  echoed  and 
re-echoed  up  and  down  the  river  and  forward  and  back- 
ward across'  the  valley.  Soon  the  air  was  thick  with  flying- 
arrows  and  whizzing  tomahawks. 

The  conflict  deepened  and  the  battle  waged  on.  The 
commander  was  more  cautious  than  her  fallen  lord,  but 
rode  imflinchingly  in  the  face  of  every  danger.  At  last, 
the  Creeks,  finding  their  ranks  so  fatally  thinned,  re- 
treated hastily.  Another  yell— this  time  the  yell  of  vic- 
tory, reverberated  over  the  hills  and  the  heroine  of  the 
day,  forgetting  all  things  else,  hastened  to  see  if  her 
child  was  safe.  She  found  it  sleeping  soundly  in  the  arms 
of  an  attendant  who,  to  shield  the  babe  from  harm,  had 
received  an  arrow  deeply  in  her  own  shoulder.  Her  name 
was  Yetha ;  and  though  the  wound  was  thought  to  be  fatal, 
she  lived  to  be  very  old. 

Soon  a  band  of  young  warriors  gathered  around  the 
queen  and,  carrying  her  over  the  battlefield,  in  grim 
mockery  introduced  her  to  the  fallen  Creeks  as  their 
conqueror.  Elated  by  their  decisive  victory,  the  Chero- 
kees considered  the  country  conquered  territory  as  far 
as  they  claimed  and  began  a  march  across  it  to  take  for- 
mal possession.  In  the  meantime,  however,  the  Creeks 
had  received  substantial  recruits,  and  since  Talitch-lechee 
was  a  wily  old  chief  of  long  experience  the  enterprise 
was  doubtful.  His  enemy,  still  lead  by  what  her  followers 
considered  their  invincible  new  queen,  moved  slowly  and 
cautiously  forward  until  they  reached  the  verge  of  the 
plateau  which  dips  toward  Cold  Spring,  where  they  met 
Talitch-lechee  in  command  of  a  larger  force  than  at  Num- 
erado. 

The  Creeks  gave  the  gage  of  battle  and  soon  the  en- 
gagement became  general.     Though  queen  Elancydyne 


480       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

showed  that  she  was  a  skilful  and  fearless  leader,  she 
was  finally  overcome  by  numbers,  but  by  a  masterpiece 
of  strategy,  she  made  a  flank  movement,  and,  going  still 
forward,  camped  that  night  at  Arharra  on  the  plain  where 
Prospect  Church  now  stands  and  within  hearing  of  the 
waters  of  Tishmaugu,  the  object  of  her  exjDedition.  This 
singular  movement  on  the  part  of  an  enemy  who  had 
shown  such  consummate  skill  so  puzzled  Talitch-lechee 
that  he  hesitated  to  offer  battle.  The  next  morning,  how- 
ever, an  accident  brought  on  a  general  engagement,  with 
varying  success.  This  continued  at  intervals  until  noon 
when  the  Creek  chief  sent  Umausauga,  one  of  his  trusted 
braves,  to  conceal  a  number  of  expert  bowmen  in  the 
branches  of  some  spreading  trees  that  grew  in  an  adja- 
cent forest.  Late  in  the  afternoon  the  conflict  again  be- 
came general. 

Elancydyne,  on  her  white  horse,  led  the  van,  and  her 
example  so  inspired  her  followers  that  they  gave  another 
deafening  yell  and  rushed  forward  to  engage  at  close 
quarters;  but  the  Creeks  retreated  in  the  direction  of 
the  concealed  bowmen.  Again  the  Cherokee  queen  was 
in  the  thickest  of  the  fray,  and  soon  fell  from  her  horse, 
pierced  by  many  bristling  arrows.  The  wail  of  lament 
^'Oncowah,  Oncowah!"  rising  from  the  field  of  carnage, 
disheartened  the  Cherokees  and  they  in  turn  sullenly  re- 
treated to  the  north,  tenderly  carrying  their  fallen  queen 
with  them.  If  she  had  survived  the  battle  it  is  difficult 
to  say  what  would  have  been  the  result.* 


♦Extract  from  The  Early  History  of  Jackson  County,   Georgia,   etc.,  by 
J.   G.  N.  Wilson.     Edited  and  published  by  W.   E.  White,   1914. 


SECTION  V 


Tales  of  the  Revolutionary  Camp-Fires 


SECTION  V 


Tales  of  the  Revolutionary  Camp-Fire 


Gunpowder  For  Bunker  Hill 

Perhaps  it  may  have  been  too  small  an  item  for  the 
historians  of  New  England  to  chronicle,  but  the  State  of 
Georgia  made  a  contribution  to  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill* 
which  was  deemed  to  be  of  very  great  value  at  the  time 
to  the  cause  of  independence  and  which  undoubtedly  in- 
fluenced in  no  slight  degree  the  subsequent  fortunes  of 
the  Revolution.  On  the  10th  of  May,  1775,  there  came  to 
Savannah,  by  special  courier,  the  first  tidings  of  the  bat- 
tle of  Lexington.  It  stirred  the  patriots  to  the  highest 
pitch  of  excitement,  and  some  of  the  bolder  spirits  of 
the  colony  hastily  devised  a  plan  of  action  which  was 
destined  to  startle  the  royal  Governor.  Near  the  eastern 
extremity  of  the  town  was  the  magazine.  It  was  built  of 
brick  and  buried  some  twelve  feet  under  ground.  Within 
this  subterranean  vault  there  were  large  supplies  of  am- 
munition, which  Gov.  Wright  deemed  it  unnecessary  to 
protect  because  of  the  substantial  character  of  the  struc- 
ture. But  he  little  suspected  the  resourcefulness  of  the 
Revolutionists. 

Though  Georgia  was  still  nominally  within  the  British 
allegiance,  the  necessity  of  securing  the  contents  of  this 
magazine  for  future  ox)erations  became  urgent;  and  Dr. 


♦History  of  Georgia,  by  Wm.   B.   Stevens,  Vol.  II.     History  of  Georgia, 
by  Chas.    C.    Jones,   Jr.,   Vol.   II. 


484       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Noble  Wymberley  Jones,  Joseph  Habersham,  Edward 
Telfair,  William  Gibbons,  Joseph  Clay,  John  Milledge  and 
several  others,  most  of  whom  were  members  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  Safety,  organized  themselves  into  a  band  and  at  a 
late  hour  on  the  next  evening  broke  into  the  magazine 
and  removed  therefrom  abont  six  hundred  pounds  of 
gunpowder.  Gov.  Wright  soon  caught  wind  of  the  affair 
and  issued  a  proclamation  offering  one  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds  sterling  for  the  arrest  of  the  offenders ;  but  the 
raiders  were  not  betrayed.  Some  of  the  gunpowder  was 
sent  to  Beaufort,  S.  C,  for  safe-keeping;  and  the  rest 
was  concealed  in  the  garrets  and  cellars  of  the  houses  of 
the  captors ;  but  some  of  it  was  later  on  sent  to  Boston, 
where,  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  it  illuminated  the 
opening  drama  of  hostilities. 


II 
Georgia  Commissions  the  First  Warship 

Another  gampowder  incident  is  well  authenticated.  On 
the  4th  of  July,  1775,  the  Provincial  Congress  met  in 
Savannah  to  sever  the  tie  of  allegiance  between  the  Col- 
ony and  the  Crown ;  and,  after  choosing  delegates  to  the 
Continental  Congress,  in  Philadelphia,  the  next  step  was 
to  fortifj^  the  State  against  assault  by  joroviding  the  nec- 
essary sinews  of  war.  To  this  end  a  schooner  was  com- 
missioned and  put  in  charge  of  two  stout  patriots,  Oliver 
Bowen  and  Joseph  Habersham,  who,  it  appears  from 
subsequent  events,  were  already  in  possession  of  infor- 
mation which  promised  to  yield  substantial  results. 

Notified  of  the  fact  that  a  ship  was  en  route  to  Geor- 
gia, having  on  board  a  supply  of  powder  for  the  use  of 
the  Royalists,  the  Committee  of  Safety,  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  resolved  to  capture  the  vessel.  Accordingly  forty 
men  were  selected  for  the  hazardous  enterprise;  and, 
embarking  in  two  barges,  they  proceeded  to  the  mouth 


Georgia  Commissions  the  First  Warship  485 

of  the  Savannah  Elver  and  encamped  on  Bloody  Point, 
in  full  view  of  Tybee  Island.  Whether  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, word  reached  Savannah  of  what  was  in  the  air,  and 
the  Provincial  Congress  decided  to  re-enforce  the  South 
Carolinians  and  to  participate  in  the  haul.  The  Georgia 
schooner  took  a  position  beyond  the  bars  and  some  dis- 
tance in  advance  of  the  two  barges,  where  it  quietly  lay 
in  wait.  On  the  fifth  day,  a  vessel  was  sighted  above  the 
horizon.  It  proved  to  be  Captain  Maitland's  ship,  with 
the  powder  on  board,  for  which  the  patriots  were  looking. 
But  the  Captain,  observing  the  Georgia  schooner,  sus- 
pected at  once  some  evil  design,  and,  without  trying  to 
enter  the  river,  he  turned  around  and  put  back  to  sea. 
Instantly  Captain  Bowen  started  in  pursuit.  He  was  an 
experienced  sailor,  the  schooner  was  comparatively  light, 
and,  under  his  skillful  manipulation,  it  cut  the  waters 
like  an  arrow.  The  fugitive  vessel  was  soon  overtaken; 
and,  with  the  help  of.  the  South  Carolinians,  the  military 
stores  on  board  were  seized. 

Georgia's  share  of  the  prize  was  nine  thousand  pounds 
of  powder,  a  quantity  which  was  none  too  large  for  her 
needs,  in  view  of  her  exposed  water  front;  but,  impor- 
tuned by  the  Continental  Congress,  she  sent  over  half  of 
the  amount  to  Philadelphia  to  meet  the  needs  of  the 
Northern  Colonies  and  to  be  distributed  among  the  em- 
bryo armies  which  were  then  being  organized  to  protect 
them.  It  has  often  been  said  to  the  disparagment  of 
Georgia  that  she  was  the  last  of  the  original  thirteen 
Colonies  to  lower  the  English  flag.  But  she  was  the  young- 
est member  of  the  sisterhood,  she  was  in  need  of  the 
mother  country's  protection  against  threatened  troubles 
with  the  Indians,  she  possessed  an  excellent  chief-mag- 
istrate in  Gov.  Wright,  and  she  bore  the  favorite  name 
of  the  House  of  Brunswick.  There  was  much  to  justify 
her  in  holding  back  until  the  last  moment.  But,  having 
espoused  the  cause  of  freedom,  it  was  in  no  sulky  mood 
that  she  entered  the  struggle;  and  Georgia  must  be  cred- 


486       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends    ' 

ited  with  the  first  capture  made  by  the  first  vessel  com- 
missioned for  naval  warfare  in  the  Eevolution.* 

However,  this  was  not  the  powder  which  Governor 
Wright  was  expecting  from  the  British  depot  of  supplies, 
in  consequence  of  a  letter  addressed  by  him  to  Gen. 
Gage  some  weeks  earlier.  The  helpless  condition  of  the 
Province  had  induced  the  Governor  to  send  dispatches 
to  Gen.  Gage  and  also  to  Admiral  Graves,  asking  for 
immediate  re-enforcements.  But  the  letters  were  inter- 
cepted by  good  Whigs  who  suspected  the  character  of  the 
contents  and  who,  using  the  same  envelopes,  substitu- 
ted fictitious  enclosures,  stating  that  the  situation  in 
Georgia  was  perfectly  tranquil.  Though  the  letters  in 
due  time  reached  the  proper  destination,  there  was  nat- 
urally no  response ;  and  Gov.  Wright  was  puzzled  for  an 
explanation  until  years  afterwards,  when  he  chanced  to 
meet  Gen.  Gage  in  London. 


III. 
The  Arrest  of  Governor  Wright 

Not  long  after  the  adjournment  of  the  famous  con- 
vention which  placed  Georgia  in  the  patriotic  confeder- 
acy, there  occurred  in  Savannah  an  event  of  the  most 
sensational  and  dramatic  character.  It  was  the  capture 
of  Governor  Wright,  the  royal  chief-magistrate.  He 
was  not  only  arrested,  but  actually  imprisoned  within 
the  walls  of  his  own  residence;  and  the  whole  affair  was 
planned  and  executed  by  one  man,  Joseph  Habersham. 

In  consequence  of  the  arrival  at  Tybee  of  two  men- 
of-war,  wdth  a  detachment  of  King's  men,  it  was  decided 
by  the  Council  of  Safety  that  the  arrest  of  certain  influ- 
ential loyalists,  among  them  John  Mullryne,  Anthony 
Stokes,  and  Josiah  Tattnall,  the  elder,  was  demanded 


♦History    of    Georgia,    by   Chas.    C.    Jones,    Jr.,    Vol.    II. 


The  Arrest  of  Governor  Wright  487 

by  the  exigencies  of  the  situation.  To  secure  the  person 
of  the  Governor  was  made  the  initial  object  of  the  pa- 
triots, and  Major  Habersham  volunteered  to  perform 
the  difficult  task.  His  plans  were  already  well  laid,  and 
on  the  same  evening  he  proceeded  without  delay  to  the 
house  of  the  Governor,  where  the  King's  Council  had 
assembled  to  consider  ways  and  means  of  checking  the  in- 
surgent uprise.  He  passed  the  sentinel  at  the  door,  en- 
tered the  hall,  and,  marching  to  the  head  of  the  council - 
table,  laid  his  hand  upon  the  shoulders  of  the  Governor, 
saying  as  he  did  so. 

''Sir  James,  you  are  under  arrest." 

The  audacity  of  the  officer  produced  the  desired  effect. 
Supposing  from  the  bold  manner  of  his  entrance  that  he 
was  heavily  supported  by  military  re-enforcements  in  the 
background.  Governor  Wright  felt  himself  to  be  power- 
less. Surprised  by  the  unexpected  turn,  he  was  probably 
for  the  first  time  in  his  life  bereft  of  the  King's  English. 
But  he  soon  found  himself,  at  the  same  moment,  quite 
as  helplessly  abandoned  by  the  King's  Council.  Putting 
gravity  aside,  the  sage  advisers  of  the  administration 
betook  themselves  to  flight,  some  finding  an  exit  through 
the  rear  door,  others  leaping  through  the  windows,  in 
the  most  undignified  confusion. 

There  was  an  irony  of  fate  in  the  sad  predicament  of 
the  Governor.  Despite  the  most  diligent  efforts  on  his 
part  to  capture  the  raiders  engaged  in  the  magazine  af- 
fair, here  he  was  himself  captured  by  one  of  the  very 
patriots  whose  punishment  he  sought.  The  fortunes  of 
war  had  converted  the  executive  mansion,  for  the  time 
being,  into  the  colonial  Bastile.  Giving  his  solemn  parole 
to  hold  no  communication  with  the  ships  at  Tybee  and  to 
remain  upon  the  premises,  he  was  allowed  to  stay  in  the 
royal  residence,  under  guard.  Says  Bishop  Stevens: 
''This  is  one  of  the  most  signal  instances  of  deliberate 
and  successful  daring  in  the  history  of  the  war.  For 
a  youth  of  twenty-four,  unarmed  and  unsupported,  to 
enter  the  mansion  of  the  chief-magistrate,  and,  at  his  own 


488       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

table,  amidst  a  circle  of  counsellors,  place  him  mider 
arrest,  is  an  act  of  heroism  ranking;  with  the  most  bril- 
liant exploits  in  American  history."  It  is  possible  that 
the  bold  officer  was  not  without  re-enforcements  behind 
the  scenes.  The  authorities  are  not  agreed  upon  this 
point ;  but  in  either  event  his  intrepidity  remains  unchal- 
lenged. 

When  the  Governor  saw  an  opportunity  to  escape,  his 
solemn  parole  was  forgotten.  Through  the  estate  of 
John  Mullryne,  at  Thunderbolt,  he  made  his  way  to  the 
British  vessels  lying  in  the  harbor  and  succeeded  in  get- 
ting back  to  England.  On  the  fall  of  Savannah  into  the 
hands  of  the  British  some  three  years  later,  he  returned 
to  Georgia,  and  convened  the  assembly  which  passed  the 
famous  disqualifying  act  of  1780.  Governor  Wright  was 
in  many  respects  an  excellent  chief-magistrate,  devoted 
to  the  public  weal.  But  he  was  an  officer  of  the  Crown ; 
and  Georgia  need  not  blush  for  the  English  noblemen  who, 
in  eveiy  phase  of  fortune,  whether  good  or  ill,  remained 
uncompromisingly  steadfast  in  his  allegiance  to  George 
the  Third. 


IV 
The  Adventures  of  Robert  Sallatte 

There  lived  in  St.  John's  Parish,  during  the  Revo- 
lution, a  man  greatly  distinguished  for  his  opposition 
to  the  Tories,  by  the  name  of  Robert  Sallette.  It  is  not 
known  with  certainty  to  what  particular  command  he 
was  attached,  for  he  appears  to  have  been  a  sort  of  rov- 
ing character  of  the  district,  and  a  law  unto  himself,  do- 
ing things  in  his  own  way.  The  Tories  stood  very  much 
in  awe  of  Sallette ;  and  well  they  might  for  they  possessed 
no  deadlier  foe  among  the  patriots  of  Georgia ;  and  they 
sought  by  every  means  possible  to  shorten  his  days. 

On  one  occasion,  a  Tory  who  possessed  large  means, 
offered  a  reward  of  one  hundred  guineas  to  any  person 


The  Adventures  of  Robert  Sallette  489 

who  would  bring  him  Sallette 's  head.  Among  the  very- 
first  to  learn  of  the  offer  was  Sallette  himself,  and  he 
resolved  to  claim  the  reward.  So,  casting  about  for  a 
bag,  in  which  he  placed  a  pumpkin,  he  proceeded  at  once 
to  the  house  of  the  Tory  to  deliver  the  prize.  At  the  door- 
way, he  informed  his  enemy  that,  having  learned  of  the 
offer  of  one  hundred  guineas  for  Sallette 's  head,  he  was 
there  to  claim  the  amount  in  question,  and  pointed  tri- 
umphantly to  the  bag,  in  which  the  pumpkin  was  con- 
cealed. The  Tory  clutched  for  the  precious  treasure^ 
which  bulked  like  a  sack  of  pirate's  gold.  He  was  com- 
pletely deceived  by  the  clever  ruse.  His  eyes  fairly 
sparkled.  But  Sallette  held  him  off,  until  the  guineas 
were  counted;  and  then,  as  the  last  glittering  coin  rang 
in  his  fingers,  he  put  his  hand  to  his  head,  and,  raising 
his  hat,  exclaimed:  ''Here  is  Sallette 's  head!" 

The  answer  so  terrified  the  Tory  that  he  immediately 
took  to  his  heels,  but  a  well-directed  shot  from  Sallette 
brought  him  to  the  groimd. 


At  another  time,  with  Andrew  Walthour,  for  whom 
Walthourville  in  Georgia  is  named,  Sallette  was  in  the 
advance  guard  of  the  American  army,  and  coming  upon 
the  advance  guard  of  the  British  army,  a  smart  skirmish 
took  place,  in  which  the  British  were  driven  back.  Among 
the  enemy  killed  was  a  very  large  man.  Noticing  a  p'air 
of  boots  on  the  feet  of  the  dead  soldier.  Bob  resolved  to 
possess  them.  He  was  pulling  the  boots  off,  when  his 
comrades,  alarmed  at  his  peril,  called  to  him  to  leave ;  but 
he  answered  with  rare  good  humor : 

"I  must  have  the  boots.  I  want  them  for  little  John 
Way." 

Sallette  was  frequently  known  to  leave  the  American 
army,  in  the  midst  of  the  battle,  get  in  the  enemy 's  rear, 
and  kill  many  of  them  before  he  was  discovered. 

On  one  occasion,  he  dressed  himself  in  British  uni- 
form, dined  with  a  party  of  the  enemy,  and  whilst  the 


490       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

toasting  and  drinking  were  going  on,  suddenly  drew  his 
sword,  killed  his  right  and  left  hand  man,  sprung  upon 
his  horse,  without  having  time  to  throw  the  bridal  over 
his  neck,  and  rode  off  amidst  the  fire  of  his  pursuers. 
Sallette's  motto  was  never  to  forgive  a  tory;  and,  if  one 
was  liberated,  he  was  apt  to  follow  close  behind,  with 
deadly  intent. 

But  the  time  came  when  he  spared  the  lives  of  two 
Tories,  for  a  time  at  least.  With  Andrew  Walthour  and 
another  companion,  he  was  riding  along  a  narrow  trail 
late  one  afternoon,  when  they  met  three  other  horsemen, 
near  Eraser's  old  mill,  whom  they  suspected  to  be  Tories 
bent  on  mischief.  Hastily  devising  a  plan  of  capture, 
it  was  agreed  that  Walthour,  who  was  riding  in  front, 
should  pass  the  first  and  second  horsemen,  and  that  Sal- 
lette  should  pass  the  first ;  then  as  Walthour  came  to  the 
third  man  and  Sallette  to  the  second,  leaving  their  com- 
panion to  the  first,  it  was  decided  to  seize  the  guns  of 
the  three  men  simultaneously ;  and  in  this  way  the  Tories 
were  disarmed. 

"Dismount,  gentlemen!"  said  Sallette.  Then  addres- 
sing the  leader  he  inquired : 

''What  is  your  name?" 

The  man  replied  by  giving  some  fictitious  answer. 

''Where  is  your  camp?"  asked  Sallette. 

"We  are  from  over  the  river,"  replied  the  man, 
pointing  toward  the  Altamaha. 

"Where  did  you  cross?"  was  the  next  searching  ques- 
tion. 

"At  Beard's  Ferry,"  returned  the  leader,  indicating 
a  point  on  the  river  where  Whigs  were  most  numerous. 

"That's  a  lie!"  came  the  answer  from  Sallette. 

He  then  catechized  the  second  man  in  the  same  man- 
ner, with  like  results,  and  finally  turned  to  the  third. 

"If  you  do  not  tell  me  the  truth,"  said  Sallette,  ad- 
dressing himself  to  the  last  man,  "off  comes  your  head." 

The  man  repeated  his  answer,  whereupon  Sallette 
took  deliberate  aim  and  fired.    Realizing  the  uselessness 


The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  of  Terror  491 

of  further  parley,  his  companions  confessed  to  the  truth, 
begged  for  mercy,  and  offered  to  conduct  Sallette  to  the 
enemy's  camp.  On  this  condition,  he  agreed  to  spare 
them;  and,  aided  by  his  prisoners,  he  succeeded  in  cap- 
turing quite  a  number  of  Tories.^ 


Curious  as  we  may  be  to  know  something  of  the  per- 
sonal history  of  Eobert  Sallette,  it  is  not  to  be  found 
chronicled  in  the  books.  The  French  twist  to  his  name 
makes  it  probable  that  he  was  a  descendant  of  those  un- 
fortunate Acadians  who  years  before  had  been  stripped 
of  lands  and  possessions  in  Nova  Scotia  b}^  the  British, 
and  they  themselves  transported.  They  were  scattered 
at  various  points  along  the  American  coast.  Some  were 
landed  at  Philadelphia,  and  some  were  carried  to  Louisi- 
ana. Four  hundred  were  sent  to  Georgia.  The  British 
had  to  answer  for  many  acts  of  cruelty  in  those  days, 
but  none  more  infamous  than  this  treatment  of  the  gentle 
and  helpless  Acadians.  It  stands  in  history  to-day  a 
stain  upon  the  British  name. 

Another  fact  that  leads  to  the  belief  that  Eobert  Sal- 
lette was  a  descendant  of  the  unfortunate  Acadians  was 
the  ferocity  with  which  he  pursued  the  British  and  the 
Tories.  The  little  that  is  told  about  him  makes  it  certain 
that  he  never  gave  quarter  to  the  enemies  of  his  country.^ 


V 

The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  of  Terror^ 

In   proportion  to   the   population   there   were  more 
Tories  in  Georgia  than  in  any  other  State*     Some  of 


'  Reproduced,  with  minor  variations,  from  White's  Historical  Collections 
of  Georgia. 

-  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  in  "Stories  of  Georgia." 

'  This  chapter  on  the  Tories  was  written  by  Dr.  J.  Harris  Chappell,  of 
Milledg-eville,  Ga.,  and  substantially  the  same  discussion  will  be  found  in 
his    "Georgia   History   Stories." 


492       Georgia's  Landm^veks,  Memori.vls  and  Legends 

tliem  were  no  doubt  honest  people,  wlio  really  believed 
that  the  Americans  were  wrong  in  rebelling  against  the 
English  Government;  but  many  of  them  were  mean  and 
selfish  men,  who  only  wished  to  be  on  the  strong  or 
winning  side.  By  the  British  subjugation  of  Georgia 
nearly  all  of  the  patriots  of  fighting  age  were  driven  out 
of  the  State,  leaving  their  property  and  their  helpless 
families  behind,  while  the  Tories  remained  unmolested 
at  home.  James  Wright,  the  royal  governor,  came  back 
from  England  and  was  once  more  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  Georgia  Government. 

By  the  1st  of  February,  1779,  the  British  were  in  al- 
most complete  possession  of  the  State.  The  commander, 
Colonel  Campbell,  issued  a  jDroclamation  calling  on  the 
people  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  King  and 
Government  of  England.  He  promised  that  those  who 
would  take  the  oath  should  not  be  molested  but  declared 
that  those  who  refused  would  be  driven  from  the  colony 
and  what  property  they  left  would  be  confiscated. 
Frightened  by  this  threat,  a  great  many  people  took  the 
oath  and  became  British  subjects;  these  people  were 
called  Tories.  But  many  refused  to  take  the  oath  be- 
cause they  would  rather  suffer  banishment,  or  even  death, 
than  give  up  the  heroic  struggle  for  independence ;  these 
were  called  Patriots.  So  the  people  of  Georgia  were 
divided  into  these  two  parties,  Tories  and  Patriots,  and 
they  hated  each  other  with  a  bitter  hatred. 

Soon  after  the  fall  of  Savannah,  a  reign  of  terror  was 
inaugurated.  Between  the  British  and  the  Tories,  there 
was  no  end  to  the  suffering  inflicted  upon  the  State; 
but  the  Tories  were  far  worse  than  the  British.  They 
formed  themselves  into  military  companies,  which  were 
nothing  more  than  bands  of  ruffians.     They  roved  over 


♦Georgia  was  the  youngest  of  the  original  thirteen  colonies.  She  was 
named  for  George  II,  whose  family  was  still  upon  the  throne.  She  was 
also  fortunate  to  have  an  excellent  royal  governor  in  Sir  James  Wright, 
who  was  sincerely  attached  to  the  welfare  of  the  province;  and  moreover, 
being  harrassed  by  the  Indians,  she  was  in  need  of  British  protection. 


The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  op  Terror  493 

the  country  on  horseback  and  on  foot,  committing  all 
sorts  of  outrages,  robbing  the  people,  burning  houses, 
throwing  old  men  into  prison,  insulting  women,  hang- 
ing every  patriot  soldier  they  could  lay  hands  upon, 
sometimes  even  murdering  children,  and  showing  no 
mercy  to  any  one  who  favored  the  American  cause.  In  no 
other  State  were  the  Tories  so  wicked  and  cruel  as  in 
Georgia.  They  were  even  worse  than  the  savage  Indians, 
whom  they  employed  to  help  them. 


The  worst  of  these  Georgia  Tories  was  a  man  by  the 
name  of  Thomas  Brown.  He  had  always  been  a  Tory; 
and  in  the  early  days  of  the  Eevolution,  he  had  made  him- 
self so  obnoxious  to  the  patriotic  people  of  Aug-usta, 
where  he  lived,  that  one  day  a  crowd  of  men  dragged  him 
out  of  his  office,  and,  stripping  him  to  the  waist,  poured 
over  his  naked  body  a  pot  of  soft  tar,  and  then  over  the 
tar  emptied  a  pillow  case  full  of  feathers,  which  stuck 
to  the  tar  and  made  poor  Brown  look  like  a  big,  ugly, 
frizzled  chicken.  Thus  tarred  and  feathered,  they  seated 
him  in  an  open  wagon  drawn  by  three  mules  and  hauled 
him  about  the  streets  of  Augusta,  while  a  great  crowd 
followed  with  hoots  and  jeers.  After  parading  him  for 
an  hour  or  two  they  turned  him  loose  with  the  warning 
that  if  he  did  not  leave  town  within  twenty-four  hours 
they  would  kill  him.  For  quite  a  while  Brown  kept  his 
negro  servant  busy  washing  the  tar  and  feathers  from 
his  body;  then  he  put  on  his  clothes,  and,  raising  his 
right  hand  toward  heaven,  he  took  a  solemn  oath  that  he 
would  be  avenged  for  this  great  shame  and  outrage.  He 
left;  but  many  months  afterwards  he  came  back,  and 
how  well  he  kept  his  oath  is  a  story  written  in  blood ! 

It  was  when  Georgia  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British 
that  Brown  came  back,  and  soon  he  became  the  chief  lea- 
der of  the  Tories  in  the  State.  He  was  a  well  educated, 
intelligent  man,  and  possessed  militaiy  skill,  so  that  he 


494       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  made  a  Colonel  in  the  English  army,  and  was  placed 
in  command  of  Augusta,  his  old  home.  The  force  under 
him  was  composed  of  about  half  and  half  of  Tories  and 
Indians.  His  opportunity  had  now  come.  All  of  the 
Patriots  of  fighting  age  had  left  Augusta  and  were  in 
the  American  army.  Brown  confiscated  their  property, 
threw  their  old  grey-haired  fathers  and  grand-fathers 
into  prison,  expelled  their  helpless  wives  and  children 
from  home,  and  drove  them  two  hundred  miles  away  into 
North  Carolina.  The  sufferings  along  the  journey  were 
awful.  Some  of  them  died  from  exposure  and  exhaus- 
tion, and  many  were  made  invalids  for  life  by  the  hard- 
ships endured  on  the  dreadful  march. 

In  September,  1780,  General  Elijah  Clarke,  with  a 
small  army  of  Patriots,  undertook  to  recapture  Augusta. 
He  succeeded  in  driving  Brown's  army  out  of  the  city, 
and  they  took  refuge  in  a  large  building  just  outside  of 
the  town  known  as  the  White  House.  Brown  had  the 
doors  and  windows  barricaded  and  bored  holes  in  the 
walls,  through  which  his  marksmen,  with  long-range 
riflles,  held  the  Americans  at  bay.  The  building  was 
completely  surrounded  by  the  Patriots,  but  General 
Clarke  had  no  cannon  with  which  he  could  batter  down 
the  house,  so  he  had  to  depend  upon  starving  out  the 
Tories.  For  four  days  and  nights  he  held  them  besieged, 
till  ]Drovisions  were  nearly  exhausted,  and  every  drop  of 
water  was  gone.  In  one  of  the  large,  upper  rooms  of  the 
house  lay  forty  poor,  wounded  Tories,  with  no  medicines 
and  no  bandages  or  salves  for  their  wounds  and  not  a 
drop  of  water  to  appease  their  feverish  thirst.  Even-in 
the  American  camp,  their  shrieks  of  agony  and  their 
wild  cries  for  'Svater!  water!"  could  be  plainly  heard. 
Brown  himself  was  severely  wounded,  shot  through  both 
thighs,  and  was  suffering  dreadfully ;  but  he  never  gave 
uj).  He  had  himself  carried  round  from  room  to  room 
in  an  arm-chair  to  direct  and  encourage  his  men,  who 
were  nearly  crazed  with  exhaustion.  General  Clarke  sent 
a  flag  of  truce  to  the  unsubdued  officer  and  begged  him  in 


The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  op  Terror  495 

the  name  of  humanity  to  surrender,  but  he  positively 
refused.  He  was  as  brave  and  heroic  as  he  was  bad  and 
cruel. 

At  last,  on  the  morning  of  the  fifth  dav.  the  relief  for 
which  Brown  had  been  looking,  came.  Colonel  Cruger, 
with  a  large  detachment  of  British  regulars,  suddenly 
appeared  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  in  response  to  a 
secret  message  which  Brown  had  sent  to  him,  on  the  day 
he  left  AugTista.  General  Clarke,  knowing  that  he  could 
not  contend  against  this  large  force,  withdrew  his  army 
and  quickly  retreated.  He  left  behind  him  thirty  wounded 
Americans  who  were  unable  to  march,  supposing,  of 
course,  that  they  would  be  treated  as  prisoners  of  war. 
He  knew  not  then  the  cruel  heart  of  Thomas  Brown, 
though  he  afterwards  learned  to  know  it  well. 

Selecting  thirteen  of  the  wounded  American  soldiers. 
Brown  caused  them  to  be  hanged  from  the  high  balus- 
trade of  the  staircase  in  the  White  House,  so  that  he 
might  witness  the  dying  agonies  of  these  men  as  he  lay 
on  his  couch  in  the  hall  below.  And  as  each  victim  was 
pushed  from  the  balustrade  and  fell  with  a  dull  thud  at 
the  end  of  the  rope.  Brown  would  utter  a  grunt  of  satis- 
faction. H^  turned  the  rest  of  the  prisoners  over  to  the 
tender  mercies  of  the  Indian  allies,  who,  forming  a  circle 
around  them  in  the  front  yard  of  the  White  House,  put 
them  to  death  by  slow  and  fiendish  tortures. 

When,  in  1781,  Augusta  was  at  last  captured  by  the 
Americans,  Brown  was  taken  prisoner.  Knowing  that 
if  the  soldiers  could  put  hands  on  him,  they  would  tear 
the  poor  fellow  limb  from  limb,  the  American  commander 
had  him  carried  down  the  river  in  a  boat  under  a  strong 
guard.  It  is  strange  that  he  was  not  court-martialed  and 
hanged,  a  fate  which  he  richly  deserved.  The  Americans 
were  too  merciful  to  him.  Brown  was  afterwards  ex- 
changed and  re-joined  the  British  army,  and  till  the  end 
of  the  war,  continued  his  fierce  fighting  and  cruel  work. 
After  the  war  was  over,  realizing  that  he  could  not  live 
in  America,  he  took  refuge  in  England.  There,  in  the  year 


496       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

1812,  he  was  convicted  of  forgery  and  thrown  into  prison, 

where  1: 

nominy. 


where  he  ended  his  infamous  life  in  disgrace  and  ig 


Colonel  Grierson  was  another  bad  Tory,  and  Brown's 
right-hand  man.  They  were  two  of  a  kind,  companions 
in  arms  and  companions  in  cruel  deeds.  Never  was  there 
joined  together,  in  the  commission  of  lawlessness,  two 
men  worse  than  Brown  and  Grierson,  the  Georgia  Tory, 
Grierson,  like  Brown,  was  a  Colonel  in  the  British  army. 
Fort  Grierson,  at  Augusta,  was  named  for  him.  It  was 
one  of  the  strongest  forts  in  Georgia,  and  around  if  at 
the  siege  of  Augusta,  was  fought  one  of  the  bloodiest 
battles  of  the  Eevolution  in  the  State.  When  Augusta 
was  captured  by  the  Americans,  Grierson,  like  Brown, 
was  taken  prisoner.  To  save  him  from  being  mobbed 
by  the  soldiers,  the  American  commander  had  him  hid- 
den away  in  a  little  house  some  distance  from  town  and 
placed  a  strong  guard  around  him;  but  suddenly,  about 
twilight,  a  soldier  on  horse-back  galloped  up  and,  before 
the  guards  knew  what  he  was  about,  threw  his  gun  to  his 
shoulder,  shot  Grierson  through  the  window,  and  then, 
wiieeling,  galloped  away.  During  the  night,  in  dreadful 
agony,  Grierson  died  of  the  wound.  The  man  who  shot 
him  was  supposed  to  be  Samuel  Alexander,  the  son  of 
John  Alexander,  an  old  man  seventy-eight  years  old, 
whom  Grierson  had  treated  with  savage  cruelty,  when  he 
and  Brown  held  sway  in  Augusta.  Young  Alexander  was 
never  arrested  or  tried  for  the  deed. 


Daniel  McGirth  was  another  notorious  Tory  of  Geor- 
gia. Unlike  Brown,  he  was  an  ignorant,  uneducated  man ; 
and,  unlike  Brown,  too,  he  started  out  as  an  ardent  Pa- 
triot. He  was  born  and  reared  in  South  Carolina  and 
was  a  good  frontiersman,  as  active  and  lithe  as  a  panther. 
He  was  also  a  fine  horseman  and  a  splendid  shot,  and  was 


The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  of  Terror  497 

among  the  first  to  take  up  arms  in  the  American  cause. 
Somehow  he  drifted  into  South  Georgia,  where  he  be- 
longed to  the  little  band  of  Patriots  who  so  bravely  re- 
sisted the  invasion  of  the  British  from  Florida.  He 
acted  as  a  scout  and  spy  for  the  Americans,  and  he  ren- 
dered them  most  important  service. 

McGirth  brought  with  him  from  South  Carolina  a 
thorough-bred  horse,  of  which  he  was  very  proud.  She 
was  an  iron-gray  mare  with  a  snow-white  blaze  in  her 
forehead,  and  he  called  her  Gray  Goose.  She  was  con- 
sidered the  finest  horse  in  tlie  American  army,  beautiful, 
intelligent,  and  swift  as  the  wind.  A  Captain  in  the  Am- 
erican army  took  a  great  fancy  to  the  animal  and  tried 
to  buy  her  from  McGirth,  offering  him  a  large  price,  but 
McGirth  refused  to  part  with  her.  This  angered  the 
Captain,  who,  out  of  spite,  mistreated  McGirth  in  many 
ways,  as  an  officer  can  mistreat  a  subordinate,  if  he 
chooses.  McGirth  was  a  high-spirited  fellow.  Irritated 
beyond  endurance,  he  one  day  insulted  the  officer  and 
raised  his  arm  to  strike  him;  but  some  one  intervened 
and  stopped  the  blow.  Now,  to  strike  a  superior  officer 
is  a  grave  crime  in  the  army,  so  McGirth  was  tried  by 
court-martial  and  sentenced  to  receive  ten  lashes  with  a 
cowhide  on  his  bare  back  three  days  in  succession.  The 
first  whipping  was  administered  and  he  was  put  into  the 
guard  house  to  await  his  second  humiliation.  The  feel- 
ings of  this  high-spirited  man  can  be  imagined,  as  he 
paced  up  and  down  in  his  cell  and  brooded  over  the  bitter 
shame  to  which  he  was  being  subjected. 

About  twilight,  as  he  was  gazing  through  his  prison 
bars,  McGirth  spied  Gray  Goose,  hitched  to  a  tree  not 
far  away.  He  gave  a  low,  peculiar  whistle,  and  Gray 
Goose,  recognizing  the  signal,  raised  her  beautiful  head 
and  uttered  an  affectionate  whinny  in  response.  This 
was  more  than  he  could  stand.  With  a  broken  trowel 
which  he  found  in  his  cell,  he  tore  the  masonry  from 
around  the  prison  bars;  then,  with  almost  superhuman 
strength,  he  pulled  out  one  of  the  bars  and,  through  the' 


498        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memori.vls  and  Legends 

narrow  crack,  squeezed  his  long  body  and,  rushing  out, 
sprang  on  Gray  Goose  and  dashed  away.  The  guards 
called  to  him  to  halt,  but  he  only  shook  his  fist  at  them  and 
yelled  a  dreadful  curse,  and  plunged  into  the  darkness 
on  his  fleet-footed  steed,  heedless  of  the  musket-balls 
that  whistled  about  his  head. 

McGirth's  whole  nature  was  seemingly  perverted  by 
the  bad  treatment  which  he  had  received.  He  deserted 
to  the  enemy  and  joined  the  British  army,  and  from  then 
to  the  end  of  the  war  fought  ferociously  against  the 
Americans.  Of  course,  the  bkad  treatment  which  he  re- 
ceived from  the  American  officer  was  no  excuse,  but  Mc- 
Girth  was  as  unprincipled  as  he  was  brave  and  fierce.  - 

He  was  made  a  Colonel  in  the  British  army  and  put 
at  the  head  of  a  powerful  Tory  band,  which  for  many 
months  was  the  scourge  of  the  State.  He  was  a  perfect 
ruffian  in  his  manner  of  warfare.  From  the  Florida  line 
to  Elbert  County  and  over  into  South  Carolina  his  name 
was  a  terror  to  the  people.  Many  were  the  fearful  stories 
told  of  McGirth  and  his  blaze-faced  horse.  A  whole  book 
might  be  written  about  his  daring  deeds  and  his  inliuman 
cruelties.  He  was  twice  wounded,  but  was  never  taken 
prisoner.  A  big  reward  was  offered  for  his  capture,  and 
thousands  were  trying  to  catch  him  and  often  had  him 
in  a  tight  place ;  but  in  every  emergency  he  was  saved  by 
the  fleet  foot  of  his  best  friend,  Gray'Goose. 

After  the  war  was  over,  he  went  to  Florida,  which 
was  then  owned  by  the  Spaniards.  For  some  offense  or 
crime  there  he  was  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison  in  the 
old  fort  of  St.  Augustine.  After  an  imprisonment  of 
five  years,  he  was  released,  but  he  was  so  weak  and 
broken  in  health  that  he  could  barely  drag  himself  back 
to  his  wife  in  his  rude  country  home  in  Sumter  District, 
South  Carolina.  There  he  soon  died  in  peace,  and  there 
he  now  lies  buried. 


But  there  were  some  Tories  of  an  altogether  different 
pattern.     Mr.  John  Couper,  in  a  letter  written  when  he 


The  Tories:  Georgia's  Reign  of  Terror  499 

was  eighty-three  years  of  age  and  dated  St.  Simon's  Is- 
land, April  16,  1842,  narrates  an  anecdote  of  the  famous 
and  eccentric  Cai:)tain  Eory  Mcintosh,  who  was  attached 
as  a  volunteer  to  an  infantry  company,  at  the  time  of  the 
siege  of  Fort  Morris.  The  company  was  within  the  lines 
w]iicli  Col.  Fuser  had  thrown  around  the  fort  and  the  ad- 
jacent town  of  Sunbury.  Early  one  morning  when  Eory 
had  made  free  with  mountain  dew,  he  insisted  on  sally- 
ing out  to  summon  the  fort  to  surrender.  His  friends 
could  not  restrain  him,  so  out  he  strutted,  claymore  in 
hand,  followed  by  his  faithful  slave  Jim,  and  approached 
the  fort,  roaring  out : 

"Surrender,  you  miscreants.  How  dare  you  resist 
his  Majesty's  arms!" 

Col.  John  Mcintosh,  his  kinsman,  was  in  command  of 
the  fort,  and,  seeing  his  situation,  he  forbade  any  one 
firing,  threw  open  the  gate,  and  said : 

"Walk  in,  Mr.  Mcintosh,  and  take  jDOssession." 

"No,"  said  Eory,  "I  will  not  trust  myself  among  such 
vermin;  but  I  order  you  to  surrender." 

Just  then  a  rifle  was  fired,  the  ball  from  which  passed 
through  his  face,  sidewise,  under  his  eyes.  He  stumbled 
and  fell  backwards,  but  immediately  recovered,  and  flour- 
ishing his  sword  retreated.  Several  shots  followed.  Jim 
called  out:  "Eun,  massa,  run,  dey  kill  you." 

"Eun,  poor  slave,"  indignantly  exclaimed  Eory;  "thou 
mayst  run,  but  I  come  of  a  race  that  never  runs." 

Jim  stated  to  Mr.  Couper  that,  in  rising  from  the 
ground,  his  master  put  his  hand  for  the  first  time  to  one 
of  his  cheek-bones  and,  finding  it  bloody,  he  raised  it  to 
the  other  also ;  both  were  covered  with  blood.  He  backed 
safely  into  the  lines.* 


•White's   Historical   Collections    of   Georgia. 


500       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

VI 

Mcintosh  at  Fort  Morris:  "Come  and  Take  It" 

Tlie  gallant  defense  of  Fort  Morris,  on  the  Georgia 
coast,  near  Sunbury,  constitutes  one  of  tlie  most  brilliant 
episodes  of  the  Revolution.  Col.  John  Mcintosh  was  in 
command.  The  fort  was  ill-prepared  for  an  attack,  and 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  rude  earth-works 
could  not  have  withstood  the  enemy's  fire  for  more  than 
an  hour.  Only  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  continen- 
tal troops,  with  some  few  militiamen  and  citizens  from 
Sunbury  were  in  the  garrison,  but  they  were  brave  pa- 
triots. Moreover,  they  were  commanded  by  a  Scotchman 
of  proverbially  shrewd  wit,  who  was  an  absolute  strang'er 
to  fear. 

Col.  Fuser,  in  command  of  a  fleet  of  vessels,  bearing 
some  five  hundred  men,  besides  heavy  iron  mortars,  was 
moving  toward  the  fort  from  St.  Augustine.  It  was 
planned  that  Col.  Prevost,  at  the  head  of  one  hundred 
British  regulars,  and  sui^ported  by  the  notorious  McGirth, 
with  three  hundred  Indians  and  Tories,  should  meet  him 
at  Sunbury,  making  the  journey  over  land,  and  dire 
havoc  to  Georgia  was  anticipated  from  this  union  of 
forces. 

Delayed  by  head  winds,  it  was  late  in  November,  1778, 
when  Col.  Fuser  anchored  near  the  mouth  of  the  Midway 
River,  opposite  Colonel's  Island.  Col.  Prevost  was  be- 
yond the  reach  of  communication,  having  entered  upon 
his  retreat;  but  the  commandant  of  the  fleet  was  resolved 
upon  bringing  the  fort  to  terms.  Some  of  the  men  were 
landed  at  the  ship-yard,  from  which  point  they  marched 
along  the  main  road  to  Sunbury,  equipped  Avith  several 
field-pieces.  Sailing  up  the  Midway  River  in  concert,  the 
armed  vessels  took  position  in  front  of  the  fort  and  in 
the  waters  opposite  the  town,  while  the  land  forces  in- 
vested it  from  an  opposite  direction. 

The  plans  of  the  enemy  were  well  laid.  There  seemed 
to  be  no  hope  for  the  feeble  garrison  under  Col.  Mcln- 


McIntosh  and  Fort  Morris  501 

tosli,  and  the  town  was  otherwise  wholly  unprotected.  As 
soon  as  the  preparations  for  the  assault  were  completed, 
the  British  officer  dispatched  the  following  letter  to  Col. 
Mcintosh,  demanding  the  immediate  surrender  of  the 
fort: 

''Sir: — You  cannot  be  ignorant  that  four  armies  are 
in  motion  to  reduce  this  Province.  One  is  already  under 
the  guns  of  your  fort,  and  may  be  joined  when  I  think 
proper  by  Col.  Prevost,  who  is  now  at  the  Midway  Meet- 
ing-House. The  resistance  you  can  or  intend  to  make 
will  only  bring  destruction  upon  this  country.  On  the 
contrary,  if  you  will  deliver  to  me  the  fort  which  you 
command,  lay  down  your  arms,  and  remain  neuter  until 
the  fate  of  America,  is  determined,  you  shall,  together 
with  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  parish,  remain  in  peace- 
able possession  of  your  property.  Your  answer,  which  I 
expect  in  an  hour's  time,  will  determine  the  fate  of  this 
country,  whether  it  be  laid  in  ashes,  or  remain  as  above 
proposed." 

To  the  foregoing  tart  message,  he  subjoined  the  fol- 
lowing postscript : 

''Since  this  letter  was  closed  some  of  your  people 
have  been  scattering  shot  about  the  line.  I  am  to  inform 
you  that  if  a  stop  is  not  put  to  such  irregular  proceed- 
ings, I  shall  burn  a  house  for  every  shot  so  fired." 

These  were  high-sounding  phrases.  They  were  well 
calculated  to  intimidate  a  man  of  less  spirit  than  Col. 
Mcintosh.  He  possessed  no  means  of  ascertaining  the 
full  strength  of  the  British  forces.  He  knew  the  weak- 
ness of  his  own  little  garrison.  But  courage  often  wins 
against  seemingly  hopeless  odds.  He  resolved  to  assume 
a  bold  front,  and  accordingly  dispatched  the  following 
brave  answer  to  the  British  officer's  demand: 

"Sir: — We  acknowledge  we  are  not  ignorant  that 
your  army  is  in  motion  to  endeavor  to  reduce  this  State. 
We  believe  it  entirely  chimerial  that  Col.  Prevost  is  at 
the  Meeting-House ;  but  should  it  be  so,  we  are  in  no 
degree  apprehensive  of  danger  from  a  juncture  of  his 


502        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

army  with  yours.  We  have  no  property  vrhieh  we  value 
a  rush,  compared  with  the  object  for  Avhich  we  contend; 
and  would  rather  perish  in  a  vigorous  defense  than  ac- 
cept of  your  proposals.  We,  sir,  are  fighting  the  battles 
of  America,  and  therefore  disdain  to  remain  neutral  till 
its  fate  is  determined.  As  to  surrendering  tlie  fort,  re- 
ceive this  laconic  reply:  COME  AND  TAKE  IT.  Major 
Lane,  whom  I  send  with  this  letter,  is  directed  to  satisfy 
you  with  respect  to  the  irregular,  loose  firing  mentioned 
on  the  back  of  your  letter." 

With  the  foregoing  letter,  ISIajor  Lane  sought  the 
headquarters  of  Col.  Fuser,  who  read  it  with  unatfected 
surprise.  In  explanation  of  the  irregular  firing,  he  in- 
formed the  British  officer  that  it  was  maintained  to  pre- 
vent the  English  troops  from  entering  and  plundering 
Sunbury;  an  answer  which  did  not  tend  to  soften  the 
feelings  of  Col,  Fuser.  As  for  the  threat  that  a  house 
should  be  burned  for  every  shot  fired.  Major  Lane  stated 
that  if  Col.  Fuser  sanctioned  a  course  so  inhuman  and  so 
totally  at  variance  with  the  rules  of  civilized  warfare  he 
would  assure  him  that  Col.  Mcintosh,  so  far  from  being 
intimidated  by  the  menace,  would  apply  the  torch  at  his 
end  of  the  town  whenever  Col.  Fuser  should  fire  it  on  his 
side  and  let  the  flames  meet  in  mutual  conflagration.* 

The  expected  assault  was  not  made  on  Fort  Morris. 
Waiting  to  hear  from  the  scouts  whom  he  had  sent  into 
the  country  to  ascertain  the  whereabouts  of  Prevost,  he 
learned  that  he  was  hastening  back  to  St.  Augustine,  hav- 
ing been  worsted  in  a  contest  of  arms  near  Midway  Meet- 
ing-IIouse,  and  unwilling  to  hazard  an  engagement  with 
the  continental  forces  supposed  to  be  advancing  from 
the  Great  Ogeechee  River.  Deeply  chagrined  over  this 
sudden  turn  of  affairs.  Col.  Fuser  raised  the  seige,  for- 
getting the  harsh  terms  of  his  manifesto.  The  troops 
were  re-embarked  for  St.  Augustine.  In  the  St.  John's 
Eiver,  he  met  the  returning  forces  of  Col.  Prevost.    At 


*See  History  of  Georgia,  by  Jones,  Vol.   2. 


How  Savannah  Was  Captured  503 

last  the  two  wings  of  tlie  expedition  were  united ;  but  it 
was  under  drooping  banners. 

Mutual  recrimations  are  said  to  have  ensued  between 
these  officers,  each  taxing  the  other  with  responsibility 
for  the  failure  of  the  expedition.  Thus  one  of  the  most 
promising  campaigns  of  the  whole  war  was  brought  to 
naught  by  an  unterrified  American  officer,  whose  forti- 
fications were  too  weak  to  be  maintained  in  open  conflict. 
His  defiant  answer  was  a  masterpiece  of  bold  strategy; 
and  it  abundantly  compensated  for  the  lack  of  other  mu- 
nitions. The  Legislature  of  Georgia  handsomely  ac- 
knowledged the  conspicuous  gallantry  of  Col.  Mcintosh 
on  this  occasion  and  voted  him  a  sword  on  which  were  en- 
graven the  talismanic  words:  COME  AND  TAKE  IT.* 


VII. 
How  Savannah  Was  Captured 

Through  a  swamp,  which  lay  in  the  rear  of  the  town, 
ran  a  path,  the  existence  of  which  was  known  to  few.  One 
of  the  number  was  Colonel  Greorge  Walton.  He  called 
the  attention  of  General  Howe  to  this  passage-way,  at 
the  same  time  urging  him  to  guard  it  with  a  force  suffi- 
cient to  make  it  safe ;  but  General  Howe  ignored  the  sug- 
gestion. Unimportant  as  the  path  seemed  to  be,  it  fur- 
nished the  avenue  through  which  the  British  entered 
triumphantly  into  Savannah,  to  hold  the  town  uninter- 
ruptedly against  the  allied  armies  for  more  than  two 
years.  It  was  at  Girardeau's  Landing,  about  two  miles 
below  the  city,  that  the  foe  disembarked.  Crossing  the 
causeway  to  the  top  of  Brewton  Hill,  on  the  site  of  what 
was  afterwards  the  plantation  of  T.  F.  Screven,  the 
strength  of  the  American  position  was  at  once  perceived 
by  Colonel  Campbell,  the  commander  of  the  troops.  The 
marsh  presented  a  problem  which  was  difficult  of  solution. 


*See    White's    Historical    Collections. 


504       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

However,  in  his  reconnoissances,  the  commander  en- 
countered an  old  negro  named  Quanimo  Dolly,  generally 
called  Quash,  who  informed  him  of  the  private  path 
through  the  swamp,  by  which  the  rear  of  the  American 
line  could  be  gained.  Overjoyed  at  this  discovery,  Camp- 
bell returned  to  his  command  and  ordered  Sir  James 
Baird,  with  the  light  infantiy  and  the  New  York  volun- 
teers to  follow  the  negro  through  the  swamp  and  attack 
the  first  body  of  troops  found.  To  deceive  the  Amer- 
icans, he  maneuvered  his  troops  in  front  as  if  about  to  at- 
tack. Incorrectly  informed  from  the  very  start  concern- 
ing the  force  of  the  enemy,  General  Howe  was  now  still 
further  misled,  and  ordered  the  artillery  to  play  upon  the 
enemy's  stronghold.  The  British  did  not  return  the  fire, 
but  maneuvered,  waiting  to  hear  from  Baird.  He  fol- 
lowed the  negro  through  the  swamp,  coming  out  at  what 
is  now  Waringsville,  and  striking  the  White  Bluff  road, 
down  which  he  advanced,  falling  suddenly  upon  a  small 
force  under  Colonel  Walton.  This  was  swept  away,  after 
a  short  but  brave  resistance,  in  which  Colonel  Walton  was 
severely  wounded.  The  firing  served  to  notify  Campbell 
of  the  success  of  the  stratagem. 

There  was  no  need  of  waiting  for  Colonel  Prevost  to 
arrive  from  Florida.  With  the  aid  of  the  fleet  in  the 
river,  under  command  of  the  British  admiral.  Sir  Hyde 
Parker,  the  city  was  soon  taken.  The  remnant  of  Howe's 
army  escaped  into  South  Carolina,  leaving  the  city  to  the 
mercy  of  the  enemy  who  at  once  seized  the  most  distin- 
guished civilains,  placing  them  on  board  the  prison-ships 
in  the  river.* 


VIII. 

Elijah  Clarke:  The  Bedford  Forrest  of  the  Revolution 

Stern  and  relentless — a  besom  of  destruction  to  the 
foes   of  liberty — Elijah   Clarke  was   the   most   colossal 


*Lee    and    Agnew.    in    Historical    Record    of    Savannah. 


Elijah  Clarke  505 

^figure  of  the  Revolutionary  War  period  in  Georgia.  He 
was  only  an  unlettered  man  of  the  frontier;  but  he 
possessed  the  rugged  elements  of  strength  which  made 
Mm  a  leader  in  times  of  great  stress.  When  the  tocsin  of 
war  sounded,  the  genius  of  command  arose  within  him; 
and,  without  waiting  to  receive  a  commission,  he  gathered 
about  him  a  band  of  sturdy  woodsmen,  like  himself,  whom 
he  trained  for  combat  in  the  verdant  arenas  of  the  forest. 
During  the  dark  days  of  the  struggle  for  independence 
when  Toryism,  drunk  with  power,  unloosed  the  furies  of 
war  upon  the  State  it  was  to  this  singular  man  of  destiny 
that  the  whole  of  the  up-country  turned  for  deliverance 
as  if  by  a  sort  of  common  instinct;  and  he  became  liter- 
ally a  pillar  of  fire  in  the  wilderness.  He  gave  the  Tories 
no  quarter;  and  backwoodsmen  though  he  was,  his  burly 
arm  of  strength  was  felt  across  the  seas,  where  it  planted 
the  challenge  of  the  Georgia  forest  on  the  very  steps  of 
the  English  throne. 

Little  is  known  of  the  early  life  of  Elijah  Clarke. 
Beyond  the  fact  that  he  was  born  in  Edgecombe  County, 
N.  C,  in  1733,  there  is  nothing  definite  to  be  gleaned  from 
the  records.  Equally  silent  is  the  voice  of  history  in 
regard  to  his  lineage,  though  he  is  supposed  to  have  Deen 
of  Scotch-Irish  extraction.  The  family  located  in  what 
is  now  Wilkes,  on  the  lands  purchased  by  Governor 
Wright,  in  1773,  from  the  Indians.  Since  there  were  no 
formal  grants  made  at  the  time,  the  settlers  were  free  to 
locate  where  they  chose,  but  they  were  forced  by  the 
exigencies  frontier  life  to  fortify  themselves  against  dis- 
possession by  exhibiting  shot-gun  titles.  The  Indians 
learned  to  dread  the  austere  North  Carolinian  long  before 
his  sword  was  unsheathed  against  the  red-coats  of  King 
Oeorge  the  Third. 

It  was  in  command  of  a  body  of  horsemen  that  this 
bold  knight  of  the  up-country  first  appeared  upon  the 
scene  in  the  opening  drama  of  hostilities  with  England. 
We  find  him  at  this  time  guarding  some  wagons  which 
were  loaded  with  supplies  for  the  little  army  at  Savannah. 


506       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Attacked  by  Indians  while  crossing  a  stream,  a  severe 
contest  ensued,  but  the  skirmish  ended  in  the  flight  of 
the  savages.  Not  long  after  this  encounter,  he  joined 
General  Howe  in  the  latter 's  ill-timed  expedition  against 
St.  Augustine  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  disastrous 
fight  which  followed.  He  then  returned  to  his  home  in  the 
up-country,  where  the  deep  solitude  of  the  forest  seemed 
to  hide  him,  until  the  invasion  of  Georgia  by  the  British, 
when  first  Savannah  and  then  Augusta  lowered  the 
patriotic  flag.  To  complete  the  subjugation  of  the  State, 
a  body  of  Tories  under  Colonel  Boyd  was  dispatched  to 
take  possession  of  the  forts  on  the  frontier. 

But  in  the  meantime  Colonel  Clark  was  not  idle. 
When  word  came  of  the  fall  of  Savannah  he  knew  what 
it  meant.  Georgia  was  soon  to  be  overrun  by  her  enemies. 
He  was  still  nursing  an  old  wound ;  but  he  no  sooner  heard 
the  news  than  he  reached  for  his  sword  which  hung  upon 
the  walls  of  his  cabin.  At  the  same  time  he  strapped  his 
trusty  rifle  across  his  shoulders.  Then  committing  his 
loved  ones  to  the  care  of  Providence,  he  mounted  his  horse 
and  rode  day  and  night  over  the  country,  gathering  to- 
gether his  little  band  of  patriots.  At  the  head  of  his 
troops  he  then  hastened  to  join  Dooly  and  Pickens  in 
bidding  defiance  to  the  invader.  The  two  hostile  armies 
met  at  Kettle  Creek,  not  far  from  the  present  town  of 
Washington,  where,  by  the  shrewd  fore-sight  of  Elijah 
Clarke,  in  seizing  a  strategic  point  in  the  enemy's  rear, 
the  tide  of  battle  was  turned  in  favor  of  the  Americans. 
Colonel  Boyd  was  mortally  wounded,  his  army  annihi- 
lated, and  Toryism  in  Georgia  for  a  season  at  least  over- 
thrown. 

However,  Colonel  Innis,  a  Scotch  loyalist,  was  soon 
dispatched  to  the  frontier,  giving  rise  to  another  series  of 
engagements.  For  months,  at  the  head  of  his  little  band 
of  patriots,  Clarke  waged  a  guerilla  warfare,  spending 
most  of  his  time  in  the  swamps.  He  scarely  knew  what  it 
Avas  during  this  period  to  sleep  with  a  roof  over  his  head. 
Often  he  was  face  to  face  with  hunger.    The  weariness  of 


Elijah  Clarke  507 

-exhaustion  if  not  of  discontent  began  to  show  itself  in  the 
haggard  features  of  his  troops.  But  in  the  end  Innis  was 
routed  and,  on  to  Augusta,  Clarke  led  his  victorious  men 
of  the  woods.  He  knew  that  permanent  peace  could  never 
<3ome  to  the  up-country  until  this  stronghold  was  recover- 
ed. So,  mustering  strength  for  the  decisive  blow,  he 
hurled  himself  against  the  town.  Success  was  almost  at 
hand.  In  fact,  he  was  temporally  in  possession,  when  the 
British  garrison  was  unexpectedly  re-enforced.  The 
torture  of  Tantalus  seized  the  backwoodsman  at  this 
sudden  turn  of  affairs,  but  realizing  the  futility  of  further 
efforts  in  this  direction,  he  withdrew  to  await  future 
■developments. 


It  was  at  this  critical  moment  when  Toryism  was 
^gain  threatening  upper  Georgia  that  Elijah  Clarke  col- 
lected the  helpless  women  and  children  of  the  Broad 
River  settlement  and,  with  the  aid  of  Colonel  William 
Candler,  conveyed  them  over  the  mountains  to  the 
Watauga  valley  in  the  extreme  north-east  corner  of 
Tennessee.  This  humane  task  having  been  successfully 
accomplished,  he  was  soon  back  in  the  midst  of  the  fight- 
ing. Though  not  in  actual  command,  it  was  Colonel 
Clarke,  at  the  head  of  his  Wilkes  riflemen,  who  won  the 
day  in  the  battle  of  Blackstocks  in  South  Carolina,  by 
skillfully  turning  the  enemy's  flank.  Again  wounded  at 
Long  Cane  he  had  scarcely  recovered  before  he  was 
seized  by  an  attack  of  small-pox.  But  he  w^as  neverthe- 
less on  hand  at  the  seige  of  Augusta,  where  the  final  con- 
summation of  his  dream  was  realized  in  the  hoisting 
above  the  fort  of  the  triumphant  x\merican  colors. 

As  a  reward  for  his  gallant  services  in  the  Revolution, 
the  State  of  Georgia  gave  him  a  commission  as  Major- 
General  and  a  handsome  grant  of  land.  He  was  also 
chosen  to  represent  the  State  in  treaty  negotiations  with 
the  Indians.  Whenever  there  was  trouble  in  upper  Geor- 
gia, the  settlers  turned  instinctively  to  Elijah  Clarke:  and 


508        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

some  few  years  later,  at  the  battle  of  Jack's  Creek,  with 
his  son,  John  Clarke,  then  barely  more  than  a  lad  never- 
theless a  fighter  and  a  veteran  of  the  Eevolution,  he  added 
another  trophy  of  war  to  his  belt  of  victories. 

Then  came  an  episode  in  the  career  of  Elijah  Clarke 
which  has  somewhat  eclipsed  and  darkened  his  fame  as  a 
patriot,  viz.,  his  effort  to  establish  a  trans-Oconee  republic 
and  his  connivance  with  foreign  powers.  But  nothing  in 
the  way  of  real  dishonor  attaches  to  his  motives  even  in 
these  transactions,  not  withstanding  the  odor  of  treason 
which  seems  to  invest  them.  He  was  an  old  soldier  who 
had  never  cultivated  the  grace  of  restraint  and  who  had 
always  commanded  an  independent  body  of  troops,  sub- 
ject to  no  higher  power  than  himself,  and  he  merely 
sought  in  his  own  way  to  rid  Georgia  of  the  incubus  of  an 
Indian  problem.  The  fact  that  two  European  powers 
made  overtures  to  him  is  testimony  of  the  most  pro- 
nounced character  to  his  military  genius.  Misjudged  by 
his  friends  and  maligned  by  his  foes,  General  Clarke 
retired  to  his  home  in  Wilkes,  where  death  eventually 
brought  him  ''surcease  of  sorrow".  He  died  on  January 
15,  1799.  His  last  will  and  testament  is  on  record  in  the 
county  of  Lincoln;  and,  while  there  is  no  positive  evidence 
in  regard  to  the  place  of  his  burial,  the  local  traditions 
point  clearly  to  Lincoln,  which  was  cut  off  from  Wilkes 
soon  after  the  decease  of  the  old  hero. 

Iron  and  velvet  were  strangely  mixed  in  the  character 
of  this  singular  man.  His  life  presents  an  enigma,  in  the 
solving  of  which  the  historians  are  at  sea.  He  was  the 
very  embodiment  of  gentleness  in  shielding  the  defence- 
less women  and  children  of  the  Broad  River  district  but 
in  dealing  with  the  Tories  there  was  no  milk  of  human 
kindness  in  his  breast.  To  the  quality  of  mercy  he  was 
an  absolute  stranger ;  and  Shylark  himself  was  not  more 
remorseless  in  exacting  his  pound  of  flesh  from  the 
Merchant  of  Venice.  He  squared  accounts  with  the 
Tories,  by  pinning  them  to  the  letter  of  the  Mosaic  law— 
*'an  eye  for  an  eye  and  a  tooth  for  a  tooth."    But  when 


The  Story  op  Austin  Dabney  509 

we  remember  what  he  suffered  at  the  hands  of  the  Tories, 
who  turned  his  family  out  of  doors,  who  burned  his  home 
to  ashes,  who  murdered  an  inoffensive  son  in  the  presence 
of  his  wife,  and  whose  hands  were  red  with  the  blood  of 
babes  in  the  cradle,  we  can  hardly  blame  him  for  register- 
ing an  oath  to  be  revenged  upon  the  perpetrators  of  deeds 
so  foul  in  the  face  of  heaven.  Without  training  in  the 
school  of  arms — an  uneducated  rustic — he  was  not  unlike 
the  great  Confederate  horseman,  General  N.  B.  Forrest. 
In  the  opinion  of  not  a  few  critics  the  latter  was  the  fore- 
most soldier  of  the  Civil  War ;  and  there  will  be  no  one  to 
challenge  the  statement  that  among  the  soldiers  of  Geor- 
gia in  the  American-  Eevolution  the  stalwart  form  of  the 
victor  of  Kettle  Creek  lifts  by  far  the  loftiest  plume. 


IX 

The  Story  of  Austin  Dabney 

One  of  the  finest  examples  of  loyalty  displayed  during 
the  period  of  the  American  Eevolution  was  furnished  by 
Austin  Dabney,  a  negro  i^atriot.  He  came  to  Pike  with 
the  Harris  family  within  a  very  short  while  after  the  new 
county  was  opened  to  settlement,  and  here  he  lies  buried 
near  the  friends  to  whom  in  life  he  was  devotedly  at- 
tached. The  story  of  how  he  came  to  enlist  in  the  patriot 
army  runs  thus:  When  a  certain  pioneer  settler  by  the 
name  of  Aycock  migrated  from  North  Carolina  to  Geor- 
gia, he  brought  with  him  a  mulatto  boy  whom  he  called 
Austin.  The  boy  passed-  for  a  slave  and  was  treated  as 
such;  but  when  the  struggle  for  independence  began, 
Aj^cock,  who  was  not  cast  in  heroic  molds,  found  in  this 
negro  youth  a  substitute,  who  was  eager  to  enlist,  despite 
the  humble  sphere  of  service  in  which  he  moved.  The 
records  show  that  for  a  few  weeks  perhaps  the  master 
himself  bore  arms  in  a  camp  of  instruction,  but  he  proved 
to  be  such  an  indifferent  soldier  that  the  Captain  readiiy 
agreed  to  exchange  him  for  the  mulatto  boy,  then  a  youth 


510       Georgia's  LxVndmakks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  eighteen,  upon  Aycock's  acknowledgement  that  the  boy 
was  of  white  parentage,  on  the  mother's  side,  and  there- 
fore free.    This  happened  in  the  county  of  Wilkes.    When 
the  time  came  for  enrollment,  the  Captain  gave  Austin 
the  sirname  of  Dabney,  and  for  the  remainder  of  his  life 
Austin  Dabney  was  the  name  by  which  he  was  every- 
where  known.    He   proved   to   be   a   good   soldier.    In 
numerous  conflicts  with  the  Tories  in  upper  Georgia,  he 
was  conspicuous  for  valor;  and  at  the  battle  of  Kettle 
Creek,  while  serving  under  the  famous  Elijah  Clarke,  f» 
rifle  ball  passed -through  his  thigh,  by  reason  of  which  he 
ever  afterwards  limped.    Found  in  a  desperate  condition 
by  a  man  named  Harris,  he  was  taken  to  the  latter 's 
house,  where  kind  treatment  was  bestowed  upon  him,  and 
here  he  remained  until  the  wound  healed.    Austin's  grati- 
tude to  his  benefactor  was  so  great  that  for  the  rest  of 
his  life  he  considered  himself  in  the  latter 's  debt,  and  in 
many  ways  he  befriended  Harris,  when  reverses  overtook 
him.    He  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  sound  sense  and 
to  have  acquired  property,  at  the  close  of  the  Eevolution. 
He  removed  from  Wilkes  to  Madison,  taking  the  family 
of  his  benefactor  with  him.    Dabney  was  fond  of  horse- 
racing,  and  whenever  there  was  a  trial  of  speed  anywhere 
near  he  was  usually  found  upon  the  grounds,  and  he  was' 
himself  the  owner  of  thoroughbreads.    He  drew  a  pension 
from  the  United  States  government,  on  account  of  his 
broken  thigh,  and  the  Legislature  of  Georgia,  in  the  dis- 
tribution of  public  lands  by  lottery,  awarded  him  a  tract 
in  the  county  of  Walton.    The  noted  Stephen  Upson,  then 
a  representative  from  Oglethorpe,  introduced  the  meas- 
ure, and,  in  terms  of  the  highest  praise,  he  eulogized  Dab- 
ney's  patriotism.    There  was  some  dissention  among  the 
white  people  of  Madison  over  this  handsome  treatment 
accorded  to  one  of  an  inferior  race.    It  doubtless  arose, 
through  envy,  among  the  poorer  classes.     But  Austin 
took  no  offense,  and  when  an  opportune  moment  came, 
he  quietly  shifted  his  residence  to  the  land  given  to  him 
by  the  State  of  Georgia.     Lie  was  still  accompanied  by 


The  Story  op  Austin  Dabney  511 

the  Harris  family,  for  wliom  lie  continued  to  labor.  It  is 
said  that  he  denied  himself  many  of  the  comforts  of  life, 
in  order  to  bestow  the  bulk  of  his  earnings  upon  his  white 
friends.  He  sent  the  eldest  son  of  Mr.  Harris  to  Franklin 
College,  and  contributed  to  his  maintainan'ce  while  he 
studied  law  under  Judge  Upson  at  Lexington.  It  is  said 
that  when  young  Harris  stood  his  legal  examination  in 
open  court  Austin  Dabney  outside  of  the  bar  with  the 
keenest  look  of  anxiety  on  his  face  and  that  when  the 
youth  was  finally  admitted  to  practice  the  old  negro  fairly 
burst  into  tears  of  joy.  He  left  his  entire  property  to  the 
Harris  family,  at  the  time  of  his  death.  The  celebrated 
Judge  Dooly  held  him  in  the  highest  esteem,  and  when  th'^ 
latter  was  attending  court  in  Madison  it  was  one  of  Dab- 
ney's  customs  to  take  the  Judge's  horse  into  his  special 
custody.  He  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  best  authori- 
ties in  Georgia  on  the  events  of  the  Revolutionary  war 
periods.  Once  a  year  Austin  Dabney  made  a  trip  to 
Savannah,  at  which  place  he  drew  his  pension.  On  one 
occasion — so  the  story  goes — he  travelled  in  company 
with  his  neighbor,  Colonel  Wiley  Pope.  They  journeyed 
together  on  the  best  of  terms  until  they  reached  the  out- 
skirts of  the  town.  Then,  turning  toward  his  dark  com- 
panion, the  Colonel  suggested  that  he  drop  behind,  since  it 
was  not  exactly  the  conventional  thing  for  them  to  be  seen 
riding  side  by  side  through  the  streets  of  Savannah - 
Without  demurrer  Austin  complied  with  this  request 
stating  that  he  fully  understood  the  situation.  But  they 
had  not  proceeded  far  before  reaching  the  home  of 
General  Jackson,  then  Governor  of  the  State.  What  was 
Colonel  Pope's  surprise,  on  looking  behind  him,  to  see 
the  old  Governor  rush  from  the  house,  seize  Austin's 
hand  in  the  most  cordial  manner,  like  he  was  greeting 
some  long  lost  brother,  drew  him  down  from  the  horse,* 
and  lead  him  into  the  house,  where  he  remained  through- 
out his  entire  stay  in  Savannah,  treated  not  perhaps  as 
an  equal  but  with  the  utmost  consideration.  In  after 
years.  Colonel  Pope  used  to  tell  this  anecdote,  so  it  is 


512       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

said,  with  much  relish,  adding  that  he  felt  somewhat 
abashed,  on  reaching  Savannah  to  find  Austin  an  honored 
guest  of  the  Governor  of  Georgia,  while  he  himself  occu- 
pied a  room  at  the  public  tavern. 


The  Siege  of  Augusta 

With  the  completion  of  Fort  Cornwallis,  Augusta  be- 
came a  stronghold  of  such  resistive  power  that  the  hope 
of  retaking  it  became  a  dim  spark  in  the  breast  of  the 
American  patriot.  But  there  was  at  least  one  man  in 
the  American  army  who  seems  to  have  taken  a  vow  at  the 
altar  of  independence  that  Augusta  should  not  remain 
under  the  flag  of  the  king.  It  was  Colonel  Elijah  Clarke. 
There  was  not  within  the  borders  of  the  State  a  more 
relentless  foe  to  the  enemies  of  Georgia.  His  plan  of 
attack  was  first  to  seize  Fort  Grierson,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  militia,  whereas  Fort  Cornwallis  was  manned  Dy 
seasoned  regulars.  He  hoped  either  to  capture  or  to 
■destroy  the  Lieutenant-Colonel  on  his  retreat  to  the 
stronger  fortification.  The  movement  was  successfully 
executed.  Hardly  a  member  of  the  garrison  escaped  ex- 
cept to  be  made  a  prisoner  of  war;  the  Major  was  slain, 
and  the  Lieutenant-Colonel  who  commanded  the  fort  was 
among  the  number  captured.    The  next  assault  was  upon 

Fort  Cornwallis.  It  was  here  that  the 
Elijah  Clarke's  real  fight  was  to  be  made;  but  Colonel 
Vow:  "Down  Clarke  was  not  despondent.  He  was 
With  the  Flag."   ready   for  the   tug   of  war.     Says   Dr. 

Williams:  '^Cato  was  not  more  insistent 
that  Carthage  must  be  destroyed  than  was  Colonel  Clarke 
.that  Augusta's  fort  must  be  taken.  From  the  daj^^  that 
Browne  took  possession  of  it  and  hoisted  the  British  flag, 
Clarke  went  everywhere,  gathering  recruits  to  drive  him 
out.  It  was  Clarke  who  planned  the  attack  upon  the 
White  House,  which  deserved  success  but  failed  at  the 


The  Siege  op  Augusta  513 

moment  of  impending  victory.    It  was  lie  who  gathered 
the  forces  which  under  Pickens  and  Williamson  and  Mc- 
Call,  came  and  sat  down  here  before  the 
"Light  Horse  town  for  two  months  resolved  never  to 

Harry"  Lee     To    go   away  until  the  English  flag  came 
the  Rescue.  down.     At  last  Colonel  Lee  was  sent 

with  his  famous  Legion  to  re-enforce 
and  take  command  of  the  investing  army.  He  saw  at 
once,  with  the  practiced  eye  of  a  soldier,  that  Browne  had 
built  a  fort  which  was  impregnable  to  any  assault  which 
he  could  make  upon  it.  He  therefore  resorted  to  the 
ingenius  device  of  building  a  tower,  thirty  feet  high,  out 
of  hewn  logs,  filling  it  with  stones  and  other  material. 
Near  the  top  he  built  a  platform  and  the  logs  were  sawed 
to  let  in  an  embrasure  for  cannon.  The  British  had 
mounted  the  eight  original  guns  of  Fort  Augusta.  They 
had  a  garrison  of  400  men,  besides  200  negroes  who  did 

duty  in  the  fort.  In  adition  to  these. 
The  Maham  Tower:  there  were  a  number  of  prisoners 
A  Grecian  Strategem.     and  others  who  fled  to  the  fort  for 

protection.  The  Americans  had  but 
the  one  piece  of  artillery  which  General  Lee  had  brought 
with  him.  This  six-pounder  was  hoisted  to  the  floor  of  the 
tower,  from  which  eminence  it  completely  commanded  the 
interior  of  Fort  Cornwallis.  The  tower  was  the  device 
of  Major  Maham,  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  erected  near 
where  the  Cotton  Exchange  now  stands.  Browne  tried  to 
neutralize  the  effect  of  this  movement  by  building  a  plat- 
form at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  fort  and  mounting 
upon  it  two  of  his  heaviest  guns.  But  from  the  hour  that 
Lee's  six-pounder  opened  fire  from  the  top  of  the  Maham 
tower  the  fort  was  doomed.  The  first  shot  was  fired  from 
the  tower  on  the  morning  of  June  2,  1781.  Before  noon 
the  two  pieces  of  British  ordinance  were  dismounted  from 
the  platform.  The  whole  interior  of  the  fort  was  raked 
except  the  segment  nearest  the  tower  and  a  few  spots 
sheltered  by  traverses.  So  deadly  was  the  fire  that  the 
besieged  were  driven  to  dig  holes  in  the  ground  and 


514       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

literally  to  bury  themselves  in  the  earth.  The  Church 
was  a  blackened  ruin.  The  guns  which  had  so  long  pro- 
tected it  were  at  last  powerless  to  save  it  from  destruc- 
tion. The  colonial  days  were  passing  out  in  thunder  and 
blood  and  smoke.  The  fort  was  never  rebuilt.  Thanks 
to  a  kind  Providence,  it  was  never  again  needed.  But 
the  Church,  like  the  Brooklyn  at  Santiago,  loomed  out  of 
the  smoke  to  go  upon  her  way  and  pluck  victory  from 
the  jaws  of  seeming  defeat.  Her  mission  is  never 
ended."* 


James  Jackson  Fires     Another     distinguished     Georgian 
the  Despondent  whose  tall  figure  was  conspicuolis  at 

Troops :  an  Eloquent     the    siege    of   Augusta    and   whose 
Appeal.  name  was  destined  to  become  lumi- 

nous in  the  future  history  of  the 
State  was  James  Jackson.  He  was  then  in  command  of 
an  independent  Legion,  but  the  ink  was  hardly  dry  on 
his  commission.  He  was  appointed  by  General  Greene, 
perhaps  at  the  instance  of  General  Morgan  by  whom  he 
was  introduced  to  the  former,  but  General  Greene,  on  his 
own  account,  is  said  to  have  been  deeply  impressed  by 
the  personal  appearance  and  grave  demeanor  of  the 
young  soldier.  In  connection  with  the  siege  of  Augusta, 
Dr.  "White  has  preserved  this  incident:  ''Just  before  the 
reduction  of  Augusta,  the  militia  had  begun  to  manifest 
signs  of  despondency.  Overcome  by  long  service,  desti- 
tute of  almost  every  necessary  of  life,  and  giving  up  all 
hope  of  succour  from  General  Greene's  army,  they  had 
formed  the  resolution  of  returning  home.  Jackson  being 
informed  of  this  state  of  feeling,  instantly  repaired  to  the 
camp  and,  by  his  animating  eloquence,  quelled  the  tumult 
and  called  upon  them  in  a  manner  peculiar  to  himself  not 
to  tarnish  the  laurels  which  they  had  gained  by  deserting 
the  cause  in  a  time  of  so  much  need.    His  interference  was 


*See  Dr.   Chauncey  C.  Williams,  in  The  Story  of  St.   Paul's  Church. 


The  Siege  op  Augusta  515 

effectual.  The  drooping  spirits  of  the  militia  were 
aroused,  and  they  resolved  to  bid  defiance  to  the  foe. 
Jackson  led  one  of  the  advance  parties  in  the  attack  upon 
Augusta  and  performed  other  perilous  duties  with  great 
credit  to  himself.  After  the  surrender  of  the  town  he 
received  orders  to  level  the  fortifications,  to  collect  as 
many  men  as  possible  and  to  join  the  army  of  General 
Greene;  but,  having  marched  about  thirty  miles,  he 
found  it  impossible  to  reach  the  main  army,  and  there- 
fore returned  to  Augusta,  where  he  had  been  appomted 
Commandant."* 


An  Assassin     It  was  during  the  summer  months  which 
in  Camp.  followed  the  reduction  of  Augusta  that  this 

same  man  of  destiny  whose  mission  in  after 
life  was  to  defeat  the  Yazoo  conspirators  and  to  vindicate 
the  honor  of  Georgia,  narrowly  escaped  death  by  assassi- 
nation. Dr.  White  thus  tells  the  story:  ''In  July  he  was 
ordered  to  advance  toward  Savannah  and  to  take  post 
midway  between  this  town  and  Augusta.  It  was  here 
that  a  conspiracy  was  formed  in  his  infantry  to  kill 
Colonel  Jackson  in  his  bed,  but  happily  it  was  discovered 
by  a  soldier  who  acted  as  his  waiter,  named  Davis.  This 
honorable  man,  observing  that  something  uncommon  was 
going  on  in  the  camp  determined  to  find  it  out.  To  ac- 
complish his  object,  he  mingled  among  the  men  and 
branded  the  Colonel  with  many  opprobrious  epithets. 
Supposing  they  might  have  a  useful  accomplice  in  Davis, 
the  conspirators  divulged  the  secret  to  him,  which  he 
immediately  communicated  to  Colonel  Jackson.  The  in- 
fantry were  drawn  out,  the  ring  leaders  instantly  arres- 
ted, tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  executed.  Davis  was 
rewarded  for  his  fidelity  by  the  Legislature,  with  a  gift 
of  500  acres  of  land,  a  liorse,  saddle,  and  bridle."* 


*See  White's   Statistics   of  Georgia,   pp.    339-340. 
♦See   White's   Statistics   og  Georgia,    p.    340. 


516       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Capt.  Eobert  Ware,  father  of  U.  S.  Senator  Nicholas 
Ware,  took  part  in  the  seige  of  Augusta.  Capt.  Sherwood 
Bugg  was  among  the  wounded  and  Capt.  Jolm  Martin 
among  the  dead,  James  Martin  and  Marshall  Martin, 
brothers  of  the  latter  were  also  present. 


XI. 
St.  John^s  Parish 

There  was  never  at  any  time  among  the  Midway 
colonists  any  strong  attachment  for  the  reigning  house 
of  Hanover.  They  were  the  descendants  of  English  dis- 
senters. The  principle  of  local  self-government  was' ex- 
emplified by  them  in  religious  affairs  and  they  stoutly  be- 
lieved in  the  wisdom  of  its  application  to  secular  inter- 
ests as  well.  The  very  first  oppressive  acts  of  the  British 
Parliament  aroused  in  them  a  spirit  of  resistance,  and 
the  earliest  avowed  declaration  in  favor  of  independence 
emanated  from  the  Midway  settlement.  Throughout  the 
Province  there  was  little  feeling  of  hostility  to  Eng- 
land. Georgia  was  the  youngest  of  the  original  thirteen 
colonies  arid  to  the  last  moment  she  continued  to  be  the 
most  loyal  to  the  Crown.  In  Savannah,  where  the  effects 
of  the  iniquitous  Stamp  Act  were  directly  felt  by  the 
mercantile  interests  there  were  early  protests  made  by 
the  inhabitants  against  these  offensive  measures.  But  the 
plea  for  separation  was  first  raised  in  the  Parish  of  St. 
John.  It  was  here  that  the  first  bold  stand  for  liberty 
was  taken;  and  when  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  was 
revoked  and  the  port  of  Boston  closed  to  commerce,  the 
indignation  of  the  Georgia  Puritans  was  aroused  to  fever 
heat.  The  gore  which  bespattered  the  streets  of  the  great 
metropolis  of  New  England  and  which  cried  from  the 
ground  to  be  avenged  was  the  blood  of  kinsmen.  So  while 
there  was  parleying  and  dallying  elsewhere,  there  was 
prompt  resolve  here;  and  however  calm  might  be  the 
pulse-beat  of  the  Province  at  large,  due  to  the  fact  that 


St.  John's  Parish  517 

the  people  of  Georgia  were  in  the  main  descendants  of 
Cavaliers,  there  was  fire  in  the  veins  of  the  Midway 
settlers. 

The  refusal  of  the  Provincial  Congress  which  met  in 
Savannah,  on  August  10,  1774,  to  send  delegates  to  ihg 
Continental  Congress  in  Philadelphia,  was  received  by 
these  bold  radicals  with  an  outburst  of  scorn.  They 
first  sought  connection  with  the  Charleston  patriots, 
through  a  petition  sent  by  a  committee  appointed  at  Mid- 
way, on  February  9,  1774,  which  committee  consisted  of 
three  members,  Daniel  Roberts,  Samuel  Stevens,  and 
Joseph  Wood;  and,  when  this  application  was  denied, 
they  resolved  to  act  for  themselves.  Meanwhile,  on 
January  23,  1775,  some  forty-five  members  of  the  Provin- 
cial Congress'  entered  into  a  compact  neither  to  import 
nor  to  export  articles  of  merchandise  from  which  Eng- 
land was  to  reap  the  benefit. 

But  this  action  was  not  sufficiently  radical  to  satisfy 
the  enraged  Puritans  of  Georgia.  The  Parish  of  St. 
John  at  this  period  embraced  nearly  one  third  of  the 
entire  wealth  of  the  Province.  Its  planters  were  large 
slave  owners,  who  cultivated  extensive  tracts  of  land. 
Consequently,  they  assembled  in  convention,  on  March 
25,  1775,  and  chose  Dr.  Lyman  Hall  to  represent  them  in 
the  Continental  Congress.  He  accepted  the  commission, 
made  the  journey  to  Philadelphia  on  horseback,  and  for 
months  sat  in  the  Continental  Congress  an  accredited 
delegate  from  the  Parish  of  St.  John  in  the  Colony  of 
Georgia.  To  the  sufferers  in  Boston  large  supplies  of 
rice  were  also  forwarded  by  the  Midway  people,  to  relieve 
them  from  immediate  distress.  There  is  little  cause  for 
wonder  that  Sir  James'  Wright,  alluding  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  the  Parish  of  St.  John  calls  it  "a  nest  of 
Oliverians."  Nor  is  the  tribute  of  Dr.  Stevens,  in  his 
address  before  the  Georgia  Historical  Society  of  Savap- 
nah  undeserved.  Says  he :  ''Alone  she  s.tood,  a  Pharos  of 
Liberty  in  England's  most  loyal  Province,  renouncing 
every  fellowship  that  savored  not  of  freedom  and  refus- 


518       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ing  every  luxury  which  contributed  to  ministerial  coffers. 
With  a  halter  around  her  neck  and  the  gallows  before  her 
eyes,  she  severed  her  self  from  surrounding  associations 
and  cast  her  lot,  while  as  yet  all  was  gloom  and  darkness, 
with  the  fortunes  of  her  country,  to  stand  upon  her  right? 
or  to  die  in  defending  them.  Proud  spot  of  Georgia  soil !" 


XII. 
Colonel  John  White:  Hero  of  the  Great  Ogeechee 

In  December,  1778,  the  British  captured  Savannah.* 
In  September,  1779,  Count  d'Estaing  with  a  force  of 
about  1,700  men  acting  under  instructions  from  the 
French  government  effected  a  landing  at  Beaulieu,  and 
shortly  thereafter  was  joined  by  Gen.  Lincoln.  The  pur- 
pose was  to  recapture  Savannah  by  siege.  Gen.  Prevost, 
the  British  commander,  immediately  summoned  from  all 
outposts  every  portion  of  his  scattered  command.  Some 
reached  the  British  lines  in  safety.  But  Capt.  French 
was  not  among  this  number.  With  111  regular  troops, 
accompanied  by  five  vessels  and  their  crews  of  forty  men, 
he  sought  to  join  Gen.  Prevost,  but  interrupted  in  his 
attempt  to  enter  Savannah  by  news  of  the  investment  of 
the  town,  took  refuge  in  the  Great  Ogeechee  river,  about 
twenty-five  miles  below  Savannah,  disembarked  and 
formed  a  fortified  camp  on  the  left  bank  of  that  stream. 

Col.  John  White,  of  the  Fourth  Georgia  Battalion  of 
Gen.  Lincoln's  force  conceived  a  brilliant  plan  for  the 
capture  of  French's  command.  Accompanied  only  by 
Capts.  George  Melvin  and  A.  C.  G.  Elholm,  a  sergeant, 
and  three  privates,  a  total  force  of  seven  men  (some  ac- 
counts state  five),  on  the  night  of  Oct.  1,  1779,  this  daring 
band  located  the  British  camp  on  the  Ogeechee  and  built 
many  watch-fires  at  various  points  around  it,  placing  the 
fires  at  such  positions  as  to  lead  the  British  to  believe  that 


*E.  H.  Abrams:  Article  in  the  Savannah  Morning  News,  July  4,  1909. 


Colonel  John  White  519 

tliey  were  surrounded  by  a  large  force  of  Americans. 
This  was  kept  up  throughout  the  night  by  White  and  his 
force  marching  from  point  to  point  with  the  heavy  tread 
of  many  when,  accompanied  by  the  challenge  of  sentinels 
at  each  point  surrounding  the  British  camp,  each  mount- 
ing a  horse  at  intervals,  riding  off  in  haste  in  various 
directions,  imitating  the  orders  of  staff  officers  and  giving 
fancied  orders  in  a  low  tone.  Anticipating  the  presence 
of  the  enemy,  Capt.  French  believed  that  he  was  entrap- 
ped by  a  large  force.  At.  this  juncture  Col.  White,  un- 
accompanied, dashed  up  to  the  British  camp  and  demand- 
ed a  conference  with  Capt.  French. 

"I  am  the  commander,  sir,"  he  said,  "of  the  American 
soldiers  in  your  vicinity.  If  you  will  surrender  at  oncf 
to  my  force,  I  will  see  to  it  that  no  injury  is  done  to  you 
or  your  command.  If  you  decline  to  do  this  I  must  can- 
didly inform  you  that  the  feelings  of  my  troops  are  highly 
incensed  against  you  and  I  can  by  no  means  be  respon- 
sible for  any  consequences  that  may  ensue." 

The  bluff  worked.  Capt.  French  at  once  fell  into  the 
trap  and  agreed  to  surrender,  as  he  thought  it  was  useless 
to  battle  w^ith  the  large  surrounding  force.  At  this 
moment,  Capt.  Elholm  dashed  up  on  horseback  and  de- 
manded to  know  where  to  place  the  artillery.  "Keep 
them  back, ' '  replied  White,  ' '  the  British  have  surrender- 
ed. Move  your  men  off  and  send  me  three  guides  to  con- 
duct the  British  to  the  American  post  at  Sunbury." 
Tfhereupon  the  five  vessels  were  burned,  the  three  guides 
arrived,  and  the  British  urged  to  keep  clear  of  the  sup- 
posed infuriated  American  army  hovering  about,  marched 
off,  while  Col.  White,  hastened  away,  collected  a  force  of 
neighboring  militia,  overtook  the  British  led  by  his  guides 
and  conducted  them  as  prisoners  to  Sunbury. 

Nine  days  after  this  remarkable  exploit,  Col.  White 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  assault  upon  Savannah  made 
at  the  Spring  Hill  redoubt.  He  succeeded  in  making  his 
escape  from  the  British,  but  the  wounds  received  so  much 


/ 


520       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

impaired  his  health  that  he  was  obliged  to  retire  from  the 
army  and  died  soon  afterwards  in  Virginia.* 


A  Revolutionary  Puzzle 

These  old  rhymes  were  written  in  the  early  part  of  the 
Revolutionary  War — about  1776.  If  read  as  written  they 
contain  a  tribute  to  the  king  and  his  army,  but  if  read 
downward  on  either  side  of  the  comma,  they  indicate  an 
unmistakable  rebellion  against  both  king  and  parliament. 
The  author  is  unknown : 

"Hark,  hark,  the  trumpet  sounds,  the  din  of  war's  alarms 

O'er  seas  and  solid  grounds,  doth  call  us  all  to  arms 

Who  for  King  George  doth  stand,  their  honors  soon  shall  shine 

Their  ruin  is  at  hand,  who  with  the  Congress  join 

The  acts'  of  Parliament,  in  them  I  might  delight. 


*The  account  of  this  remarkable  capture  is  taken  from  White's  "His- 
torical Collections  of  Georgia,"  and  accepted  by  that  historian  as  correct. 
It  is  corroborated  by  a  manuscript  furnished  that  author  by  the  Hon.  Robert 
M.   Charlton,    giving  a   sketch  of  the   life   of   Col.    White. 

Capt.  Hugh  McCall,  one  of  the  earliest  of  Georgia's  historians,  on  page 
60  of  Vol.  II  of  his  history,  mentions  briefly  the  occurrence  accepting  the 
foregoing  statements  as  true. 

C.  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  in  his  History  of  Georgia,  Vol.  II,  p.  390,  also  mentions 
this   statement  as  true. 

In  Volume  II,  page  180,  of  the  Historical  Magazine  and  Notes  and 
Queries,  is  found  an  article  communicated  by  I.  K.  Teft,  in  which  the  author 
corroborates  the  foregoing  facts  by  an  order  then  in  his  possession,  given 
by  Maj.  William  Jackson  upon  certain  vendue  masters  for  $500.00  "in 
the  cause  of  the  captors  and  claimants  of  the  vessels  taken  in  Ogeechee 
river  by  Col.    White,    being   his   fees   in   said    cause." 

Dr.  David  Ramsey,  writing  in  October,  17 84,  or  five  years  after  his  re- 
markable exploit  in  his  "History  of  the  Revolution  in  South  Carolina"  (p. 
242,  Vol.  II),  records  as  facts  the  details  above  outlined.  This  is  substantial 
proof  of  its  trustworthiness. 


Col.  White  was  survived  by  a  widow  and  one  daughter.  The  widow 
married  Thomas  Gordon,  of  Philadelphia.  The  daughter,  Catherine  P., 
first  married  William  Limbert,  and  upon  his  death  married  a  Mr.  Hayden. 
Mrs.  C.  P.  Hayden  died  in  Savannah  in  January,  1866,  leaving  most  of  her 
property  to  St.  John's  Church.  The  will  is  recorded  in  Book  M.  P.  211,  of 
the  Ordinary's  office.  The  writer  has  in  his  possession  the  papers  of  Mrs. 
Hayden,  and  among  them  are  several  military  orders  drawn  by  Col.  White, 
a  copy  of  Mr.  Teft's  communication,  with  notations  thereon  by  Mrs.  Hayden, 
and  a  letter  from  the  widow  of  Col.  White,  written  to  Gov.  John  Houston 
in  1789,  requesting  him  to  recover  for  her  a  house  and  lot  in  Savannah 
owned  by  her  late  husband,  and  which  had,  through  mistake,  been  con- 
fiscated as  British  property. — E.  H.   Abrahams. 


Colonel  John  White  521 

I  hate  their  cursed  intent,  who  for  the  Congress  fight 
The  Tories  of  the  day,  they  are  my  daily  toast. 
They  soon  will  sneak  away,  who  independence  boast, 
Who  non-resistent  hold,  they  have  my  hand  and  heart 
May  they  for  slaves  be  sold,  who  act  the  Whiggish  part. 
On  Mansfield,  North  and  Bute,  may  daily  blessings  pour. 
Confusion  and  Dispute,  on  Congress  evermore ; 
To  North  and  British  Lord,  may  honors  still  be  done, 
I  wish  the  block  and  cord,  to  General  Washington. '  '* 


♦Mrs.    Foster's   Revolutionary   Reader,    p.    112. 


SECTION  VI 


Georgia  Miscellanies 


SECTION  VI 


GEORGIA    MISCELLANIES 


Trustees  for  Establishing  the  Colony  of  Georgia 

During  the  first  twenty-one  years  of  Georgia's  colo- 
nial life  the  government  was  administered  by  Trustees, 
under  whom  General  Oglethorpe  was  appointed  Governor 
and  Commander-in-Chief.  The  number  of  Trustees,  from 
first  to  last,  was  seventy-two;  and  the  membership  of 
the  board  included  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men 
of  England,  among  whom  were  scions  of  the  nobility, 
ministers  of  the  Gospel,  and  members  of  Parliament. 
I>ue  to  the  fact  that  they  were  more  familiar  with  the 
etiquette  of  courts  than  with  the  needs  of  the  savage 
wilderness,  some  of  the  measures  adopted  by  the  Board 
were  ill-advised.  The  effort  to  introduce  the  manufac- 
ture of  silk  was  unsuccessful ;  and  the  regulations  in  re- 
gard to  rum,  slavery  and  land  tenure,  having  been  found 
to  operate  as  a  check  upon  industry,  were  rescinded, 
one  by  one,  until  little  was  left  of  the  original  designs. 
But  the  Trustees  were  pure  philanthropists.  They  served 
without  fee  or  reward;  they  sacrificed  both  time  and 
money  in  the  prosecution  of  the  enterprise;  and  no  body 
of  men  was  ever  organized  for  nobler  ends  or  dominated 
by  loftier  ideals.  Georgia  owes  it  to  herself  to  keep  in 
grateful  remembrance  the  names  of  these  English  gen- 
tlemen : 

NAMED  TN  THE  CHARTER 

1.  ,ToHN,  Lord  Percival,  first  President  of  the  P.onrd. 

2.  Edwakd  Digby,  afterwards  a  baronet. 


526       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

3.  George,  Lord  Carpenter. 

4.  James  OcLETiioRrE,  M.  P. 

5.  George  Heathcote,  M.  P. 

6.  Thomas  Tower,  M.  P. 

7.  EoBERT  Moore,  M.  P. 

8.  Egbert  Hucks,  M.  P. 

9.  Roger  Holland,  M.  P. 

10.  William  Sloper,  M.  P. 

11.  Sir  Francis  Eyles,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

12.  John  Laroche,  M'.  P. 

13.  James  Vernon,  Esq. 

14.  William  Belitha. 

15.  Eev.  John  Burton,  D.  D. 

16.  Eev.  Eichard  Bundy,  D.  D. 

17.  Eev.  Arthur  Bedford,  A.  M. 

18.  Eev.  Samuel  Smith,  LL.  B, 

19.  Adam  Anderson,  an  author. 

20.  Thomas  Coram,  a  philanthropist. 

21.  Eev.  Stephen  Hales,  D.  B. 

ELECTED  IN   1733 

22.  James  Stanley,  Earl  of  Derby''. 

23.  Anthony  Ashley"  Cooper,  Earl  of  Shaftsbury. 

24.  John,  Lord  Tyrconnel. 

25.  James,  Lord  Limerick. 

26.  James,  Lord  D'Arcy^ 

27.  Eichard  Chandler,  Esq. 

28.  Thomas  Frederick,  M.  P. 

29.  Henry  L'Apostre. 

30.  Sir  William  Heathcote,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

31.  John  White,  Esq. 

32.  Egbert  Kendall,  Esq. 

33.  John  Page,  M.  P. 

34.  William  Hanbury,  Esq. 

35.  Christopher  Tov^'^er,  .M.  P. 

36.  Sir  Erasmus  Philipps,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

37.  Sir  John  Gonson,  a  knight. 

38.  George  Tyker,  Esq.,  an  alderman  of  London. 

ELECTED  IN   1734 

39.  Eev.  Thomas  Bundle,  D.  D. 

40.  William,  Lord  Talbot. 

41.  Eichard  Coope,  Esq. 

42.  William  Wollaston,  M.  P. 

43.  Egbert  Eyre,  Esq. 

44.  Thomas  Archer,  M.  P. 


Trustees  for  Establishing  the  Colony  of  Georgia     527 

45.     Henry  Archer,  M.  P. 

47.  Francis  Wollaston,  Esq. 

48.  Sir  Egbert  Carter,  a  kuight. 

ELECTED  IN  1737 

49.  Sir  Jacob  De  Bou\'erie,  a  baronet. 

ELECTED  IN  1738 

50.  Sir  Harry  Gough,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

51.  Sir  Harry  Burgoyne,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

ELECTED  IN  1739. 

52.  Sidney,  Lord  Beatjclerk,  M.  P. 

ELECTED  IN  1741 

53.  Henry,  Earl  Bathurst. 

54.  Hon.  Philip  Percival. 

55.  Sir  John  Frederick,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

ELECTED  IN  1742 

56.  Hon.  Alexander  Hume  Campbell,  M.  P. 

57.  Sir  John  Barrington,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

58.  Samuel  Turnbull,  M.  P. 

59.  Sir  Henry  Calthorpe,  M.  P.,  K.  B. 

ELECTED  IN  1743 

60.  Sir  John  Philipps,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

61.  Velters  Cornewall,  M.  P. 

62.  John  Weight,  Esq. 

ELECTED  IN  1745 

63.  Eev.  Thomas  Wilson,  D.  D. 

ELECTED  IN  1747 

64.  Francis  Cokayne,  Esq. 

65.  Samuel  Lloyd,  Esq. 

ELECTED  IN  1749 

66.  Earl  of  Egmont,  son  of  Lord  Percival. 
'67.     Anthony  Ewer,  Esq. 

68.  Edward  Hooper,  M.  P. 

69.  Sir  John  Cust,  M.  P.,  a  baronet. 

70.  Hon.  Slingsby  Bethel,  M.  P. 

71.  Hon.  Stephen  Theodore  Jansen,  M.  P. 

72.  Eiciiard  Cavendish,  M.  P. 

At  the  expiration  of  the  twenty-one  years,  which 
fixed  the  limits  of  the  original  charter,  the  Trustees  quite 
naturally  desired  to  he  relieved  of  further  responsibili- 


528       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ties.  They  accordingly  sent  a  memorial  to  the  Lords  of 
the  Council,  proposing  to  surrender  the  control  of  the 
Province  of  Georgia,  and  to  deed  back  to  his  Majesty 
the  lands  which  they  held  in  trust;  the  King  acquiesced, 
and  on  June  23,  1752,  the  last  meeting  of  the  Trustees 
was  held.  Not  an  obligation  of  any  kind  remained  against 
them  unredeemed;  and,  having  formally  executed  a 
deed  of  surrender,  the  seal  of  the  corporation  was  de- 
faced and  the  Colony  of  Georgia  passed  under  the  direct 
control  of  the  King  of  England.  When  the  Trustees  met 
for  the  last  time,  only  six  of  the  original  number  sur- 
vived. The  scene  was  full  of  tender  pathos;  for,  while 
they  had  made  mistakes  in  governing  the  Colony,  they 
had  established  in  America  an  asylum  for  the  oppressed, 
which  was  destined  to  become  great  and  powerful,  and 
they  had  nobly  exemplified  the  motto  engraved  upon  the 
colonial  seal :    "Non  Sihi  Seel  Aliis." 


The  Margravate  of  Azilia 

Oglethorpe's  humane  enterprise  was  not  the  first  ef- 
fort to  colonize  the  territory  of  Georgia.  Fifteen  years 
before  the  good  ship  Anne  started  upon  her  long  voyage 
to  the  new  world,  Sir  Robert  Montgomery  conceived  the 
ambitious  idea  of  jolanting  a  colony  between  the  Savan- 
nah and  the  Altamaha  Rivers,  to  be  called  the  Margravate 
of  Azilia.  It  was  the  most  unique  scheme  of  empire  build- 
ing which  the  human  intellect  ever  conceived.  The  region 
was  pictured  to  the  imagination  of  the  prospective  colon- 
ist as  another  Land  of  Promise,  and  there  was  no  lack 
of  zeal  on  the  part  of  Sir  Robert  in  exploiting  the  enter- 
prise. But  it  came  to  naught.  The  story  is  one  with 
which  Georgians  ought  to  be  familiar.  Colonel  Charles 
C.  Jones,  Jr.,  tells  it  as  follows:  ''In  the  summer  of 
1717,  Sir  Robert  Montgomery  secured  from  the  Lords 
Proprietors  of  Carolina  a  grant  of  land  lying  between 
the  Altamaha  and  the  Savannah  Rivers,  with  permission 


The  Margravate  of  Azilia  529 

to  make  settlements  on  the  south  side  of  the  latter  stream. 
This  territory  was  to  be  erected  into  a  separate  and  inde- 
pendent province,  was  to  be  holden  of  Sir  Robert,  his  heirs 
and  assigns  forever,  and  was  to  be  called  the  Margravate 
of  Azilia.  A  yearly  quit-rent  of  a  penny  per  acre  for 
all  lands  occupied  was  to  be  paid;  such  payment,  how- 
ever, not  to  commence  until  three  years  after  the  arrival 
of  the  first  ships  transporting  colonists.  In  addition, 
Sir  Eobert  covenanted  to  render  to  the  Lords  Proprie- 
tors one-fourth  of  all  the  gold,  silver,  and  royal  minerals 
which  might  be  found  within  the  limits  of  the  ceded 
lands.  Courts  of  justice  were  to  be  "organized  and  such 
laws  enacted  by  the  freemen  of  the  Margravate  as  might 
conduce  to  the  general  good  and  in  no  wise  conflict 
with  the  statutes  and  customs  of  England.  The  naviga- 
tion of  the  rivers  was  to  be  free  to  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  colonies  of  North  and  South  Carolina.  A  duty 
was  to  be  laid  on  skins,  and  the  revenues  thus  derived 
were  to  be  applied  to  the  maintenance  of  the  clergy. 
Sir  Robert,  in  consideration  of  this  cession,  agreed  to 
transport  at  his  own  cost  a  certain  number  of  families 
and  all  necessaries  for  forming  new  settlements  within 
the  specified  limits.  It  was  mutually  covenanted  that  if 
such  settlements  were  not  made  within  three  years  from 
the  date  of  the  grant  it  should  become  void. 

''In  the  'Discourse  concerning  the  Designed  Estab- 
lishment of  a  New  Colony  to  the  South  of  Carolina  in 
the  most  Delightful  Country  of  the  Universe,'  prepared 
by  himself  and  printed  in  London  in  1717,  Sir  Robert, 
in  glowing  terms,  sought  to  unfold  the  attractions  of 
his  future  Eden.  'It  lies,'  said  he,  'in  the  same  latitude 
as  Palestine  itself,  that  promised  Canaan  which  was 
pointed  out  by  God's  own  choice  to  bless  the  labors  of 
a  favorite  people.'  After  commending  in  the  highest 
terms  its  woods  and  meadows,  its  fruits  and  game,  its 
soil  and  climate,  its  mines  and  odoriferous  plants,  its 
flower  and  agricultural  capabilities,  he  proceeds  to  ex- 
plain his  plan  of  settlement.    He  did  not  propose  to  sat- 


530       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

isfy  himself  'witli  building  here  and  there  a  fort,  the 
fatal  practice  of  America,  but  so  to  dispose  the  habita- 
tions and  divisions  of  the  land  that  not  only  out-houses, 
but  Avhatever  else  we  possess  will  be  enclosed  by  military 
lines,  impregnable  against  the  savages,  and  which  will 
make  our  whole  plantation  one  continued  fortress.  At 
the  arrival,  therefore,  of'  the  first  men  carried  over, 
proper  officers  shall  mark  and  cause  to  be  entrenched 
a  square  of  land  in  just  proportion  to  the  number.  On 
the  outsides  of  this  square,  within  the  little  bastions  or 
redoubts  of  the  entrenchments,  they  will  raise  light 
timber  dwellings,  cutting  down  the  trees  which  every- 
where encompass  them.  The  officers  are  to  be  quartered 
with  the  men  whom  they  command,  and  the  governor- 
in-chief  is  to  be  placed  exactly  in  the  center.  By  these 
means  the  laboring  people,  being  so  disposed  as  to  be 
always  watchful  of  an  enemy's  approach,  are  theraselves 
within  the  eyes  of  those  set  over  them,  and  altogether 
under  the  inspection  of  their  principal.  The  redoubts 
may  be  near  enough  to  defend  each  other  with  muskets, 
but  field  pieces  and  patareros  will  be  planted  upon  each, 
kept  charged  with  partridge  shot  and  pieces  of  old  iron. 
Within  these  redoubts  are  the  common  dwellings  of  the 
men  who  must  defend  them,  and  between  them  runs  a  pal- 
isaded bank  and  ditch,  which  will  be  scoured  by  the  artil- 
lery. One  man  in  each  redoubt,  kept  day  and  night  upon 
the  guard,  will  give  alarm  upon  occasion  to  the  others 
at  work.  So  they  will  cultivate  their  lands,  secure  their 
cattle,  and  follow  their  business  with  perfect  ease  and 
safety.  Exactly  in  the  center  of  the  inmost  square  will 
be  a  fort  defended  by  a  large  cannon,  pointing  every 
way,  and  capable  of  making  strong  resistance  in  case 
some  quarter  of  the  outward  lines  should  chance  lo  be 
surprised  by  any  sudden  accident.  The  nature  of  this 
scheme,  when  weighed  against  the  ignorance  and  wildness 
of  the  natives,  will  show  that  men  thus  settled  may  at 
once  defend  and  cultivate  a  territory  with  the  utmost 
satisfaction  and  security,  even  in  the  heart  of  an  Indian 


The  Margravate  of  Azilia  531 

Country.     Then  how  much  rather  a  place  considerably- 
distant  from  the  savage  settlements!' 

' '  Next  he  proceeds  to  give  an  explanation  of  the  plan 
for  fixing  the  districts  or  divisions  in  the  Margravate. 
The  whole  diagram  was  to  be  a  square  twenty  miles  long 
each  way,  containing  256,000  acres.  It  was  agreed  that 
the  men  to  defend  the  district  should  be  hired  in  Great 
Britain  or  Ireland;  that  they  should  dwell  in  the  forti- 
fied angles  and  cultivate  the  land  immediately  around 
them;  that  they  should  be  hired  for  a  definite  term  of 
years,  and  that  at  the  expiration  of  this  time  such  among 
Ihem  who  should  marry  or  come  married  hither  might 
have  a  right  of  laying  claim  to  a  'certain  Fee  Farm, 
ready  cleared,  together  with  a  house  built  upon  it,  and  a 
stock  sufficient  to  improve  and  cultivate  it,  to  be  en- 
joyed Tax  and  Eent  free  during  life  as  a  reward  for 
service.'  'By  which  means  two  great  advantages  must 
naturally  follow:  (1)  Poor  laboring  men,  so  secured  of 
a  fixed  future  settlement,  will  thereby  be  induced  to  go 
thither  more  willingly  and  act  when  there  with  double 
diligence  and  duty  and  (2)  When  the  time  of  service 
expires,  possession  just  long  enough  to  pass  their  lives 
upon  at  ease  and  to  bring  up  their  children  on  honestly, 
the  families  they  have  will  prove  a  constant  seminary  of 
sober  servants  of  both  sexes  for  the  Gentry  of  the  colony, 
whereby  they  will  be  under  no  necessity  to  use  the  dan- 
gerous help  of  Blackamoors  or  Indians.  The  lands  set 
apart  for  the  purpose  are  to  be  two  miles  in  width,  sur- 
rounding the  district,  and  lying  next  within  the  Mar- 
grave's own  reserved  land.  The  116  squares  into  which 
the  inner  quadrangle  is  divided  are  to  be  one  mile  each 
way,  or  640  acres,  bating  only  for  the  highways  which  di- 
vide them.  These  are  the  estates  belonging  to  the  Gentry 
of  the  district,  who  being  so  confined  to  an  equality  in 
land,  will  be  profitably  emulous  of  outdoing  each  other  in 
improvement ;  and  when  the  Margravate  is  strong  enough 
to  form  many  districts  the  estates  will  be  given  gratis 
to  honest  and  qualified  gentlemen  in  Great  Britain  and 


532       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

elsewhere  who,  having  numerous  and  well  educated  fam- 
ilies, possess  but  little  fortune  and  will  therefore  be 
chosen  to  enjoy  these  advantages.  The  four  great  parks 
or  forests  are  each  to  be  four  miles  square ;  sixteen  miles 
around  each  forest,  in  which  are  to  be  propagated  herds 
of  cattle  of  all  sorts.  The  middle  hollow  square,  which 
is  full  of  streets  crossing  each  other,  is  the  city,  and  the 
belt  embroidered  with  trees  is  to  be  used  for  a  thousand 
l^urposes,  among  the  rest  as  being  airy  and  affording 
a  fine  prospect  of  the  town  near  it.  In  the  center  of  the 
city  stands  the  Margrave's  house.  This  is  to  be  his  con- 
stant residence,  and  to  contain  everything  requisite  for 
the  dispatch  of  business.  This  likewise  is  to  be  separated 
from  the  city  by  an  embroidered  belt  like  the  one  sepa- 
rating the  city  from  the  rural  districts.' 

"Sir  Eobert  enlarges  upon  the  profits  to  be  realized 
from  this  charming  country  in  the  cultivation  of  rice, 
tea,  figs,  raisins,  currents,  almonds,  olives,  silk  and  coch- 
ineal. Large  gains  were  expected  from  the  manufacture 
of  potash.  Liberal  offers  were  made  to  all  who  might 
wish  to  become  colonists  in  the  Margravate  of  Azilia 
and  ample  guarantees  given  for  protection.  Although 
subscription  books  were  opened  in  the  Carolina  Coffee 
House,  near  the  Royal  Exchange,  it  does  not  appear  that 
much  stock  was  taken  in  the  enterprise.  To  the  King, 
8ir  Robert  addressed  a  petition  specifying  the  tract  of 
land  called  Azilia,  with  which  he  had  been  invested  by 
the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina,  declaring  that  he  had 
a  bona  fide  intention  of  founding  a  colony  there  and 
requesting  the  privilege  of  establishing  in  the  city  of 
Edinburgh  a  lottery  of  100,000  tickets,  at  the  rate  of 
forty  shillings  per  ticket,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  funds 
with  which  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  adventure.  A 
memorial  was  received  from  the  Lords  Proprietors,  ex- 
plaining the  proposal  of  Sir  Robert  for  settling  the  most 
southern  parts  of  Carolina,  of  which  he  was  to  be  Gov- 
ernor. Tt  was  referred  to  a  committee  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil for  consideration.    The  board  of  trade,  while  recom- 


The  Margravati'.  m'  Azilia  533 

mending  Sir  Eobert  as  a  proper  person  for  Governor, 
in  order  to  avoid  complications,  suggested  to  the  Lords 
Proprietors  of  Carolina  the  advisability  of  surrendering 
to  the  crown  their  powers  of  government  over  the  places 
included  in  the  proposed  Margravate,  reserving  to  them- 
selves only  the  property  in  the  lands.  The  whole  matter 
was  referred  to  the  attorney-general,  who  reported  that 
he  saw  nothing  in  the  cession  prejudicial  to  the  rights 
of  the  crown,  but  he  doubted  whether  the  powers  granted 
to  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina  could  be  divided 
in  the  manner  proposed.  To  remove  the  difficulty  he  sug- 
gested that  if  the  Lords  Proprietors  would  surrender  to 
his  Majesty  their  powers  of  government  over  the  new 
province  to  be  erected,  reserving  to  themselves  only  the 
riglTt  of  property  therein  they  might  lease  the  land  on 
such  teems  as  they  saw  fit  and  then  his  Majesty  could 
create  a  new  government  upon  such-  conditions  and  with 
such  powers  as  he  deemed  proper. 

''Despite  the  efforts  made  to  induce  immigration  into 
the  favored  region  at  the  expiration  of  the  three  years 
allowed  by  the  cession  from  the  Lords  Proprietors  of 
Carolina,  Sir  Robert  Montgomery  found  himself  without 
colonists.  His  grant  expired  and  became  void  by  terms 
of  limitation.  His  Azilia  remained  unpeopled,  save  by 
the  red  men  of  the  forest.  His  scheme  proved  utterly 
Utopian,  and  it  was  reserved  for  Oglethorpe  and  his  com- 
panions to  wrest  from  primaeval  solitude  and  to  vitalize 
with  the  energies  of  civilization  the  lands  lying  between 
the  Savannah  and  the  Altamaha.  .  .  .  Nevertheless, 
the  attorney-general's  suggestion  with  respect  to  sur- 
rendering powers  to  the  crown  was  adopted  with  respect 
to  the  whole  of  Carolina.  The  disputes  and  conflicts  be- 
tween the  Lords  Proprietor  and  the  colonists  continued 
to  be  so  constant  that  all  except  Lord  Carteret,  taking 
advantage  of  the  provisions  of  an  Act  of  Parliament, 
surrendered  to  the  King,  not  only  their  rights  and  in- 
terests in  the  government  of  Carolina,  but  also  their  own- 
ership of  the  soil.     The  indenture  of  purchase  and  sale 


534       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  duly  executed  and  the  consideratio!n  was  22,500 
pounds  sterling.  Thus,  for  this  small  sum,  were  seven- 
eighths  of  the  extensive  territory  constituting  the  prov- 
ince of  Carolina  sold  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  to  the 
crown.  The  other  eighth  was  owned  by  Lord  Carteret, 
Baron  of  Hawnes.  Subsequently  by  deed,  dated  Febru- 
ary 28,  1732,  he  conveyed  to  the  Trustees  for  establishing^ 
the  colony  of  Georgia  in  America,  the  one  undivided 
eighth  part  of  all  lands  lying  between  the  Savannah  and 
Altamaha  Rivers.  The  other  seven-eighths  was  ceded 
to  them  by  the  crown.  "With  this  explanation,  we  un- 
derstand wh}^  in  the  charter  granted  by  King  George  II, 
dated  June  9,  1732,  royal  cession  was  made  of  only  seven- 
eights  of  the  lands  to  be  erected  into  a  province  to  be 
called  Georgia."* 


Coligny's  Huguenot  Colonies 

Not  long  after  De  Soto's  ill-fated  expedition,  a  band 
of  French  colonists  skirted  the  coast  of  Georgia  and 
gave  to  the  rivers  of  this  State  the  earliest  names  by 
which  they  were  known  to  Europeans.  The  adventurous 
Frenchman  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  two  ships,  under 
command  of  Jean  Eibault,  to  found  a  colony  of  Hugue- 
nots in  the  new  world,  an  enterprise  which  they  were 
encouraged  to  undertake  by  the  zeal  of  the  famous  Gas- 
pard  de  Coligny,  the  first  nobleman  of  France  who  dared 
to  profess  himself  a  Protestant.  Says  Bishop  Stevens: 
*'The  expedition  sailed  from  Havre  de  Grace  on  Febru- 
ary 18,  1662,  and  in  two  months  reached  Florida,  at  a 
place  which  they  named  Cape  Francois.  Thence  coast- 
ing north,  they  soon  entered  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's 
which,  because  discovered  on  the  first  day  of  May,  they 
called  the  River  of  May.  Here,  on  a  sandy  knoll,  they 
erected  a  pillar  of  stone,  on  which  was  engraved  the  arms 


♦Condensed  from   History  of  Georgia,   by  Cliarles  C.   Jones,  Jr.,  Vol.   I, 
pp.    70-75,    Boston,    1883. 


Coligny's  Huguenot  Colonies  535 

of  France.  Coasting  still  northward,  they  discovered 
the  St.  Mary's,  which  Eibault  named  the  Seine,  because 
it  was  'like  unto  the  Eiver  of  Seine  in  France.'  Leaving 
St.  Mary's,  they  soon  cast  anchor  off  the  mouth  of  the 
Satilla,  termed  by  them  the  Somme;  and  manning  two 
boats  they  rowed  up  the  river  to  examine  its  banks  and 
to  hold  converse  with  the  Indian  king.  They  next  discov- 
ered the  Altamaha,  which  they  called  the  Loire;  further 
north,  they  came  to  Newport  Eiver,  emptying  into  Sapelo 
Sound,  which  they  termed  Charente ;  next,  St.  Catharine's 
Inlet,  which  they  called  the  Garonne;  then  Ossabaw 
Sound,  receiving  the  waters  of  the  Ogeechee  Eiver,  to 
which  they  assigned  the  name  of  Gironde;  and  still  fur- 
ther on  they  entered  the  broad  mouth  of  the  Savannah, 
styled  by  them  the  Eiver  Grande;  thus  bestowing  upon 
the  noble  streams  of  Georgia  the  names  of  the  beautiful 
rivers  of  France.  Each  of  these  waters  was  well  ex- 
plored and  glowingly  described."* 


At  the  time  of  this  expedition,  the  entire  South  At- 
lantic coast  was  given  the  name  of  Florida.  The  set- 
tlement which  Eibault  made  at  Fort  Caroline,  near  the 
spot  on  which  Beaufort,  S.  C,  now  stands,  was  ill-fated, 
and  the  story  of  how  the  starving  colonists  braved  the 
open  sea,  after  waiting  in  vain  for  Eibault 's  return  from 
France,  is  one  of  the  most  pathetic  in  American  annals. 
Equally  tragic  was  the  fate  of  the  settlement  made  by 
Laudonnier  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's.  Spain  could 
not  brook  even  a  trans-Atlantic  resting  place  for  the  ene-^ 
mies  of  her  faith.  Menendez  was  dispatched  by  Philip  IT 
to  uproot  the  Protestants.  He  executed  the  commission 
by  a  relentless  and  thorough  massacre  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  every  vestige  of  the  settlement  was  obliterated.  Fur- 
ther down  the  river  a  fort  was  constructed  by  the  Span- 


*Wm.    Bacon   Stevens,   M.  D.,   D.  D.,    in   History  of   Geoi  gia,   Vol,    I,    pp. 
30-3S,   New  York,   184 7. 


536       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

isli  commander;  and  here,  on  September  8,  1565,  were 
laid  the  foundations  of  the  oldest  city  in  America — St. 
Augustine. 


Silk  Culture  in  Georgia 

Georgia's  earliest  industry  was  the  production  of  raw 
silk.  It  was  the  dream  of  the  Trustees  to  save  to  England 
vast  buni'^  of  money  paid  annually  to  foreign  countries 
for  this  expensive  material,  and  they  even  sent  to  Italy 
for  persons  to  teach  the  colonists  how  to  feed  the  worms 
and  to  obtain  the  threads  from  the  cocoons.  But  the  in- 
dustry languished.  In  the  course  of  time,  it  was  confined 
exclusively  to  the  Germans  at  Ebenezer,  while  the  fila- 
tures at  Savannah  were  abandoned  long  prior  to  the  Rev- 
olution. Says  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.:  ''Aware 
of  Ihe  fact  that  the  mulberry  tree  was  indigenous  to 
Georgia  and  informed  that  the  climate  was  favorable  to 
the  silk-worm,  the  Trustees  were  encouraged  by>  Sir 
Tliomas  Lombe  to  believe  that  raw  silk  of  a  superior 
quality  could  be  readily  produced  in  the  province,  and 
that  vast  sums  which  were  annually  expended  in  the  pur- 
chase of  foreign  silks  might  be  saved  to  the  nation.  Ogie- 
Ihorpe  was  firmly  persuaded  that  England  could  thus  be 
most  materially  benefitted  and  the  Trustees  resolved  to 
engage  persons  in  Italy  acquainted  with  the  methods  of 
feeding  the  worm  and  winding  the  threads  from  the  co- 
coons to  accompany  the  first  settlers  and  instruct  them  in 
the  various  processes."*  .  .  .  "The  encouragement 
extended  the  Trustees  and  the  Board  of  Trade  to  the 
production  of  raw  silk  in  Georgia  was  not  without  some 
palpable  results.  From  time  to  time  samples  were  re- 
ceived. In  May,  1735,  the  trustees,  accompanied  by  Sir 
Thomas  Lembe,  exhibited  a  specimen  to  the  Queen,  who 
desired  that  it  should  be  wrought  into  a  fabric.  This 
was  done,  and  her  majesty  was  so  much  pleased  with 


•History  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I,  p.   97,  Boston,  1S83. 


Patriots  Outlawed  by  the  Tory  Government        537 

the  manufactured  silk  that  she  ordered  it  to  be  made 
into  a  costume,  in  which  she  appeared  at  court  on  her 
birthday."  Ibid.,  page  190.  For  the  information  of 
those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  subject  further,  the  follow- 
ing references  are  given :  History  of  Georgia,  bv  Charles 
C.  Jones,  Jr.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  97,  190,  272,  371-374;  433-435, 
532,  Boston,  1883.  There  are  also  fair  accounts  of  the 
industry  in  the  histories  by  Stevens  and  McCall.  While 
the  Trustees  excluded  rum  from  the  colony,  they  en- 
couraged the  manufacture  of  wine ;  but  this,  too,  declined. 
Failure  in  both  cases  was  probably  due  to  the  protracted 
wars  with  the  Spaniards,  to  the  rules  of  the  Trustees  gov- 
erning slavery  and  land  tenure  in  the  colony,  and  to  the 
fact  that  other  products  like  rice,  cotton  and  indigo  of- 
fered larger  immediate  profits. 


Georgia  Patriots  Outlawed  by  the  Tory  Government 

On  July  6,  1780,  soon  after  the  fall  of  Savannah,  an 
Act  was  passed  by  the  Tory  Legislature  and  signed  by 
the  Royal  Governor,  James  Wright,  condemning  the 
''wicked  and  unprovoked  rebellion"  against  his  Majesty 
in  the  Province  of  Georgia,  and  disqualifying  certain 
parties  mentioned  therein.  At  the  same  time  full  am- 
nesty was  offered  to  all  who  should  hasten  to  enroll  them- 
selves under  the  royal  banners,  by  taking  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  House  of  Brunswick.  The  outlook  was 
dark  for  the  patriotic  cause,  but  even  in  this  despondent 
hour  there  were  few  to  desert  the  colors.  The  following 
civilians  and  soldiers  were  by  name  declared  to  be  spe- 
cially obnoxious  to  the  crown  of  England.  The  list  is  now 
Georgia's  cherished  Roll  of  Honor: 

1.  John  Houstoun,  rebel  Governor. 

2.  John  Adams  Treutlen,  rebel  Governor. 

3.  Lachlan  McIntosh,  rebel  General. 

4.  George  Walton,  Member  of  rebel  Congress. 

5.  William  Stephens,  rebel  Attorney-General. 

6.  John  McClure,  rebel  Major. 


538       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

7.  Joseph  Clay,  rebel  Paymaster-General. 

8.  N.  Wymberley  Jones,  Speaker  rebel  Assembly. 

9.  MORDECAi  Sheftaxl,  Chairman  Eebel  P.  Com. 

10.  William  O 'Bryan,  rebel  Treasurer. 

11.  John  Were  at,  rebel  Counsellor. 

12.  Edward  Teleair,  Member  of  rebel  Congress'. 

13.  Edward  Davies,  Member  of  rebel  Assembly. 

14.  Samuel  Elbert,  rebel  General. 

15.  Seth  John  Cuthbert,  a  rebel  Major. 

16.  William  Holsendorf,  a  rebel  Counsellor. 

17.  Ekhard  Howley,  a  rebel  Governor. 

18.  George  Galphin,  rebel  Sup.  Indian  Affairs. 

19.  Andrew  Williamson,  rebel  General. 

20.  John  White,  rebel  Colonel 

21.  Nehemiah  Wade,  rebel  Treasurer. 

22.  John  Twiggs,  rebel  Colonel. 

23.  Wm.  Few,  rebel  Counsellor. 

24.  Edward  Langworthy,  rebel  Delegate. 

25.  Wm.  Glascock,  rebel  Counsellor. 

26.  Egbert  Walton,  rebel  Com.  of  Forfeited  Estates. 

27.  Joseph  Wood,  Jr.,  Clerk  to  the  rebel  Assembly. 

28.  PiGGiN,  rebel  Colonel. 

29.  Wm  Hornby,  Distiller. 

30.  Pierce  Butler,  rebel  Officer. 

31.  Joseph  Wood,  Member  of  rebel  Congress. 

32.  Eev.  Wm.  Peircy,  Clerk. 

33.  Thomas  Savage,  Planter. 

34.  Thomas  Stone,  rebel  Counsellor. 

35.  Benjamin  Andrew,  President  of  the  Eebel  Council. 

36.  John  Baker,  Senior  rebel  Colonel. 

37.  Wm.  Baker,  rebel  Officer. 

38.  Francis  Brown,  Planter. 

39.  Nathan  Brownson,  Member  of  rebel  Congress. 

40.  John  Hardy,  Captain  of  a  rebel  Galley. 

41.  Thos.  Morris,  rebel  Officer. 

42.  Samuel  Miller,  Member  of  rebel  Assembly. 

43.  Thos.  Maxwell,  Planter. 

44.  Joseph  Woodruff. 

45.  Joseph  Oswald,  Planter. 

46.  Josiah  Powell,  Planter. 

47.  Samuel  Saltus,  a  Committeeman. 

48.  John  Sandiford,  Planter. 

49.  Peter  Tarling,  rebel  Officer. 

50.  Oliver  Bowen,  rebel  Commodore. 

51.  Lyman  Hall,  member  of  rebel  Congress. 

52.  Andrew  Moore,  Planter. 


Patriots  Outlawed  by  the  Tory  Government        539 

53.  Joshua  Inman,  Planter. 

54.  John  Dooly,  rebel  Colonel. 

55.  John  Glen,  rebel  Chief -Justice. 

56.  ElCHARD  Wyley,  President  of  the  rebel  Council. 

57.  Adam  Fowler  Brisbane,  rebel  Counsellor. 

58.  Shem  Butler,  rebel  Assemblyman. 

59.  Joseph  Habersham,  rebel  Colonel. 

60.  John  Stirk,  rebel  Colonel. 

61.  Raymond  Demere,  rebel  Clo.  General. 

62.  Chas.  Odingsell,  rebel  Captain. 

63.  Wm.  Peacock,  rebel  Counsellor. 

64.  John  Bradley,  Captain  rebel  Galley. 

65.  Joseph  Eeynolds,  Bricklayer. 

66.  EuDOLPH  Strohaker,  Butcher. 

67.  Chas.  Cope,  Butcher. 

68.  Lewis  Cope,  Butcher. 

69.  Hepworth  Carter,  rebel  Captain. 

70.  Stephen  Johnston,  Butcher, 

71.  John  McIntosh,  Jr.,  rebel  Colonel. 

72.  James  Houston,  Surgeon. 

73.  James  Habersham,  Merchant. 

74.  John  Habersham,  rebel  Mayor. 

75.  John  Milledge,  Jr.,  rebel  Assemblyman. 

76.  Levi  Sheftall,  Butcher. 

77.  Philip  Jacob  Cohen,  Shopkeeper. 

78.  John  Sutcliffe,  Shopkeeper. 

79.  Jonathan  Bryan,  rebel  Counsellor. 

80.  John  Spencer,  rebel  Officer. 

81.  John  Holmes,  Clerk. 

82.  "William  Gibbons,  the  elder,  rebel  Counsellor. 

83.  Sheftall,  Sheftall,  rebel  Officer. 

84.  Philip  Minis,  Shopkeeper. 

85.  Coshman  Polock,  Shopkeeper. 

86.  Eobt.  Hamilton,  Attorney  at  Law. 

87.  Benj.  Lloyd,  rebel  Officer. 

88.  James  Alexander,  rebel  Officer. 

89.  John  Jenkins,  rebel  Assemblyman. 

90.  Sam.  Stirk,  rebel  Secretary. 

91.  Philip  Densler,  Yeoman. 

92.  Henry  Cuyler,  rebel  Officer. 

93.  Joseph  Gibbons,  rebel  Assemblyman. 

94.  Ebenezer  Smith  Platt,  Shopkeeper. 

95.  Matthew  Griffin,  Planter. 

96.  Peter  Deveaux,  Gentleman. 

97.  Ben.  Odingsell,  rebel  Officer. 

98.  John  Gibbons,  V.  Master. 


540       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

99.  John  Smith,  Planter. 

100.  Wm.  Le  Conte,  rebel  Couuscllor. 

101.  Chakles  Fr.  Chevalier,  rebel  Counsellor. 

102.  Peter  Chambers,  Shopkeeper. 

103.  Thos.  Washington,  rebel  Officer. 

104.  Elisha  Maxwell,  Planter. 

105.  Thos.  Maxwell,  Jr.,  rebel  Mayor. 

106.  Wm.  Gibbons,  the  younger,  Planter. 

107.  Wm.  Davis,  rebel  Officer. 

108.  John  Graves,  Yeoman. 

109.  Charles  Kent,  rebel  Counsellor. 

110.  John  Bacon,  Mariner. 

111.  Nathaniel  Saxton,  Tavcrnkeeper. 

112.  Philip  Loave,  rebel  Officer. 

113.  Samuel  Spencer,  MJariner. 

114.  John  Winn,  Sen'r,  Planter. 

115.  D'EVEAUx  Jakrat,  rebel  Assemblyman. 

116.  Samuel  West,  Gentleman. 

117.  JosiAH  Dupont,  Planter. 

118.  James  Pugh,  Planter. 

119.  Frederick  Pugh,  Planter. 

120.  James  Ray,  Planter. 

121.  James  Martin,  Planter. 

122.  John  Martin,  rebel  Sheriff. 

123.  Thos.  Pace,  rebel  Officer. 

124.  Benj.  Fell,  rebel  Officer. 

125.  DiONYSius  Wright,  Planter. 

126.  Chesley  Bostick,  Shopkeeper. 

127.  Littleberry  Bostick,  Planter. 

128.  Leonard  M'aebury,  rebel  Officer. 

129.  John  Sharp,  Planter. 

130.  James  Harris,  Planter. 

131.  Henry  Jones,  rebel  Colonel. 

132.  Hugh  McGee,  rebel  Captain. 

133.  John  Wilson,  Gentleman. 

134.  George  Wyche,  rebel  Officer. 

135.  Wm.  Candler,  rebel  Officer. 

136.  Zechariah  Tenn,  Planter. 

137.  Wm.  McIntosh,  rebel  Colonel. 

138.  David  Bradie,  Surgeon. 

139.  Andrew  McLean,  Merchant. 

140.  Sir  Patrick  Houstoun,  Baronet. 

141.  McCartin  Campbell,  Merchant. 

142.  James  Gordon,  Planter. 

143.  John  Kell,  Gentleman. 

144.  John  McLean,  Planter, 


Earliest  Political  Subdivisions — Parishes  541 

145.  John  Snider,  Planter. 

146.  John  Elliott,  rebel  Officer. 

147.  Thomas  Elliott,  rebel  Officer. 

148.  EiCHARD  Swinney,  Yeoman. 

149.  Hugh  MIddleton,  rebel  Officer. 

150.  Job  Pray,  Mariner. 

151.  JosiAH  McLean,  Planter.^ 


Earliest  Political  Subdivisions 

Deeming  it  conducive  to  the  convenience  of  the  inhab- 
itants and  promotive  of  good  government,  the  Trustees, 
on  April  15,  1741,  divided  the  Province  of  Georgia  into 
two  counties — Savannah  and  Frederica.  The  former  in- 
cluded all  settlements  upon  the  Savannah  River  and  upon 
both  banks  of  the  Great  Ogeechee  River,  and  such  addi- 
tional territory  south  of  the  latter  stream  as  should  be 
designated  when  a  proper  map  of  the  country  could  be 
prepared.  Within  the  latter  were  embraced  Darien, 
Frederica  and  the  entire  region  lying  south  of  the  Alta- 
maha  River.^ 


Parishes 

Perhaps  the  most  important  Act  passed  by  the  pro- 
vincial legislature  during  the  administration  of  Governor 
Ellis,  the  second  Royal  Governor  of  Georgia,  was  one 
dividing  the  several  districts  of  the  province  into  par- 
ishes, providing  for  the  establishment  of  religious  wor- 
ship according  to  the  rites  and  ceremonies  of  the  Church 
of  England,  and  for  other  purposes.  This  Act  was  ap- 
proved March  15,  1758,  and  by  it  the  Province  of  Georgia 
was  erected  into  eight  parishes,  to  wit: 

The  Parish  of  Christ  Church,  which  included  the  town  and  district  of 
Savannah,  together  with  adjacent  islands. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Matthew,  embracing  the  district  of  Ebenezer,  to- 
gether with  Abercorn  and  Goshen. 


^  White's    Historical    Collections    of    Georgia. 

--  mstory  of  Georgia,  by  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  Vol.  I,  p.  416,  Boston,  1883, 


542       GeorgixV's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

The  Parish  of  St.  George,  which  was  created  from  the  district  of 
Halifax,  embracing  an  area  of  which  the  site  of  the  present  town  of 
Waynesboro  was  the  center. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Paul,  which  inehided  the  district  of  Augusta. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Philip,  embracing  the  town  of  Hardwick  and  the 
district  of  Ogeechee,  together  with  Ossabaw  Island. 

The  Parish  of  St.  John,  which  included  the  Sunbury  and  Midway  set- 
tlements, together  with  St.  Catharine  and  Bermuda  Islands. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Andrew,  which  embraced  the  town  and  district  of 
D'arien,  south  of  the  Altamaha,  including  Sapelo  and  adjacent  islands. 

The  Parish  op  St.  James,  which  embraced  the  town  and  district  of 
Fi-ederica,  including  Great  and  Little  St.  Simon  and  adjacent  islands. 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  an  Act  elated 
March  25,  1765,  the  newly  acquired  territory  between 
the  Altamaha  and  the  St.  Mary  was  divided  into  four 
parishes,  to  wit : 

The  Parish  of  St.  David,  embracing  a  tract  of  laud  between  the  Alta- 
maha and  the  north'  branch  of  Turtle  River. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Patrick,  embracing  an  area  between  the  north 
branch  of  Turtle  Eiver  and  the  south  branch  of  the  Little  Satilla. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Thomas,  extending  from  the  south  branch  of  the 
Little  Satilla  to  the  South  Branch,  of  the  Great  Satilla. 

The  Parish  of  St.  Mart,  which  included  an  area  between  the  south 
branch  of  the  Great  Satilla  and  the  south  branch  of  the  St.  Mary,  together 
with  the  sea  islands  embraced  within  these  limits. 


Delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress 

Archibald    Bulloch 1775-1776 

Lyman  Hall* 1775-1777 

John  Houston 1775-1777 

Noble  Wymberly  Jones 1775-1776;   1781-1783 

John  J.  Zubly 1775-1776 

Button    Gwinnett 1776-1777 

George   Walton 1776-1779;    1780-1781 

Nathan    Brownson 1776-1778 

Edward  Langworthy 1777-1779 

Edward    Telfair 1777-1779;   1780-1783 

*Dr.  LiTuan  Hall  was  first  elected  in  1774,  and  took  his  seat  as- a  delegate 
from  the  Parish  of  St.  John,  in  the  Colony  of  Georgia,  but  did  not  vote  until 
re-elected  in  1775,  at  which  time  he  was  joined  by  his  colleagues. 


Delegates  of  1781  and  1787  543 

Joseph    Wood 1777-1779 

Joseph  Clay 1778-1780 

William   Few 1780-1782;   1785-1788 

Eichard   Howley 1780-1781 

William    Gibbons 1784-1786 

William  Honstonn 1784-1787 

Abraham  Baldwin 1785-1788 

John    Habersham 1785-1786 

William  Pierce 1786-1787 


Delegates  to  the  Federal  Convention  of  1781  Who 
Signed  the  Articles  of  Confederation 

George  Walton,  Edward  Telfair,  Edward  Lang^vorthy. 


Delegates  to  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787  Who 
Signed  the  Federal  Constitution 

Abraham   Baldwin,  William   Few. 

N.  B. — William  Houstoim  and  William  Pierce  were 
also  elected,  but  did  not  sign  the  Federal  Constitution. 


United  States  Senators 

William  Few 1789-1793  James    Gimu 1789-1801 

James    Jackson 1793-1795 

George   Walton 1795-1796 

Josiah  Tattnall 1796-1799 

Abraham    Baldwin* 1799-1807  James    Jackson lSOl-1806 

George    Jones 1807-1807  John  Mlledge* 1806-1809 

Wm.   H.  Crawford 1807-1813  Charles    Tait 1809  1 819 

W.  B.  Bulloch 1813-1813 

W.   W.  Bibb 1813-1816 

George  M.  Troup 1816-1818 

John    Forsyth 1818-1819 

Freeman    Walker 1819-1821  John    Elliott 1819-1825 

Nicholas    Ware 1821  -1824 

Thomas  W.  Cobb 1824-1828  John   M.   Berrien 1825-1829 

Oliver   H.    Prince 1828-1831  John    Forsyth 1829-1 835 

George  M.  Troup 1831-1833 


♦President   pro   tern,    of   the  Senate. 


544       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

John    P.    King 1833-1 837  Alfred    Cuthbert 1835-1843 

Wilson    Lumpkin 1837-1841 

John  M.  Berrien 1841-1852  Walter  T.  Colquitt 1843-1848 

Eobert  M'.  Charlton 1852-1853  Herschell   V,   Johnson.  .  .1848-1849 

Wm.  C.  Dawson 1849-1855 

Eobert  Toombs 1853-1861  Alfred    Iverson 1855-1861 

(No  Senators  in  Congress  from  1861  to  1871) 
Joshua    Hill 1871-1873  T.    M.    Norwood 1871-1877 

John  B.  Gordon 1873-1880  Benjamin  H.  Hill 1877-1882 

Joseph  E.  Brown 1880-1891  Pope  Barrow 1882-1883 

Alfred  H.  Colquitt 1883-1894 

John  B.   Gordon 1891-1S97  Patrick    Walsh 1894-1895 

Alexander  S.   Clay 1897-1910 

Joseph   M.   Terrell 1910-1911  Augustus   O.  Bacon 1895-1714 

Hoke    Smith 1911-  William    S.    West 1914-1914 

H.  V.  M.  Miller 1871-1871  Thos.  W.  Hardwick 


Members  of  Congress 


First  Congress,  1787-1791. — Abraham  Baldwin,  James  Jackson,  George 
Mathews. 

Second  Congress,  1791-1793. — Abraham  Baldwin,  John  Milledge  (elected 
to  succeed  Anthony  Wayne),  Anthony  Wayne  (seat  declared  vacant 
after  contest),  Francis  Willis. 

Third  Congress,  1793-1795. — Abraham  Baldwin,  Thomas  P.  Carnes. 

Fourth  Congress,  1795-1797. — Abraham  Baldwin,  John  Milledge. 

Fifth  Congress,  1797-1799. — Abraham  Baldwin,  John  Milledge. 

Sixth  Congress,  1799-1801. — James  Jones,  Benjamin  Taliaferro. 

Seventh  Congress,  1801-1803. — Peter  Early  (elected  to  succeed  John  Mil- 
ledge). John  Milledge  (resigned,  1802),  David  Meriwether  (elected  to 
succeed  Benjamin  Taliaferro),  Benjamin  Taliferro   (resigned,  1802). 

Eighth  Congress,  1803-1805. — Joseph  Bryan,  Peter  Early,  Samuel  Ham- 
mond, David  Meriwether. 

Ninth  Congress,  1805-1807. — William  Wyatt  Bibb  (elected  to  succeed 
Thomas  Spalding),  Joseph  Bryan  (resigned,  1806),  Peter  Early,  Cowles 
Mead  (election  successfully  contested  by  Thomas  Spalding),  David 
Meriwether,  Dennis  Smelt  (elected  to  succeed  Joseph  Bryan),  Thomas 
Spalding   (resigned,  1807). 

Tenth  Congress,  1807-1889.— William  Wyatt  Bibb,  Howell  Cobb,  Dennis' 
Smelt,  George  M.  Troup. 

Eleventh  Congress,  1809-1811.— William  Wyatt  Bibb,  Howell  Cobb,  Den- 
nis Smelt,  George  M.  Troup. 


Members  op  Congress  645 

Twelfth  Congress,  1811-1813. — ^William  Barnett  (elected  to  succeed  Howell 
Cobb),  William  Wyatt  Bibb,  Howell  Cobb  (resigued,  1812),  Boiling 
Hall,  George  M.  Troup. 

Thirteenth  Congress,  1813-1815. — William  Barnett,  William  Wyatt  Bibb 
(elected  to  succeed  William  H.  Crawford,  U.  S.  Senator),  Alfred  Cuth- 
bert  (elected  to  succeed  W.  W.  Bibb,  resigned,  1818),  John  Forsyth, 
Boiling  Hall,  Thomas  Telfair,  George  M.  Troup. 

FotJKTEENTH  CONGRESS,  1815-1817. — Zadoc  Cook  (elected  to  succeed  Alfred 
Cuthbert),  Alfred  Cuthbert  (resigned,  1816),  John  Forsyth,  Boiling 
Hall,  Wilson  Lumpkin,  Thomas  Telfair,  Eichard  Henry  Wilde. 

Fifteenth  Congress,  1817-1819.— Joel  Abbott,  Zadoc  Cook,  Thomas  W. 
Cobb,  Joel  Crawford,  John  Forsyth  (elected  to  succeed  George  M. 
Troup,  U.  S.  Senator),  Robert  Eaymond  Reid  (elected  to  succeed  John 
Forsyth,  resigned,  1819),  William  Terrell. 

Sixteenth  Congress,  1819-1821. — Joel  Abbott,  Thomas  W.  Cobb,  Joel 
Crawford,  John  A.  Cuthbert,  Robert  Raymond  Reid,  William  Terrell. 

Seventeenth  Congress,  1821-1823. — Joel  Abbott,  Alfred  Cuthbert,  George 
R.  Gilmer,  Robert  Eaymond  Reid,  Edward  F.  Tattnall,  Wiley  Thompson. 

Eighteenth  Congress,  1821-1825. — Joel  Abbott,  George  Carey,  Thomas  W. 
Cobb  (died  1823),  Alfred  Cuthbert,  John  Forsyth,  Edward  F.  Tattnall, 
Wiley  Thompson,  Eichard  Henry  Wilde  (elected  to  succeed  Thomas  W. 
Cobb,  deceased). 

Nineteenth  Congress,  1825-1827. — George  Carey,  Alfred  Cuthbert,  John 
Forsyth,  Charles  E.  Haynes,  James  Meriwether,  Edward  F.  Tattnall, 
Wiley  Thompson. 

Twentieth  Congress,  1827-1829.— ^ John  Floyd,  Tomlinson  Fort,  George  E. 
Gilmer,  Charles  E.  Haynes,  Wilson  Lumpkin,  Wiley  Thompson,  Eichard 
Henry  Wilde. 

Twenty-First  Congress,  1829-1831. — Thomas  F.  Foster,  Charles  G.  Haynes, 
Henry  G.  Lamar,  Wilson  Lumpkin,  Wiley  Thompson,  James  M.  Wayne, 
Richard  H.  Wilde. 

Twenty-Second  Congress,  1831-1833. — Augustin  Smith  Clayton,  Thomas 
F.  Foster,  Henry  G.  Lamar,  Daniel  Newnan,  Wiley  Thompson,  James  M. 
Wayne,  Eichard  H,  Wilde. 

Twenty-Third  Congress,  1833-1835. — Augustin  Smith  Clayton,  John  Cof- 
fee, Thomas  F.  Foster,  Eoger  L.  Gamble,  George  E.  Gilmer,  Seaborn 
Jones',  William  Schley,  James  M.  Wayne,  Richard  H.  Wilde. 

Twenty-Fourth  Congress,  1835-1837. — Julius  C.  Alford  (elected  to  suc- 
ceed George  W.  Towns),  Jesse  F.  Cleveland,  John  Coffee  (died,  1836), 
William  C.  Dawson  (elected  to  succeed  John  Coffee,  deceased),  Thomas 
Glascock,  Seaton  Grantland,  Charles  E.  Haynes,  Hopkins  Halsey,  Jabez 
Jackson,  George  W.  Owens,  George  W.  Towns  (resigned,  1S36). 

Twenty-Fifth  Congress,  1837-1839. — Jesse  F.  Cleveland,  William  C.  Daw- 
son, Thomas  Glascock,  Seaton  Grantland,  Charles  E.  Haynes,  Hopkins 
Halsey,  Jabez  Jackson,  George  W.  Owen,  George  W.  Towns. 

Twenty-Sixth  Congress,  1839-1841. — Julius  C.  Alford,  Edward  J.  Black, 


546       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Walter  T.  Colquitt  (resigned,  1848),  Mark  A.  Cooper,  William  C.  Daw- 
son, Richard  W.  Habersham,  Hines  Holt  (elected  to  succeed  AValter 
T.  Colquitt),  Thomas  Butler  King,  Eugenius  A,  Nisbet,  Lott  Warren. 

Twenty-Seventh  Congress,  1841-1843. — ^Julius  C.  Alford,  Edward  J. 
Black  (took  his  seat  March  2,  1842),  Walter  T.  Colquitt  (took  his  seat 
February  1,  1842),  Mark  A.  Cooper  (took  his  seat  February  1,  1842), 
George  W.  Crawford  (elected  to  succeed  Richard  W.  Habersham), 
William  C.  Dawson,  Thomas  F.  Foster,  Roger  L.  Gamble,  Richard  W. 
Habersham  (died,  1842),  Thomas  Butler  King,  James  A.  Meriwether, 
Eugenius'  A.  Nisbet,  Lott  Warren. 

Twenty-Eighth  Congress,  1843-1845. — Edward  J.  Black,  Absalom  H. 
Chappell,  Duncan  L.  Clinch  (elected  to  succeed  John  Millen),  Howell 
Cobb,  Hugh  A.  Haralson,  John  H.  Lumpkin,  John  Millen  (died,  1843), 
Alex.  H.  Stephens,  Wm.  H.  Stiles. 

Twenty-Ninth  Congress,  1845-3  847. — Howell  Cobb,  Hugh  A.  Haralson, 
Seaborn  Jones,  Thomas  Butler  King,  John  H.  Lumpkin,  Washington 
Poe  (resigned  in  1845,  without  having  taken  his  seat),  Alex.  H.  Ste- 
phens, Robert  Toombs,  George  W.  Towns  (elected  to  succeed  Washing- 
ton Poe). 

Thirtieth  Congress,  1847-1849. — Howell  Cobb,  Hugh  A.  Haralson,  Alfred 
Iverson,  John  W.  Jones,  Thomas  Butler  King,  John  H.  Lumpkin,  Alex. 
H.  Stephens,  Robert  Toombs. 

Thirty-First  Congress,  1849-1851. — Howell  Cobb  (elected  Speaker  De- 
cember 21,  1849),  Thomas  C.  Hackett,  Hugh  A.  Haralson,  Joseph  W. 
Jackson  (elected  to  succeed  Thomas  Butler  King),  Thomas  Butler  King 
(resigned,  1849),  Allen  F.  Owen, 'Alex.  H.  Stephens,  Robert  Toombs, 
Marshall  J.  Wellborn. 

Thirty-Second  Congress,  1851-1853. — David  J.  Bailey,  E.  W.  Chastain, 
Junius  Hilyer,  Joseph  W.  Jackson,  James'  Johnson,  Charles  M'urphey, 
Alex.  H.  Stephens,  Robert  Toombs. 

Thirty-Third  Congress,  1853-1855.— David  J.  Bailey,  E.  W.  Chastain, 
Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  Wm.  B.  W.  Dent,  Junius  Hillyer,  David  A.  Reese, 
James  L.  Seward,  Alex.  H.  Stephens. 

Thirty-Fourth  Congress,  1855-1857. — Howell  Cobb,  Martin  J.  Crawford, 
Nathaniel  G.  Foster,  John  H.  Lumpkin,  James  L.  Seward,  Alex.  H. 
Stephens,  Robert  P.  Trippe,  Hiram  Warner. 

Thirty-Fifth  Congress,  1857-1859. — Martin  J.  Crawford,  Lucius  J.  Gar- 
trell,  Joshua  Hill,  James  Jackson,  James  L.  Seward,  Alex.  H.  Stephens, 
Robert  P.  Trippe,  Augustus  R.  Wright. 

Thirty-Sixth  Congress,  1859-1861. — Martin  J.  Crawford,  Lucius  J.  Gar- 
trell,  Thomas  Hardeman,  Jr.,  Joshua  Hill,  James  Jackson,  John  J. 
Jones,  Peter  E.  Love,  John  W.  H.  Underwood.  The  Georgia  delegation 
retired  from  the  House  January  23,  1861.  Joshua  Hill  was  the  only 
member  who  formally  resigned. 

Thirty-Seventh  Congress,  1861-1863. — ^Vacant. 

Thirty-Eighth  Congress,  1863-1865. — ^Vacant. 


Members  op  Congress  547 

Thirty-Ninth  Congress,  1865-1867. — Vacant. 

Fortieth  Congress,  1867-1869. — Joseph  W.  Clift,  W.  P.  Edwards,  Samuel 
F.  Gove,  Charles  H.  Prince,  Nelson  Tift,  P.  M.  B.  Young.  (These 
members  were  seated  July  25,  1868.) 

Forty-First  Congress,  1869-1871. — Marion  Bethune  (seated  January  16, 
1871),  Stephen  A.  Corker  (seated  January  24,  1871),  Jefferson  F.  Long 
(seated  January  24,  1871),  Wm.  W.  Paine  (seated  January  23,  1871), 
Wm.  P.  Price  (seated  Feb.  24,  1871),  Kichard  H.  Whiteley  (seatea 
February  9,  1871),  P.  M.  B.  Young  (seated  February  24,  1871). 

Forty-Second  Congress,  1871-1873. — Erasmus  W.  Beck  (elected  to  succeed 
Thomas  J.  Speer),  John  S.  Bigby,  Dudley  M.  DuBose,  A.  T.  M'clntyre, 
Wm.  P.  Price,  Thomas  J.,  Speer  (died,  1872),  Eichard  H.  Wliiteley, 
P.  M.  B.  Young. 

Forty-Third  Congress,  1873-1875. — Hiram  P.  Bell,  James  H.  Blount, 
Philip  Cook,  James  C.  Freeman,  Henry  E.  Harris,  Morgan  Eawls  (un- 
seated by  Andrew  Sloan),  Andrew  Sloan  (chosen  in  place  of  Morgan 
Eawls),  Alex.  H.  Stephens,  Eichard  H.  Whiteley,  P.  M.  B.  Young. 

Forty-Fourth  Congress,  1875-1877. — James  H.  Blount,  Milton  A.  Candler, 
Philip  Cook,  Wm.  H.  Felton,  Henry  E.  Harris,  Julian  Hartridge,  Gar- 
nett  McMillan  (died,  1875,  without  having  taken  his  seat),  Benjamin 
H.  Hill  (elected  to  succeed  Garnett  McMillan),  Wm.  E.  Smith,  Alex.  H. 
Stephens. 

Forty-Fifth  Congress,  1877-1879. — Hiram  P.  Bell,  James  H.  Blount, 
IMilton  A.  Candler,  Philip  Cook,  Wm.  H.  Felton,  Henry  E.  Harris, 
Julian  Hartridge  (died,  1879),  Wm.  E.  Smith,  Alex.  H.  Stephens. 

Forty-Sixth  Congress,  1879-1881.— James  H.  Blount,  Pliilip  Cook,  Wm.  H. 
Felton,  N.  J.  Hammond,  John  C.  Nicholls,  Henry  Persons,  Wm.  E. 
Smith,  Emory  Speer,  Alex.  H.  Stephens. 

Forty-Seventh  Congress,  1881-1883. — George  E.  Black,  James  H.  Blount, 
Hugh  Buchanan,  Judson  C.  Clements,  Philip  Cook,  N.  J.  Hammond, 
Seaborn  Eeese  (elected  to  succeed  A.  H.  Stephens),  Emory  Speer,  Alex. 
H.  Stephens  (resigned  to  become  Governor  of  Georgia),  Henry  G. 
Turner. 

Forty-Eighth  Congress,  1883-1885. — James  H.  Blount,  Hugh  Buchanan, 
Allen  D.  Candler,  Judson  C.  Clements,  Charles  F.  Crisp,  N.  J.  Ham- 
mond, John  C.  Nicholls,  Seaborn  Eeese,  Henry  G.  Turner. 

FcRTY-NiNTH  Congress,  1885-1887. — George  T.  Barries,  James  H.  Blount, 
Allen  D.  Candler,  Judson  C.  Clements,  Charles  F.  Crisp,  N.  J.  Hammond, 
Henry  E.  Harris,  Thomas  M.  Norwood,  Seaborn  Eeese,  Henry  G. 
Turner. 

Fiftieth  Congress,  1887-1889. — George  T.  Barnes,  James  H.  Blount,  Allen 
D.  Candler,  Henry  H.  Carlton,  Judson  C.  Clements,  Charles  F.  Crisp, 
Thomas  W.  Grimes,  Thomas  M.  Norwood,  John  D.  Stewart,  Henry  G. 
Turner. 

Fifty-First  Congress,  1889-1891. — George  T.  Barnes,  James  H.  Blount, 
Allen  D.  Candler,  Henry  H.  Carlton,  Judson  C.   Clements,  Charles  F. 


548       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Crisp,  Thomas  W.  Grimes,  Eufus  E.  Lester,  John  D.  Stewart,  Henry  G. 
Turner. 

Fifty-Second  Congress,  1891-1893. — James  H.  Blount,  Charles  F.  Crisp, 
Eobert  W.  Everett,  Thomas  G.  Lawson,  Kufus  E.  Lester,  Leonidas  F. 
Livingston,  Charles  L.  Moses,  Henry  G.  Turner,  Thomas  E.  Watson, 
Thomas  E.  Winn. 

Fifty-Third  Coxxgress,  1893-1895. — J.  C.  C.  Black,  Thomas  B.  Cabaniss, 
Charles  F,  Crisp,  Eufus  E.  Lester,  Leonidas.  F.  Livingston,  John  W. 
Maddox,  Charles'  L.  Moses,  Thomas  G.  Lawson,  Benjamin  E.  Eussell, 
F.  Carter  Tate,  Henry  G.  Turner. 

Fifty-Fourth  Congress,  1895-1897.— Charles  L.  Bartlett,  J.  C.  C.  Black, 
Charles  F.  Crisp  (died,  1896),  Charles  E.  Crisp  (elected  to  succeed 
Charles  F.  Crisp,  his  father),  Thomas  G.  Lawson,  Eufus  E.  Lester, 
Leonidas  F.  Livingston,  John  W.  Maddox,  Charles  L.  Moses,  F.  Carter 
Tate,  Henry  G.  Turner. 

Fifty-Fifth  Congress,  1897-1899. — Wm.  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Wm.  G.  Brantley,  Wm.  H.  Fleming,  James  M.  Griggs,  Wm.  M.  How- 
ard, Eufus  E.  Lester,  Elijah  B.  Lewis,  Leonidas  F.  Livingston,  John 
W.  Maddox,  F.  Carter  Tate. 

Fifty-Sixth  Congress,  1899-1901. — ^Wm.  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Wm.  G.  Brantley,  Wm.  H.  Fleming,  James  M.  Griggs,  Wm.  M.  Howard, 
Eufus  E.  Lester,  Elijah  B.  Lewis,  Leonidas  F.  Living.ston,  John  W. 
Maddox,  F.  Carter  Tate. 

Fifty-Seventh  Congress,  1901-1903. — ^Wm.  C.  Anderson,  Charles  L.  Bart- 
lett, Wm.  G.  Brantley,  Wm.  H.  Fleming,  James  M.  Griggs,  Wm.  M. 
Howard,  Eufus  E.  Lester,  Elijah  B.  Lewis,  Leonidas  F.  Livingston, 
John  W.  Maddox,  F.  Carter  Tate. 

Fifty-Eighth  Congress,  1903-1905. — Wm.  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Wm.  G.  Brantley,  James  M.  Griggs,  Thomas  W.  Hardwiek,  Wm,  M. 
Howard,  Eufus  E.  Lester,  Elijah  B.  Lewis,  Leonidas  F.  Livingston, 
John  W.  Miaddox,  F.  Carter  Tate. 

Fifty-Ninth  Congress,  1905-1907. — Wm.  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Tliomas  M.  Bell,  Wm.  G.  Brantley,  James  M.  Griggs,  Thomas  W.  Hard- 
wick,  Wm.  M.  Howard,  Gordon  Lee,  Eufus  E.  Lester  (died,  1906), 
Elijah  B.  Lewis,  Leonidas  F.  Livingston,  J.  W.  Overstreet  (elected  to 
succeed  Eufus  E.  Lester). 

Sixtieth  Congress,  1907-1909. — Wm.  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Thomas  M.  Bell,  Wm.  G.  Brantley,  Charles  G.  Edwards,  James  M. 
Griggs,  Thomas'  W.  Hardwiek,  Wm.  M.  Howard,  Gordon  Lee,  Elijah 
B.  Lewis,  Leonidas  F.  Livingston. 

Sixty-First  Congress,  1909-1911. — Wim  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Thomas  M.  Bell,  Wm.  C.  Brantley,  Charles  G.  Edwards,  Thomas  W. 
Hardwiek,  Wm.  Schley  Howard,  Dudley  M.  Hughes,  Gordon  Lee,  Samuel 
J.  Tribble. 

Sixty-Second  Congress,  1911-1913. — Wm.  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett, 
Thomas  M.  Bell,   Charles  E.   Crisp,  Charles  G.  Edwards,  -Thomas  W. 


Governors  549 

Hardwick,  Wm.  Schley  Howard,  Dudley  M'.  Hughes,  Gordon  Lee, 
Samuel  J.  Tribble,  J.  Eandall  Walker. 

Sixty-Third  Congress. — William  C.  Adamson,  Charles  L.  Bartlett,  Thomas 
M.  Bell,  Charles  R.  Crisp,  Charles  G.  Edwards,  Thomas  W.  Hardwick, 
Wm.  Schley  Howard,  Dudley  M.  Hughes,  Gordon  Lee,  Frank  Park 
(elected  to  succeed  S.  A.  Roddenbery),  S.  A.  Roddenbery  (died,  1913), 
Samuel  J.  Tribble,  J.  Randall  Walker. 

Sixty-Fourth  Congress.— William  C.  Adamson,  Thomas  M.  Bell,  Charles 
R.  Crisp,  Chas.  G.  Edwards,  Wm.  Schley  Howard,  Dudley  M.  Hughes, 
Gordon  Lee,  Frank  Park,  Samuel  J.  Tribble,  Carl  Vinson,  J.  Randall 
Walker  and  J.  W.  Wise. 


Governors 

COLONIAL 
James    Edward    Oglethorpe,    humanitarian    and    soldier, 

Founder  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia 1732-1743 

William   Stephens,   Acting  Governor 1743-1751 

Henry  Parker,  Acting  Governor 1751-1754 

PROVINCIAL 

John  Reynolds 1754-1757 

Henry  Ellis 1757-1760 

James  Wright,  created  a  Baronet 1760-1776 

PROVISIONAL 
Archibald  Bulloch,  President  of  the  Executive  Council.  .  .  .1776-1777 
Button  Gwinnett,  President  of  the  Executive  Council.  ..  .1777-1777 

STATE 

John  A.  Treutlen 1777-1778 

John  Houstoun 1778-1778 

John  Wereat ' 1778-1779 

George  Walton 1779-1780 

Richard   Howley 1780-1781 

Stephen  Heard,  President  of  the  Senate 1781-1781 

Nathan    Brownson 1781-1782 

John   Martin 1782-1783 

Lyman  Hall 1783-1784 

John  Houstoun 1784-1785 

Samuel    Elbert    1785-1786 

Elbert   Telfair 1786-1787 

George  Mathews 1781-1788 

George   Handly 1788-1789 

George   Walton 1789-1790 

Edward    Telfair 1790-1793 


550       Georgia's  Laxdm.vrks,  Memorials  axd  Legends 

George  Mathews 1787-1788 

Jared    Irwin 1796-1798 

James  Jackson 1798-1801 

David  Emanuel 1801-1801 

Josiah  TattnaU 1801-1802 

John  MiUedge 1802-1806 

Jared  Irwin 1806-1809 

I>avid  B.  Mitchell 1809-1813 

William  Eabun 1817-1819 

Matthew  Talbot,  President  of  the  Senate 1819-1819 

John  Clark 1819-1823 

George  M.  Troup 1823-1827 

John    Forsyth 1827-1829 

George  R.  Gilmer 1829-1831 

Wilson  Lumpkin 1831-1833 

William  Schley 1S33-1S37 

George  E.  Gilmer 1837-1839 

Charles  J.  McDonald 1839-1843 

George   W.    Crawford 1843-1847 

George   W.   Towns 1847-1851 

Howell  Cobb 1851-1853 

Herschel  V.  Johnson 1S53-1857 

Joseph  E.  Brown 1857-1865 

James   Johnson,    Provisional 1865-1865 

Charles  J.  Jenkins 1865-1868 

General  T.  H.  Euger,  V.  S.  A.,  Military 1868-1868 

Eufus  E.  Bullock,  Eeconstruction 1868-1871 

Benjamin  Conley,  Eeconstruction,  President  of  Senate.  . .  .1871-1872 

James  M.  Smith 1872-1876 

Alfred   H.    Colquitt 1876-1882 

Alexander  H.  Stephens 1882-1883 

James  S.  Boynton,  President  of  the  Senate 1883-1883 

Henry  D.  McDaniei; 1883-1886 

John  B.  Gordon 1886-1890 

William  J.  Xorthen 1890-1894 

William  Y.  Atkinson 1894-1898 

Allen  D.   Candler 1S98-1902 

Joseph  M.  Terrell 1902-1907 

Hoke  Smith 1907-1909 

Joseph  M.  Brown 1909-1911 

Hoke  Smith 1911-1911 

John  M.  Slaton,  President  of  the  Senate 1911-1912 

Joseph  M.  Brown 1912-1913 

John  M.  Slaton 1913-1915 

Nathaniel  E.  Harris,  Governor-Elect 1915- 


Georgia's  State  Flag  551 

Georgia's  State  Flag 

"The  flag  of  the  State  of  Georgia  shall  be  a  vertical 
band  of  blue  next  the  statf  and  occupying  one-third  of 
the  entire  flag ;  the  remainder  of  the  space  shall  be  divided 
into  three  horizontal  parallel  bands,  the  upper  and  lower 
of  which  bands  shall  be  scarlet  in  color,  and  the  middle 
band  white,  "^ 


''Every  battalion  of  volunteers  shall  carry  the  flag 
of  the  State,  as  its  battalion  colors.  But  this  require- 
ment shall  not  be  construed  to  j^revent  it  from  carrying, 
in  addition  thereto,  any  other  flag  or  colors  of  its  own 
adoption, '  '^ 


''TTlienever  a  sufficient  number  of  the  militia  to  con- 
stitute a  regiment  or  battalion  shall  be  detailed  for 
service  to  operate  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State,  such 
regimentsi  shall  be  furnished  by  the  Governor  with  two 
flags — one  the  regimental  colors,  bearing  the  arms  of 
the  State,  the  other  the  national  colors,  bearing  the  arms 
of  the  United  States;  both  inscribed  with  the  name  of 
the  regiment,  etc."^ 


1  Acts,  1S7S-9,  p.  114;  Code  of  1S95,  Vol.  I,  p.  319. 
=  Acts,  187S-9,  p.  113;  Code  of  1895,  Vol.  I,  p.  337, 
3  Acts,   1878-9,  p.   Ill;   Code  of  1895,  Vol.   I,   p.    343. 


SECTION  VII 


Historic  County   Seats,  Chief  Towns   and 
Noted  Localities 


SECTION   VII 


HISTORIC  COUNTY  SEATS,  CHIEF  TOWNS 
AND  NOTED  LOCALITIES 

APPLING 

Old  Holmesville.  It  was  not  until  1874  that  Baxley  be- 
came the  county-seat  of  Appling.  For 
nearly  half  a  century  the  official  business  of  the  county 
was  transacted  at  Holmesville,  a  town  whose  existence 
is  today  only  a  dim  memory  of  the  past.  Appling 
was  made  a  county  in  1818  out  of  treaty  lands  acquired 
from  the  Creeks  and  was  named  for  Colonel  Daniel  Ap- 
pling, a  distinguished  soldier  of  the  war  of  1812.  But, 
due  to  unsettled  conditions  on  what  was  then  our  western 
border,  ten  years  elapsed  before  a  county-seat  was 
chosen.  Finally  an  Act  was  approved  December  8,  1828, 
which  fixed  the  site  for  public  buildings  on  a  lot  owned 
by  one  Solomon  Kennedy,  said  lot  having  been  selected 
by  the  judges  of  the  Inferior  Court.*  This  was  the  be- 
ginning of  Holmesville.  Its  charter  of  incorporation  as 
a  town  was  granted  in  1854. 


Baxley.  i;nt  Holmesville  was  fated.  It  was  not  on  the 
iron  highway  of  travel.  It  was  not  much  of  a 
center  for  trade,  and  other  communities  Were  begin- 
ning to  bristle  with  the  life  of  a  new  era.  At  last  a 
bill  was  put  through  the  Legislature,  approved  August 
23',  1872,  submitting  the  question  of  a  new  county-site 

♦Acts,    1828,    p.    168. 


556       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  popular  vote.  Messrs.  Seaborn  Hall,  Gideon  H.  Hol- 
ton,  Allen  P.  Surrency,  Isliam  Reddish,  and  James  Smith 
were  designated  as  commissioners  to  choose  a  site  for 
public  buildings,  in  the  event  a  majority  advocated  re- 
moval.^ As  a  result,  Baxley,  a  town  located  on  what  is 
now  the  Southern  Railway,  was  two  years  later  made 
the  new  county-seat.  Baxley  was  named  for  William 
Baxley,  an  early  pioneer  settler  in  this  neighborhood 
from  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  The  town  was  in- 
corporated by  an  Act  approved  February  23,  1875,  with 
Messrs.  B.  D.  Mobley,  J.  M.  Powell,  Philip  Ketterer, 
W.  W.  Beach  and  J.  H.  Comas  as  commissioners.-  Bax- 
ley is  today  a  progressive  town,  with  up-to-date  public 
utilities.  Its  schools  are  among  the  best,  and  there,  is 
not  a  community  in  the  State  with  a  finer  bodj^  of  citi- 
zens. 


BACON 


Alma.  On  July  27,  1914,  an  Act  was  approved  creating 
by  Constitutional  amendment,  the  new  county  of 
Bacon.  It  is  proposed  to  create  this  new  county  out  of 
lands  embraced  within  the  present  limits  of  Appling, 
Pierce  and  Ware  Counties,  in  the  extreme  Southern  part 
of  the  State.  Since  there  was  no  opposition  to  the  bill 
on  the  part  of  the  counties'  directly  involved,  the 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  passed  both  houses  by 
safe  majorities,  and  its  ratification  at  the  ballot  box  will 
be  more  or  less  of  a  formality.  The  bill  creating  the 
new  county  designates  Alma  as  the  county-seat.  This 
is  a  small  town  on  the  Atlanta,  Birmingham,  and  At- 
lantic Railroad,  the  commercial  activities  of  which  have 
already  commenced  to  attract  population  from  remote 
points.  The  county  will  bear  the  name  of  Hon.  Au- 
gustus 0.  Bacon,  one  of  Georgia's  most  distinguished 
and  honored  sons.    In  the  high  office  of  United  States 

^Acts,   1872,    p.    385. 
2  Acts,    1875,   p.    156. 


Baker  557 

Senator,  a  position  to  which  he  was  four  times  elected, 
Major  Bacon  was  the  intellectual  peer  of  any  of  his  col- 
leagues; and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  chairman  of 
the  Senate  committee  on  foreign  relations.  As  a  par- 
liamentarian, as  a  ready  debater,  and  as  a  sound  Consti- 
tutional lawyer,  he  possessed  few  equals.  Major  Bacon 
was  the  first  member  of  the  United  States  Senate  to  be 
returned  to  the  upper  house  of  Congress,  under  the  new 
law  providing  for  the  popular  election  of  United  States 
Senators,  at  which  time  he  was  re-elected  for  a  fourth 
term  without  opposition.  His  death  on  February  15, 
1914,  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  the  eve  of  a  threatened 
rupture  with  Mexico  was  deplored  as  a  national  calamity, 
and  messages  of  regret  were  received  from  every  part 
of  the  world,  some  of  these  coming  from  crowned  heads. 
Senator  J.  L.  Sweat,  of  the  Fifth  District,  stated  in  the 
Senate,  when  this  measure  was  pending,  that  in  1872, 
during  the  administration  of  Gov.  James  M.  Smith,  this 
county  had  been  authorized  by  the  Legislature,  under 
the  name  of  Nicholls  County,  but  was  vetoed  l)y  the  Gov- 
ernor for  Constitutional  reasons. 


BAKER 


Newton.  In  1825,  Baker  was  formed  out  of  a  part  of 
Early  County,  and  named  for  Colonel  John 
Baker,  of  the  Eevolution.  The  original  county-seat  of 
Baker  was  a  little  hamlet  called  Byron.  But,  under  an 
Act  approved  December  26,  1831,  stating  as  a  cause  of 
complaint  that  the  county-seat  was  then  within  a  mile 
of  the  Lee  County  line,  a  commission  was  appointed  to 
locate  a  new  county-site  on  lot  number  one  hundred  and 
seventy-two,  in  the  eighth  district;  and  out  of  this  pro- 
vision grew  the  present  town  of  Newton.  The  following 
commissioners  were  appointed  to  lay  off  the  new  town 
into  half-acre  lots  and  to  provide  for  the  erection  of 
public  buildings,  ^dz.,  Joel  L.  Scarboro,  Henry  B.  Nelson, 
William   Thomas,   James   Chance,  and   Green   Tinsley.* 

♦Acts,    1S31,    p.    67.  ^ 


558       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

It  was  probably  for  Sergeant  John  Newton,  of  the  Revo- 
kition,  that  the  present  county-seat  of  Baker  was  named, 
thong'h  local  traditions  may  be  at  variance  with  this 
statement.  Newton  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  Jan- 
uary 20,  1872,  with  the  following  board  of  commission- 
ers, to  wit:  A.  L.  Hawes,  J.  V.  Norris,  Howell  Will- 
iams, W.  C.  Odum,  and  A.  W.  Muse.^ 


BALDWIN 


The  Great  Anti-  Major  Stephen  H.  Miller,  in  his 
Tariff  Convention:  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  has  pre- 
Forsyth  and  Berrien  served  the  following  detailed  -ac- 
in  a  Battle  Royal.  count  of  one  of  the  most  dramatic 
debates  ever  known  in  the  politics 
of  this  State.-  This  was  the  historic  occasion,  to  which 
allusion  has  already  been  made,  when  two  of  the  most 
illustrious  of  Georgia's  ante-bellum  orators  wrestled 
for  the  palm  of  victory  in  a  contest  which  lasted  for 
three  days.  The  issue  between  them  grew  out  of  the 
famous  tariff  of  1832 ;  and  Forsyth  supported,  while 
Berrien  antagonized  the  Jackson  administration.  Says 
Major  Miller: 

"As  another  scrap  of  political  history  deserving  preservation,  the  author 
makes  no  apology  for  a  somewhat  extended  notice  of  the  Anti-Tariff  Con- 
vention held  at  Milledgeville.  The  official  record  of  the  proceedings  is 
now  before  him,  and  he  copies'  the  names  of  the  delegates,  with  such 
other  matters  are  seem  most  relevant.  [These  names  are  important  as 
showing  the  leaders  of  opinion  in  Georgia  in  the  early  thirties.]  The 
Convention  met  in  the  Eepresentative  Chamber,  at  3  o  'clock  in  the  after- 
noon of  Monday,  the  12th  of  November,  1832,  when  the  following  delegates 
appeared : 

Appling — Malcolm  Morrison. 
Baker — Young  Allen. 

Baldwin — William  H.  Torrenee  and  Samuel  Eookwell. 
Bibb — ^Robert  A.  Beall  and  Robert  Collins. 
Bulloch — Samuel  L.  Lockhart. 


^Acts,    1872,    p.    303. 

*  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I,  Chapter  on  Berrien.     Vol.  II,  Chapter 
on  Forsyth. 


Baldwin  559 

Burke — J.  Lewis,  E.  Hughes,  and  David  Taylor,  Jr. 

Camden — H.  R.  Ward  and  J.  Hull. 

Cherokee — Z.  B.  Hargrove  and  W.  W.  Williamson. 

Clarke — A.  S.  Clayton,  Thomas  Moore,  and  J.  Ligon. 

Columbia — Isaac  Eamsey,  W.  A.  L.  Collins,  and  J.  Cartledge. 

Coweta — Thomas  Watson  and  Owen  H.  Kenan. 

Crawford — Henry  Crowell  and  Hiran  Warner. 

Decatur — Drury  Fort  and  Jehu  W.  Keith. 

De  Kalb — Lewis  J.  Dupree,  D.  Kiddoo,  and  0.  Clark. 

Dooly — Thomas  H.  Key. 

Early — Josiah  S.  Patterson. 

Effingham — Clem  Powers. 

Elbert — Beverly  Allen,  I.  N.  Davis,  J.  M.  Tate. 

Emanuel — John  R.  Daniel. 

Glynn — Thomas  Butler  King. 

Greene — W.  C.  Dawson,  J.  G.  M'atthews,  and  W.  Greer. 

Gwinnett — J.  G.  Park,  W.  Maltbie,  Hines  Holt,  and  S.  McMullin. 

Hall — W.  H.  Underwood,  J.  McAfee,  R.  Sanford,  and  N.  Garrison. 

Hancock — Thomas  Haynes,  TuUy  Vinson,  and  James  Lewis. 

Harris — Jacob  M.  Guerry  and  Barkly  Martin. 

Heard— Rene  Eitzpatriek. 

Henry — A.  R.  Moore,  Gibson  Clark,  J.  Johnson,  and  J.  Coker. 

Houston — Walter  L.  Campbell,  Hugh  Lawson,  and  C.  Wellborn. 

Irwin — William  Slone. 

Jackson — David  Witt,  J.  Park,  and  J.  G.  Pittman. 

Jasper — Alfred  Cuthbert,  D.  A.  Reese,  and  M.  Phillips. 

Jefferson — Roger  L.  Gamble,  and  Philip  S.  Lemlie. 

Jones — W.  S.  C.  Reid,  J.  L.  Lewis,  and  T.  G.  Barron. 

Laurens — ^David  Blaekshear,  and  Eason  Allen. 

Lee — John  G.  Oliver. 

Lincoln — Rem  Remsen  and  Peter  Lamar. 

MADrsoN — Thomas  Long  and  W.  M'.  Morton. 

Marion — Wiley  Williams. 

McIntosh — Thomas  Spalding  and  James  Troup. 

Meriwether — W.  W.  Alexander  and  Hugh  W.  Ector. 

Monroe — John  Macpherson  Berrien,  Thomas  N.  Beall,  George  W.  Gordon, 

and  Elbridge  G.  Cabaniss. 
Montgomery — Joseph  Ryals. 

Morgan — W.  S.  Stokes',  Van  Leonard,  and  C.  Campbell. 
Muscogee — Allen  Lawhon  and  W.  S.  Clifton. 
Newton — Charles  Kennon,  Richard  L.  Sims,  and  Seth  P.  Storrs. 
Oglethorpe — George  R.  Gilmer  and  John  Moore. 
Pulaski — ^Burwell  W.  Bracewell. 
Putnam — L.  W.  Hudson,  C.  P.  Gordon. 
Rabun — Samuel  Parris  and  Henry  T.  Mosely. 
Randolph — ^Benjamin  Holland, 


560       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

EiCHMOND — John  Foesyth,  William  Gumming,  aud  John  P.  King. 

Screven —  A.  S.  Jones,  and  P.  L.  Wade. 

Talbot — Samuel  W.  Flournoy  and  N.  B.  Powell. 

Taliaferro — Absalom  Janes  and  S.  C.  Jeffries. 

Tattnall — Joseph  Tillman. 

Thomas — William  H.  Reynolds  aud  A.  J.  Dozier. 

Troup — Samuel  A.  Bailey  and  Julius  C.  Alford. 

Upson — Eeubeu  J.  Crews  and  John  Robinson. 

Walton — Thomas  W.  Harris,  T.  J.  Hill,  and  Orion  Stroud. 

Warren — Henry  Loekhart  and  Thomas  Gibson,  Jr. 

Washington — S.  Robinson,  J.  Peabody,  and  Morgan  Brown. 


"From  the  above  roll,  it  appears  that  one  hundred  and  thirty  delegates 
presented  credentials  from  sixty-one  counties.  [Chatham  does  not  appear 
to  have  .  sent  delegates,  but  John  Macpherson  Berrien,  though  credited  to 
Monroe,  was  a  citizen  of  Chatham.  He  was  also  leader  of  the  anti-tariff 
forces.  The  names  in  capitals  represent  the  Forsyth  delegates;  the  names 
in  small  letters  the  Berrien  delegates.]  Hon.  George  R.  Gilmer  was  elected 
President,  and  William  Y.  Hansell,  Benjamin  T.  Mosely,  and  Mansfield 
Torrance,  Esqs.,  were  appointed  secretaries. 

"On  motion  of  Mr.  [W.  H.]  Torrance,  it  was  decided  to  appoint  a  Com- 
mittee of  Twenty-One,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  report  resolutions'  ex- 
pressive of  the  sense  of  the  Convention  in  regard  to  the  best  mode  of  ob- 
taining relief  from  the  Protective  System,  to  report  what  objects  ought  to 
engage  the  attention  of  the  Convention,  and  to  suggest  the  most  effeeive 
means  of  accomplishing  the  same.  [Time  was  required  for  selecting  this 
important  committee;  and  consequently,  after  transacting  a  few  minor 
matters,  the  Convention  adjourned.] 

' '  On  the  second  day,  Mr.  Forsyth'  moved  that  a  committee  of  five  be 
appointed  by  the  President  to  examine  and  report  at  the  next  meeting 
by  what  authority  the  various  persons  present  were  empowered  to  att  as 
delegates,  the  credentials  which  they  possessed,  etc.  Mr.  Torrance,  in  lieu 
thereof,  moved  as  a  substitute  that  a  Committee  of  Elections  be  named 
to  inquire  into  the  right  of  any  member  to  hold  his'  seat,  whenever  the 
same  should  be  contested.  Both  motions  were  laid  on  the  table  for  the 
time  being.  The  President  then  announced  the  Committee  of  Twenty-One, 
to  wit:  Messrs.  Blackshear,  Berrien,  Forsyth,  Cumm.ing,  Clayton,  Cuthbert, 
Gamble,  Reese,  Spalding,  Tate,  Rockwell,  Beall  of  Bibb,  Taylor  of  Burke, 
Bailey,  Warner,  Dawson,  Haynes,  Gordon  pf  Putnam,  Clark  of  Henry,  Janes 
and  Harris. 

"On  the  third  day  Mr.  Forsyth  called  up  his  resolution  of  the  day 
before,  and  Mi-.  Berrien  moved  to  amend.  Thus  began  the  battle  royal  be- 
tween the  giants'.  Perhaps  on  no  other  occasion  in  Georgia  was  there 
such  an  imposing  display  of  eloquence.  Mr.  Forsyth  stood  forth  in  the 
majesty  of  his  intellect   and  the   graces  of  his  unrivaled  elocution.     For 


Baldwin  561 

three  days  the  Convention  and  the  crowded  galleries  listened  to  the  debate 
with  rapt  attention.  All  conceded  the  victory  to  Mr. .  Forsyth  in  the  pre- 
liminary discussion.  He  seemed  like  a  giant,  bearing  down  all  obstacles  in 
his'  way.  Mr.  Berrien  took  the  floor  amid  plaudits  from  the  galleries.  He 
waved  his  hand  and  shook  his  head  gravely,  his  beaming  face  upward,  to 
repress  the  demonstration  in  his  favor.  What  delight  he  afforded  all 
present  by  his  polished  style  and  sweet  deliverey  may  be  imagined  by  those 
who  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  hear  this  American  Cicero.  Other  speakers 
participated  in  the  discussion;  but  the  author  does  not  remember  all  of 
them,  though  a  spectator.  Col.  William  Gumming,  in  point  of  dignity  and 
force,  called  to  mind  a  proud  Roman  Senator.  Messrs.  Clayton,  Torrance, 
Rockwell,  Cuthbert,  Spalding,  Beall,  G.  W.  Gordon,  Haynes  and  Alford 
were  among  the  principal  debaters.  Gov.  Gilmer  made  an  argument  with 
his  usual  zeal  and  ability  on  the  main  question,,  at  another  stage  of  the 
Convention. 

' '  On  Friday,  General  Blackshear,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Twenty- 
One,  made  a  report,  which  was  read  to  the  Convention  by  Mr.  Berrien.  It 
emphasized  State  Rights,  set  forth  the  limited  powers  of  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment, and  declared  the  several  tariff  acts  of  Congress,  designed  for 
the  protection  of  domestic  manufactures,  to  be  unconstitutional  and  void. 
It  also  recommended  unanimity  of  action  on  the  part  of  the  aggrieved 
States  of  the  South,  and  authorized  the  president  of  the  Convention  to 
communicate  the  action  of  the  body  to  these  sister  Commonwealths. 

"Mr.  Forsyth  offered  a  substitute  for  this  report,  denying  the  necessity 
for  any  radical  action  of  this  kind  in  regard  to  the  tariff,  and  suggesting 
that  the  Legislature  be  asked  to  appoint  delegates  to  a  Southern  Conven- 
tion to  discuss  measures  of  relief,  whenever  the  other  States  of  the  South 
were  agreed  in  regard  to  the  wisdom  of  this  method  of  redress. 

"The  substitute  was  lost,  but  before  a  vote  was'  taken  in  the  Conven- 
tion on  the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  Twenty-One,  Mr.  Forsyth  laid  on 
the  secretary's  table  a  protest  signed  by  himself  and  some  fifty  delegates, 
all  of  whom  then  retired  together  .  from  the  Convention.  The  scene  was 
very  exciting,  but  it  passed  off  quietly;  and,  after  slight  amendments,  the 
report  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  64  yeas  and  six  nays.  Two  important 
committees  were  appointed — one  to  address  the  people  of  Georgia,  consisting 
of  Messrs.  Berrien,  Clayton,  Gordon  of  Putnam,  Beall  of  Bibb,  and  Torrance; 
and  the  other  styled  the  Central  Committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Torrance, 
Rockwell,  John  H.  Howard,  Samuel  Boykin  and  James  S.  Calhoun,  to  take 
whatever  steps  were  necessary  to  give  effect  to  the  measures  adopted. 

"The  author  has  dwelt  freely  on  these  topics  for  the  principal  reason 
that  the  young  men  of  the  State  should  understand  the  condition  of  parties, 
at  a  season  of  great  peril  to  the  Union ;  and  also  because  the  Convention 
was  anterior  to  the  "Ordinance  of  Nullification"  in  a  sister  State.  No 
formal  action  was  ever  taken  at  the  ballot-box  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the 
Convention. ' ' 


562       Georgia's  Landmaeks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

The  Secession  One  of  the  best  narrative  accounts  of  the 
Convention.  great  Secession  Convention  at  Milledge- 
ville  was  written  by  Colonel  Isaac  W. 
Avery  for  his  well-known  "History  of  Georgia — 1850- 
1881,"  and  from  the  chapter  which  deals  with  this  sub- 
ject the  following  resume  is  condensed.    Says  he : 

"The  Secession  Convention  -nas  the  ablest  body  ever  convened  in 
Georgia.  Its  membership  included  nearly  every  well-known  public  man  in 
the  State,  and  represented  nearly  every  shade  of  political  opinion.  The 
President  of  the  Convention  was  George  W.  Crawford,  who  had  been  Governor 
of  the  State  from  1843  to  1847,  a  gentleman  of  commanding  ability  and 
wide  influence,  and  a  recognized  popular  leader  for  years.  There  was 
Robert  Toombs,  United  States  Senator,  afterwards  Secretary  of  State;  the 
two  famous  Stephens  brothers,  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  Vice-President  of 
the  Confederate  States,  and  Linton  Stephens,  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
ex-Governor  Hersehell  V.  Johnson,  candidate  for  Vice-President  on  the 
Douglas  ticket  and  ex-United  States  Senator;  Eugenius  A.  Nisbet,  ex- 
Member  of  Congress  and  ex-Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court;  Benjamin,  H. 
Hill,  afterwards  United  States  Senator;  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  subsequently 
a  Major-General,  Governor,  and  United  States  Senator;  Henry  L.  Penning 
and  Hiram  Warner,  the  one  an  ex-Judge  and  the  other  an  ex-Chief  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court.  There  was  also  Augustus  H.  Kenan,  Washington 
Poe,  David  J.  Bailey,  ex-President  of  the  Georgia  Senate;  William  T.  Wof- 
ford,  afterwards  a  Major-General;  Francis  S.  Bartow,  soon  to  be  the  first 
martyr  of  Manassas;  Thomas  E.  E.  Cobb,  an  eminent  lawyer,  afterwards  a, 
Brigadier-General,  killed  at  Fredericksburg;  Dr.  H.  E.  Casey,  Judge  R.  H. 
Clarke,  Hiram  P.  Bell,  afterwards  both  a  Confederate  and  a  Federal  Con- 
gressman ;  Dr.  J.  P.  Logan,  an  eminent  physician ;  William  H.  Dabney, 
D.  P.  Hill,  Goode  Bryan,  Judge  William  B.  Fleming,  Henry  E.  Harris, 
afterwards  a  Member  of  Congress;  Thomas  P.  Saffold,  Judge  Augustus 
Eeese,  Dr.  Alexander  Means',  afterwards  President  of  Emory  College;  Par- 
medus  Eeynolds,  Arthur  Hood,  Henry  D.  McDaniel,  afterwards  Governor; 
Charles  Murphey,  afterwards  a  Member  of  Congress;  Willis  A.  Hawkins, 
afterwards  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court;  T.  M.  Furlow,  A.  H.  Hansell, 
S.  B.  Spencer,  P.  W.  Alexander,  James  P.  Simmons,  Nathaniel  M.  Craw- 
ford, Carey  W.  Styles,  N.  A.  Carswell  and  John  L.  Harris. 

"Among  these  gentlemen  two  were  the  most  unexpected  and  potential 
workers  for  secession.  Judge  Eugenius  A.  Nisbet,  the  author  of  the  Ordi- 
nance of  Secession,  had  always  been  a  very  conservative  public  man.  He 
was'  small  of  statue,  though  of  great  personal  dignity.  He  possessed  un- 
usual culture  and  erudition,  and  was  a  Christian  of  profound  piety.  Having 
been  a  Congressman  and  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  ha  was  known 
for  eloquence,  learning  and  ability,  and  was  characterized  by  a  moral  and 
social  character  of  exquisite  purity.     The  other  of  these  two  unlooked-for 


Baldwin  563 

disunion  advocates  was  Thomas  R.  E.  Cobb.  Like  Judge  Nisbet,  he  was 
an  earnest,  fervent  Christian  worker,  but,  unlike  his  distinguished  col- 
league, he  had  never  taken  any  part  in  State  or  national  politics.  He  was 
a  lawyer  of  marvelous  industry  and  acumen.  But  the  secession  issue 
had  aroused  the  fervor  of  his  earnest  soul,  and  the  election  of  Lincoln 
threw  him  into  the  political  arena,  the  most  intense,  unwearied  champion  of 
secession  in  the  State.  All  of  the  powerful  energies'  of  his  will  and  mind 
were  bent  upon  withdrawing  Georgia  from  the  Union  and  establishing  a 
Southern  Confederacy.  As  Mr.  Stephens  fitly  called  him,  Mr.  Cobb  was  a 
sort;  of  Peter  the  Hermit  in  this  secession  crusade,  pursuing  it  with  an 
almost  fanatical  enthusiasm. 


"Mr.  Albert  Lamar  was  made  the  Secretary  of  the  Convention.  Gov- 
ernor Brown  and  Hon.  Howell  Cobb  were  invited  to  seats  on  the  floor. 
The  assemblage  vvas  addressed  by  James  L.  Orr,  Commissioner  from  South 
Carolina,  and  by  Hon.  John  G.  Shorter,  Commissioner  from  Alabama,  ex- 
plaining the  attitude  of  those  States,  and  seeking  the  co-operation  of 
Georgia  in  disunion.  On  January  the  18th,  Judge  Nisbet  introduced  a 
resolution  calling  for  a  committee  to  report  an  ordinance  of  secession.  This 
precipitated  the  issue.  For  Judge  Nisbet 's  resolution,  ex-Governor  John- 
son, acting  in  concert  with  Mr.  Stephens,  offered  a  substitute,  written  by 
the  former,  proposing  a  plan  of  co-operation  among  the  Southern  States 
and  suggesting  a  Congress  for  this  purpose,  to  be  held  in  Atlanta  on  the 
16th  of  February,  1861.  There  were  various  other  recitals  in  the  substitute, 
dealing  with  the  difficulties  of  the  situation  and  setting  forth  the  wrongs 
of  the  South;  but  the  main  idea  of  the  substitute  was  to  secure  concert  of 
action  before  any  radical  steps  were  taken.  It  was  further  provided  that 
on  the  25th  of  February  an  adjourned  meeting  of  the  Convention  was  held 
for  final  deliberation  upon  the  matter. 

' '  The  discussion  of  this  issue  was  elaborate,  able,  and  eloquent.  Judge 
Nisbet,  Governor  Johnson,  T.  E.  E.  Cobb,  Mr.  Stephens,  Alexander  Means, 
Augustus  Eeese,  Ben  Hill  and  Francis'  S.  Bartow,  all  spoke.  It  was  a 
battle  of  giants.  The  secession  champions  were  Nisbet,  Cobb,  Toombs, 
Reese,  and  Bartow,  and  pitted  against  them  in  favor  of  a  further  attempt 
at  a  friendly  settlement  of  troubles,  were  Johnson,  Stephens,  Means  and 
Hill.  The  key-note  of  the  secessionists,  as  condensed  by  Mr.  T.  E.  R.  Cobb, 
in  a  speech  of  rare  power,  was :  '  We  can  make  better  terms  out  of  the 
Union  than  in  it,'  and  Mr.  Stejjhens  was  of  the  opinion  that  this  single, 
focal  idea  of  Mr.  Cobb,  looking  to  a  more  certain  re-formation  of  the  Union 
on  a  higher  vantage  ground  outside  the  Union,  did  more  to  carry  the  State 
out  than  all  the  arguments  of  all  the  others  combined.  The  positioa  of 
the  anti-secessionists  was  enunciated  by  Mr.  Stephens'  in  the  sentence  that 
'the  point  of  resistance  should  be  the  point  of  aggression.'  Secession  as 
a  remedy  for  anticipated  aggressions  was  deemed  to  be  neither  wise  nor 
politic,    and    these    gentlemen    opposing    secession    believed    that    Georgia, 


564       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

standing  firm   with,  the  border  States  in  an  effort  to  obtain  a  redress  of 
grievances,  would  succeed;  but  a  Higher  Power  was  ruling  the  occasion. 


"Governor  Johnson's  motion  to  refer  both  resolution  and  substitute  to 
a  special  committee  was  lost;  and  after  the  debate  was  over,  the  previous 
question  being  called  and  sustained,  the  Convention  was  brought  to  a  direct 
vote  on  Mr.  Nisbet  's  resolution  favoring  secession.  The  resolution  was 
passed  by  a  vote  of  166  yeas  and  130  nays.  It  gave  the  secessionists  the  vic- 
tory, but  emphasized  the  strength  and  character  of  the  conservative  senti- 
ment. The  truth  is  that  some  of  the  strongest  intellects  of  the  State  op- 
posed secession,  not  as  a  right,  but  as  a  remedy  for  existing  evils.  Mr. 
Toombs  was  the  undoubted  head  of  the  secessionists  in  the  Convention. 
His  superb  qualities  of  leadership  and  his  double  leverage  as  a  Senator  of 
■the  United  States  and  as  a  delegate  upon  the  floor,  equipped  him  for  hasten- 
ing the  march  of  the  revolution.  He  had  made  a  speech  in  the  United 
States  Senate,  on  January  7,  1861,  or  surpassing  power,  in  which  he  set 
forth  the  demands  of  the  South,  all  of  them  based  upon  Constitutional 
guarantees;  and,  fresh  from  this  great  tilt  in  the  national  arena,  he  was 
the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  disruptive  forces.  [The  fact  that  Mr. 
Toombs,  in  1850,  when  secession  was  first  advocated  in  Georgia,  had  sought 
to  extinguish  the  fires  and  had  repeatedly  avowed  his  devotion  to  the 
Union,  both  in  and  out  of  Congress,  only  gave  him  an  additional  element  of 
strength.]  i 

"The  secession  battle  was'  fought  and  won  over  Judge  Nisbet 's  reso- 
lution. Amidst  the  wildest  excitement,  the  colonial  flag  of  Georgia  was 
raised  upon  the  Capitol.  Judge  Nisbet  promptly  moved  that  tlie  commit- 
tee report  an  ordinance  of  secession,  to  consist  of  seventeen  members.  It 
was  carried,  and  both  sides  were  represented  in  the  personnel  of  this  commit- 
tee, as  follows':  Judge  Eugenius  A.  Nisbet,  Chairman;  Robert  Toombs, 
Hersehel  V.  Johnson,  Francis  S.  Bartow,  Henry'  L.  Benning,  William  M. 
Browne,  George  D.  Eiee,  T.  H.  Trippe,  Thomas  E.  E.  Cobb,  Augustus  H. 
Kenan,  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  James  Williamson,  D.  P.  Hill,  Benjamin  H. 
Hill,  E.  W.  Chastain,  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  and  Augustus  Eeese.  Immediately 
after  the  appointment  of  the  committee  a  message  was  received  from 
Governor  Brown,  in  response  to  a  resolution,  furnishing  the  ordinance  of 
Georgia  ratifying  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  also  a  cojiy 
of  resolutions  adopted  by  the  New  York  Legislature,  tendering  aid  to  the 
President  to  uphold  the  Union.  The  Committee  of  Seventeen  made  the 
following  report: 

"  'AN   OED'INANCE 
"  'To  dissolve  the  Union  between  the  State  of  Georgia 
and  other  States  united  with  her  under  a  compact  of 
Government     entitled:     "The     Constitution      of     the 
United  States  of  America. ' ' 


Baldwin  565 

"  'We,  the  people  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  in  Con- 
vention assembled,  do  declare  and  ordain,  and  it  is  hereby 
declared  and  ordained: 

' '  '  That  the  ordinance  adopted  by  the  people  of  the 
State  of  Georgia,  in  Convention,  on  the  second  day  of 
January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1788,  whereby  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  was  assented  to,  ratified 
and  adopted;  and  also  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  this  State  ratifying  and  adopting 
amendments  of  said  Constitution,  are  hereby  repealed, 
rescinded  and  abrogated. 

"  'We  do  further  declare  and  ordain,  That  tl^e 
Union  now  subsisting  between  the  State  of  Georgia  and 
other  States,  under  the  name  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  is  hereby  dissolved,  and  that  the  State  of 
Georgia  is  in  the  full  possession  and  exercise  of  all 
those  rights  of  sovereignty,  which  belong  and  appear- 
tain  to  a  free  and  independent  State.' 

' '  On  motion  of  Mr.  Toombs  the  ordinance  was  twice  read.  Ben-  Hill 
moved  as'  a  substitute  for  the  ordinance,  the  preamble  and  resolutions 
offered  by  ex-Governor  H.  V.  Johnson.  When  the  roll  was  called,  the  vote 
stood  133  j'^eas  and  164  nays,  a  slight  gain  in  the  anti-secession  vote, 
though  the  motion  was  lost.  Mr.  Nisbet  then  moved  the,  passage  of  the 
ordinance,  and  the  vote  stood  208  yeas  to  89  nays,  showing  that  44  of  the 
anti-secession  members  voted  for  the  ordinance  upon  the  idea  that  its 
passage  was  a  foregone  conclusion,  and,  further  opposition  being  useless, 
it  was  wise  and  patriotic  to  give  all  the  moral  force  possible  to  the  act. 
Mr.  Hill  voted  on  this  ballot  for  secession.  But  Governor  Johnson,  the 
Stephens  brothers,  General  Wofford  and  Judge  Warner  still  voted  against 
it.  The  announcement  of  the  President  of  the  Convention,  Governor  George 
W.  Crawford,  that  it  was  his  pleasure  and  privilege  to  declare  the  State 
of  Georgia  free,  sovereign,  and  independent,  was  followed  by  applause, 
tempered  only  by  the  gravity  of  thoughtful  men  over  a  step  of  serious 
and  unknown  import.  The  honr  of  the  passage  of  this  momentous  ordinance 
was  two  0  'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  January  the  19th,  1861. 

"Before  adjournment,  Mr.  Nisbet,  for  the  sake  of  unanimity,  moved 
that  the  entire  membership  of  the  Convention,  without  regard  to  individual 
approval  or  disajiproval,  be  required  to  sign  the  ordinance  as  a  pledge  of 
united  determination  to  sustain  and  defend  the  State  in  her  chosen  remedy 
of  secession. 

"At  fwelve  o'clock  on  Mbudny,  the  21st  day  of  January,  1861,  the 
ordinance  of  secession  was  signed  in  the  presence  of  the  Governor  and 
State  House  officers',  judges,  and  a  throng  of  spectators,  and  the  great 
seal  of  the  State  was  attached.  The  delegates  all  signed  the  ordinance, 
but  six  of  them  did  so  under  protest,   as  follows: 


566       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

"  'We,  the  undersigned  delegates  to  the  Convention  of  the  State  of 
Georgia,  now  in  session,  wliile  we  most  solemnly  protest  against  the  action 
of  the  majority  in  adopting 'an  ordinance  for  the  immediate  and  separate 
secession  of  this  State,  and  would  have  preferred  the  policy  of  co-operation 
with  our  Southern  sister  States,  yet  as  good  citizens,  we  yield  to  the 
will  of  the  majority  of  her  people  as  expressed  by  their  representative, 
and  do  hereby  pledge  '  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor '  to 
the  defence  of  Greorgia,  if  necessary,  against  hostile  invasion  from  any 
source  whatsoever. 

JAMES  P.  SIRiMONS,  of  Gwinnett. 

THOMAS    M.    McEAE,    of    Montgomery. 

F.  H.  LATIMER,  of  Montgomery. 

DAVIS  WHELCHEL,  of  Hall. 

P.  M'.   BYRD,   of  Hall.      • 

JAMES  SIMMONS,  of  Pickens. 

' '  This  decisive  act  of  Georgia  settled  the  revolution.  Whatever  doubts 
had  existed  as  to  the  policy  or  purpose  of  the  South  in  regard  to  secession 
were  dissipated.  The  spirit  of  the  Georgia  Convention,  so  riven  as  it 
was  by  a  conflict  of  opinion  as  to  disunion,  yet  so  conciliatory  and  har- 
monious in  the  final  action,  confirmed  the  effect  of  its  example  abroad. 
Committed  to  secession,  after  a  stubborn  conflict  and  a  close  division, 
the  State  was  compactly  welded  in  its  cordial  support  of  the  policy 
adopted.  The  ship  was  given,  to  the  lightning  and  the  gale  against  the 
wishes  of  a  powerful  majority  of  her  crew,  but  when  the  venture  was 
made  every  man  leaped  to  his  post  for  the  storm,  devoted,  loyal,  intrepid 
and  invincible.  The  news  of  the  action  at  Milledgeville  was  flashed  over 
the  wires.  Ratification  meetings  were  held  everywhere.  Guns  were  fired 
and  orators  spoke  in  burning  words.  The  die  was  cast  for  war,  and  the 
chivalrous  s'pirit  of  a  brave  people  gave  back  a  unanimous  and  deep- 
so.uled  response.  In  the  sister  States  of  the  South  the  effect  was  elec- 
trical. '  '* 


How  the  On  the  final  passag'e  of  the  ordinance  of 
Vote  Stood,  secession  the  vote  was  208  yeas  and  89  nays. 
Not  less  than  44  of  these  were  opposed  to 
secession,  having  voted  against  the  motion  to  report  an 
ordinance ;  but  the  majority  was  against  them,  and,  both 
sides  having  been  represented  on  the  committee  to  report 
an  ordinance,  there  was  quite  an  accession  of  strength 


♦Condensed    from    Chapter   XVII,    of   I.    W.    Averys    History    of   Georgia, 
1850-1881,  with  additions  from  other  sources. 


Baldwin  567 

to  the  secession  ranks  on  this  ballot.     The  vote  is  given 
below  in  detail : 

Appling — Seaborn  Hall,  Yes;  J.  H.  Latimer,  Yes. 

Banks— W.  R.  Bell,  No;  S,  W.  Pruett,  Yes. 

Bakek — Alfred  H.  Colquitt,   Yes;    C.  D.   Hammond,   Yes. 

Baldwin— Augustus  H.  Kenan,  No;   L.  H.  Briscoe,  Yes. 

Berrien — W.  J.  Mabry,  No;  J.  C.  Lamb,  Yes. 

Bibb — Washington  Poe,  Yes;   John   B.   Lamar,  Yes;    Eugenius  A.  Nisbet, 

Yes. 
Brooks — G.   S.   Gaulden,   Yes;    Henry  Briggs,   Yes. 
Bryan — C.  C.  Slater,  Yes;  J.  P.  Hines,  Yes. 
Bulloch — S.  L.  Moore,  Yes;   Samuel  Harville,  Yes. 
Burke — E.  A.  Allen,  Yes ;  E.  B.  Gresham,  Yes ;  W.  B.  Jones,  Yes. 
Butts — .David  J.  Bailey,  Yes;  Henry  Hendricks,  Yes. 
Camden — N.  J.  Patterson,  Yes';  F.  M.  Adams,  Yes. 
Campbell — J.  M.  Cantrell,  Yes;  T.  C.  Glover,  Yes. 
Calhoun— W.  C.  Sheffield,  Yes;  E.  Padgett,  Yes. 
Carroll — B.  W.  Wright,  Yes;  B.  W.  Hargrave,  Yes;  Allen  Eowe,  Yes. 
Cass— W.  T.  Wofford,  No;  H.  F.  Price,  No;  T.  H.  Trippe,  No. 
Catoosa — Presley  Yates,  No;  J.  T.  M'cConnell,  Yes. 
Charlton — F.  Ml  Smith,  No;  H.  M.  Merchon,  Yes. 
Chatham — Francis  S.  Bartow,  Yes;  A.  S.  Jones,  Yes;  John  W.  Anderson, 

Yes. 
Chattahoochee — E.  A.  Flewellen,  Yes;   James'  A.  Smith,  Yes. 
Chattooga — Wesley  Shropshire,  No;  L.  Williams,  No. 
Cherokee — W.  A.  Teasley,  Yes;  E.  E.  Fields,  Yes;  John  McConnell,  Yes. 
Clarke — Thos.  R.  R.  Cobb,  Yes;   Asbury  Hull,  Yes;    Jefferson  Jennings, 

Yes. 
Clayton — R.  E.  Morrow,  No;  James  F.  Johnson,  Yes. 
Clay— W.  H.  C.  Davenport,  Yes;  B.  F.  Burnett,  Yes. 
Clinch — Benjamin  Sermons,  Yes;   F.  G.  Ramsay,  Yes. 
Cobb— George  D.  Rice,  Yes;  A.  A.  Winn,  Yes;  E.  H.  Lindley,  Yes. 
Coffee — Rowan  Pafford,  No;  J.  H.  Frier,  No. 

Columbia— W.  A.  S.  Collins',  Yes;  H.  R.  Casey,  Yes;  R.  S.  Neal,  Yes. 
Colquitt— H.  C.  Tucker,  Yes;  John  G.  Coleman,  Yes. 
Coweta— A.  B.  Calhoun,  Yes;  J.  J.  Pinson,  Yes;  W.  B.  Shell,  Yes. 
Crawford — W.  C.  Cleveland,  Yes;  Isaac  Dennis,  Yes. 
Dade— S.  C.  Hale,  No ;  R.  M.  Paris,  No. 
Dawson — Alfred  Webb,  No;  R.  H.  Pierce,  No. 
Decatur — Richard  Simms,  Yes;  C.  J.  Munnerlyn,  Yes. 
De  Kalb — Charles  Murphey,  Yes ;  G.  K.  Smith,  No. 
Dooly— John  S.  Thomas,  Yes;  Elijah  Butts,  Yes. 
Dougherty— Richard  H.  Clark,  Yes ;  C.  E.  Mallary,  Yes. 
Early— R.  W.  Sheffield,  Yes;  James  Er.chanan,  Yes. 


568       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Echols — Harris  Tomlinson,  Yes;  J.  B.  Prescott,  Yes. 

Effingham — E.  W.  Solomons,  Yes;  A.  G.  Porter,  Yes. 

Elbert — J.  C.  Burch,  Yes;  L.  H.  O.  Martin,  Yes. 

Emantjel — A.  L.  Kirkland,  No;  John  Overstreet,  No. 

Fannin— W.  C.  Fain,  No;  E.  W.  Chastain,  Yes. 

Fayette — M.  M.  Tidwell,  Yes;  J.  L.  Blalock,  Yes. 

Floyd — James  Ward,  Yes;  Simpson  Fouche,  Yes;  F.  C.  Shropshire,  Yes. 

Forsyth — Hardy  Strickland,  Yes;  Hiram  P.  Bell,  No. 

Franklin — John  H.  Patrick,  No;  Samuel  Knox,  No. 

Fulton — Dr.  J.  F.  Alexander,  Yes ;  L.  J.  Glenn,  Yes ;  Dr.  J.  P.  Logan,  Yes. 

Glascock — Joshua  F.  Usry,  Yes;   Calvin;  Logue,  Yes. 

Glynn — John  L.  Harris,  Yes;  H.  B.  Troup,  Yes. 

Gilmer — Joseph  Pickett,  No;  W.  P.  Milton,  No. 

Gordon — W.  H.  Dabney,  Yes;  James  Freeman,  No;  E.  M.  Young,  Yes. 

Greene — Nathaniel  M.  Crawford,  Yes;  E.  J.  Willis,  Yes;  T.  N.  Poullain, 

Yes'. 
Gwinnett — E.  D.  Winn,  No ;  J.  P.  Simmons,  No ;  T.  P.  Hudson,  No. 
Habersham — E.  C.  Ketchum,  Yes;  Singleton  Sisk,  Yes. 
Hall— E.  M.  Johnson,  No;  P.  M.  Byrd,  No;  David  Welchel,  No. 
Hancock — Linton  Stephens,  No;  B.  T.  Harris,  Yes;  T.  M.  Turner,  Yes. 
Haralson — W.  J.  Head,  Yes;  B.  E.  Walton,  Yes. 
Harris— D.  P.  Hill,  Yes.;  W.  J.  Hudson,  Yes;  H.  D.  Williams,  Yes. 
Hart— E.  S.  Hill,  Yes;  J.  H.  Skelton,  Yes. 
Heard— E.  P.  Wood,  No;  C.  W.  Mabry,  No. 
Henry — F.  E.  Manson,  No;  E.  B.  Arnold,  No;  J.  H.  Low,  Yes. 
Houston — J.  M.  Giles,  Yes ;  D.  F.  Gunn,  Yes ;  .B.  W.  Brown,  Yes. 
Trwin — M.  Henderson,  Yes;  Jacob  Young,  No. 
Jackson — J.  J.  McCulloch,  Yes ;  J.  G.  Pitman,  Yes ;  D.  E.  Lyle,  Yes. 
Jasper — Aris  Newton,  No;  Eeuben  Jordan,  No. 
Jefferson — Herschel  V.  Johnson,  No ;  George  Staj^leton,  No. 
Johnson — William  Hurst,  No;  J.  E.  Smith,  No. 
Jones — James  M.  Gray,  Yes;  P.  T.  Pitts,  Yes. 
Laurens — Nathan  Tucker,  Yes;  J.  W.  Yopp,  Yes. 
Lee — W.  B.  Eichardson,  Yes;  Goode  Bryan,  Yes'. 
Liberty — W.  B.  Fleming,  Yes;  S.  M.  Varnadoe,  Yes. 
Lincoln — Lafayette  Lamar,  Yes;  C.  E.  Strother,  Yes. 
Lowndes — C.  H.  M.  Howell,  Yes;  Isaiah  Tilman,  Yes. 
Lumpkin — Benjamin  Hamilton,  No;   William  Martin,  No. 
IVLvDisON — J.  S.  Gholston,  Yes;  A.  C.  Daniel,  Yes. 
Macon — W.  H.  Eobinson,  Yes ;  J.  H.  Carson,  Yes. 
Marion — W.  M.  Browne,  Yes;  J.  M.  Harvey,  Yes. 
M'cIntosh — J.  M.  Harris,  Yes;  G.  W.  M.  Williams,  Yes. 
Meriwether — Henry  E.  Harris,  Yes;  W.  D.  Martin,  Yes;  Hiram  Warner, 

No. 
Miller — ^W.  J.  Cheshier,  Yes;  C.  L.  Whitehead,  Yes. 
Milton — Jackson  Graham,  No;  J.  C.  Street,  No. 


Baldwin  569 

Mitchell — William  T.  Cox,  Yes;  Jesse  Reed,  Yes. 

Monroe — E.  L.  Eoddey,  Yes;  Hiram  Phinizy,  Jr.,  No;  J.  T.  Stephens,  Yes. 

Montgomery — T.  M.  McEae,  No;  S.  H.  Latimer,  No. 

MbRGAN — Thomas  P.  Saffold,  Yes;  Augustus  Eeese,  Yes. 

Murray — Anderson  Farns'worth,  No;  Euclid  Waterhouse,  No. 

Muscogee — J.  N.  Eamsey,  Yes;  Henry  L.  Benning,  Yes;  A.  S.  Eutherford, 
Yes. 

Newton — W.    S.    Montgomery,    Yes;    Alexander    Means,    Yes;    Parmedus 
Eeynolds,  No. 

Oglethorpe — D.    D.    Johnson,    Yes;    Samuel   Glenn,    Yes;    Willis    Willing- 
ham,  No. 

Paulding — Henry  Lester,  Yes;  J.  Y.  Algood,  Yes. 

Pickens — James  Simmons,  No;  W.  T.  Day,  No. 

Pierce — E.  D.  Hendry,  Yes';  J.  W.  Stevens,  Yes. 

Pike^E.  B.  Gardener,  Yes;  G.  M.  McDowell,  Yes. 

Poke— W.  E.  West,  Yes;  T.  W.  Dupree,  No. 

Pulaski— T.  J.  McGriff,  Yes;  C.  M.  Bozeman,  Yes. 

Putnam — E.  T.  Davis,  No;  D.  E.  Adams,  Yes. 

Quitman — E.  C.  Ellington,  Yes;  L.  P.  Dozier,  Yes. 

Rabun — Samuel  Beck,  No;  H.  W.  Cannon,  No. 

Randolph — Marcellus  Douglas,  Yes;  Arthur  Hood,  Yes. 

Richmond — George  W.  Crawford,  Yes;  Jacob  Phinzy,  Sr.,  Yes;  J.  P. 
Garvin,  Yes. 

Schley — H.  L.  French,  Yes;  W.  A.  Black,  Yes'. 

Screven — C.  Humphries,  Yes;  J.  L.  Singleton,  Yes. 

Spalding — W.  G.  Dewberry,  Yes;  Henry  Moor,  Yes. 

Stewart — James  A.  Fort,  Yes;  James  Billiard,  Yes;  G.  Y.  Banks,  Yes. 

Sumter — Willis  A.  Hawkins,  Yes;  Timothy  M.  Furlow,  Yes;  Henry  Daven- 
port, Yes. 

Talbot^-W.  E.  Neal,  No;  W.  B.  Marshall,  Yes;  L.  B.  Smith,  Yes'. 

Taliaferro — Alexander  H.  Stephens,  No;  S.  H.  Perkins,  No. 

Tatnall — ^Benjamin  Brewton,  No;   Henry  Strickland,  No. 

Taylor— W.  J.  F.  Mitchell,  No;  H.  H.  Long,  Yes. 

Telfair — H.  McLean,  No;  James  Williamson,  No. 

Terrell — William  Harrington,  No;  D.  A.  Cochran,  No. 

Thomas— A.  H.  Hansell,  Yes;  S.  B.  Spencer,  Yes;  W.  G.  Ponder,  Yes. 

Towns — John  Corn,  No ;  Elijah  Kimsey,  No. 

Troup— Ben j.  H.  Hill,  Yes;  W.  P.  Beasley,  Yes;  J.  E.  Bcall,  Yes. 

Twiggs — John  Fitzpatrick,  Yes;  S.  L.  Eichardson,  Yes. 

Union— J.  H.  Huggins',  No;  J.  P.  Wellborn,  No. 

Upson— P.  W.  Alexander,  No ;  T.  S.  Sherman,  No. 

Walker— G.  G.  Gordon,  No;  E.  B.  Dickerson,  No;  T.  A.  Sharpe,  No. 

Walton — George   Spence,   Yes;    Willis   Kilgore,   No;    Henry  D.   McDaniel, 
Yes. 

Ware— W.  A.  McDonald,  Yes ;  Carey  W.  Stiles,  Yes. 

Warren— M.  D.  Cody,  Yes;  N.  A.  Wicker,  Yes. 


570       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Way^e — Henry  Tort,  Yes;  H.  A.  Cannon,  Yes. 

Washington — E.  S.  Laugmade,  Yes;  Lewis  Bullard,  Yes;  A.  C.  Harris,  Yes. 
Webster — P.  F.  Browne,  Yes;  M.  H.  Bush,  Yes. 
White — Isaac  Bowen,  Yes;  E.  F.  Starr,  No. 

Whitefield — J.   M.   Jackson,   No;    F.   A.   Thomas,    Yes;    Dickerson   Talia- 
ferro, No. 
Wilcox — D.  A.  McLeod,  Yes;  Smith  Turner,  Y^es. 
Wilkes — Eobert  Toombs,  Yes ;  J,  J.  Eobertson,  Yes. 
Wilkinson — N.  A.  Carswell,  No;  E.  J.  Cochran,  No. 
Worth — E.  G.  Ford,  Sr.,  Yes;  T.  T.  Mounger,  Yes. 


Oglethorpe  Univer-  Two  miles  and  a  half  to  the  west  of 
sity:  Where  Sidney  Milledgeville  there  flourished  before 
Lanier  was  Taught,  the  war  an  institution  of  learning, 
on  whose  alumni  rolls  the  name  of 
SHdney  Lanier  blazes  like  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
and  from  which  a  recent  Chief  Executive  of  Georgia, 
Joseph  M.  Brown,  received  his  diploma.  Oglethorpe  Uni- 
versity was  one  of  the  first  of  Georgia's  schools  to  receive 
a  charter.  It  was  located  at  a  place  called  Midway,  after 
the  famous  settlement  on  the  Georgia  coast.  During  the 
brief  quarter  of  a  century  in  which  it  flourished  it  made 
a  record,  the  influence  of  which  will  be  felt  to  the  end  of 
time;  but  in  the  wreckage  entailed  by  Sherman's  destruc- 
tive march  to  the  sea,  old  Oglethorpe  went  down,  to  rise 
no  more^ — ^at  least  upon  the  Oconee  heights. 

The  story  of  how  the  institution  came  into  existence 
may  be  briefly  told.  For  years  there  existed  under  the 
fostering  care  of  the  Educational  Board  of  Georgia  two 
manual  labor  schools:  the  Midway  Seipiinary  and  the 
^Gwinnett  Institute;  and  when  the  dissolution  of  the 
board  necessitated  a  division  of  interest,  the  trustees  of 
Midway  Seminary,  in  the  spring  of  1835,  tendered  the 
school  to  Hopewell  Presbytery,  believing  that  ecclesias- 
tical supervision  might  yield  better  results.  The  offer 
was  accepted,  and  a  committee  appointed  to  report  on 
the  expediency  of  elevating  the  school  to  college  rank. 
As  chairman  of  the  committee,  Hon.  Eugenius  A.  Nisbet, 


Baldwin  571 

afterwards  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia, 
submitted  a  report  in  which  strong  grounds  were  taken 
in  favor  of  an  institution  of  the  proposed  character  to  be 
under  the  exclusive  government  and  control  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church.  The  report  met  with  unanimous  adop- 
tion. Accordingly,  a  board  of  trustees  consisting  of  24 
members,  was  appointed  by  Presbytery  to  take  charge  of 
Oglethorpe  University,  the  name  by  which  the  new  school 
was  to  be  known.  The  first  meeting  of  the  board  was 
held  at  Milledgeville,  on  October  21,  1835,  and  within 
two  months  thereafter  a  charter  was  procured  from  the 
General  Assembly  of  Georgia.  Under  the  terms  of  the 
charter  it  was  made  a  penal  offense,  in  the  sum  of  $500, 
for  any  one  to  sell  merchandise'  of  any  character  within 
a  mile  and  a  half  of  the  University  and  in  addition  the 
form  of  deeds  granted  in  the  sale  of  lots  belonging  to  the 
University  required  the  forfeiture  of  such  lots  to  the 
institution,  in  the  event  the  law  was  violated. 

On  November  24,  1836,  the  university  was  organized 
by  the  election  of  the  following  faculty:  Rev.  Carlisle 
P.  Beman,  D.  D.,  president,  to  hold  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  philosophy;  Hon.  Eugenius  A.  Nisbet, 
vice-president,  to  teach  belle  lettres  and  natural  philos- 
ophy; Rev.  Samuel  K.  Talraage,  ])rofessor  of  ancient 
languages;  Rev.  Charles  Wallace  Howard,  chaplain,  to 
teach  moral  philosophy;  and  Rev.  Nathaniel  Macon  Craw- 
ford, professor  of  astronomy  and  mathematics.  The 
corner-stone  of  the  main  building  was  laid  on  March  31, 
1837,  at  which  time  an  address  was  delivered  by  Hon. 
Joseph  Henry  Lumpkin,  afterwards  Chief  Justice  of 
Georgia.  Dr.  Talmage,  in  writing  of  the  school  at  a 
later  period,  thus  descril)es  the  building:  ''It  is  a  brick 
structure,  painted  white,  two  stories  high,  besides  a  base- 
ment. It  is  constructed  after  the  Grecian  Doric  order, 
without  and  within.  The  central  part  contains  the  finest 
college  chapel  in  the  United  States :  its  whole  dimensions 
are  fifty-two  feet  front  by  eighty-nine  feet  deep,  includ- 
ing a  colonnade  fourteen  feet  deep,  supported  by  four 


572       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

massive  pillars,  and  the  vestibule  of  the  chapel  is  eleven 
feet  deep.  The  dimensions  of  the  chapel  are  forty-eight 
feet  by  sixty  in  the  main  story,  and  forty-eight  by  sev- 
enty-one in  the  gallery,  the  latter  extending  over  the 
vestibule.  The  ceiling  of  the  chapel  is  in  the  form  of 
an  elliptical  arch,  resting  on  a  rich  cornice  and  con- 
taining a  chaste  and  original  centre  piece.  Attached  to 
the  building  are  two  wings,  thirty  feet  front  by  thirty- 
four  deep,  and  three  stories  high;  making  the  entire 
front  of  the  edifice  one  hundred  and  twelve  feet  in  length. 
Each  story  in  the  wings  is  divided  into  a  professor's  office 
in  front,  and  a  recitation  or  lecture  room  in  the  rear. 
There  are  in  the  basement  story  and  wings  sixteen  rooms, 
affording  ample  accommodations,  museum,  apparatus 
and  all  other  conveniences  for  college  purposes."  On 
each  side  of  the  campus  there  was  a  row  of  dormitories, 
one  story  in  height,  for  the  use  of  the  students.  The 
other  buildings  were  the  president's  house,  on  the  south 
side,  below  the  dormitories;  the  academy,  a  large  two- 
story  edifice  opposite,  on  the  north  side;  and  an  old 
chapel,  the  interior  of  which  was  converted  into  recita- 
tion rooms. 


On  the  first  Monday  in  January,  183'8 — before  the 
main  building  was  finished — the  college  commenced  oper- 
ations. The  attendance  by  1842  registered  125  students, 
of  which  number  50  were  in  the  collegiate  and  75  in  the 
preparatory  department.  The  college  year  was  divided 
into  two  sessions:  the  winter  session  from  January  to 
May  and  the  summer  session  from  June  to  November. 
Commencement  was  usually  on  the  second  Wednesday 
of  the  last-named  month.  In  the  fall  of  1839,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  Presbytery  tendered  the 
institution  to  the  Synod  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
bv  which  body  it  was  eagerly  accepted.  President  Beman 
resigned  his  position  in  1841,  and  Eev.  Samuel  K.  Tal- 
mage,  a  graduate  of  Princeton  and  an  uncle  of  the  great 


Baldwin  573 

Brooklyn  divine,  was  electetd  to  succeed  him  as  presi- 
dent. He  remained  in  office  until  his  death,  in  1865,  a 
period  of  nearly  twenty-five  years.  Toward  the  close 
of  the  war,  the  exercises  of  Oglethorpe  University  were 
suspended,  due  to  the  lack  of  necessary  funds  and  to  the 
impoverished  condition  of  the  State.  Besides,  a  large 
percentage  of  the  young  men  of  Georgia  were  at  the 
front.  From  1867  to  1869  feeble  efforts  to  resuscitate 
it  were  made.  The  office  of  president  was  repeatedly 
declined.  Finally  Rev.  W.  M.  Cunningham  accepted  the 
office,  but,  on  the  eve  of  the  college  opening,  he  died.  In 
1870,  Dr.  David  Wills  succeeded  him.  The  school  was 
then  removed  to  Atlanta,  where  it  opened  in  General 
Sherman's  former  headquarters,  on  Washington  Street, 
diagonally  across  from  the  present  State  Capitol.  But 
the  change  failed  to  produce  the  expected  reinvigoration ; 
and  in  1872  the  doors  of  Oglethorpe  University  were 
closed.  In  the  opinion  of  many  no  greater  misfortune 
ever  befell  the  State.  The  apparatus  was  afterward 
used  by  the  Talmage  High  School,  at  Midway,  to  which 
school  the  other  property  holdings  also  reverted.  Dr. 
Wills,  the  last  president  of  the  institution,  is  living  today 
in  Washington,  D.  C,  an  old  man,  verging  upon  the  cen- 
tury mark. 

During  the  spring  of  1912  a  movement  to  reorganize 
Oglethorpe  University  was  launched  in  Atlanta  under 
the  vigorous  initiative  of  Rev.  Thornwell  Jacobs,  a  most 
enthusiastic  and  wide-awake  Presbyterian.  The  idea 
was  pressed  in  such  a  way  that  it  fired  the  imagination 
of  the  church,  not  only  in  Georgia,  but  throughout  the 
South.  In  less  than  six  months  over  one  hundred  men 
of  means  were  found  who  were  willing  to  lend  financial 
aid  to  the  enterprise;  a  temporary  organization  was  ef- 
fected ;  a  beautiful  tract  of  land  at  Silver  Lake,  on  Peach- 
tree  Road,  was  secured  as  a  donation  to  the  school,  and 
plans  devised  for  laying  the  corner-stone  of  greater  Ogle- 
thoriie  University  during  the  monster  Presbyterian  jubi- 
lee, in  May,  1913,  when  four  General  Assemblies  were 


574       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

sclieduled  tp  convene  in  Atlanta :  an  auspicious  time  for 
the  Phoenix  to  rise  once  more  from  the  ashes. 


We   quote   the   following  joaragraph   from  Dr.   Tal- 
mage:* 

' '  The  Midway  Hill  is  an  elevated  region,  traversing  from  east  to  west, 
abounding  in  botanical  and  mineral  productions,  two  and  a  half  miles 
south  of  Milledgeville,  and  terminating  in  a  bold  bluff  on  the  Oconee 
River,  at  a  point  where  the  picturesque  ruins  of  old  Fort  Wilkinson,  one 
mile  and  a  half  from  the  university,  may  be  seen.  The  hill  affords  an 
abundant  supply  of  pure,  cold  water.  The  foundation  of  the  college  is 
on  a  level  with  the  cupola  of  the  State  House.  The  view  from  the  cupola 
of  the  college  is  highly  impressive,  commanding  a  prospect  for  twenty 
miles  around,  in  a  beautifully  undulating  country,  of  the  most  varied  and 
romantic  kind,  abounding  in  hill,  valley,  and  forest,  with  the  city  of 
Milledgeville  in  full  view. ' ' 


The  Banquet  to  In  March,  1825,  while  General  La- 
General  Lafayette,  fayette,  accompanied  by  his  son, 
George  Washington  Lafayette,  and 
his  secretary.  Colonel  Lavoisier,  was  making  a  trium- 
phal tour  through  the  United  States,  a  magTiificent  re- 
ception was  tendered  the  distinguished  visitor  by  the 
people  of  Milledgeville.  There  was  a  public  dinner  in 
the  open  air  on  the  Capitol  lawn  and  a  grand  military 
ball  lat  night  in  the  Capitol  building,  and  scores  of  the 
most  prominent  people  in  the  State  were  present  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  festivities.  Some  eight  or  ten  visiting 
companies  were  on  hand.  The  marshals  of  the  day  were 
John  S.  Thomas  and  R.  L.  Buchanan.  The  military  or- 
ganizations were  under  the  chief  command  of  Major- 
General  Daniel  Newnan,  who  made  quite  an  impressive 
appearance  in  his  handsome  regimentals. 

Says  Major  Stephen  H.  Miller,  who  witnessed  the 
splendid  pageant : 

"Wishing   to    show   ourselves   and    to    get   a    glimpse    of    the   Nation's 
guest,  the  writer 's  company,   the  Lafayette  Volunteers,   from   Twiggs,   or- 


♦Georgia  Illustrated,   p.    7,   Penfleld,    1842. 


Baldwin  575 

ganized  for  the  occasion,  marched  into  town,  and  halted  opposite  the  Gov- 
ernment House,  where  General  Lafayette  was  quartered.  Our  Captain  went 
in  and  was  introduced  by  Governor  Troup;  then  the  Captain  introduced 
the  three  Kevolutionary  veterans,  William  Duffel,  John  Shine,  and  Charles 
Ealey,  to  General  Lafayette,  who,  on  seeing  Father  Duffel,  cordially  em- 
braced him,  saying,  ' '  I  remember  you  well ;  you  were  one  of  my  body- 
guard,  and   helped   to   carry   me   from   the   field   when   I   was   wounded   at 

Brandywine;  I  am  happy  to  see  you." 

*  ******* 

"Two  tables,  each  about  one  hundred  yards  long,  with  cross-tables 
of  fifty  feet  at  the  ends,  were  covered  with  barbecue,  roast  beef,  bread 
and  other  edibles. 

"At  the  upper  end,  in  the  center.  General  Lafayette,  with  Governor 
Troup  on  one  side,  and  Colonel  Seaborn  Jones,  his'  aide,  who  was  master 
of  ceremonies,  on  the  other  side,  of  the  Nation 's  guest.  Governor  Troup 's 
staff,  including  Colonel  Henry  G.  Lamar,  Colonel  Samuel  T.  Bailey,  Colonel 
Samuel  A.  Bailey,  Colonel  Yelverton  P.  King,  Colonel  John  W.  A.  Sanford, 
and  perhaps  others,  were  arranged  at  the  same  end  of  the  table,  all  taking 
part  in  the  administration  of  order,  in  the  proper  observance  of  etiquette, 
and  some)  of  them  reading  the  regular  toasts  prepared  by  the  Committee 
of  Arrangements. 

"The  author  was  within  seeing  and  hearing  distance  of  the  General. 
His  son,  G«orge  Washington  Lafayette,  was  also  pointed  out.  The  latter 's 
head  was  bald;  and  the  father's  wig  gave  him  the  advantage  in  youthful 
appearance.  Colonel  Lavoisier,  the  author  could  not  identify.  There  was 
quite  an  array  of  public  characters  present,  men  known  in  the  history  of 
Georgia,  among  them.  General  John  Clarke,  formerly  Governor  of  Georgia. 

"The  appetite  being  satisfied  with  strong  meat,  next  came  the  wine, 
bottles  of  which,  with  wine  glasses,  were  distributed  on  the  tabels  so 
that  every  one  could  have  a  share.  Then  a  proclamation  was  made  by  Colonel 
Jones,  'Gentlemen,  fill  your  glasses  for  a  toast  from  General  Lafayette,' 
Thereupon  the  Apostle  of  Liberty,  the  companion  and  bosom  friend  of 
Washington,  rose  to  his  feet,  and  in  broken  English,  which  all  heard  with 
delight,  he  gave  '  The  Georgia  Volunteers :  the  worthy  sons  of  my  Eevolu- 
tionary  brethren.'  Cheer  after  cheer  resounded,  the  music  struck  up  'Hail 
to  the  Chief, '  the  cannon  uttered  its  loud  rejoicing,  and  soon  all  was'  quiet 
again. 

"  'Prepare  for  a  toast  from  Governor  Troif^, '  was  the  next  order; 
and,  with  solemn,  distinct  enunciation,  our  Julius  Caesar  of  a  Chief  Mag- 
istrate gave  forth,  'A  union  of  all  hearts  to  honor  the  Nation's  guest,  a 
union  of  all  heads  for  the  country 's  good. '  Again  the  air  was  rent  with 
cheers,  the  band  played  a  national  march,  and  the  cannon  fairly  jarred  the 
square. 

"The  next  order  was,  'Prepare  for  a  toast  from  General  Clarke.' 
Until  then  the  author  had  never  seen  this  celebrated  party  leader.  In  re- 
sponse to  the  call,   a  tall,  bony  man,   with  an   open,  honest   face,   rose  at 


576       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  table  and,  in  a  shrill  voice,  gave  'Count  Pulaski,  the  gallant  Frenchman 
who  fell  at  Savannah,'  and  we  emptied  our  glasses  in  honor  of  the  French 
Count,  as  though  history  had  not  been  contradicted  by  the  statement. 
[Count  Pulaski  was  a  native  of  Poland.]  General  Lafayette  must  have 
esteemed  it  a  special  compliment  to  himself  for  such  renown  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  France  in  the  presence  of  such  an  assemblage  of  Avitnesses. 
Whether  the  mistake  was'  accidental  or  otherwise,  it  did  not  detract  in  the 
slightest  degree"  from  the  valor  or  integrity  of  General  Clarke.  At  most 
it  only  signified  that  his  youth  was'  spent  in  fighting  the  battles  of  his 
country,  instead  of  being  enervated  within  the  walls  of  a  college. 

"It  should  be  remembered  that  before  the  military  retired  from  the 
square  they  were  formed  into  line,  and  General  Lafayette,  leaning  on  the 
arm  of  Governor  Troup,  walked  along  a  little  lame,  and  shook  hands  with 
every  man,  officer  and  private,  Colonel  Jones  officiating  in  the  introduction. 

The  author  was  mentioned  to  him  as  'Sergeant  M , '  and  the  response 

was,   'Sergeant   M ,   1   am   very   glad  to   see   you.'      This   joy   was 

expressed  to  all,  and  was  more  than  reciprocated  by  all  the  volunteers. 
The  hand  of  General  Lafayette  had  been  grasped— that  was  glory  enough 
then.  It  is  still  a  pleasant  remembrance,  but  thirty  years  of  hardship  in 
the  camp  of  life  have  rather  tended  to  prove,  to  the  author  at  least,  that 
glory  is  not  communicated  in  so  easy  and  simple  a  manner."* 


While  the  banquet  to  General  Lafayette  was  in  pro- 
gress two  very  sensational  events  occurred  on  the  Cap- 
itol lawn,  and  there  might  have  been  a  panic  had  it  not 
been  for  the  calm  demeanor  of  Major-Gen eral  Daniel 
Newman,  who  was  in  chief  command  of  the  troops.  The 
first  episode  was  the  sudden  swooning  of  Major  James 
Smith,  of  Clinton,  on  discovering  that  he  had  been  robbed 
of  his  pocketbook,  which  contained  something  like  five 
thousand  dollars  in  bills.  The  other  was  still  more 
serious.  The  shirt-sleeves  of  the  man  whose  duty  it 
was  to  load  the  cannon  had  caught  on  fire;  and,  without 
being  aware  of  the  fact,  he  put  his  hand  into  the  large 
cartridge  box  for  another  round,  when  the  fire  was  com- 
municated to  the  powder,  and  the  whole  lump,  containing 
not  less  than  twenty  or  thirty  pounds,  instantly  exploded, 
blowing  the  poor  man  several  feet  into  the  air  and  se- 


*Stephen  H.  Miller,  Vol.  2,  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia. 


Barrow  577 

verely  wounding-  two  others  who  were  standing  near  the 
cannon.  There  was  a  general  rush  of  people  to  the  spot. 
Major  Miller,  who  was  present,  says  that  he  can  never 
forget  the  appearance  of  the  poor  man  who  was  most 
injured.  His  body  was  literally  burnt  to  a  black  cinder; 
and  his  agony  was  inexpressibly  great.  He  died  within 
a  day  or  two,  but  the  others,  after  much  suffering,  re- 
covered. This  melancholy  affair  hastened  the  close  of 
the  festivities. 


BARROW. 


Winder.  On  July  7,  1914,  a  Constitutional  amendment 
authorizing  the  new  County  of  Barrow  was  ap- 
proved by  Governor  John  M.  Slaton.  Three  counties, 
Jackson,  Walton  and  Gwinnett,  each  contributed  to  form 
the  new  County  of  Barrow,  so  called  in  honor  of  the 
present  distinguished  Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Georgia,  Dr.  David  C.  Barrow,  one  of  the  most  popular 
men  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  most  successful  college 
heads  in  America.  Winder  will  be  the  new  county-seat. 
This  wide-awake  young  metropolis  has  surrendered  a 
most  unique  distinction  among  the  towns  of  Georgia, 
in  exchange  for  its  new  honors  as  a  seat  of  government. 
Heretofore  each  of  the  above-named  counties  has  formed 
an  angle  within  the  corporate  limits  of  Winder;  and 
such  has  been  the  peculiar  situation  of  the  town  with 
reference  to  county  lines  that  part  of  its  populatioi^ 
lias  been  in  Walton,  part  in  Jackson  and  part  in  Gwin- 
nett. Moreover,  in  a  number  of  cases,  the  same  man 
has  crossed  the  street  from  his  office  in  one  county  to 
his  residence  in  another  county,  and  looked  out  of  his 
window  upon  property  which  he  owned  in  a  third  county 
— all  embraced  within  the  corporate  limits  of  Winder. 
This  condition  of  affairs  naturally  giave  rise  to  a  most 
embarrassing  situation,  and  constituted  an  argiiment 
for  the  new  county,  which  was  not  to  be  answered  by 


578       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

its  oj^ponents.  To  quote  Mr.  H.  N.  Rainey,  Jr.,  it  was 
frequently  difficult  for  a  man  even  to  die  in  Winder,  as 
it  was  sometimes  necessary  to  take  out  letters  of  ad- 
ministration in  all  of  the  counties.  Mr.  Rainey  was 
a  zealous  supporter  of  the  bill,  and  was  naturally  quite 
elated  over  the  result  achieved.  He  lives  at  AVinder  and 
represents  Jackson  Count}^  in  the  present  House.  But 
the  figlit  for  Barrow  County  was  not  won  without  the 
most  pronounced  opposition,  each  of  the  counties  above 
named  taking  an  active  stand  in  the  matter.  The  move- 
ment for  a  new  county  was  started  ten  years  ago,  when 
the  town  of  Winder  first  awoke  to  its  possibilities  as  a 
center  of  trade.  Session  after  session  the  advocates  of 
a  new  county  went  before  the  Legislature,  only  to  find 
the  way  effectually  blocked.  But  there  was  no  furling  of 
banners.  At  tlie  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  after 
a  splendid  victory  in  the  House,  an  unforeseen  defeat 
was  sustainecl  in  the  Senate;  but  when  the  Legislature 
reconvened  this  year  the  bill  was  reconsidered  in  the 
Senate  and  passed — a  result  due  largely  to  the  tactful 
generalship  of  Senator  R.  T.  DuBose.  The  original  name 
of  the  new  county-seat  was  Jug  Tavern,  so  called  from 
a  jug  factory  in  this  immediate  neighborhood;  but  in 
1893  the  name  was  changed  by  a  legislative  act  to  Winder, 
in  honor  of  a  former  president  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line. 
At  the  same  time  it  was  granted  a  charter  of  incorpora- 
tion as  a  city,  and  since  then  its  marching  columns  have 
never  once  come  to  a  halt.  Governor  Slaton,  after  attach- 
ing his  signature  to  the  bill,  relinquished  to  Mr.  Rainey 
the  pen  with  whicli  he  performed  the  executive  act. 


BARTOW. 
Prehistoric  Memor-  Perhaps  nowhere  on  the  continent  of 
ials:  The  Famous  North  America  can  there  be  found 
Etowah  Mounds.  today  memorials  of  a  more  colossal 
character  or  of  a  more  intense  inter- 
est, testifying  to  the  existence  of  the  very  earliest  inhabi- 


Bartow  579 

tants  of  the  western  hemisphere,  than  in  the  famous 
monumental  remains  of  the  Etowah,  some  two  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  i^resent  town  of  Cartersville.  These  an- 
cient relics  of  an  unknown  race  are  located  on  what  was 
formerly  the  property  of  Colonel  Lewis  Tumi  in.  There 
are  similar  structures  to  be  found  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  and  along  the  Ohio  and  the  Scioto  Rivers, 
but  none  to  compare  in  magnitude  with  these  splendid 
piles.  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,*  who  visited  the 
locality  some  time  in  the  fifties  for  the  purpose  of  making 
scientific  investigations,  has  put  on  record  an  exhaustive 
monograph,  dealing  with  the  subject  from  almost  every 
point  of  view.  He  thus  describes  these  immemorial 
mounds : 

' '  Situated  upon  the  right  bank  of  the  Etowah  River,  in  the  midst  of 
a  perfectly  alluvial  bottom,  they  tower  above  all  surrounding  objects, 
changeless  amid  the  revolutions  of  centuries.  They  consist  of  a  series  of 
mounds,  surrounded  by  a  large  and  deep  moat — the  traces  of  which  are 
quite  distinct;  and,  when  filled  with  the  tide  of  the  river  it  effectually 
isolated  the  entire  space  included  within  its  boundaries.  The  Etowah  Eiver 
here  turns  to  the  south;  and,  after  a  gentle  sweep  again  recovers  its  wonted 
course,  thus  forming  a  graceful  bend.  This  moat  originally  communicated 
at  either  end  with  the  river,  a  fact  which  is  still  apparent,  although  the 
current  of  the  stream,  in  its  flow  of  years,  has  filled  to  a  very  great  ex- 
tent, the  mouths  of  the  ditch,  thus  preventing  the  influx  and  reflux  of 
the  tide.  Formerly  the  water  must  have  coursed  freely  through  it,  thus 
isolating  the  entire  space  and  constituting  quite  an  obstacle  in  the  path 
of  an  attacking  foe.  This  ditch  varies  in  depth  and  width ;  in  some  places 
possessing  still  a  depth  of  twenty  feet — in  others,  of  not  more  than  eight 
or  ten;  and  differing  in  width  from  fifteen  to  forty  feet.  North  and  west 
of  the  mounds  situated  within  this  enclosure,  and  along  the  line  of  the 
moat,  are  two  excavations,  each  having  at  present  a  conjectured  area  of  about 
an  acre,  and  a  depth  of  some  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet.  "With  these  ex- 
cavations the  moat  communicates  directly,  so  that  the  same  rising  tide  in 
the  river,  which  flowed  into  the  ditch,  would  also  convert  them  into  deep 
ponds  or  huge  reservoirs:.  The  reason  why  these  excavations  were  made 
is  evident.  The  earth  removed  in  constructing  the  moat  was  not  sufficient 
to  build  even  a  moiety  of  the  immense  tumuli  within  the  enclosure.  Hence 
the  M'ound-Builders  were  compelled  to  resort  to  these  enormous  excavations', 
which  still  exist  and  will  remain  for  ages  yet  to  come.     The  space  included 


♦Historical    Remains    of    Georgia,    by    Charles    C.    Jones,    Jr.,    pp.    27-29, 
Savannah,    1S61. 


580       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

within  the  limits  of  the  moat  is  bet\Yeen  forty  and  fifty  acres.  From 
the  general  appearance  and  nature  of  the  works,,  we  are  induced  to  be- 
lieve that  these  excavations  were  designed  to  answer  another  purpose. 
They  might  have  been,  and  probably  were,  intended  as  huge  reservoirs, 
wherein  a  supply  of  water,  sufficient  to  flood  the  entire  moat,  might  have 
been  detained  and  preserved  ready  for  an  emergency.  The  streams  of  this 
region,  springing  as  they  do  from  hilly  sources  and  passing  through  valleys, 
are  subject  to  great  increase  and  diminution  in  volume.  When,  therefore, 
the  water  was'  low  in  the  Etowah,  it  might  have  been  difficult,  if  not  impos- 
sible, to  have  filled  the  moat. ' ' 


Speaking  of  the  mysterious  structures  enclosed  within 
this  ditch,  the  same  authority  says.:* 

"Within  the  enclosure  there  are  seven  mounds.  Three  of  them  are  pre- 
eminent in  size;  one  in  particular  far  surpassing  the  others  in  its  stupen- 
dous proportions,  and  in  the  degree  of  interest  which  attaches  to  it.  This 
large  central  mound  stands  almost  midway  between  the  moat  and  the 
river — a  little  nearer  the  latter.  Its  position  is  commanding,  and  to  the 
eye  of  the  observer  it  seems  a  monument  of  the  past  ages.  It  belongs 
not  to  this  generation.  The  hunter  tribes  had  naught  to  do  with  its  erection. 
The  offspring  of  an  ancient  people,  who  have  passed  forever  beyond  the 
confines  of  this  beautiful  valley,  it  stands  a  solemn  monument,  ever  re- 
peating the  story  of  what  they  achieved,  while  they  themselves  and  all 
else  connected  with  them  are  sleeping  beneath  the  shadow  of  a  forgotten 
past.  Composed  of  native  earth,  simple  yet  impressive  in  form,  it  seems 
calculated  for  an  almost  endless  duration.  Although  no  historian  has 
chronicled  the  names  and  deeds  of  those  who  aided  in  its'  erection — although 
no  poet's  song  commemorates  the  virtues,  the  manners,  the  loves,  the  wars, 
the  brave  deeds  of  those  who  here  dwelt — still  this  monument  exists,  speak- 
ing a  language  perchance  more  impressive  than  the  most  studied  epitaph 
upon  Parian  marble. 

"This  central  tumulus  is  some  eighty  feet  or  more  above  the  level  of 
the  valley.  Tliere  is  no  geological  formation  entering  in  the  smallest  degree 
into  its  composition.  To  all  appearances,  it  consists  entirely  of  the  earth 
taken  from  the  moat  and  the  excavations,  together  with  the  soil  removed 
from  around  its  base,  having  received  no  assistance  whatever  from  any 
natural  hill  or  elevation.  In  view  of  this  circumstance,  its  stupendous 
proportions  become  the  more  surprising.  It  is  somewhat  quadrangular  in 
form,  if  we  disregard  a  small  angle  to  the  south;  its  apex  diameter  two 
hundred  and  twenty-five  feet,  measured  cast  and  west,  and  two  hundred 
and  twenty-two  feet,  measured  north  and  south.     It  is  nearly  level  on  top. 


♦Ibid.,   pp.    107-119. 


Bartow  581 

Originally  this  tumulus  was  crowned  with  the  most  luxurious  vegetation, 
but  the  utilitarian  arm  of  the  husbandman  has  shorn  it  of  this  attraction. 
A  solitary  tree  stands  near  the  northern  extremity.  The  native  weeds  and 
annual  grasses  flourish,  however,  in  such  rich  profusion  that  the  steps  of 
the  observer  are  seriously  impeded.  The  view  of  the  surrounding  country 
from  the  summit  of  this  tumulus  is  highly  attractive.  Almost  at  its  base 
flows  the  ever-changing  tide  of  the  Etowah  Eiver.  Alternate  fields  and 
forests  charm  the  eye.  The  rich  alluvial  bottoms,  teeming  with  the  prod- 
ucts of  intelligent  husbandry — the  crests  of  the  neighboring  hills,  adorned 
with  pleasant  cottages  and  covered  with  well-cultivated  orchards — the  con- 
secrated spire,  rising  from  the  oak  grove  which  marks  the  suburbs  of  the 
neighboring  village — all  proclaim  in  glad  accord  the  happy  reign  of  peace 
and  plenty.  Tender  must  have  been  the  attachment  with  which  the  Mound- 
Builders  regarded  this  beautiful  valley." 


Curious  Relics  According  to  Colonel  Jones,  the  follow- 
Taken  From  ing  curious  relics,  among  a  number  of 
the  Tumuli.  others,  have  been  found  from  time  Ito 
time  as  the  result  of  excavations  made 
within  the  area  enclosed  by  the  moat.  1.  A  pipe,  fash- 
ioned of  a  species  of  green  stone,  almost  equal  to  Egyp- 
tian granite.  It  is  three  and  a  half  inches  in  height.  It 
represents  a  human  figure  seated  in  oriental  fashion,  the 
extended  arms  of  which  uphold  an  urn  of  classic  pattern, 
which  constitutes  the  bowl.  The  latter  is  two  inches  iri 
diameter,  with  ornamented  rim  and  unique  handles.  The 
countenance  of  the  figure  is  clearl}^  not  Indian  in  a  single 
feature.  The  head  is  thrown  back,  and  the  uplifted 
eyes  seem  to  be  resting  upon  some  superior,  unseen,  yet 
adorable  divinity.  The  chiseld  .hair  upon  the  front  is 
gathered  upon  the  top  in  a  fold,  and  thence  flowing  back- 
ward is  confined  behind  in  a  knot.  Ears  prominent.  2. 
A  pipe,  likewise  of  stone,  four  and  one-quarter  inches  in 
height,  similar  in  design  to  the  first,  but  ruder  in  its  con- 
struction. 3.  Clay  pipes — some  perfectly  plain,  others 
with  rude  impressions  upon  the  outside,  and  scalloped 
rims.  Probably  of  Indian  origin.  Bowl  at  right  angles 
with  the  stem — some  of  baked,  others  of  undried  clay. 
4.  An  idol.    This  interesting  relic,  made  of  a  coarse,  dark 


582       GeorgIxV's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

sand-stone,  is  twelve  inches  in  lieiglit.  It  consists  of  a 
human  figure  in  a  sitting*  posture,  the  knees  drawn  up, 
almost  upon  a  level  with  the  chin,  the  hands  resting  upon 
the  knees.  Retreating  chin  and  forehead — full  head  of 
hair,  gathered  into  a  knot  behind— face  upturned — eyes 
angular.  Not  a  single  feature,  not  an  idea  connected 
with  this  image  is  Indian  in  its  character.  Everything 
about  it  suggests  the  belief  that  it  must  have  been  fash- 
ioned by  the  ancient  Mound-Builders.  It  is  an  interesting- 
fact,  in  this  connection,  that  the  Cherokees  were  "never 
worshippers  of  idols:  Both  x\dair  and  Bartram  testify 
in  positive  terms  to  this  effect.  5.  A  stone  plate.  This 
singular  relic  is  circular  in  form,  eleven  inches  and  a  half 
in  diameter,  one  inch  and  a  quarter  in  thickness.  Be- 
tween the  scalloped  edges  and  the  central  portion  of  the 
plate,  there  are  two  circular  depressed  rings.  The  mate- 
rial is  of  a  sea-green  color.  Weight— nearly  seven  pounds. 
It  was  probably  never  employed  for  domestic  or  culinary 
purposes.  We  incline  to  the  belief  that  it  was  a  conse- 
crated vessel,  in  which  was  exposed  the  food  placed  b}^ 
the  Mound-Builders  before  the  idols  which  they  wor- 
shipped. 6.  A  shell  ornament.  Five  and  a  quarter 
indies  in  length ;  four  and  a  half  inches  in  width ;  ovoidal 
in  form;  various  designs  chased  on  both  inner  and  outer 
sides ;  numerous  apertures  cut — some  circular,  some  el- 
liptical. It  was  probably  worn  as  an  ornament,  sus- 
pended from  the  neck.  The  impressions  cut  upon  this 
shell  appear  to  indicate  the  fancy  and  taste  of  the  artist, 
rather  than  any  positive  attempt  at  representation  of 
any  particular  object  or  thing.  The  carved  lines  may  be 
hieroglyphical,  but  who  at  this  day  can  reveal  the  hidden 
meaning?  We  are  inclined  to  refer  this  relic  to  the  handi- 
work of  the  Mound-Builders.  7.  Fragments  of  isinglass. 
In  the  construction  of  mirrors,  this  material  was  con- 
stantly used  by  the  Mound-Builders.  The  most  extraor- 
dinary specimen  of  this  character  was  found  at  Circle- 
ville.  in  the  Scioto  Valley,  twenty-six  miles  south  of 
Columbus.    It  was  three  feet  in  length — one  foot  and  a 


Bartow  583 

naif  iu  breadtli — and  one  inch  and  a  half  in  thickness — 
while  on  it  a  plate  of  iron  had  become  an  oxide.  8.  Stone 
pestles.  9,  Numerous  fragments  of  pottery.  10.  Head 
and  neck  of  bird,  a  specimen  of  clay— baked.  11.  Various 
little  imag'es.  These  remains  were  found  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  tumuli  and  in  the  fields  around  them.  We 
may,  therefore,  eagerly  anticipate  the  revelations  which 
will  come  to  light  when  the  Herculean  task  of  exploring 
them  has  been  successfully  accomplished. 


The  Mound  Like  the  unsolved  riddle  of  the  Sphinx, 

Builders:  an  Un-  there  obtrudes  upon  the  imagination 
Solved  Problem,  this  question,  which  time  has  not  yet 
answered:  Who  were  the  mysterious 
Mound-Builders?  They  must  have  been  an  extraordi- 
nary race  of  people  to  have  reared  such  enduring  fabrics. 
But  the  days  when  these  primitive  inhabitants  roamed 
the  continent  lie  far  away  in  the  remote  background  of 
the  past,  beyond  even  the  shadowy  range  of  tradition. 
The  mantle  of  oblivion  rests  upon  them.  No  historical 
records  have  been  left  behind ;  and  only  from  the  internal 
evidence  of  these  tumuli  can  the  least  information  be  de- 
duced. But  Colonel  Jones  speculates  interestingly  upon 
the  subject.    Says  he:* 

' '  It  will  be  at  once  ren.arked  by  those  \Yho  even  to  a  limited  df  gi'^e 
have  bestowed  any  attention  upon  the  antiquities  of  our  State,  tliat  these 
remains  are  not  at  all  Indian,  in  point  of  origin.  They  have  nothing  iu 
common  with  those  which  were  ascertained  to  have  been  constructed  by 
the  Indians  who  were  here  when  the  region  was  first  peopled  by  the  whites. 
We  have  also  the  positive  testimony  of  the  Cherokees  to  the  effect  that  they 
retained  not  even  a  tradition  of  the  race  by  whom  they  were  made.  The 
authors  of  these  tumuli  were  probably  idol  worshippers.  Among  the  Cher- 
okees this  religious  custom  was  never  known  to  exist.  The  belief  cherished 
by  them  with  respect  to  a  future  state  forbids  the  supposition  that  the 
idols  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  these  tumuli  were  fashioned  by  them. 
Again,  no  migratory  or  nomadic  race  of  people  would  have  undertaken  the 

*Ibi(].,   pp.    37-41. 


584       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

erection  of  such  vast  earth  works,  involving  immense  labor  and  designed 
for  almost  endless  duration.  Men  must  have  emerged  from  the  hunter 
state;  they  must  have  become  more  advanced  in  civilization;  population 
must  have  become  more  dense  before  the  erection  of  such  temples — such 
fortifications — could  have  been  undertaken.  There  was  not  in  the  sixteenth 
century  a  single  tribe  of  Indians,  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific,  who 
had  means  of  subsistence  sufficient  to  enable  them  to  apply  lo  such  pur- 
poses the  unproductive  labor  necessary  for  the  erection  of  such  a  work. 
Nor  was  there  any  in  such  a  social  state  as  to  enable  a  chief  to  compel 
the  labor  of  the  nation  to  be  thus  applied.  It  is  only  under  despotic  forms 
of  government  that  pyramids  will  ever  be  erected  in  honor  of  princes — or 
such  huge  earth  works  be  dedicated  to  religious  purposes.  It  is  evident 
that  these  monuments  were  never  constructed  by  the  Indians  who  pos- 
sessed this  region  when  Georgia  was  first  peopled  by  the  whites.  Without 
pausing  to  enumerate  the  proofs  upon  which  the  supposition  rests,  we  may 
here  state  in  general  terms  that  all  the  probabilities  point  to  Asia  as  the 
country  whence  came  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  America.  Wlien  or  what 
place  they  located,  cannot  at  this  remove  be  definitely  ascertained.  While 
there  are  indications  now  and  then  of  what  may  be  termed  an  intrusive 
type  of  civilization,  referred  by  some  to  occasional  adventures  and  migra- 
tions, having  an  impulse  from  the  east  toward  the  Atlantic  coast,  we  in- 
cline to  the  opinion  which  looks  to  Mexico  as  the  parent  of  the  immediate 
civilization  which  originated  in  this  valley,  and  which  resulted  in  these  me- 
morials to  the  industry,  religious  zeal  and  military  skill  of  a  people  who,  in 
the  absence  of  some  definite  name,  are  denominated  Mound-Builders.  The 
remains  which  they  have  left  behind  them  are  in  many  instances  precisely 
similar  to  those  which  have  been  exhumed  in  the  valleys  and  at  the  base 
of  these  ancient  temples,  seated  upon  the  plains  of  Mexico.  Another  fact 
worthy  of  notice  is  this:  these  remains  are  generally  located  upon  or  near 
streams,  having  communication  directly  or  indirectly  with  the   Gulf. '  '* 


Testimony  of  a  Since  the  locality  in  question  was  vis- 
Skeleton:  Perhaps  ted  by  Colonel  Jones,  light  from  other 
a  Race  of  Giants,  sources  has  been  thrown  upon  these 
mysterious  tumuli.  The  following  item 
is  copied  from  one  of  the  old  scrap-books  of  Judge 
Richard  H.  Clarke.    It  reads : 

"Several  years  ago  an  Indian  mound  was  opened  near  Cartersville,  Ga., 
by  a  committee  of  scientists  from  Smithsonian.  After  removing  the  dirt 
for  some  distance  a  layer  of  large  flag-stones  Avas  found,  which  had  evi- 
dently been  dressed  by  hand,  showing  that  the  men  who  quarried  the  rock 


♦Charles  C.   Jones,   Jr.,  in  Monumental  Remains   of  Georgia, 


Bartow  o85 

understood  the  business.  These  stones  were  removed,  and  in  a  vault  be- 
neath them  was  found  the  skeleton  of  a  giant,  measuring  seven  feet  and 
two  inches.  His  hair  was  coarse  and  jet  black,  and  hung  to  the  waist, 
the  brow  being  ornamented  with  a  copper  crown.  The  skeleton  was  re- 
markably well  preserved  and  was  taken  from  the  vault  intact.  Nearby 
were  found  the  bodies  of  several  children  of  various  sizes.  The  remains 
of  the  latter  were  covered  with  beads  made  of  bone  of  some  kind.  Upon 
removing  these  the  bodies  were  found  to  be  enclosed  in  a  net-work  of 
straw  or  reeds,  and  underneath  these  was  a  covering  of  the  skin  of  some 
animal.  In  fact,  the  bodies  had  been  prepared  somewhat  after  the  manner 
of  mummies  and  will  doubtless  throw  new  light  upon,  the  history  of!  the 
people  who  reared  these  mounds.  On  the  stones  which  covered  the  vault  were 
carved  inscriptions,  and  if  deciphered  will  probably  lift  the  veil  which 
has  enshrouded  the  history  of  the  race  of  giants  which  undoubtedly  at  one 
time  inhabited  the  continent. '  '* 


Kingston:  Story     One  of  the  most  historic  old  landmarks 
of  the  Old  in  Cherokee  Georgia  is  the  famous  old 

Beck  Home.  Beck  home,  at  Kingston,    It  is  situated 

a  half  mile  from  the  town  center,  but 
within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  railroad  track.  This  relic 
of  ante-bellum  days  was  purchased  in  1850  by  the  noted 
author,  Dr.  Francis  R.  Goulding,  who  remodelled  the 
building  to  suit  the  needs  of  a  school  which  he  here 
successfully  taught  for  a  number  of  years.  The  top 
story  of  the  house  was  converted  into  a  large  danc- 
ing hall  and  equipped  with  a  stage  for  private  theat- 
ricals and  school  exhibitions.  Appurtenant  to  the  house, 
there  is  a  bold  spring  of  water,  crystal  clear,  to  which 
White,  in  his  ''Statistics  of  Georgia,"  makes  refer- 
ence, stating  that  it  threw  out  several  hundred  gallons 
a  minute,  boiling  from  under  a  cleft  of  rocks.  Some 
fine  old  beech  trees  cast  a  luxuriant  shade  over  the  spa- 
cious grounds;  and,  after  years  of  absence,  gray-haired 
men  have  returned  to  Kingston  to  find  their  names  cut 
high  into  the  bark,  where  they  had  cut  them  low   on 


*Extiact  from  a  letter  written  by  a  Mr.  Hazleton  to  J.  B.  Toomer  and 
published  in  the  "Banner^"  of  Athens,  Ga.,  date  unknown.  Reproduced 
from  one  of  the  scrap-books  of  Judge  Richard  H.  Clark,  in  the  Carnegie 
Library,   in  Atlanta,   Ga. 


ir 


58^        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  trees  iu  the  early  fifties.  While  residing  in  the  old 
Beck  home,  Dr.  Goulding  wrote  his  world-renowned 
story:  *'The  Young  Marooners."  The  property  was  ac- 
quired in  1858  by  its  present  owner,  Mrs.  Josephine 
Hardin  Beck. 

During  the  Civil  War  this  famous  old  landmark  of 
Kingston  was  used  as  a  hospital  by  the  Federal  Armj^ 
under  General  Sherman,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  Union 
soldiers  were  buried  in  the  back  j^ard.  These  were  after- 
wards removed  to  the  Federal  Cemetery  at  Marietta.  In 
the  meantime,  quite  a  number  of  the  inscriptions  had 
faded  and  some  of  the  wooden  boards  had  rotted  away, 
but  Mrs.  Beck— though  a  Southern  lady — w^as  so  unre- 
mitting in  her  watchful  care  over  these  graves,  in  wliicTi 
slept  the  soldier  boys  of  the  North,  that  she  was  able  to 
restore  each  epitaph,  by  means  of  a  note-book  which  she 
faithfully  kept.  Today  not  one  of  them  sleeps  in  an 
unknown  grave  at  Marietta.  There  is  quite  an  interest- 
ing story  in  regard  to  the  fine  old  mahogany  furniture 
from  San  Domingo,  still  used  in  the  old  Beck  home.  It 
was  purchased  by  Colonel  William  Hardin,  Mrs.  Beck's 
father,  from  Governor  George  E.  Gilmer.  The  latter 
ordered  it  from  England,  for  his  use  in  the  executive  man- 
sion while  Governor,  but  it  was  so  long  on  the  way  that 
the  old  Governor  was  not  only  out  of  patience,  but  out 
of  office  when  it  finally  arrived.  Colonel  Hardin,  on 
taking  his  cotton  to  Charleston,  in  1836,  managed  to  get 
on  the  track  of  this  furniture,  bought  it  from  Governor 
Gilmer  and  transported  it  to  his  home  on  the  Etowah.  In 
1859  it  became  the  property  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Beck. 
Colonel  Hardin  took  an  important  part  in  the  removal 
of  the  Cherokee  Indians  from  Georgia,  in  1837,  and  was 
put  in  command  of  one  of  the  detachments.  He  was  the 
father  of  the  late  Colonel  Mark  Hardin,  for  years  clerk 
of  the  Georgia  House  of  Representatives.* 

♦Authority:   Miss  Ada   Beck,   now  of  Laredo   Seminaiy,   Laiedo,    Texas. 


Bartow  587 

It  was  on  one  of  the  hills  around  Kingston  that  Brig- 
adier-General Wofford,  then  in  command  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  North  Georgia,  surrendered  his  army  at  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War.  Three  breastworks  erected  during  the 
campaign  of  1864  still  stand  within  the  corporate  limits 
of  the  town.  So  compact  is  the  clay  of  which  these  for- 
tifications were  constructed  that  they  have  undergone  no 
diminution  since  they  were  first  built,  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury ago ;  and  on  top  of  them  today  there  are  growing 
large  trees.  In  the  cemetery  at  Kingston  250  nameless 
Confederate  soldiers  are  buried,  besides  two  soldiers 
who  wore  the  blue  uniform.  Years  ago  the  Ladies  Me- 
morial Association  erected  a  shaft  of  marble  in  honor 
of  these  unknown  heroes,  placing  it  in  the  center  of  the 
consecrated  area  of  ground.  Since  then  the  A¥omen's 
History  Club  has  marked  each  grave  with  a  neat  head- 
stone of  marble.  The  Union  soldiers  are  included  among 
this  number  and  are  designated  by  the  initials  ''U.  S.  A." 
For  more  than  forty  years  the  women  of  Kingston  have 
cared  for  these  graves.  Consequently  when  it  was  pro- 
posed some  time  ago  to  remove  the  bodies  to  -Marietta 
they  protested.  The  very  thought  was  a  nightmare  to 
them.  One  of  the  earliest  settlers  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Kingston  was  Mr.  Levi  Jolly,  who  came  to  this  locality 
from  North  Carolina  soon  after  the  removal  of  the  In- 
dians. His  daughter,  Mrs.  E.  K.  Van  Metre,  still  re- 
sides here.  Major  Charles  H.  Smith  once  lived  at  King- 
ston, and  the  original  Bill  Arp,  from  whom  the  great 
humorist  derived  his  celebrated  pen  name,  was  likewise 
a  Kingstonian ;  but  a  most  nondescript  character,  ''gin 
tales  be  true."  The  Reynolds  home,  commonly  known  as 
the  Branson  place,  a  mile  and  a  quarter  from  Kingston, 
is  an  interesting  old  mansion  of  the  ante-bellum  type. 
It  was  built  of  brick  made  by  slave  labor  on  the  planta- 
tit)n ;  and  with  its  large  white  columns  in  front  it  is  not 
unlike  the  old  home  of  General  Lee  at  Arling-ton.  The 
town  of  Kingston  was  named  for  United  States  Senator 
John  P.  King,  of  Aug-usta,  one  of  Georgia's  earliest  rail- 


588       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

way  pioneers  and .  for  years  president  of  the  Georgia 
Railroad. 


Cassville :  its  Former     Fragrant  with   the  memories   of  a 
Glories  Recalled.  past  generation  is  the  historic  little 

town  of  Cassville,  once  the  most 
famous  seat  of  learning  and  the  most  important  center 
of  population  in  the  whole  of  Cherokee  Georgia.  Here 
the  Supreme  Court  held  its  first  sessions  and  rendered 
its  first  decisions.*  Here,  in  elegant  homes,  lived  some 
of  the  wealthiest  people  of  the  State.  Here  flourished 
two  noted  schools:  the  Cassville  Female  College  and'the 
Cherokee  Baptist  College,  both  of  which  w^ere  formerly 
the  scenes  of  gay  commencements.  It  is  doubtful  if  any 
community  in  the  State  has  ever  known  an  abler  group 
of  lawyers  than  Cassville  boasted  before  the  war,  some 
of  them  men  of  the  very  highest  eminence  at  the  Bar. 
Here,  it  is  said  that  the  first  brick  sidewalks  in  upper 
Georgia  were  laid,  and  the  first  prohibitory  measures 
against  the  sale  of  intoxicants  were  put  into  effect.  Here 
sleep,  in  unknown  graves,  over  300  Confederate  soldiers, 
over  whom  stands  one  of  the  oldest  Confederate  monu- 
ments ever  erected ;  and  here  one  of  the  first  memorial  as- 
sociations in  the  State  was  organized.  But  Cassville  was 
not  a  friend  to  railroads.  Moreover,  it  lay  in  the  track 
of  General  Sherman's  fiery  march  to  the  sea,  and  when 
he  quit  the  town  there  was  little  left  except  blackened 
ruins.  Today  Cassville  is  only  a  small  village,  its  former 
prosperity  a  dream  of  yesterday;  but  it  still  boasts  some 
splendid  citizens. 


Cassville  dates  back  to  183'2.    It  was  made  the  county- 
seat  of  Cass  County  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  creai 


•Authorities:    Mrs.  M.  L.  Johnson,  of  Cass  Station;  Mrs.  W.  H.   Felton, 
of  Cartersville;  Mr.  T.  Warren  Akin,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 


Bartow  .  589 

ing  this  county  out  of  lands  then  recently  vacated  by 
the  Cherokees ;  and  some  of  the  first  settlers  are  named 
in  the  charter  granted  to  the  old  Cassville  Academy,  to 
wit :  John  W.  Hooper,  William  L.  Morgan,  Malachi  Jones, 
Charles  Cleghorn,  and  Thomas  G.  Barron.^  However, 
the  town  was  not  incorporated  until  December  27,  1843, 
when  the  following  residents  were  named  commissioners ; 
Samuel  Morgan,  William  Latimer,  Thomas  A.  Sullivan, 
George  B.  Russell  and  Julius  M.  Patton.  The  court- 
house was  situated  in  a  grove  of  magiiificent  oak  trees, 
some  of  which  still  linger  upon  the  square  as  stately  re- 
minders of  an  era  which  has  long  since  vanished. 

The  nearest  depot — two  miles  and  a  half  distant — is 
Cass  Station.  Prior  to  the  war,  Cassville 's  population 
numbered  2,000  souls,  quite  a  large  one  for  those  days, 
when  the  population  of  the  State  was  chiefly  rural  and 
nearly  every  one  lived  on  plantations.  In  1853,  when  her 
two  famous  schools  were  incorporated,  Cassville,  at  the 
recjuest  of  her  own  citizens,  was  placed  under  laws  re- 
stricting the  sale  of  intoxicants,  and  she  was  probably 
the  first  town  in  the  State  to  adopt  measures  looking 
toward  ultimate  prohibition. 

Cassville  was  named  for  General  Lewis  Cass,  of 
Michigan.  At  this  time,  the  old  soldier  was  widely  popu- 
lar throug^hout  the  South,  but  his  subsequent  views  on 
the  subject  of  African  servitude,  alienated  his  former 
friends  in  the  slave-holding  States.  In  1861,  when  the 
name  of  the  county  was  changed  to  Bartow,  an  effort 
was  made  to  change  the  name  of  the  town  to  Manassas ; 
but  the  United  States  postal  authorities  refused  to  ratify 
tliis  legislative  act.^  Cassville  loved  her  colleges ;  and  it 
was  due  largely  to  the  supposed  harmful  effect  that  the 
railroads  were  likely  to  have  upon  these  institutions  that 
she  refused  the  State  Road  surveyors  the  right  of  way 
to  her  doors.     Charters  for  both  the  Cherokee  Baptist 


^  Acts,    1S43,    p.    94. 
2  Acts,    1S61,   p.    101. 


590       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

College  and  for  the  Cassville  Female  College  were  granted 
on  the  same  day — January  10,  1854.  According  to  Mrs. 
William  H.  Felton,  the  former  of  these  schools  was 
burned  before  she  refugeed  from  Cassville,  her  old  home; 
the  latter  was  burned  by  the  modern  Attilla:  General 
William  T.  Sherman. 


It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  a  town  like  Cassville 
should  have  become  the  stonn  center  of  such  bitterness 
as  to  warrant  its  utter  destruction  by  the  Federals. 
Various  explanations  have  been  given.  One  is  that  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  in  a  spirit  of  retaliation,  wished  to  re- 
buke the  State  Leigslature  for  its  action  in  repudiating 
General  Cass.  Others  assign  as  a  reason  for  the  town's 
destruction,  its  conversion  of  public  buildings  into  hos- 
pitals and  its  stout  loyalty  to  the  Confederate  cause. 
Still  another  ground  for  resentment  is  traced  to  the  fol- 
lowing incident:  When  some  Federal  prisoners,  on  a 
certain  occasion,  were  brought  through  Cass  Station,  one 
of  a  number  of  young  ladies  from  Cassville  attached  her 
mourning  veil  to  a  cane  and  waved  it  at  these  prisoners, 
who,  angered  by  the  spectacle,  swore  to  be  revenged 
whenever  an  opportunity  should  occur.  But  whatever 
the  reason  for  destroying  Cassville,  it  became  an  accom- 
plished fact  when  General  Sherman  appeared  upon  the 
scene  in  1864.  We  close  this  story  of  Cassville  with  the 
following  eloquent  apostrophe  from  a  recent  speech 
delivered  by  one  of  her  sons  on  an  anniversary  occasion : 
"Dear  classic,  historic  old  Cassville,  always  held  by  the 
things  of  the  past!  She  purposely  and  designedly  iso- 
lated herself  from  the  swift  current  of  commercial  life; 
refused  to  allow  her  peace,  quiet  and  dignity  to  be  in- 
vaded by  the  screech  of  the  locomotive  and  the  rumble 
of  traffic ;  waived  aside  the  coming  of  the  State  Road  and 
retired  within  her  classic  shades  to  preserve  her  schools 
of  learning  and  her  home  life  from  the  raw  and  ruthless 
touch  of  commercialism.    Alas,  for  her!    The  breath  of 


Bartow  591 

war  blasted  her  dreams  and  laid  her  homes  in  ashes.  But 
her  scattered  people  are  still  true  to  the  past  and  revere 
the  conditions  that  placed  her  upon  the  pinnacle  of  Cher- 
okee Georgia's  ante-bellum  achievements." 


The  Old  Cemetery.  In  the  old  cemetery  at  Cassville,  over 
300  Confederate  soldiers  lie  buried 
in  unknown  graves.  But  they  are  not  forgotten.  Over- 
looking the  sacred  area  of  ground,  in  which  these  knights 
of  the  Southern  Cross  repose,  there  rises  an  impressive 
monument — one  of  the  earliest  ever  erected  to  Confeder- 
ate valor.  This  shaft  w^as  reared,  at  infinite  sacrifice,  by 
the  devoted  women  of  Cassville,  out  of  the  poverty  of  a 
desolated  region.  It  is  built  of  brick,  in  each  of  the  four 
sides  of  which  there  is  embedded  a  marble  shield,  bearing 
an  appropriate  inscription.  The  first  Confederate  sol- 
dier buried  in  this  enclosure  was  a  Mr.  Carpenter,  of 
Virginia,  whose  uncle  lived  at  Cassville.*     The  latter, 


♦Intimately  recalling  Oliver  Goldsmith's  "Deserted  Village,"  yet  striking 
a  distinctly  original  note  in  form  and  sentiment,  Mrs.  J.  D.  Carpenter,  of 
Cassville,  a  kinswoman  of  this  young  man,  wrote  a  lovely  poem — now  many 
years  ago — entitled:  "The  Ruined  Village."  It  was  first  printed  in  the 
Quitman  "Banner,"  and  afterwards  in  the  Cartersville  "Standard,"  appear- 
ing in  the  latter  paper  on  May  10,   1867.     These  verses  are  selected: 

"Old   Cassville,    in   thy   early  days,   the   Indian   of   the   wood, 
Amid  thy  tall  and  stately  oaks,   in   buckskin   garments  stood; 
By  nature,   they  were  savages,   but  'twas  not  by  their  hands — 
Dear  Cassville   stands  a  monument  of  far   more   savage   hands! 

Thou   wert  a  place   of  quietude   and  sweet   domestic   joys. 
Outstanding  on   the  noble  hills  were  school   for   girls  and   boys; 
And  no  mean  poltroon  trained  the  thoughts,  but  sages  true  and  sound. 
Taught  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot,  in  science  most  profound. 
****** 

E'en  thus  it  was  in  bygone  days,  when  hopes  were  bright  and  fair; 
But  now  the  lyre  has  changed  its  note,  the  minstrel  changed  his  air; 
The  winds,  in  whispering  murmurs,  creep,  around  the  ruined  walls, 
And  owls  and  bats  their  vigils  keep,   amid   those  blackened  halls. 

****** 

Sad   desolation   marks   the  spot,    but   still   assemble   there, 

A  few  to  share  each  other's  toils,   or  join  in  mutual  cheer; 

Nor  will  they,  as  the  years  roll   round,   forget   the  appointed  day. 

To  strew  with  flowers  those  warriors'  graves,  from  loved  ones  far  away. 

And  will   you,  as  you  strew  them  wide,   save  each  a  little  flower 
For  one  lone  grave  we  stood  beside,   in  Autumn's  twilight  hour? 
That  hour,  so  fraught  with  loneliness,  ere  night  her  curtains  spread, 
We  laid   our  warrior  down   to  rest,   among  the  sleeping  dead," 


592       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

on  hearing-  of  Ms  nephew's  serious  wounds,  caused  him 
to  be  brought  to  his  home,  where  he  was  given  the  best 
medical  attention,  but  without  avail.  In  this  same  burial- 
ground  sleep  Hon.  Warren  Akin  and  General  William 
T.  Wofford,  two  of  Georgia's  most  distinguished  sons. 


Early  Settlers  and  C'assville,  on  account  of  its  prestige 
Noted  Residents.  as  a  seat  of  culture  and  as  a  center  of 
refining  influence,  intellectual  and  so- 
cial, early  became  the  home  of  some  of  Georgia's  best 
families.  Dr.  H.  V.  M.  Miller,  afterwards  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Georgia,  resided  here  at  one  time, 
later  removing  to  Rome.  Here  lived  Judge  Augustus 
R.  Wright,  a  noted  Congressman  and  jurist;  Colonel 
Warren  Akin,  at  one  time  a  strong  minority  candidate  for 
Governor;  General  William  T.  Wofford,  a  gallant  Con- 
federate officer,  who  commanded  the  Department  of 
North  Georgia,  at  the  close  of  the  war;, Judge  John  W. 
Hooper  and  Judge  Turner  H.  Trippe,  two  strong  judges 
of  the  Cherokee  Circuit.  The  list  also  includes:  Lewis 
Tumlin,  Zachariah  Hargrove,  B.  D.  Hamilton,  Major  S. 
L.  Chunn,  Dr.  Underwood,  William  Headen,  John  Word, 
Chester  Hawks,  Jesse  P.  Jones,  Joseph  Bogle,  Dr.  R.  H. 
Patton,  Thomas  Dunlap,  William  Latimer,  John  H.  Rice, 
J.  M.  Wilson,  Hawkins  Price,  Nelson  Gilreath,  G.  H. 
Gilreath,  Richard  Gaines,  Abda  Johnson,  Mark  Johnson, 
A.  M.  Franklin,  H.  W.  Cobb,  William  Goldsmith,  and  a 
host  of  others.  With  the  decline  of  Cassville,  not  a  few 
of  the  old  families  removed  to  Rome. 


Cartersville.     Cartersville,    the    county-seat    of    Bartow 

County,  was  named  for  Farish  Carter,  Esq., 

perhaps  the  wealthiest  landowner  in  the  State  during 

the  ante-bellum  period.    The  town  was  incorporated  by 


Ben  Hill  593 

an  Act  approved  February  5,  1850,  with  the  following 
commissioners :  R.  H.  Cannon,  W.  W.  Leak,  William  H. 
Puckett,  J.  F.  Sproull,  and  Coleman  Pitts.*  Its  earliest 
city  charter  was  granted  in  1872.  Jnst  after  the  first 
battle  of  Manassas,  the  name  of  the  comity  was  changed 
from  Cass  to  Bartow,  in  honor  of  the  gallant  Francis  S. 
Bartow,  who  perished  at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  in  this 
opening  battle  of  the  war.  At  the  same  time,  without 
success,  an  effort  was  made  to  change  the  name  of  the 
former  county-seat  from  Cassville  to  Manassas.  Never- 
theless, when  Cassville  was  destroyed  by  General  Sher- 
man, in  1864,  the  county-seat  was  changed  to  Cartersville, 
then  a  thriving  town  on  the  Etowah.  Due  to  its  splendid 
railway  facilities  and  its  high  altitude,  Cartersville  is 
today  one  of  the  liveliest  trade  centers  of  Georgia,  with 
a  promising  future  outlook.  Some  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men  of  Georgia  have  been  residents  of  Carters- 
ville, including  Hon.  Mark  A.  Cooper,  General  P.  M.  B. 
Young,  Dr.  W.  H.  Felton,  Rev.  Sam  P.  Jones,  Major 
Charles  H.  Smith,  better  known  as  ''Bill  Arp;"  Dr. 
Charles  Wallace  Howard,  former  United  States  Attor- 
ney-General; Amos  T.  Akerman,  Hon.  Lewis  Tumlin, 
Hon.  John  W.  Akin  and  manv  others. 


BEN    HILL 

Volume  I. 

Ben  Hill:  Dramatic  The  most  colossal  figure  in  Georgia 
Incidents  in  the  during  the  days  of  Reconstruction 
Career  of  the  was    the   man    of    consummate    elo- 

Great  Orator.  quence   for  whom   this   county  was 

named.  He  was  a  statesman  of 
proven  fidelit}^  of  keen  insight  into  governmental  prob- 
lems, and  of  unquestioned  moral  courage.  The  spectacle 
which  he  presented  in  Davis  Hall,  in  1867,  when  oblivious 


♦Acts,    18491S50,    p.    103. 


594       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  the  presence  of  an  armed  soldiery,  he  hurled  his  ter- 
rific denunciations  and  his  burning  anathemas  into  the 
teeth  of  the  men  who  represented  the  carpet-bag  regime 
in  Georgia,  is  wholly  unique ;  and  together  with  the  dra- 
matic figure  of  the  rugged  old  Governor  who  denounced 
fraud  and  tyranny  in  the  earlier  days  of  Georgia,  it  will 
be  treasured  in  the  enduring  affections  of  the  Common- 
wealth. The  outlines  of  the  picture  will  never  need  to 
be  retouched. 

Judge  Hill,  in  the  excellent  biographical  memoir 
which  he  has  written  of  his  distinguished  father,  thus 
narrates  the  circumstances:*  "In  1867  the  Eeconstruc- 
tion  measures  were  passed  by  Congress  and  submitted 
to  the  Southern  States  for  ratification.  It  is  not  the  pur- 
pose of  the  writer  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  these 
measures.  It  is  enough  to  say  that  they  were  enacted 
by  a  fanatical  body  of  law-makers  in  bitter  hatred  of  the 
South  and  for  the  purpose  of  degrading  her  people.  A 
few  citizens  of  Atlanta  met  together  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  such  action  as  might  be  deemed  necessary  to 
meet  the  exigency  of  the  hour.  These  men  looked  around 
for  leaders.  Brown  was  advocating  the  prompt  accept- 
ance by  the  South  of  the  terms  proposed.  Stephens  was 
in  silent  despair  at  Liberty  Hall.  Toombs  was  abroad. 
Howell  Cobb  declined  to  give  advice.  Herschel  V.  John- 
son promised  to  write  a  letter  reviewing  the  situation. 
Mr.  Hill  came  to  Atlanta  to  confer  with  his  fellow  citi- 
zens. After  doing  so,  he  secured  copies  of  the  military 
bills  and  promised  to  give  advice  in  a  few  days,  at  the 
expiration  of  which  time  he  notified  the  gentlemen  that 
he  was  ready  to  make  a  speech  in  Atlanta  at  such  time 
as  they  might  wish.  July  10,  1867,  is  an  ever-memorable 
day  in  the  history  of  the  South.  On  the  night  of  that 
day  a  voice  was  raised  in  behalf  of  Southern  honor 
and  manhood  for  the  first  time  since  the  surrender.  The 
speech  of  Mr.  Hill  put  courage  in  the  place  of  despair. 


♦Senator  Benjamin  H.  Hill:  His  Life,  Speeches  and  Writings,  by  Benj.  H. 
Hill,  Jr.,  pp.  50-51,  New  York,   1891. 


Berrien  595 

and  that  night  the  glorious  fight  for  political  redemption 
was  inaugurated." 

One  who  was  present  on  this  occasion  describes  the 
scene  from  the  standpoint  of  an  eye-witness.*  Says  he : 
''The  hall  was  insufificiently  lighted  and  the  pallor  of 
men's  faces  in  the  pit  almost  put  to  shame  the  lamps 
which  here  and  there  flickered.  Mr.  Hill  appeared  in  a 
full  dress  suit  of  black.  His  superb  figure  showed  to 
best  advantage,  his  gray  eyes  flashed,  and  his  face  paled 
into  dead  white  with  earnestness.  Just  before  he  began, 
the  Federal  generals,  in  full  uniform,  with  glittering  staff 
officers,  entered  the  hall  and  marched  to  the  front,  their 
showy  uniforms  and  flushed  faces  making  sharp  con- 
trast with  the  ill-dressed  crowd  of  rebels  through  whic!i 
they  pushed  their  way,  and  sat  in  plain  censorship  over 
the  orator  and  his  utterances.  With  incomparable  un- 
concern, Mr.  Hill  arose.  The  threatening  presence  of 
the  soldiers,  the  jails  which  yawned  behind  them,  the 
dangers  which  the  slightest  nod  from  the  officers  might 
bring,  had  no  effect  upon  him.  Without  hesitation  he 
launched  his  denunciations  upon  them  and  upon  the 
power  which  they  represented.  For;  two  hours  he 
spoke  as  mortal  seldom;  spoke  before,  and  when  he  had 
done  Georgia  was  once  more  on  her  f^et  and  Georgians 
were  organized  for  the  protests  of  1868  and  the  victories 
of  1870." 


BERRIEN 

Nashville.  In  185G  Berrien  County  was  formed  out  of 
Coffee,  Lowndes  and  Irwin  Counties,  and 
named  for  Judge  John  MacPherson  Berrien,  the  ''Amer- 
ican Cicero."  The  commissioners  chosen  at  this  time 
to  select  a  county-site  were:  William  Roberts,  Josiah 
Parish,   Cornelius   Tison,  Jasper   M.   Luke,   and   Owen 

♦Ibid.,  p.   294. 


596       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Smith. ^  Nashville  was  granted  a  charter  of  incorpora- 
tion on  December  20,  1892,  with  W.  L.  Swindle,  Esq.,  as 
Mayor,  and  with  Messrs.  John  T.  Taylor,  W.  E.  Lamb, 
L.  A.  Carter,  L.  L.  Albrittin,  and  T.  I.  Griffin  as  Conn- 
oilmen,-  In  1900,  Nashville  was  reincorporated,  this 
time  as  a  city,  with  its  area  considerably  extended.  It 
has  grown  rapidly  of  late  years;  scores  of  strong  busi- 
ness and  professional  men  have  located  here  on  account 
of  the  splendid  outlook  of  the  town ;  and  today  Nashville 
is  one  of  the  most  important  trade  centers  and  one  of 
the  most  progressive  communities  of  South  Georgia. 


Indian  Fighting  Captain  Levi  J.  Knight  was  a  cele- 
in  the  Swamps,  brated  Indian  fighter.  The  following 
story,  in  which  he  figures  with  some 
prominence,  was  found  in  an  old  scrap-book  kept  .by  the 
late  Judge  Richard  H.  Clarke.  It  was  told  by  Bryan  J. 
Roberts,  a  wealthy  pioneer  citizen  of  Lowndes,  who  sev- 
eral years  before  his  death  divided  a  large  estate  between 
his  children.  It  runs  as  follows:  "In  1836  the  rumors 
of  depredations  committed  by  the  Indians  in  other 
portions  of  the  State  caused  widespread  alarm  in  this 
section,  and  the  citizens  organized  companies  for  protec- 
tion. Captain  Levi  J.  Knight  commanded  the  company 
to  which  Mr.  Roberts  belonged.  This  company  was  on 
duty  for  105  days,  and  was  engaged  in  two  bloody  fights 
with  the  red-skins.  Some  time  in  the  fall  of  the  year 
mentioned,  a  squad  of  Indians  raided  Mr.  William 
Parker's  home,  not  far  from  Milltown,  in  what  is  now 
Berrien.  They  carried  his  feather  beds  out  in  the  yard, 
cut  them  open,  emptied  the  feathers  and  appropriated 
the  ticks.  They  also  robbed  him  of  provisions,  clothing, 
and  money  in  the  sum  of  $308. 

''Captain  Knight  w^as  soon  on  the  trail  of  the  squad 
and  overtook  them  near  the  Alapaha  River,  not  far  from 


1  Acts,    1855-1856,   p.    112. 
"Acts,    1892,    p.    162. 


Berrien  597 

Oaskin's  mill-pond.  The  sun  was  just  rising  when  the 
gallant  company  opened  fire  on  the  savages.  A  lively 
fight  ensued,  but  it  soon  terminated  in  an  utter  rout  of 
the  Indians,  who  threw  their  guns  and  plunder  into  the 
river  and  jmnj^ed  in  after  them.  A  few  were  killed  and 
a  number  wounded.  One  Indian  was  armed  with  a  fine 
shot-gun.  This  he  threw  into  the  river.  He  also  tried 
to  throw  into  the  stream  a  shot-bag,  but  it  was  caught 
by  the  limb  of  a  tree  and  suspended  over  the  water. 
Strange  to  say,  it  contained  Mr.  Parker's  money,  every 
cent  of  which  was  recovered.  The  fine  gun  was  fished 
out  of  the  river  and  was  afterwards  sold  for  $40,  a  tre- 
mendous price  for  a  gun  in  those  days. 

Having  driven  the  Indians  from  the  dense  swamp  be- 
yond the  river,  Captain  Knight  marched  his  company 
as  rapidly  as  possible  in  the  direction  of  Brushy  Creek, 
in  the  southwest  part  of  the  county  [i.  e.,  Lowndes]. 
In  the  distance  they  heard  a  volley  of  small  arms.  On 
arrival,  they  found  that  a  battle  had  already  been  fought, 
and  the  volley  was  only  the  last  tribute  of  respect  over 
the  grave  of  a  comrade-in-arms,  Pennywell  Folsom.  Mr. 
Robert  Parrish,  who  became  quite  prominent  and  lived 
near  Adel,  had  his  arm  broken  in  this  fight.  Edwin 
Henderson  was  mortally  wounded  and  died  near  the 
battle-field,  and  there  were  two  others  killed.  The  In- 
dians lost  22,  besides  a  number  wounded.  The  battle  was 
fought  in  a  swamp  where  Indian  cunning  was  pitted 
against  Anglo-Saxon  courage,  and  in  five  minutes  after 
the  engagement  opened  there  was  not  a  live  red-skin 
to  be  seen.  From  this  place  Captain  Knight  marched  his 
company  into  what  is  now  Clinch.  He  overtook  the 
Indians  at  Cow  Creek,  where  a  sharp  engagement  oc- 
curred. Three  were  killed  and  five  made  prisoners.  Mr. 
Brazelius  Staten  was  dangerously  wounded,  but  finally 
recovered.  This  ended  the  Indian  fighting  in  which  Cap- 
tain Knight's  company  was  engaged.  More  than  three 
quarters  of  a  century  has  since  passed,  and  the  actors  in 
the  bloody  drama  are  now  at  rest. 


598       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

BIBB 

Fort  Hawkins:  the  One  of  the  special  features  of  the 
Cradle  of  Macon,  Sixteenth  Annual  Conference  of  the 
State  D.  A.  R.  in  Macon  was  the 
unveiling  by  Nathaniel  Macon  Chapter  of  a  handsome 
marble  tablet  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Hawkins — the  birth- 
place of  the  present  city  of  Macon,  and  the  most  impor- 
tant stronghold  on  the  Georgia  frontier  in  pioneer  days. 
Following  an  elegant  repast  at  the  Hotel  Dempsey,  over 
wdiicli  the  newly  elected  State  Regent,  Mrs.  T.  C.  Parker, 
most  graciously  presided,  the  visiting  daughters  and 
invited  guests,  promptl}^  at  3  o'clock,  on  the  afternoon 
of  Tuesday,  February  17,  1914,  were  conveyed  in  auto- 
mobiles to  the  site  of  the  old  fort,  some  three-quarters 
■of  a  mile  from  the  town  center.  It  was  underneath  a 
cloudless  sky  and  on  an  afternoon  balmy  with  the  breath 
of  opening  spring-time  that  the  following  program  was 
rendered : 

Invocation. 

Song,  "The  Eed  Old  Hills  of  Georgia,"  by  the  School  Children. 

Remarks  by  the  Slate  Regent,  Mrs.  S.  W.  Foster,  introducing  the 

orator  of  the  day. 
Address,  by  Hon.  Lucian  Lamar  Knight. 
Song,  * '  Georgia, ' '  by  the  School  Children. 
Benediction. 

On  an  eminence  overlooking  the  city  of  Macon  and 
the  sinuous  bed  of  the  Ocmulgee  River,  the  site  of  old 
Fort  Hawkins  commands  a  prospect  unsurpassed  Un 
the  State  for  magnificence  of  view.  But  nothing  today 
remains  of  the  ancient  stronghold  which  once  stood 
upon  these  heights,  except  a  few  broken  fragments  of 
rock.  The  handsome  memorial  tablet  is  a  work  of  art. 
Chiseled  into  the  polished  face  of  the  tablet  is  a  sculp- 
tured design  of  the  old  fort  as  it  looked  when  first  built 
in  1806,  while  underneath  is  inscribed  in  large  letters : 

FORT  HAWKINS. 

The  base  is  formed  of  original  stones  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  old  fort.     These  are  said  to  have  been 


Bibb  599 

dragged  from  the  bottom  of  tlie  river.     On  the  reverse 
side  is  this  inscription : 

From   1806  to  1828. 

Capt.  Benjamin  Hawkins 
Capt.  Philip  Cook 
Major-General  John  Mcintosh 
Major-General  John  Floyd 
Brigftdier-General  David  Blaekshear 
Major  Christopher  Strong 
Colonel  David  Booth 
Colonel  Ezekiel  Wimberly 
Cajst.  James  Satfold 


The  Mcintosh  trail  began  here. 


It  was  during  the  Regency  of  Mrs.  Edgar  A.  Ross, 
who  founded  the  Nathaniel  Macon  Chapter,  that  a  move- 
ment looking  toward  a  memorial  for  old  Fort  Hawkins 
was  first  launched.  Between  Mrs.  Ross  and  the  late  Colo- 
nel Charles  R.  Pendleton,  editor  of  the  Macon  Telegraph, 
there  waged  a  controversy  relative  to  the  date  of  Macon's 
birthday,  the  latter  contending  for  1823,  when  lots  were 
first  sold  in  Macon,  the  former  for  1806,  when  Fort  Haw- 
kins was  built  on  an  eminence  overlooking  the  Ocmul- 
gee  River,  from  a  site  included  within  the  present  city 
limits.  Since  the  Macon  Telegraph  began  its  career  at 
Fort  Hawkins,  Colonel  Pendleton  was  forced  in  the  end 
to  surrender,  and  some  time  afterwards  the  Macon  Tele- 
graph ordered  a  lot  of  post-cards  to  be  printed  contain- 
ing a  picture  of  old  Fort  Hawkins,  described  as  the  birth- 
place of  Macon. 


Major  Philip  Cook.  One  of  the  early  commandants  at 
Fort  Hawkins,  was  Major  Philip 
Cook,  of  the  Eighth  United  States  Infantry,  who  was  sta- 
tioned at  this  point  on  the  frontier  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  War. of  1812.    His  father,  Captain  John  Cook,  was 


600       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

an  officer  in  the  famous  legion  of  cavalry  commanded  by 
Colonel  William  Washington;  while  his  mother  was 
Martha  Pearson,  who  came  of  a  noted  Revolutionary 
household  of  Virginia.  Major  Cook  married  a  famous 
beauty,  Ann  Wooten,  whose  father,  Major  John  Wooten, 
lost  his  life  at  Fort  Wilkinson.  As  an  Indian  fighter, 
Major  Cook  won  early  distinction.  But  he  was  also  a 
most  accomplished  gentleman  and  a  man  of  wide  in- 
formation. His  knowledge  was  almost  encyclopedic.  On 
the  topics  of  the  day  he  was  so  well  versed  that  ques- 
tions were  often  referred  to  him  which  no  one  else  on 
the  frontier  could  answer.  Two  of  his  sons  attained  dis- 
tinction :  Dr.  John  Raif ord  Cook,  a  Confederate  surgeon, 
and  General  Philip  Cook,  a  gallant  soldier  and  civilian, 
who  served  Georgia  on  the  tented  field,  in  Congress  and 
as  Secretary  of  State,  succeeding  in  this  last  position  the 
lamented  Nathan  C.  Barnett.  The  present  distinguished 
Secretary  of  State,  Hon.  Philip  Cook,  Jr.,  is  the  grand- 
son of  Major  Philip  Cook,  the  commandant  at  Fort  Haw- 
kins. 


Macon's  First  While  stationed  here  Major  Cook  became 
White  Child.  the  proud  father  of  the  first  child  of  white 
parentage  born  within  the  limits  of  the 
present  city  of  Macon — Martha  Pearson  Cook,  after- 
wards the  much-beloved  Mrs.  Isaac  Winship.  There  is 
ample  authority  for  this  statement.*  But  the  premier 
honors  in  this  respect  are  not  Mrs.  Winship 's  sole  title 
to  distinction.  She  was  a  tireless  worker  in  the  hospitals 
during  the  dark  days  of  the  Civil  War;  and,  wherever 
an  old  soldier  survives,  the  memory  of  this  sainted  woman 
is  a  fragrant  recollection,  sweeter  than  spikenard  or 
myrrh.  Three  distinct  Georgia;  cities  mtnessed  her  pa- 
triotic activities — each  in  the  order  named— Atlanta,  Grif- 
fin and  Macon.  In  the  first-mentioned  place  she  headed 
the  hospital  relief  corps.    At  Griffin  she  was  instrumen- 

*J.   C.   Butler,  in  History  of  Macon.    Mrs.  W.   L..  reel,  of  Atlanta,  in  a 
statement  made  to  the  author.    Hon.  Philip  Cobk,  Secretary  of  State. 


Bibb  601 

tal,  as  president  of  the  Ladies'  Memorial  Association,  in 
building  the  first  Confederate  monument  in  Georgia,  and 
at  Macon  she  was  the  moving  spirit  in  the  erection  of 
the  handsome  memorial  unveiled  to  the  heroes  of  the 
South,  in  1879.  To  quote  the  words  of  her  granddaughter, 
Mrs.  Martha  Cook  Flournoy:  "She  carried  carloads  of 
coffins  to  the  battle-field  of  Jonesboro,  and  with  colored 
help  gathered  up  our  dead  from  the  trenches  and  caused 
the  bodies  to  be  buried  decently  in  the  cemetery  at  Grif- 
fin."  This  work  was  done  with  money  raised  by  Mrs.  Win- 
ship's  personal  efforts.  Her  last  days  were  spent  in 
Macon,  the  home  of  her  girlhood.  Mr.  Isaac  Winship 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  celebrated  iron  works, 
with  which  the  "Winship  family  of  Georgia  is  still  iden- 
tified. Captain  Emory  Winship,  a  hero  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  and  a  well-known  financier,  is  a  lineal  de- 
scendant. 


Lost  at  Sea:  the  United  States  Senator  Oliver  H.  Prince, 
Shipwreck  of  who  perished  at  sea  on  board  the  ill- 
the  "Home."  fated  steamship  "Home,"  in  1837,  was 
a  resident  of  Macon.  The  particulars 
of  the  tragic  disaster  are  thus  narrated  by  Governor 
Gilmer : 

"About  the  first  of  July,  1837,  my  wife  and  I  left  home,  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Prince,  they  for  Boston  and  New  York,  and  we  for 
Western  Virginia.  The  four  of  us  had  passed  the  time  of  the  session  of 
the  Legislature  of  1824  in  the  same  public  house,  where  we  had  our  own 
private  table  and  drawing-room.  Mr.  Prince  and  I  had  served  in  Congress 
together  in  1834-35.  We  had  acted  together  as  trustees  of  Franklin  College, 
and  belonged  for  many  years  to  the  same  bar  in  the  practice  of  law.  Mrs. 
Prince  was  an  exceedingly  pretty  woman.  Mr.  Prince  was  a  man  of  Avit. 
We  went  by  the  way  of  Charleston  to  Norfolk.  The  ladies  were  ill  most  of 
the  time.  I  had  looked  upon  the  ocean  before,  but  had  never  .been  out  of 
sight  of  land.  Its  vast  expanse  of  ever-moving  waters  kept  me  so  excited  that 
I  scarcely  left  the  deck  of  the  vessel  until  we  reached  port. 

"Mr.  Prince  went  to  the  North  to  have  printed  a  new.  edition  of  his 
Digest  of  the  Public  Laws  of  Georgia.  When  the  work  was  completed,  he 
and    Mrs.    Prince   left   New   York   for    Georgia   in    the   steam    vessel,    the 


602       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Home.  The  dreadful  catastrophe  which  befell  the  ship,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Prince, 
and  almost  all  the  passengers,  made  such  an  impression  upon  the  whole 
country  that  the  event  is  still  freshly  remembered  by  every  one,  whenever 
the  bursting  of  boilers,  the  burning  of  steamers  and  the  wreck  of  vessels  are 
mentioned.  Soon  after  the  steamer  left  New  York  there  arose  a  violent 
storm,  which  drove  the  vessel  to  the  North  Carolina  coast  in  a  sinking  con- 
dition. All  were  stimulated  to  do  whatever  could  be  done  to  save  the  vessel 
and  themselves. 

' '  Mir.  Prince  took  command  of  the  hands  at  the  pump,  where  his  self- 
possession  and  strong  strokes  showed  that  he  worked  for  a  nobler  purpose 
than  fear  for  his  own  life.  When  exhausted  by  his  efforts,  he  joined  his 
wife,  to  devote  himself  to  her  safety.  The  self-sacrificing  nature  of  Mrs. 
Prince  would  not  yield  to  the  temptation  of  clinging  to  her  husband,  when 
his  exertions'  might  be  necessary  to  the  safety  of  others  on  board.  She 
urged  him  to  return  to  his  efforts  at  the  pump.  Immediately  afterwards 
she  attempted  to  obey  the  advice  of  the  Captain,  to  remove  from  one  part 
of  the  vessel  to  another  less  exposed  to  danger. 

"As  she  stepped  out  of  the  cabin  into  an  open  space,  a  wave  passed 
over  and  through  the  vessel,  and  carried  her  into  the  ocean.  Wlien  the 
storm  subsided,  her  body  was  found  deposited  on  the  shore.  Mr.  Prince, 
resuming  his  labors  at  the  pump,  was  spared  the  pangs  of  knowing  the  fate 
of  his  wife.  To  a  young  man  who'  lived  to  report  the  story,  Mr.  Prince 
said :  '  Eemember  me  to  my  child,  Virginia. '  If  there  was  aught  else 
the  uproar  of  the  ocean  prevented  its  being  heard.  No  ■  account  was  ever 
given  of  the  last  struggle  for  life  by  those  who  worked  at  the  *punip.  In 
a  great  heave  of  the  ocean,  the  vessel  parted  asunder  and  went  to  tlio 
bottom. '  '* 


Mercer  University.  Vol.  I.,  Pages  313-314; 

Vol.  II,  Greene  County. 


Historic  Old 

Wesleyan.  Volume  I,  Pao-os  200-203. 


The  Last  Hours  Says  a  biographer  of  the  great  jurist : 

of    Justice    Lamar.  "in    December,    Mr.    Lamar,    with    liis    wife, 

left  Washington,  intending  to  visit  again  the 
Mississippi  coast.  On  the  day  of  his'  departure  he  was  attacked,  while 
en  route,  with  an  acute  pain  of  the  heart,  and  was  obliged  to  lie  over  for 
two  days  in  Atlanta,  where  he  was  entertained  by  Hoke  Smith,  Esq.     He 


♦George  R.   Gilmer,  in  Sketches  of  Some  of  the  First  Settlers  of  Upper 
Georgia. 


Bibb  603 

then  left  for  Macon  [Mrs.  Lamar's  old  home],  where  there  were  great 
numbers  of  loving  friends,  and  many  reminiscences  of  his  early  manhood. 
Here  he  remained  until  the  end  came. 

"For  a  while  Mr.  Lamar  seamed  to  be  improving.  There  were  numbers 
who  expected  to  see  him  within  a  few  weeks  resume  his  place  on  the  Bench ; 
but  the  great  jurist  was  already  entering  the  dark  penumbra.  He  and  Mrs. 
Lamar*  were  not  staying  at  the  latter 's  home  in  Macon,  but  were  visiting 
Captain  W.  H.  Virgin,  a  son-in-law  of  Mr.  Lamar  's,  in  Vineville,  a  suburb. 
He  made  occasional  trips  to  the  city  on  the  electric  cars.  On  Monday,  the 
23rd  of  January,  1893,  he  called  at  the  office  of  Captain  R.  E.  Park,  in 
company  w  ith  Dr.  Mewellen,  a  cousin  of  Mrs.  Lamar 's.  They  sat  for 
perhaps  a  half  hour  with  Captain  Park,  discussing  various  topics,  and 
when  they  left  he  carried  with  him  several  magazines  to  read  at  night.  He 
conversed  freely  with  Dr.  Flewellen  while  returning  home  on  the  car,  and 
said  that  his  exercise  made  him  feel  like  eating  a  good  meal.  He  dined 
with  the  family  shortly  after  six  o  'clock  and  partook  of  his  accustomed 
dishes  with  his  usual  appetite. 

'  *  Dinner  over,  he  walked  with  the  family  into  the  sitting  room,  and 
during  the  conversation  extended  Dr.  Flewellen  a  cordial  invitation  to 
visit  him  in  Washington  the  approaching  summer.  About  7:30  Dr.  Flewel- 
len left  the  house,  commenting  upon  the  apparent  improvement  in  Justice 
Lamar  's  general  health.  But  it  was  hardly  fifteen  minutes  later  when  the 
jurist  complained  of  symptoms  of  his  old  attack,  also  saying  that  his  arms 
felt  benumbed.  He  soon  retired  without  any  very  unusual  trouble ;  and  the 
family  were  disposed  to  attribute  his  condition  to  exhaustion  from  the  trip 
to  town.  After  going  to  bed  he  complained  of  suffocation,  and  it  then 
became  impossible  for  him  to  breathe  freely  until  he  was  placed  comfort- 
ably in  a  chair  near  the  fire.  He  grew  worse,  however,  and  it  soon  became 
evident  that  he  was  sinking. 

"Captain  Virgin  boarded  a  street  car  and  went  at  once  for  Dr.  Parker, 
returning  with  the  physician  about  8:40.  He  was  found  to  be  speechless 
and  unconscious,  and  to  the  physician  evidently  beyond  the  reach  of  help. 
His  head  hung  almost  limp  in  the  hands  of  one  of  the  attendants,  who 
was  relieved  by  Captain  Virgin.  In  this  position  his  life  passed  out  with- 
out a  struggle,  and  so  quietly  and  peacefully  that  those  about  him  did  not 
know  the  exact  moment  at  which  the  soul  took  flight.  In  frequent  conver- 
sations he  alluded  to  his  condition,  but  said  that  he  was  not  afraid  of 
death.  His  chief  wish  was  to  visit  his'  father 's  grave  and  some  of  the 
scenes  of  his  earlier  years;  but  this  was  denied  him.  The  thought  of  his 
Creator  was  his  great  consolation,  and  he  died  enjoying  the  full  appreci- 
ation of  the  revealed  truth. 


♦Mr.  Lamar's  second  wife  was  Henrietta  J.  Holt,  widow  of  General 
William  S.  Holt,  of  Macon.  His  first  wife  was  Virginia  Longstreet,  daughter 
of  the  celebrated  Judge  A.  B.  Longstreet,  author  of  "Georgia  Scenes,"  and 
at  one  time  President  of  Emory  College,   at  Oxford. 


604:       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

"Every  tribute  was  paid  to  his  memory  by  State  and  nation.  He  ^va3 
buried  with  civic  honors  in  Riverside  Cemetery,  in  Macon,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Ocmulgee  Eiver,  and  thousands  gathered  beside  the  open  grave  to  pay 
the  last  sad  tribute  of  respect  to  the  illustrious  dead.  In  the  fall  of  1894 
the  remains  of  Mr.  Lamar  were  removed  to  Mississippi  and  laid  beside 
the  wife  of  his  youth  and  the  mother  of  his  children,  in  St.  Peter 's'  Ceme- 
tery, at  Oxford. '  '* 


Sidney  Lanier.  VoL  I,  Pages  236-240. 


Birthplace  of  Harry   Stillwell   Edwards,   one   of  tlie 

Sidney  Lanier.  State's  most  brilliant  men  of  letters, 
was  only  a  lad  when  Sidney  Lanier 
left  Macon  to  find  a  permanent  home  in  Baltimore,-  Md. 
But  he  well  remembers  the  great  poet.  Before  the  Macon 
History  Club,  at  its  February  meeting  in  1913,  Mr.  Ed- 
wards read  a  charmingly  written  paper  on  the  physical 
surroundings  of  Lanier's  early  life.  As  a  contribution 
to  our  none  too  abundant  knowledge  of  a  man  of  genius 
whose  place  in  the  literature  of  song  is  now  universally 
recognized,  this  paper  will  doubtless  be  preserved.  It  is 
too  precious  a  document  to  serve  only  a  transient  pur- 
pose; and  if  the  limitations  of  space  permitted  us  to  do 
so  we  would  gladly  reproduce  it  in  full.  Mr.  Edwards 
has  greatly  endeared  himself  to  lovers  of  Lanier  for 
tliis  service  to  the  poet's  memory,  the  value  of  which  even 
now  is  priceless.  His  description  of  the  home  in  which 
Lanier  first  saw  the  light  of  day  will  be  read  by  every 
one  with  deep  interest.    Says  Mr.  Edwards : 

' '  On  High  street,  near  the  Crutchfield  's,  is  the  cottage  generally  ac- 
cepted as  the  birth-place  of  Sidney  Lanier.  I  remember  its  condition  in 
1869,  when  I  left  school  and  went  away  from  Macon  temporarily.  As  it 
now  stands,  it  has  a  porch  across  the  front,  with  dormer  windows  above. 
But  originally  it  had  only  a  little  square  porch,  at  the  front  door,  with 
two  small  .square  columns  in  front  and  two  pilasters  behind.  Four  or  five 
steps  led  up  to  the  porch,  and  a  gravel  walk  cut  to  the  gate,  with  ever- 
greens on  both  sides,  and  johnquils  and  spirea  growing  in  the  yard.  The 
gate  and  fence  were  square  pickets.      The  street  was  a   favorite   one  with 


♦Edward  Mayes,  in  Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar:  His  Life,  Times  and  Speeches. 


Brooks — Bryan  605 

myself  and  brotlier  because  Horace  and  Virgil  Powers,  oui  most  intimate 
friends,  lived  just  above  the  Lanier  cottage,  and  there  was  a  park  place 
for  play  in  front.  But  at  no  time  during  these  years  of  which  1  speak 
did  any  of  the  Laniers  live  in  the  cottage  described. '  '* 


BROOKS 


Quitman.  In  1858,  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  Brooks 
County  was  formed  out  of  Lowndes  and 
Thomas  Counties,  and  named  for  Hon.  Preston  S. 
Brooks,  of  South  Carolina.  The  same  Act  authorized  the 
Inferior  Court  judges  to  select  a  site  for  public  build- 
ings, to  be  called  Quitman.  The  town  was  incorporated 
by  an  Act  approved  December  19,  1859.  Quitman  is 
today  one  of  the  most  progressive  communities  of  South 
Georgia,  occupying  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  belt, 
with  splendid  railway  connections,  an  extensive  trade, 
both  wholesale  and  retail,  a  strong  local  Bar,  several 
properous  banks,  a  public-school  system  unsurpassed  in 
the  State,  and  a  citizenship,  public-spirited,  wideawake, 
enterprising,  and  united.  The  reader  is  referred  to  the 
preceding  volume  of  this  work  for  additional  information 
in  regard  to  Quitman. 


BRYAN 


Hardwick:  One         On    the    west    side    of    the    Ogeechee 
of  the  Lost  River,  fourteen  miles  from  the  sea,  are 

Towns  of  Georgia,  the  ruins  of  an  old  town,  which  was 
once  expected  to  become  the  capital 
of  Georgia.  The  movement  to  make  it  such  was  favored 
by  two  royal  Governors,  but  the  dream  failed  to  mate- 
rialize, and  today  there  are  only  a  few  pathetic  frag- 
ments to  tell  where  Hardwick  once  stood.  The  town 
was  laid  out,  February  4,  1755,  and  was  named  in  honor 
of  Lord  Hardwick,  a  kinsman  of  Governor  Reynolds 
and  a  Lord  High  Chancellor  of  England.     When  Gov- 


♦This  paper  was  published  in  the  Macon  Telegraph,   February   16,  1913. 


606       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ernor  Reynolds  visited  the  town,  on  his  tour  of  inspec- 
tion, he  was  so  delighted  with  the  situation  that  he  wrote 
to  the  Board  of  Trade  in  London,  declaring  it  to  be  the 
only  fit  place  for  the  capital.^  The  choice  was  indeed  in 
many  respects  an  ideal  one.  The  town  was  situated  upon 
a  bluff,  at  a  point  where  the  river  formed  an  elbow  and 
where  there  existed  an  earlier  settlement,  to  which  was 
given  the  name  of  George  Town.  At  this  time  there 
were  a  number  of  serious  objections  offered  to  Savannah, 
among  which — to  quote  the  language  of  Governor  Rey- 
nolds— were  **the  shoalness  of  the  river  and  the  great 
height  of  the  land,"  making  it  inconvenient  for  the  load- 
ing and  unloading  of  ships.  Its  location,  on  the  extreme 
edge  of  the  province,  was  another  ground  of  complaint. 
As  soon  as  the  project  for  removal  was  agitated,  there- 
fore, an  instant  demand  was  created  for  lots  in  the  new 
town.  There  were  as  manj^  as  twenty-seven  sold,  and 
land  to  the  extent  of  21,000  acres  in  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity was  granted  to  various  parties,  who  i3l  edged  them- 
selves to  the  success  of  the  proposed  scheme.  But  the 
home  government  failed  to  vote  the  necessary  funds  for 
making  the  transfer  of  the  capital,  and,  notwithstanding 
an  effort  which  was  subsequently  made  by  Governor 
Ellis  toward  the  same  end,  the  movement  eventually  col- 
lapsed. Deprived  of  the  dignity  upon  which  it  counted, 
the  town  of  Hardwick  became  scarcely  more  than  a  vil- 
lage, though  DeBrahm  reckoned  it  among  the  five  sea- 
port towns,  and  rf^commended  its  fortifications.-  Gov- 
ernor Wright  was  never  partial  to  Hardwick.  He,  there- 
fore, discouraged  any  attempt  to  revive  the  old  agitation, 
on  the  ground  that  Savannah  was  conveniently  located, 
both  for  trade  with  South  Carolina,  and  for  inter- 
course with  the  Indians.  He  could  see  no  advantage  in 
moving  the  capital  so  short  a  distance,  even  if  removal 
were  deemed  wise.  The  views  of  Governor  Wright  upon 
this  subject  were  largely  influenced  by  the  fact  that  he 


^  H.   M.   Public  Records,   London,   Vol.  35,  Georgia,   B.   T. 
2  H.  M.  Public  Records,  London,  Vol.  13,  No.   14,  Maps,  B.  T. 


Bryan  607 

was  born  in  South  Carolina;  but  his  judgment  was  no 
doubt  sound.  When  Bryan  County  was  organized,  in 
1793,  Hardwick  became  temporarily  the  county-seat,  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  any  public  buildings  were  ever 
erected;  and  as  ,early  as  1797  the  General  Assembly  des- 
ignated as  the  site  of  the  court-house,  a  point  at  or  near 
the  Cross  Roads  about  two  miles  from  Ogeechee  Bridge. 
In  1829  Sherwood  found  the  town  of  Hardwick  only  a 
cluster  of  houses.*  In  1866  an  effort  was  made  to  revive 
the  town,  but  it  bore  little  fruit.  Thus  passed  into  ob- 
livion an  ambitious  little  town  of  the  Georgia  coast,  which 
was  favored  by  two  royal  Governors  of  the  province,  and 
which  was  named  for  an  eminent  Lord  High  Chancellor 
of  England.  The  site  of  the  old  town  is  two  miles  from 
Genesis  Point,  a  locality  made  famous  by  Fort  McAllis- 
ter during  the  Civil  War. 


Belfast:  The  Home  One  of  the  most  substantial  of  the 
of  James  Maxwell,  old  Colonial  homes  of  Georgia  was 
in  this  county,  the  residence  of 
James  Maxwell,  on  Bryan's  Neck,  a  fertile  stretch  of 
alluvial  land  between  the  Midway  and  Ogeechee  Rivers. 
He  called  it  Belfast.  Colonel  Maxwell  was  a  Scotch- 
Irishman.  His  ancestors  moved  to  the  north  of  Ireland 
from  Maxwelton,  on  the  Nith,  in  Dumfries,  Scotland, 
and  lived  for  some  time  either  at  or  near  Belfast,  a  cir- 
cumstance which  accounts  for  the  name  which  he  gave 
to  his  elegant  mansion  on  the  coast  of  Georgia.  It  over- 
looked the  Midway  River,  a  tidewater  stream,  which  is 
little  more  than  an  arm  of  the  sea;  and  to  judge  from 
the  blocks  of  tabby  which  still  mark  the  site  of  the  old 
historic  Maxwell  home,  it  must  have  been  built  upon 
ample  proportions.  Much  of  the  social  life  of  the  period, 
when  knee-buckles  and  powdered  wigs  were  in  vognie, 
found  picturesque  expression  here  in  more  than  one  gor- 


♦Sherwood's  Gazetteer,   p.    116,    1829. 


608       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

geous  entertainment,  which  brought  together  the  wealthy 
nabobs  of  the  low  country,  many  of  whom  were  sworn 
officers  of  the  Crown.  Though  an  aristocratic  seat,  its 
doors  were  never  barred  against  the  stranger;  and  the 
ample  feasts  which  were  here  spread,  in  the  spacious 
days  before  the  Revolution,  set  the  pace  for  much. of  the 
proverbial  hospitality  of  later  times.  Miss  Maria  J. 
Mcintosh,  in  one  of  her  novels  entitled:  ''Lofty  and 
Lowly,"  has  charmingly  pictured  the  old  Maxwell  home, 
under  the  name  of  "Montrose  Hall."  Surrounded  by 
magnificent  live  oaks  and  embellished  with  ornamental 
shrubs  and  plants  of  every  kind,  the  grounds  were  lav- 
ishly in  keeping  with  the  fine  old  manor,  and  the  whole 
atmosphere  of  the  place  evinced  the  gentle  blood,  the 
exquisite  culture,  and  the  large  means  of  the  thrifty 
owner. 

James  Maxwell  was  an  early  pioneer  settler.  To- 
gether with  his  brother,  Thomas  Maxwell,  and  several 
other  residents  of  South  Carolina,  "most  of  whom  were 
men  of  easy  fortunes,"  he  applied  on  December  12,  1747, 
for  an  extensive  grant  of  land,  lying  on  both  sides  of 
the  Midway  River.  They  wanted  6,000  acres ;  but  to  deed 
such  large  bodies  of  land  was  not  in  accordance  with  the 
policy  of  the  government  at  this  time,  and  they  were 
forced  to  be  content  with  500  acres  each.  James  located 
near  the  point  which  is  today  occupied  by  an  important 
lumber  mill  industry  and  which  still  bears  the  original 
name  of  the  place — Belfast.  Thomas  located  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  river,  at  a  point  called  Hester's  Bluff. 
Another  brother,  Audley  Maxwell,  settled  in  St.  John's 
Parish,  at  or  about  the  same  time,  locating  near  the  head 
of  Midway  River,  at  a  place  which  he  called  Limerick. 
James  Maxwell  was  one  of  the  original  trustees  to  whom 
was  entrusted  the  work  of  laying  out  the  town  of  Sun- 
bury.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  first  provincial  Con- 
gress of  Georgia.  It  is  thought  by  some  that  the  Lieu- 
tenant Maxwell,  who  fought  with  General  Oglethorpe 
at  the  battle  of  Bloody  Marsh,  was  James  Maxwell.    The 


Bryan  609 

records  state  that  Lieutenant  Maxwell  was  appointed  an 
aide  de  camp,  together  with  Hugh  Mackay.*  At  any 
rate,  it  is  certain  that  James  Maxwell  had  a  son  of  the 
same  name  who  married  Ann  Mackay,  a  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain James  Mackay,  of  Strathy  Hall.  The  latter  was  a 
member  of  the  King's  Council  and  a  very  prominent 
man. 

Elizabeth,  one  of  the  daughters  of  James  Maxwell, 
married  Thomas  Young,  who  was  styled  the  ''richest 
Tory  in  Georgia,"  an  epithet  which  was  doubtless  true 
to  the  facts,  if  exception  be  made  of  the  royal  Governor, 
Sir  James  Wright.  McCall  gives  an  account  of  a  dinner 
which  was  given  in  1777  by  the  owner  to  a  number  of 
British  officers  at  Belfast,  in  honor  of  the  King's  birth- 
day, and  while  the  guests  were  seated  at  the  table,  drink- 
ing his  Majesty's  health,  a  detachment  of  American  sol- 
diers surrounded  the  house  and  made  the  British  officers 
prisoners  of  war.  ''Buckland  Hall,"  "Kilkenny"  and 
many  other  places  in  Bryan  County  were  originally  old 
Maxwell  homes.  An  engagement  occurred  at  Belfast  on 
the  night  of  June  4,  1779,  in  which  Colonel  Gruger,  of 
the  British  army,  and  some  of  his  officers,  were  captured 
by  Captain  Spencer,  commander  of  an  American  priva- 
teer then  lying  in  the  Midway.  Learning  that  the  offi- 
cers were  that  evening  dining  with  a  certain  Tory  named 
Thomas  Young,  at  Belfast,  Captain  Spencer  ascended  the 
river  in  small  boats,  landed  about  eight  o'clock  with 
twelve  of  his  men,  surrounded  the  house  and  captured 
all  present  at  the  dinner.  The  prisoners  were  paroled 
the  next  morning,  and  Colonel  Cruger  was  soon  after- 
ward exchanged  for  Colonel  Mcintosh,  who  had  been 
captured  at  Brier  Creek.  There  is  now  a  post  village  on 
the  site  of  the  old  town. 


♦Letter  of  Oglethorpe,  dated  Frederica,  July  30,  174  2. 


610       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

BULLOCH. 

Statesboro.  To  find  the  beginnings  of  the  present  town 
of  Statesboro,  we  must  go  back  to  an  Act  ap- 
proved December  19,  1803,  by  Governor  John  Milledge. 
In  this  Act  a  certain  tract  of  land,  conveyed  by  George 
Sibbald  to  the  Inferior  Court  of  Bulloch,  containing  200 
acres,  is  declared  to  be  the  site  for  public  buildings  in 
the  new  county,  said  town  to  be  known  by  the  name  of 
"Statesborough."^  Hon.  Peter  Cone,  an  early  pioneer, 
of  Bulloch,  whose  home  was  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Statesboro,  was  for  years  a  dominant  figure  in  the  poli- 
tics of  Georgia.  Entering  the  State  Senate  in  1830,  he 
was  returned  at  each  successive  election  continuously, 
with  only  one  exception,  until  1852,  when  he  voluntarily 
withdrew  from  public  affairs.  Some  of  the  early  repre- 
sentatives of  Bulloch  ill  the  State  Legislature  "were: 
Charles  McCall,  John  Rawls,  Drewry  Jones,  Shepherd 
Williams,  Samuel  S.  Lockhart,  Allen  Eawls,  Michael 
Young,  Malachi  Denmark  and  Francis  McCall,  who 
served  in  the  Senate  down  to  1830,  when  Peter  Cone  en- 
tered the  arena  of  politics;  and  among  the  members  of 
the  House  were:  Andrew'E.  Wells,  Lewis  Lanier,  Sam- 
uel Lockhart,  John  Burnett,  Sherrod  McCall,  R.  T.  Stan- 
aland,  Malachi  Denmark,  James  Rawls,  James  Wilkin- 
son and  Wm.  H.  McLean. 


BUTTS. 


Jackson.  Jackson,  the  county-seat  of  Butts,  was  named 
for  General  Andrew  Jackson,  then  President 
of  the  United  States,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
by  an  Act  approved  December  26,  1826,  at  which  time 
the  following  commissioners  were  named,  to-wit. :  Samuel 
Lovejoy,  Edw^ard  Butler,  William  V.  Burney,  John  Rob- 
inson and  Henry  Hatley.-     Besides  these,  some  of  the 


^Acts,   1826,   p.   177. 

=  Clayton's  Compendium,  145. 


Butts  611 

early  pioneer  settlers  were:  John  Hall,  Wiley  Ferrell, 
John  McCorcI,  James  W.  Harkness,  Flem  Cliilders,  John 
Goodman,  James  H.  Stark,  David  J.  Bailey  and  Fred 
Stewart.  The  first  school  building  stood  on  what  is  now 
Oak  Street,  and  the  teachers  were  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hiram 
Clark,  A.  B.  Florence  and  Algernon  Fellows.  The  first 
mercantile  firms  were  Hurd  and  Hungerford,  and  An- 
drews and  Little;  while  the  pioneer  lawyers  included 
David  J.  Bailey,  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress; 
Eufus  McCune,  and  James  H.  Stark. 

In  1850,  the  Baptists  built  the  first  house  of  worship 
in  Jackson.  Rev.  W.  Gr.  McMichael  became  the  pastor 
of  this  flock,  and  for  more  than  twenty  years  ministered 
to  this  congregation.  In  1881,  when  the  old  East  Ten- 
nessee, Virginia  and  Georgia  Railway,  now  the  Southern, 
was  completed  from  Macon  to  Atlanta,  the  town  received 
a  decided  impetus  and  became  at  once  the  most  impor- 
tant station  between  the  points  above  named.  Jackson 
Institute  was  built  in  1889,  and  among  the  first  teachers 
was  Rev.  J.  W.  Beck,  father  of  Judge  Marcus  W.  Beck, 
of  the  State  Supreme  Court.  Here,  too.  Miss  Leonora 
Beck,  afterwards  Mrs.  Ellis,  began  her  brilliant  career 
as  an  educator.  Ex-Governor  Hogg,  of  Texas,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Butts,  in  which  county  he  spent  his  boyhood  days. 
David  J.  Bailey  and  Henry  Hendrick  represented  this 
county  in  the  Secession  Convention  at  Milledgeville,  in 
1861.  The  population  of  Jackson  at  the  present  time  is 
nearly  4,000.  It  is  a  city  of  splendid  banking  institu- 
tions, of  strong  commercial  establishments,  and  of  beau- 
tiful homes.* 


The  Varner  House.    Mrs.  A.  H.  Alfriend,  Regent  of  the 

Piedmont  ^Continental   Chapter,   D. 

A.  R.,  and  chairman  of  the  General  William  Mcintosh 

Memorial  Association,  is  making  what  promises  to  be 

♦Authority:  Mrs.  J.  D.  Jones,   Regent,  D.   A.   R.,   Jackson,   Ga. 


612       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  akd  Legends 

a  successful  effort  for  the  purchase  of  one  of  Georgia's 
most  historic  shrines :  the  famous  old  Varner  House  at 
Indian  Springs.  To  tliis  end  she  has  formulated  a  hill 
asking  for  an  appropriation  of  $8,000  from  the  treasury 
of  the  State,  and  this  Inll  is  now  pending  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  Georgia.  The  Varner  House  was  built  in 
1823  by  the  brave  Indian  chief,  whose  memory  is  today 
revered  by  every  true  and  loyal  Georgian.  It  was  built 
as  a  hotel  for  the  convenience  of  the  great  multitudes 
which  even  at  this  early  day  visited  the  famous  Indian 
Springs.  On  the  counter,  which  is  still  preserved  intact, 
General  Mcintosh,  in  1825,  signed  the  fateful  treaty 
which  proved  to  be  his  death  warrant.  Loyal  to  the 
Indian,  as  well  as  to  the  white  man,  he  obtained  for  his 
tribe,  under'  this  treaty  with  the  government,  a  domain 
of  territory  equal  in  extent  to  that  which  was  ceded,  be- 
sides a  moneyed  consideration  of  approximately  $5,000,- 
000.  But  he  was  rewarded  with  death  at  the  hands  of 
his  own  people.  As  the  result  of  this  treaty  agreement 
with  the  Creek  Indians,  Georgia  acquired  a  vast  extent 
of  territory,  embracing  millions  of  acres,  yet  Georgia 
has  never  in  any  way  shown  her  appreciation  of  this 
brave  chief,  to  whom  she  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  which 
can  never  be  repaid.  Without  an  exception,  the  Varner 
House  at  Indian  Springs  is  the  most  important  unmarked 
historic  spot  in  this  State.  The  house  stands  today  just 
as  Mcintosh  built  it,  except  for  the  veranda,  which  was 
formerly  two  storied,  with  large  square  columns.  Two 
partitions  have  also  been  put  into  the  lower  floor.  But 
the  expenditure  of  a  very  small  sum  of  money  will  suf- 
fice to  make  necessary  alterations,  so  that  the  building- 
can  be  used  for  conventions,  public  gatherings,  etc.,  and 
to  furnish  accommodations  at  a  minimum  rate  to  per- 
sons of  limited  means  anxious  to  obtain  the  benefit  of 
the  springs.  Much  of  the  original  furniture  still  remains 
in  the  house,  including  books,  pictures  and  trinkets  of 
various  kinds.  The  reader  is  referred  to  Vol.  I  of  this 
work  for  a  detailed  story  of  the  famous  treaty  which 


"'-Mf'^i^'i'Sif 


t;«!PWR||j 


:,rS".  •«yr<B»%v* 


Calhoun  613 

cost  General  Mcintosh  his  life.  Under  the  head  of  Oar- 
roll  County  will  be  found  an  article  which  tells  how  Gen- 
eral Mcintosh  was  murdered.  Mrs.  Alfriend  is  sure 
to  succeed  in  her  patriotic  undertaking.  She  comes  of 
fine  old  Revolutionary  stock,  and  defeat  is  a  word  with 
which  she  is  absolutely  unfamiliar.  Her  great-grand- 
father, Joseph  Winter,  was  Secretary  of  the  Committee 
on  Safety,  on  Washington's  staff,  and  read  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  to  the  public  in  New  York,  on  July 
18,  1776,  at  which  time  the  British  coat-of-arms  was  torn 
from  the  front  of  the  City  Hall.  Her  grandfather,  John 
Gano  Winter,  was  one  of  the  greatest  promoters  and 
financiers  of  this  State. 


CALHOUN 


Morgan.  On  February  20,  1854,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  out  of  Baker  and  Early  Counties,  in 
the  extreme  southwestern  part  of  the  State,  a  new 
county,  to  be  called  Calhoun,  in  honor  of  the  great  apos- 
tle of  Nullification.  The  Inferior  Court  of  the  county 
was  empowered  to  select  a  county-site  and  to  superintend 
the  erection  of  buildings.  The  site  selected  was  called 
Morgan.  There  was  an  old  family  of  this  name  residing 
here  when  the  town  was  established,  which  makes  us 
question  the  none  too  well  authenticated  tradition  that 
it  was  named  for  General  Daniel  Morgan,  of  the  Revo- 
lution. On  March  5,  1856,  the  town  was  formally  char- 
tered with  the  following-named  commissioners:  W.  G. 
Pierce,  W.  E.  Griffin,  George  Goodson,  John  Shropshire 
and  Hiram  Morgan.* 


Arling'tOIl.       Situated   on  the   dividing  line   between  Calhoun  and   Early 

Counties,   is  Arlington,   a  rapidly  growing  city,  which,  will 

doubtless  some  day  be  the  capital  of  a  new  county  in  this  part  of  Georgia. 

The  town  was  named  for  General  Lee 's  old  home  on  the  Potomac  Kiver, 


Acts,    1S55-1856,    p.    3S1. 


614       Georgl\'s  Landmarks,  Memoriat.s  and  Legends 

and  was  granted  a  charter  of  incorporation  on  September  13,  1S.S1,  at 
which  time  the  corporate  limits  were  fixed  at  one  half  a  mile  in  every 
direction  from  the  depot  of  the  Southwestern  Railroad.  But  the  necessi- 
ties of  growth  within  the  next  decade  demanded  a  new  charter;  and,  on 
October  9,  1891,  the  town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  repealing  the  old 
charter  and  designating  Hon.  N.  A.  Beckoni  to  hold  the  office  of  ilayor, 
and  Messrs.  J.  S.  Collins,  S.  T.  Nance,  D.  A.  Carter  and  G.  W.  Harrison 
to  serve  as  aldermen,  pending  an  election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday 
in  September,  1892.^  The  present  public  school  system  was  established 
in  190.5,  with  Messrs.  G.  W.  Harrison,  Y.  W.  Fudge,  AV.  H.  C.  Cunning- 
ham, J.  S.  Cowart,  B.  H.  Bostwick  and  H.  M.  Calhoun  named  as  the  first 
official  board  of  trustees.  The  commercial  enterprises  of  the  town  are 
financed  by  strong  banks,  and  thei'e  are  few  communities  in  the  State  with 
a  finer  body  of  enterprising  business  men.  Many  beautiful  homes  have 
recently  been  built  in  Arlington,  some  of  which  would  be  an  ornament  to 
Atlanta  's   far-famed   ' '  Peachtree. ' '" 


CAMDEN 


St.  Patrick.  At  tlie  close  of  the  Revolution,  there  were 
few  settlements  in  Camden,  except  on  Cum- 
berland Island,  and  for  a  number  of  years  the  county 
was  unrepresented  in  the  State  Legislature,  due  to 
the  scarcity  of  population.  But  the  need  of  a  town  on 
the  mainland  was  full}'  realized.  Accordingly,  a  number 
of  the  new  settlers  on  Cumberland  Island  undertook  to 
build  a  town  on  the  north  bank  of  the  St.  Mary's  River, 
at  a  place  called  Buttermilk  Bluff,  On  December  12, 
1787,  a  tract  of  1,672  acres  was  purchased  from  Jacob 
Webb,  who  held  an  original  grant  from  the  State.  The 
price  paid  for  this  land  was  thirty-eight  dollars.  There 
must  have  been  an  Irishman  among  the  number,  for  the 
name  given  to  the  new  town  was  St.  Patrick.  Each  sub- 
scriber was  to  own  four  lots,  on  one  of  which  he  was  to 
build  within  six  months  a  house  covered  with  shingles ; 
and  if  he  failed  to  comply  with  this  agreement,  he  was 
to  forfeit  his  land.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1787  by 
James  Findley,  County  Surveyor;  and  the  first  settlers 
of  St.   Patrick  were:   Isaac  Wheeler,   William   Norris, 

1  Acts,    1890-1,    Vol.    II,    p.   SG7. 

2  Acts,    1905,    p.    429. 


Camden  615 

Nathan  and  Win.  Ashley,  Jas.  Seagrove,  Lodwick  Ashley, 
Jas.  Findley,  John  Fleming,  Robert  Seagrove,  Henry  Os- 
borne, Thomas  Norris,  Jacob  Weed,  John  Alexander, 
Langley  Bryant,  Johnathan  Bartlett,  Stephen  Conyers, 
William  Eeady,  Prentiss  Gallup,  'Simeon  Dillingham, 
and  Richard  Cole.  The  streets  of  the  town  were  named 
in  honor  of  these  men.  St.  Patrick  was  the  first  county- 
seat  of  Camden.  On  an  old  ballot  list  prepared  for  the 
first  town  election  in  1788,  appear  some  additional  names, 
showing  that  among  the  new  settlers  were  :  Talmage  Hall, 
James  Woodland,  Thomas  Statfold,  John  King,  and 
others.  In  1792,  the  name  of  the  town  was  changed  by  an 
Act  of  the  Legislature  to  St.  Marys,* 


St.  Marys.  Volume  I.  Pages  350-356. 


Some  of  the      To  add  a  few  names  to  the  above  list:  Na- 
Pioneers.  than  Atkinson,  a  native  of  Northampton 

County,  Va.,  became  a  resident  of  Camden, 
in  1785,  followed  some  ten  years  later  by  his  brother 
John ;  and  from  these  progenitors  have  sprung  one  of 
Camden's  most  distinguished  family  connections.  Isaac 
Lang  arrived  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution  and 
located  where  the  town  of  Jefferson  afterwards  arose. 
His  descendants  for  more  than  a  hundred  years  have 
been  prominent  in  county  affairs.  Likewise  among  the 
early  arrivals  were  David  and  Hugh  Brown.  The  for- 
mer married  a  Miss  Atkinson,  and  became  a  wealthy 
planter.  The  latter  also  accumulated  a  large  property. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  man  of  massive  intellect,  and 
holds  the  record  for  length  of  service  in  the  Legislature. 
John  Hardee  came  from  North  Carolina  in  1788,  and 
founded  the  family  from  which  the  great  Confederate 
tactician,  Gen.  Wm.  J.  Hardee,  sjirang.    Thomas  Miller, 

*History  of  Camden  County,  Georgia,  by  James  T.  Vocelle. 


616       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

a  Scotchman,  was  also  an  early  settler.  He  was  an  an- 
cestor of  Judge  Andrew  J.  Miller,  for  whom  Miller  Coun- 
ty was  named.  Gen.  John  Floyd,  his  son,  Gen.  Charles  E. 
Floyd,  the  Hazzards,  the  Scarletts,  the  Holzendorfs,  the 
D'emeres  and  the  Hulls  were  also  x^ion^er  families  of 
Camden.  Here  also  at  one  time  lived  the  famous  Mcin- 
tosh family;  and 'what  is  now  known  as  Refugee  Planta- 
tion, was  granted  to  George  Mcintosh  when  Georgia  was 
a  Province  of  England. 


Former  Days      Camden  County  was  the  home  for  many  years  of  Captain 
Recalled.  WilUam  Cone,  a  distinguished  fighter  in  the  War  of  1812. 

He  was  also  great  Indian  fighter,  and  the  story  is  told 
of  him  that  on  one  occasion  he  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  who  were 
delighted  at  having  in  their  possession  the  "Big  Captain."  They  carried 
him  to  their  camp  and  after  binding  him  and  placing  him  between  two 
warriors,  they  lay  down  to  sleep.  During  the  night  Cone  managed  to  get 
loose  from  his  fetters,  and  after  taking  all  the  shot  from  the  gun  shells 
of  his  captors,  without  arousing  them  from  their  slumbers,  went  down  the 
road  about  one  hundred  yards  from  the  camp,  and  sat  down  awaiting  day- 
light. Great  was  the  consternation  of  the  Indians  when  they  awoke  and 
found  their  prisoner  gone.  They  had  only  to  go  a  short  distance,  however, 
before  they  came  across  him  seated  on  a  log.  One  warrior  raised  his  gun 
to  his  shoulder  and  fired.  Cone  placed  his  hand  to  his  heart  and  showed 
the  shot  to  the  Indians,  but  the  shot  had  been  in  his  hand  all  the  while. 
Another  Indian  fired  at  him  with  the  same  effect,  and  then  convinced  that 
Cone  was  what  they  had  always  suspected  him  to  be,  the  Evil  One,  took 
to  their  heels  and  fled.  Captain  Cone  represented  Camden  County  for  many 
years  in  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State,  and,  although  uneducated 
and  unpolished,  rose  to  a  high  place  in  that  body.  He  was  the  father  of 
the  late  Peter  Cone,  of  Bulloch,  who  was  long  a  commanding  figure  in 
legislative  halls. 

The  house  is  still  standing  in  St.  Marys,  where  many  years  ago  Aaron 
Burr  was  entertained  as  the  guest  of  Major  Archibald  Clark,  then  a  dis- 
tinguished resident  of  the  old  town.  Major  Clark  was  a  warm  personal 
friend  of  the  former  Vice-President.  It  was  not  long  after  this  visit 
that  he  was  captured  in  Alabama  on  the  charge  of  conspiracy  against  the 
United  States  government.  Major  Clark  also  entertained  General  Winfield 
Scott  at  his  residence  in  St.  Marys,  when  that  distinguished'  fighter  was 
returning  from  the  Indians  wars  in  Florida.  It  is  said  that  General  Scott 
was  so  tall  that  he  was  obliged  to  bend  his  head  in  order  to  enter  Major 
Clark's   front   door.      During   the   War   of    1812   the   English   occupied   St. 


Camden  617 

Marys.  Major  Clark  was  at  that  time  collector  of  the  port  aiiil  had  quite 
a  lot  of  govermiient  money  in  his  possession.  The  British,  after  making 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  get  this  money,  took  Major  Clark  a  prisoner  and 
carried  him  away  from  his  home.  ]\lrs.  Clark,  v:\\o  was  a  descendant  of 
Captain  Wordsworth,  of  Charter  Oak  fame,  was  often  forced  to  entertain 
the  British  at  her  home.  One  day  a  British  officer  was  seated  in  the 
parlor,  and  looking  down  at  the  carpet  on  the  floor,  remarked:  "Mrs. 
Clark,  I  see  you  have  the  British  crown  in  your  parlor.  "  '  *  Yes, ' '  replied 
Mrs.  Clark,  *  *  but  it  is  under  our  feet. ' ' 

Colonel  Edmound  Atkinson,  who  commanded  the  26th  Georgia  Infantry 
during  the  Civil  War,  was  a  native  of  Camden.  He  was  a  gallant  officer 
and  a  kind  and  considerate  commander.  Judge  Spencer  E.  Atkinson,  an 
ex-justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia,  and  Judge  Samuel  C.  Atkinson, 
a  present  member  of  this  same  high  bench,  are  distinguished  sons  of 
Camden.  Their  father  was  the  late  Captain  A.  S.  Atkinson,  and  their 
mother  INIiss  Mary  A.  McDonald,  daughter  of  ex-Governor  Charles  J.  Mc- 
Donald. Camden  County  furnished  to  the  Confederacy,  during  the  Civil 
War,  one  lieutenant-general  (William  J.  Hardee),  five  colonels,  fourteen 
captains  and  two  full  companies  of  soldiers,  all  out  of  a  white  population 
of  3,000. 


Coleraine.  Volume  I.  Pages  3^58-359. 


Camden's 

Noted 

Residents.  Volume  I.  Pages  361-362. 


Fort  Tonyn.  -^t  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  Charles  and 
Germyn  Wright,  brothers  of  Governor  Wright,  of  Georgia, 
built  a  fort  on  their  lands  on  the  St.  Marys  Eiver.  As  near  as  can  be 
ascertained  this  fort  was  located  where  Scrubby  Bluff  now  is.  The 
Wrights  called  it  I^ort  Tonyn,  after  the  royal  Governor  of  Florida.  Fort 
Tonyn  became  a  rendezvous  for  all  the  Tories  and  outlaws  in  this  part  of 
the  country.  Spoils  were  brought  to  this  place  and  divided  among  the 
members  of  this  gang,  wdio  bore  the  appellation  of  Florida  Rangers.  But 
when  General  Howe,  in  1778,  reached  Fort  Tonyn,  on  his  way  to  East 
Florida,  he  found  the  fort  evacuated  and  demolished  * 


618       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

CAMPBELL 

Early  Settlements    In  1826  there  were  living  in  Campbell 
and  Pioneers.  on  well-tilled  plantations  the  Colquitts 

and  the  Eandalls.  John  Colquitt  and 
Mrs.  Randall  were  brother  and  sister  of  Hon.  AValter 
T.  Colquitt,  the  noted  jurist  and  statesman.  Judge  Col- 
quitt was  also  an  early  resident,  coming  from  his  home 
in  Walton  County  to  Pumpkintown  Ferry,  on  the  Chatta- 
hoochee, where  he  bought  lands  of  one  Sanford  Bell,  who 
was  later  killed  in  tire  Texan  war  of  1836.  The  fertile 
lands  were  slowly  settled  because  of  the  dread  of  an  out- 
break of  the  Creeks  against  Chief  William  Mcintosh. 
It  was  generally  supposed  that  an  attack  would  occur 
from  the  Campbell  or  Coweta  side  of  the  Chattahoochee, 
but  the  party  of  Indian  warriors  who  murdered  Gen- 
eral Mcintosh  formed  in  Alabama  at  a  time  when  the 
waters  of  the  Chattahooche  were  swollen  by  a  freshet. 
When  the  son.  Chilly  Mcintosh,  escaped  in  a  travelers' 
coat  and  swam  the  river  with  the  treaty  papers,  it  was 
Cheadle  Cochran,  of  Campbell  County,  who  first  gave 
him  aid. 

Since  the  white  man's  ownership,  the  -county  has 
not  been  rich  in  fish  or  game,  but  it  abounds  in  Indian 
legends  and  relics.  Numerous  trails  leading  to  the  Five 
Notch  Eoad  can  be  found,  also  plateaus  in  the  creek  bot- 
toms, where  their  corn  dances  occurred.  These  were 
witnessed  surreptitiously  by  the  Colquitt  and  Randall 
slaves. 

There  is  a  steep  hill  called  "Slip-Down  Mountain" 
between  Pumpkintown  and  McKoy  ferries.  Tradition 
says  that  a  fierce  battle  happened  here  between  the  Chero- 
kees  and  Creeks,  in  which  the  vanquished  were  pushed 
into  the  river.  This  was  verified  in  1890  by  the  high 
waters  washing  up  particles  of  human  bone,  also  beads, 
pots  and  arrows. 

On  the  Louglas  side,  above  Campbellton,  is  a  mound 
now  covered  with  a  pine  growth,  said  to  be  the  grave 
of  an  Indian  qtieen,  Anawaqua.    A  strip  on  either  side 


Campbell  619 

of  Sweetwater  was  neutral  ground,  where  Creeks  and 
Clierokees  made  treaties.  Here  Gov.  Charles  McDonald 
owned  a  mill  site  which  he  sold  to  Pendleton  Watson.  In 
the  section  near  "Salt  Spring,"  or  Lithia,  the  first  white 
settlers  were  the  "Watsons,  Stricklands,  Duncans,  Mc- 
Lartys,  McElroys  and  Van  Zants.* 

When  the  time  was  ripe  for  the  establishment  of  a 
county-seat,  Judge  Colquitt  proposed  Pumpkintown. 
Even  today  its  broad  fields  present  a  prosperous,  invit- 
ing aspect.  The  cheery  breezes  whisper  of  thrift  and  en- 
terprise.   But  Pumpkintown  lost. 


Historic  Campbellton  Eight  miles  above  Pumpkintown 
three  brothers,  Alfred,  George  and 
Lang  Camp,  owned  large  plantations,  adjoining  which 
was  the  uncleared  tract  of  Frank  Irwin.  The  latter 
planned  a  town  called  Campbellton,  and  offered  free  lots 
to  those  who  would  live  upon  them.  It  was  the  accejoted 
county-site.  A  substantial  brick  court-house  was  built 
in  1828  by  Contractor  Glascock,  and  still  stands  on  an 
old  red  hill  overlooking  the  river.  The  Colquitts,  dis- 
gusted, moved  to  LaGrange,  the  Randalls  to  Alabama. 
Judge  Colquitt,  though  an  eminent  jurist,  was  also  a 
man  of  varied  affairs.  His  business  agent  in  charge  of 
his  mercantile  and  farming  interests  was  young  Benja- 
man  Camp,  who  came  with  him  from  Walton  to  Camp- 
bell. Selling  his  share  of  the  Colquitt  interests  for  ne- 
groes, he  participated  in  the  general  exodus  from  Pump- 
kintown, went  to  South  Carolina  and  married.  Eeturn- 
ing  in  1834,  he  bought  the  lands  of  Tarleton  Sheets,  Ben- 
nett Lee  and  Billy  Johnson,  nearer  Campbellton,  and  be- 
came a  pioneer  of  progress  in  Campbell.  Cami^bellton 
was  then  a  flourishing  town,  with  commodious,  elegant 
homes.     Prominent  people  were  the  Lathams,  Smiths, 


•Authority:    Mrs.    Lee   C.   Moore,    now    of  Decatur,    Ga. 


620       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Cantrells,     Hornsbys,     McClures,     Gormans,     McKoys, 
Beavers,  Butts,  Hopkins  and  Blacks. 

Across  the  river  were  the  plantations  of  Wade 
White,  Alston  Arnold,  James  Nelson,  Thomas  Camp,  the 
Hintons,  Hammonds,  Bullards,  Eutledges,  Longinos, 
Olecklers,  Varners  and  Hntchinsons.  Near  Sand  Town 
lived  the  Danforths,  Campbells,  Bryants,  Wilsons  and 
Aderholts.  Here  lies  buried  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 
John  Gibson. 

For  many  years  the  planters  hauled  their  cotton  to 
the  Augusta  market,  returning  with  the  luxuries  of  life. 
They  had  the  necessities  at  home.  The  houses  in  the 
clearings  were  of  the  log  double-pen  style.  Later,  weather 
boarding,  an  upper  story  and  shed  rooms  were  added. 
The  open  areaway  became  a  hall,  with  a  square  portico, 
and  columns  at  the  front.  The  kitchens  were  in  sepa- 
rate out-buildings.  Schools  were  conducted  by  itinerant 
Northern  or  Irish  masters,  of  whom  the  first  requirement 
was  the  ability  to  make  rapidly  and  well  a  goose  quill 
pen.  The  Friday  afternoon  sessions  were  devoted  to 
lessons  in  etiquette. 

The  high  schools  in  Campbellton  and  Palmetto  pre- 
pared the  young  men  for  the  University. 

Crowds  always  thronged  Campbellton  during  court 
week  and  on  muster  days.  The  center  of  interest  to 
the  young,  next  to  the  Judge's  silk  hat  or  Colonel  Camp's 
plumed  headpiece,  was  the  ginger  cake  cart  of  old  Mis- 
tress Teale.  Once  some  mischievous  boys  pushed  it  down 
the  hill  into  the  river,  but  reimbursed  the  distracted  old 
lady. 

There  was  much  wealth  in  Campbellton,  but  the  spirit 
of  the  place  was  neither  commercial  nor  intellectual.  It 
was  simply  gay.  The  perpetual  pursuit  of  the  frail  pop- 
pies of  pleasure;  the  curse  of  drink;  the  bitterness  of 
the  Reconstruction  era,  resulting  in  tragedy  and  murder, 
blighted  its  growth.  The  best  blood  of  its  citizenship, 
which  was  largely  professional,  was  sacrificed  to  the 
Confederacy.    The  drift  of  population  toward  the  route" 


Campbell     •  621 

of  tlie  West  Point  Eailroad  left  Campbellton  in  isolation. 
Among  the  citizens  who  left  to  give  their  energy  to  the 
upbuilding  of  Atlanta  were  Lucius  J.  Gartrell,  Alfred 
Austell,  Jett  Rucker  and  W.  J.  Garrett. 

In  1870  the  county-seat  went  to  Fairburn,  and  at  that 
time  in  Campbellton  stood  rows  of  good  houses,  aban- 
doned, with  hearthstones  long  cold,  and  weeds  overrun- 
ning the  flowers  at  the  doorstep — a  deserted  village, 
memory-haunted,  more  to  the  taste  of  Poe  than  of  Gold- 
smith. Today  a  shadow  broods  over  tlie  country  road, 
onee  a  street  of  life  and  joy.  While  the  court-house, 
academy  and  Masonic  lodge  stand  dark  and  silent,  two 
churches  on  their  original  sites  have  opened  their  doors, 
Sunday  after  Sunday,  to  the  people  of  the  country-side. 

Occasionally  another  sleeper  finds  rest  among  the 
mossy  marbles  of  the  old  Methodist  church-yard.  Old 
Campbellton  is  with  the  past.  New  Campbellton  consists 
of  two  modest  dwellings  nestling  near  the  country  store. 


Fairburn.  Fairburn,  the  present  county-seat  of  Camp- 
bell, was  incorporated  by  an  Act  of  the  Leg- 
islature, ajDproved  February  17,  1854,^  at  whicli  time  it 
was  on  the  old  boundary  line  between  Fayette  and  Camp- 
bell counties.  But  subsequently  an  Act  was  passed  an- 
nexing a  part  of  Fayette  County  to  Campbell;  and  in 
this  Act,  ai^proved  October  17,  1870,  provision  was  made 
for  a  new  county-site,  as  follows:-  ''Be  it  further  en- 
acted that  the  county-site  of  Campbell  be,  and  is  hereby 
moved  to  some  convenient  and  suitable  place  on  the 
Atlanta  and  West  Point  Railroad,  in  Campbell  County; 
that  such  place  be  selected  by  a  popular  vote  of  all  the 
citizens  entitled  by  law  to  vote  in  the  County  of  Camp- 
bell, laid  off  and  described  in  section  eighth  of  this  Act, 
which  election  shall  be  held  on  Tuesday  after  the  first 
Monday  in  November  next,  at  the  several  precincts  in- 
cluded within  the  limits  of  the  county ;  that  the  superin- 


'  Acts,    1853-1854,    p.    244. 
"Acts,   1870,   pp.    15-16. 


622       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tendents  of  said  election  shall  meet  at  Campbellton,  on 
the  day  after  the  election,  and  consolidate  the  election 
returns  of  said  county-site  before  the  Ordinary,  who 
shall,  with  four  commissioners  to  be  selected  by  him, 
residing  near  the  county-site,  ^^dthout  delay,  purchase  a 
sufficient  tract  of  land  for  the  court-house  and  jail,  and 
proceed  to  build  the  same  out  of  any  funds  belonging  to 
the  county,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  etc."  Under 
the  terms  specified  in  this  Act,  Fairburn  was  made  the 
new  county-site  of  Campbell,  in  the  late  fall  of  1870, 
Among  the  early  settlers  in  this  neighborhood,  the  names 
most  ]3rominent  were  McBride,  Brewster,  Short,  Roan, 
Henderson,  and  Roberts. 


Palmetto.  The  town  of  Palmetto  was  chartered  by  leg- 
islative act,  approved  February  18,  1854,  and 
the  following  well-known  residents  were  named  as  the 
first  commissioners :  Willis  P.  Menifee,  Samuel  Swan- 
swer,  James  J.  Beall,  Reuben  Melsaps  and  John  M. 
Edwards.*  But  the  town  existed  as  an  unincorporated 
community  for  several  years  prior  to  the  date  of  this 
charter;  and  the  name  is  said  to  have  been  conferred 
upon  the  little  village  at  this  place  by  a  company  of  South 
Carolina  soldiers  en  route  to  the  Mexican  War.  Pal- 
metto, at  an  early  date,  restricted  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors.  The  present  public  school  system  of  Palmetto 
was  established  in  1885.  Some  of  the  most  substantial 
families  in  this  vicinity  during  pioneer  days  included  the 
Watts,  the  Gentrys,  the  Joneses,  the  Griffiths,  the  Mc- 
Larens, the  Tatums,  the  Menefees,  the  Hollemans  and 
the  Cochrans. 


♦Acts,    1853-1854.    p.    264. 


Candi.er  623 

CANDLER 

Metter.  On  July  17,  1914,  Governor  Slaton  approved  a 
bill  creating  by  Constitutional  amendment  the 
new  County  of  Candler.  It  is  to  be  carved  out  of  terri- 
tory formerly  embraced  within  three  contiguous  coun- 
ties, to-wit. :  Tattnall,  Bulloch  and  Emanuel.  Metter,  a 
wideawake  little  town,  on  a  branch  line  of  the  Central 
of  Georgia,  will  be  the  new  county  seat.  There  was  prac- 
tically no  opposition  to  the  measure  at  this  session  of 
the  Legislature,  as  the  various  counties  affected  by  the 
proposed  legislation  were  friendly  to  the  bill;  but  in 
former  years  the  champions  of  the  measure  have  waged 
a  losing  fight  against  bitter  opposition.  Since  the  cre- 
ation of  the  new  county  involves  an  amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  it  is  first  necessary  to  submit  the  same 
to  popular  vote  for  ratification;  but  the  result  can  be 
safely  foreshadowed.  The  new  county  is  named  for 
Governor  Allen  D.  Candler,  one  of  Georgia's  most  dis- 
tinguished sons.  On  the  field  of  battle,  in  the  halls  of 
Congress,  in  the  chair  of  Governor,  in  the  office  of  Secre- 
tary of  State,  and,  last  but  not  least,  as  Compiler  of  State 
Records,  he  was  called  upon  to  serve  the  State  in  many 
distinguished  capacities;  but  in  not  one  of  these  high 
stations  did  he  fail  to  approve  himself  a  statesman  and 
a  man. 


Says  the  Atlanta  Coustitution:  '^ Governor  Slaton 
on  Pi'iday  signed  the  bill  creating  the  new  county  of  Can- 
dler, and  thus  ends  one  of  the  most  determined  fights 
waged  in  the  Legislature,  The  effort  of  the  people  of 
Metter  to  secure  the  creation  of  the  county  of  Candler 
is  only  equaled  by  that  of  the  people  of  Winder,  who 
succeeded  some  days  ago  in  passing  the  bill  to  create 
the  county  of  Barrow.  The  first  bill  to  create  Candler 
County  was  introduced  ten  years  ago.  For  ten  sessions 
the  people  of  Metter  have  been  knocking  at  the  doors  of 


624        Georgia's  Laxdmarks,  IMemorials  and  Legends. 

the  Greneral  Assembly,  and  finally  they  have  been  suc- 
cessful. This  success  is  largely  due  to  F.  H.  Sills,  editor 
of  the  Metter  Advertiser,  and  Dr.  W.  D.  Kennedy,  who 
helped  finance  the  project.  Dr.  Kennedy  was  the  first 
to  conceive  the  idea  of  a  new  county.  Three  years  ago 
Mr.  Sills  was  put  in  charge  of  the  campaign,  and  during 
that  time  he  has  given  the  legislature  no  rest.  Governor 
Slaton  signed  the  bill  with  a  special  fountain  pen,  which 
the  people  of  Metter  presented  to  Mr.  Sills  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services.  Candler  County  will  have  a  popula- 
tion of  12,725;  tax  values  of  $2,729,000,  and  an  area  of 
361  square  miles." 


CARROLL 

The  Murder  of  On  the  west  side  of  the  Chattahoo- 

General  Mcintosh.  eliee  River,  within  the  borders  of  the 
present  County  of  Carroll,  stood  the 
old  home  of  General  William  Mcintosh,  the  famous  chief 
of  the  Cowetas  or  Lower  Creeks.  The  unfriendly  In- 
dians, piqued  by  the  relinquishment  of  the  Georgia  lands, 
were  bent  upon  the  death  of  the  brave  chief,  at  whose 
door  lay  the  responsibility  for  the  treaty  at  Indian 
Springs.  Pie  was  accordingly  condemned  in  general 
council,  under  color  of  what  was  claimed  to  be  an  unwrit- 
ten law,  exacting  the  forfeiture  of  life  for  the  offence  in 
question.  Quite  a  party  of  Indians,  numbering  in  the 
aggregate  one  hundred  and  seventy,  undertook  to  exe- 
cute the  sentence;  and,  proceeding  furtively  to  the  home 
of  General  Mcintosh,  they  concealed  themselves  under 
cover  of  the  woods  until  just  before  dawn,  on  May  1, 
1825.  They  were  provided  with  light-wood  knots,  for 
the  purpose  of  setting  fire  to  the  house,  and  they  were 
also  well  armed. 

Before  emerging  from  ambush,  they  first  sent  an 
interpreter,  James  Hutton,  along  with  two  Indians,  to 
ascertain,  without  arousing  suspicion,  what  temporary 


Carroll  625 

sojourners  the  Mclntosli  abode  sheltered.  In  an  oiit- 
liouse  in  the  yard,  which  was  usually  allotted  to  j^ests. 
the  chief's  son,  Chilly  Mcintosh,  was  found,  sharing  the 
apartment  with  an  old  peddler.  But  the  spies  barely  put 
foot  upon  the  doorstep  before  the  young  man,  guided  by 
instinct,  scented  danger,  and  leaped  at  one  bound  through 
the  open  window.  Fire  was  opened  upon  him,  but  the 
shots  failed  to  overtake  the  mercurial  youth. 

And  now  the  entire  body  of  Indians  surrounded  tlie 
house  in  which  General  Mcintosh  sle]it,  and  began  to  light 
the  fagots  underneath  the  doors  and  windows.  The  sti- 
fling smoke  awoke  the  brave  chief,  only  to  greet  him  with 
the  crackling  flames  and  to  show  him  in  the  funeral  glare 
of  the  red  torches  what  deadly  peril  surrounded  him.  It 
was  the  most  lurid  dawn  upon  which  lie  ever  looked;  and, 
fully  comprehending  the  awful  horror  of  the  wild  scene, 
he  realized  that  he  was  now  to  perish  amid  the  blazing 
rafters  of  his  home.  But  the  proud  old  Indian  spirit 
within  him  nerved  his  sinews  for  the  ordeal.  He  was 
determined  to  die  game;  and,  though  denied  the  honors 
of  equal  battle,  he  could  at  least  greet  the  shades  of  his 
ancestors  with  the  war-cry  upon  his  lips. 

Behind  barricaded  doors,  with  the  aid  of  an  Indian 
friend  who  was  the  only  other  occupant  of  the  building 
at  the  time,  he  returned  for  several  moments  the  blasting 
fire  which  came  from  the  red  belt.  But  an  entrance  was 
soon  forced;  and,  hurling  himself  upon  the  invaders  who 
now  rnshed  in,  the  faithful  ally  was  the  first  to  fall,  rid- 
dled with  bullets.  General  Mcintosh,  retreating  up  the 
stairway  in  the  suffocating  smoke,  fired  shot  after  shot 
as  he  went,  making  the  foul  murderers  pay  heavy  cost 
for  the  life  which  they  were  now  about  to  take.  But  at 
last  the  brave  chief  lay  prostrate  upon  the  floor  bleeding 
from  countless  wounds.  And  now  the  fiendish  glee  of  the 
red  devils  filled  the  air  with  the  most  infernal  music 
of  pandemonium.  They  sang  and  danced  and  shouted 
about  the  nmtilated  body  while  the  rlaiiics  underneath 
and  around  roared  and  seethed.  It  was  like  the  glimpse 
which  one  might  get  at  hell-gate. 


626        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriai^s  and  Legends. 

Still  the  brutal  instincts  of  the  savages  were  not  yet 
fully  gorged.  The  brave  chief  was  next  dragged  by  the 
heels  into  the  yard,  and  while  his  lips  yet  breathed  the 
challenge  of  an  unsubdued  old  warrior,  the  bloody  knife 
was  plunged  into  his  heart.  It  straightway  ended  the 
death  struggles,  and,  lifting  his  mangled  face  to  the 
fading  dawn  stars,  William  Mcintosh,  chief  of  the  Cow- 
etas,  bravest  of  the  brave,  Georgia's  true  and  tried 
friend,  slept  the  heavy  sleep  of  his  fathers. 

Rajiine  was  next  added  to  the  measure  of  revenge 
which  included  already  murder  and  arson.  Everything 
of  value  about  the  place,  which  they  were  not  able  to 
carry  off,  they  ruthlessly  destroyed,  like  the  savage 
hordes  of  Attilla.  The  devastation  was  made  complete, 
and  the  rising  sun  found  the  home  of  the  brave  chief  a 
mass  of  ruins,  Georgia  has  always  felt  some  twinge  of 
conscience  over  the  sad  fate  of  Mcintosh.  It  is  said,  on 
good  authority,  that  the  Indian  chief,  realizing  the  immi- 
nence of  danger,  had  sent  to  Milledgeville  for  armed 
protection,  and  though  it  was  readily  promised,  it  was 
never  received.  General  Mcintosh  was  at  all  times  the 
staunch  friend  of  Georgia.  In  the  War  of  1812  he  had 
resisted  the  most  tempting  overtures  of  the  British  emis- 
saries ;  and,  espousing  the  American  cause,  he  had  earned 
the  rank  of  Brigadier-General.  Later  he  had  fought 
under  General  Jackson,  in  the  campaign  against  the  Semi- 
nole Indians  in  Florida.  He  was  ever  marked  b)^  an  un- 
swerving integrity  of  character,  and  to  the  famous  High- 
land clan,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  he  brought  new 
laurels.  General  Lachlan  Mcintosh,  of  the  Revolution, 
was  a  kinsman.  Governor  George  M.  Troup,  then  Gov- 
ernor of  the  State,  was  a  cousin.  The  latter 's  mother 
was  a  Mcintosh,  an  own  sister  to  the  General's  father. 
Though  Governor  Troop  himself  could  boast  no  Indian 
blood  in  his  veins,  he  possessed  both  the  grim  determina- 
tion and  the  courage  of  his  kinsman.  The  <^risig  w^hicli  he 
was  now  called  upon  to  face  was  well  calculated  to  test 
the  metal  of  the  man  in  the  executive  chair. 


Carroll  627 

Carrollton.  When  the  County  of  Carroll  was  organized 
in  1826  out  of  lands  acquired  from  the 
Creeks,  under  a  treaty  which  cost  the  brave  Mcintosh 
his  life,  it  extended  from  the  borders  of  the  Cherokee 
nation  on  the  north,  to  the  Alabama  line,  at  what  is 
now  West  Point,  on  the  south.  It  was  called  the  '^Free 
State  of  Carroll,"  partly  on  account  of  its  magnitude, 
and  partly  for  the  reason  that  it  boasted  at  this  time 
comparatively  few  slaves.  The  county-site  was  first  lo- 
cated at  what  is  todaj^  known  as  Old  Carrollton,  a  point 
eight  miles  northeast  of  the  present  town.  But  in  1829 
the  site  of  public  buildings  was  changed  to  a  locality 
better  adapted  to  the  purpose,  but  the  original  name  was 
still  retained.  Both  the  county  and  the  county-site  were 
named  for  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton,  who  lived  to 
be  the  last  survivor  of  the  immortal  group  of  patriots 
who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  On  Decem- 
ber 22,  1829,  an  Act  was  approved,  making  New  Carroll- 
ton the  permanent  site  for  public  buildings,  and  incor- 
porating the  town  with  the  following  commissioners: 
Henry  Curtis,  Hiram  Sharp,  William  Bryce,  George  Grib- 
son  and  Giles  S.  Boggess.*  Carrollton  is  a  wideawake 
business  community,  with  a  splendid  body  of  citizens, 
numerous  solid  mercantile  establishments,  several  strong 
banks,  and  many  beautiful  homes.  The  present  public 
school  svstem  was  established  in  1886. 


Unmarked  Grave  of  Overlooking  the  Chattahoochee 
General  Mcintosh.  River,  on  the  famous  Mcintosh  Re- 
serve, within  the  present  borders  of 
Carroll,  is  the  grave  of  General  William  Mcintosh,  un- 
marked, except  for  a  pile  of  flint  rocks,  in  a  thicket  of 
underbrush.  As  the  result  of  his  friendship  for  Georgia, 
several  millions  of  acres  were  acquired  by  the  State, 
under  what  is  known  as  the  second  treaty  of  Indian 
Springs.     But  his  own  brave  life  was  forfeited;   and 

•Acts,   1823,  p.    201. 


628       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

there  will  rest  a  foul  blot  upon  Georgia's  escutcheon 
until,  she  marks  with  an  appropriate  memorial  the  last 
resting  place  of  her  true  and  tried  friend :  the  martyred 
chief  of  the  Cowetas. 


CHAELTON 


Folkston.  Li  1854,  Charlton  County  was  organized  out 
of  Camden,^  and  named  for  ^Judge  E.  M. 
Charlton,  of  Savannah.  The  commissioners  to  choose  a 
county-seat  were:  Thomas  Hilliard,  A.  J.  Bessant, 
Thomas  D.  Hawkins,  and  Robert  King.-  Folkston  is 
only  a  small  village,  named  for  an  old  family  then  resi- 
dent in  this  neighborhood.  Since  the  building  of  the  A. 
B.  &  A.  Railroad,  on  which  the  town  is  located,  its  growth 
has  received  a  fresh  impetus. 


Center  Village.  Volume  T. 


CHATHAM 
Savannah 
Founded    1733.  Volume  I,  Pages  378-380. 


First  Jury  Em-  One  of  the  chief  concerns  of  Ogle- 

paneled  in  Georgia,  thorpe,  after  fixing  the  site  of  the 
town,  was  the  erection  of  a  court- 
house, for  the  administration  of  justice  in  the  settlement. 
Though  a  somewhat  rude  affair,  the  building,  which  was 
speedily  raised  for  this  purpose,  also  met  the  religious 
needs  of  the  colony  for  several  years.  The  following  per- 
sons composed  the  first  jury  ever  empanelled  in  Georgia : 
Samuel  Parker,  Thomas  Young,  Joseph  Cole,  John 
Wright,  John  West,  Timothy  Bowling,  John  Milledge, 


1  Not  out  of  Wayne  and  Appling,  as  inadvertently  stated  in  Vol.  I. 

2  Acts,    1853-1S54,    p.    290. 


Chatham  629 

Henry  Close,  Walter  Fox,  John  Grady,  James  Carwell, 
and  Kicliard  Cannon.  The  recorder  was  Noble  Jones. 
His  constables  were  Eicliard  Cannon  and  Joseph  Cole, 
while  his  bailiffs  were  George  Synies,  Eiehard  Hodges 
and  Francis  Scott.  The  first  tax  collectors,  or  tithing- 
men,  were  Francis  Magridge  and  Thomas  Young.  The 
following  prominent  citizens  were  made  conservators  of 
the  peace:  Peter  Gordon,  William  Waterland,  Thomas 
Canston,  Thomas  Christie,  George  Symes,  Richard 
Hodges,  Francis  Scott  and  Noble  Jones.^ 


Georgia:  the  Only  Under  the  laws  enacted  by  the  Trus- 
Free-Soil  Colony,  tees  slavery  was  forbidden  in  Georgia. 
It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  at  this 
time  the-  institution  was  elsewhere  unchecked.  There 
were  slaves  in  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island,  as  well 
as  in  Virginia  and  South  Carolina.  The  earliest  pro- 
hibitive legislation  upon  the  subject  emanated  from  the 
Trustees  of  Georgia;  and  the  first  of  the  English  colo- 
nies in  America  to  outlaw  slavery  was  the  colony  founded 
by  Oglethorpe.* 

Other  enactments  of  the  Trustees  made  it  impossible 
either  to  sell  or  to  mortgage  lands  in  Georgia.  They 
excluded  rum  from  the  colony,  and  sought  to  encourage 
the  manufacture  of  wine  and  silk.  Such  restrictions  were 
ill-adapted  to  meet  the  demands  of  competition.  The 
colony  began  to  languish.  Discontent  became  wide- 
spread, and  finally  these  measures  were  repealed.- 


First  Commercial      James  Habersham,  in  association  with 
House  in  Georgia.    Charles  Harris,  established  in  Savan- 
nah in  1744  the  first  commercial  house 
in  Georgia.    The  firm  was  known  as  Harris  and  Haber- 


'  Jones,  Stevens,  McCall,  Lee  and  Agnew. 

2  Bancroft's  History  of  U.   S.,  Vol.  2,   p.  2S7;   1,   513,   572;   2,   2G8-2S0;  also 
McCall,   Jones,    Stevens,    etc. 


630       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

sham.  It  gave  great  encouragement  to  planters,  from 
whom  were  purchased  deerskins,  poultry,  lumber,  and 
other  wares,  a  cargo  of  which,  valued  at  $10,000,  was 
shipped  to  England  in  1749.  This  was  the  beginning  of 
the  foreign  trade  relations  through  the  port  of  Savannah. 
The  establishment  of  Habersham  and  Harris  was  located 
near  the  water's  edge,  in  the  rear  of  where  the  commis- 
sion house  of  Robert  Habersham  afterwards  stood. ^ 


The  Jews  in  Georgia :  Volume  I,  Pages  97-103'. 


Georgia's  First        "On  the  Sunday  morning  before  leaving  South  Caro- 
"RarhpniP  lina,  the  colonists  held  a  special  thanksgiving  service, 

after  which  Oglethorpe,  at  his  own  expense,  gave  a 
grand  dining,  to  which,  in  the  name  of  the  colonists,  he  invited  the  soldiers 
from  the  barracks,  besides  a  number  of  citizens.  More  than  three  hundred 
people  partook  of  the  feast,  at  which  was'  served,  so  we  are,  told  by  one 
who  was  present,  four  fat  hogs,  two  fine  English  beeves,  eight  turkeys, 
one  hundred  chickens  and  ducks,  a  hogshead  of  rum  punch,  a  hogshead  of 
beer,  and  a  barrel  of  wine.  Notwithstanding  the  large  quantity  of  liquor 
consumed,  not  a  man  became  intoxicated,  and  perfect  order  was  preserved. 
This  was  the  first  Georgia  barbecue;  for,  though  spread  in  South  Carolina, 
it  was  given  by  the  first  Georgian,  and  was  served  in  the  abundant  and 
generous  way  which  has  since  made  Georgia  barbecues  the  most  famous  of 
feasts. ' " 


Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 


Traditions  of  "  ^^   ascending    the    Savannah    Eiver,    Oglethorpe 

is  said  to  have  carried  with  him  the  Journal  of 
Sir  Walter  Ealeigh.  From  the  general  character- 
istics of  the  place,  from  the  latitude  which  it  occupied,  and  especially  from 
the  traditions  of  the  Indians,  he  was  led  to  believe  that  the  celebrated 
English  explorer  had  landed  at  Yamacraw  bluff  and  had  conversed  with 
the  natives.     In  fact,   a  grave-mound,   distant   some  half  a  mile  from   the 


'  Lee  and  Agnew,  Jones,   Stevens,  McCall,   etc. 
'  J.  Harris  Chappell,  in  Stories  of  Georgia. 


Chatham  631 

spot,  was  ])ointO(l  out  by  tlie  Indians,  who  informed  the  founder  of  the 
colony  of  Georgia  that  the  king  who  then  talked  with  Raleigh  was  there 
interred. '  '* 


Christ  Church.  Volume  I,  Pages  77-80. 


The  Wesleys:  AVhen   Oglethorpe   returned  to   Geor- 

John  and  Charles,  gia,  in  1736,  after  a  sojourn  of  several 
months  in  England,  there  sailed  with 
him  to  Savannah  two  young  religious  enthusiasts,  whose 
names  were  destined  to  become  household  words  through- 
out the  whole  of  Christendom :  John  and  Charles  Wesley. 
It  was  t]ie  founder's  anxiety  for  the  spiritual  welfare 
of  the  colony  which  induced  him  to  make  overtures  to 
these  devout  men.  On  the  other,  hand,  it  was  the  some- 
what ascetic  creed  of  self-denial  embraced  by  the  Wes- 
leys which  induced  them  to  exchange  the  luxurious  life 
of  an  English  country-side  for  the  privations  of  an  un- 
explored wilderness  beyond  the  Atlantic.  Reared  under 
the  pious  roof  of  old  Samuel  Wesley,  who,  for  more  than 
forty  years,  was  rector  of  the  church  at  Epworth,  both 
heredity  and  environment  impelled  them  toward  the  pul- 
pit. However,  it  was  not  until  they  became  students  at 
Oxford  that  they  acquired  the  austere  habits  of  life  which 
set  them  peculiarly  apart;  and  here,  in  association  with 
congenial  spirits,  few  in  number  but  kindred  in  charac- 
ter, they  formed  a  club,  which  drew  upon  them  no  small 
amount  of  ridicule  and  abuse.  They  were  regarded  in 
the  light  of  pietists.  The  name  which  finally  stuck — 
Methodists — seems  to  have  been  given  to  them  by  a 
fellow  of  Merton  College.  At  first  John  Wesle}^  declined 
the  offer  of  Oglethorpe.  His  father  was  recently  de- 
ceased and  his  mother  was  old.  The  latter,  however, 
rallied  him  with  mild  rebuke.  "Had  I  twenty  sons,"  said 
she,  *'I  should  rejoice  that  they  were  all  so  employed, 


»Chas.  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  in  History  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I. 


632       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

though  I  should  never  see  them  more."  Thus  admon- 
ished, he  waived  his  scruples  and  agreed  to  accompany 
Oglethorpe  to  Georgia,  his  special  desire  being  for  mis- 
sionary work  among  the  Indians;  and  for  this  purpose 
he  came  with  full  religious  ordination.  But  Charles  en- 
gaged himself  in  the  capacity  of  private  secretary  to 
Oglethorpe;  and  his  acceptance  of  purely  secular  work 
in  preference  to  holy  orders  is  said  to  have  given  offense 
to  John,  whose  paramount  reason  for  sailing  to  Georgia 
was  'Ho  save  his  soul."  But  Charles,  almost  from  the 
outset,  felt  himself  to  be  a  misfit.  It  was  at  the  expense 
of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  For- 
eign Parts  that  John  embarked  upon  the  expedition. .  At 
first  he  refused  to  receive  the  stipend  of  fifty  pounds 
per  annum,  but  he  afterwards  agreed  to  take  it.  An- 
other of  the  Oxford  band  who  joined  the  brothers  was 
Benjamin  Ingham,  a  man  of  parts,  who  later  joined  the 
Moravian  brethren,  married  a  titled  lady,  and  became 
the  head  of  a  sect  called  the  Inghamites. 


It  was  late  in  the  fall  of  the  year  when  two  vessels, 
the  Symond  and  the  London  Merchant,  each  of  220  ton? 
burden,  quit  the  English  docks,  bearing  three  hundred 
emigrants  to  Georgia.  The  Wesley s  traveled  in  the 
former.  Among  the  passengers  were  twenty-six  Mora- 
vians, whose  demeanor  during  the  progress  of  a  some- 
what stormy  voyage  made  an  extraordinary  impression 
upon  the  Oxford  men;  and  such  was  John  Wesley's  eager 
desire  to  converse  with  them  that  he  immediately  began 
the  study  of  German  and  acquired  no  little  familiarity 
with  the  language  before  reaching  port.  The  piety  of 
these  devout  Moravians  moved  him  to  admiration.  In- 
deed, he  questioned  the  genuineness  of  his  conversion 
prior  to  meeting  them.  In  his  mission  to  the  new  world 
he  was  destined  ;to  meet  with  little  apparent  success,  but 
he  needed  just  the  mental  and  spiritual  discipline  which 
it  gave  him.    To  quote  Dr.  J.  W.  Lee :  ' '  The  John  Wes- 


Chatham  633 

ley  who  went  out  to  Georgia  was  still  in  a  crysallis  con- 
dition ;  lie  had  yet  to  learn  how  to  expand  his  wings.  It  is 
not  true  that  his  career  in  Georgia  was  the  utter  failure  it 
has  been  represented  to  be  in  many  treatises.  It  is  true, 
however,  that  it  was  hampered  by  tlie  uncertain  condi- 
tion of  will  which  is  apt  to  precede  some  great  S})iritual 
change."  On  the  14th  of  February,  1736",  which  proved 
to  be  the  Sabbath,  the  vessels  anchored  in  one  of  the 
coves  of  an  island,  probably  Cockspur.  The  day  was 
calm  and  beautiful.  Early  in  the  morning  the  voyagers 
went  ashore,  and  there,  on  a  rising  knoll,  with  his  fellow 
voyagers  around  him,  John  Wesley  lifted  his  voice  in 
prayer  for  the  first  time  in  the  new  world,  where  the 
present  generation  sees  his  followers  numbered  by  mill- 
ions. Soon  after  reaching  Savannah,  John  Wesley  was 
designated  to  succeed  Samuel  Quincy,  in  charge  of  the 
religious  affairs  of  the  settlement,  while  Charles,  in  com- 
pany with  Oglethorpe,  journeyed 'still  further  to  Fred- 
erica. 


The  Grave  of 

Tomo-Chi-Chi.  Volume  I,  Pages  85-87. 


Bethesda.  Volume  I,   Pages   80-85. 


The  Cradle  of  "Tlu-ough  John  ami  Charles  Wesley,  the  early  life  of 

Methodism.  Savannah    and    of    the    Colony    of    Georgia    is    linked 

with  one  of  the  most  powerful  religious  movements 
of  the  eighteenth  <>entury.  John  Wesley  himself  says:  'The  first  rise  to 
Methodism  was  in  1729,  when  four  of  lis  met  together  at  Oxford.  The 
second  was  at  Savannah  in  1736,  when  twenty  or  thirty  persons  met  at  my 
house.  The  last  was  at  London,  on  this  day.  May  first,  1738,  when  forty 
or  fifty  of  us  agreed  to  meet  together  every  Wednesday  evening. '  Of  the 
fcaar  young  men  who  met  together  at  Oxford,  all  visited  Savannah,  .Tohn 
and  Charles  Wesley,  Benjamin  Ingraham  and  George  Whitefield,  three  of 
them  having  the  charge  of  churches'  in  the  colony.  Verily,,  Savannah  has 
every  right  to  be  a  stronghold  of  Methodism.  But  a  mistaken  notion  has 
somehow  caught  the  popular  credence  regarding  the  Wesleys  and  Whitefield. 


634       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  AND  Legends 

They  were  all  Church  of  England  men,  ami  were  appointed  as  such  to  be 
chaplains  in  Savannah.  Their  methods  of  life  gained  themi  the  name  of 
Methodists;  applied  at  first  simply  to  those  who  performed  rigid  outward 
observance  of  devotional  duties;  and  it  gradually  acquired  and  embodied 
the  doctrines  peculiar  to  Wesley  as  they  were  unfolded. 

"Another  event  which  lends  luster  to  the  small  settlement  on  the  banks 
of  the  Savannah  River  was  the  establishment  of  a  Sunday-school  in  tlie 
parish  of  Christ  Church  by  Reverend  John  Wesley,  nearly  fifty  years  be- 
fore Robert  Raikes  began  his  system  of  Sunday  instruction  in  Gloucester, 
Eng.,  and  eighty  years  before  the  first  Sunday-school  in  America,  modeled 
after  his  plan,  was  established  in  New  York.  .  .  .  This  Sunday-school 
begun  by  Wesley,  was  perpetuated  by  Whitefield  at  Bethesda,  and  has  con- 
tinued until  the  present — constituting  the  oldest  Sunday-school  in  the 
world.  Nor  does  this  end  the  claim  of  Savannah  upon  John  Wesley.  Here 
in  Savannah  was  his  first  book  of  hymns  written,  though  it  was  published 
in  Charleston,  in'  3  737.  But  one  copy  is  known  to  be  in  existence^  dis- 
covered in  England  in  1878.  Rare  as  any  Shakespeare,  this  hymnal  escaped 
the  search  of  both  English  and  American  collectors ;  no  biographer  of  John 
Wesley  so  much  as  dreaming  of  its  existence.  It  is  also  interesting  as 
an  early-printed  American  book,  apart  from  its  interest  as  a  hymnal 
and  a  portrayal  of  Wesley's  mind  during  his  eventful  visit  to  Georgia. 
The  volume  is  a  small  octavo  volume  of  seventy-four  pages,  the  title  page 
of  which  reads:  'A  Collection  of  Psalms  and  Hymns — Charleston.  Printed 
by  Timothy  Lewis,  1737.'  "* 


John  Wesley  Says  Dr.  James  W.  Lee,  in  narrating 

Quits  Savannah:         the   circumstances   under   which   the 
His  Love  Affair.  great    founder    of    Methodism    left 

Savannah,  in  1736 : 

"During  his  stay  at  Ebenezer,  Wesley  opened  his  heart  to  Spanen- 
berg  on  a  matter  which  was  weighing  heavily  upon  his  mind;  and  he  has 
placed  on  record  his  approval  of  the  good  pastor's  advice.  On  his  return 
to  Savannah  the  affair  was  to  assume  a  very  serious  aspect,  and  to  bring  to 
an  abrupt  termination  his  career  in  the  settlement.  Tlie  chief  man  at 
Savannah  was  a  certain  Thomas  Causton,  who  began  his  career  as  the  com- 


*Adelaide  Wilson,  in  Historic  and  Picturesque  Savannah.  Consult  also: 
James  W.   Lee,   in  Illustrated  History  of  Methodism. 

*Though  Savannah  has  been  called  the  "cradle  of  Methodism,"  it  was 
not  until  1807,  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  century  after  the  Wesleys  re- 
turned to  England,  that  this  new  religious  denomination  succeeded  in  ob- 
taining a  foothold  in  Savannah.  Rev.  Hope  Hull,  in  1790,  undertook  to 
hold  a  series  of  meetings  in  a  chairmaker's  shop,  but,  according  to  Ur. 
White,  his  preaching  aroused  mob  violence,  and  his  success  was  small — 
White's    "Historical  Collections   of   Georgia,"    under   Chatham. 


Chatham  635 

pHiiy's  storekeeper,  and  ^v;^s  siicccssfol  in  securing  tlie  good  will  of  Ogle- 
tliorj  e.  This  led  to  rapid  advancement,  which,  however,  was  undeserved; 
for,  some  years  later,  he  was  detected  in  a  course  of  fraudulent  dealing  and 
was  summarily  cashiered. 

"There  was  living  in  his  household  at  this  time  an  attractive  young 
lady,  named  Sophia  Christina  Hopkey,  or  Hopkins,  his  niece,  who  showed 
herself  a  devoted  attendant  at  church  services,  and  most  receptive  to  the  min- 
istrations of  the  handsome  young  pastor.  Desirous  of  learning  French,  she 
found  in  him  an  excellent  teacher.  Wesley 's  London  friend,  Delamotte, 
however,  who  regarded  Miss. Sophia  as  sly  and  designing,  and  doubted  the 
sincerity  of  her  professions,  warned  John  Wesley  against  her.  Wesley» 
seems  also  to  have  discussed  the  matter  of  her  sincerity — or  rather  of  her 
fitness  to  be  a  clergyman  's  wife — with  the  excellent  Moravians.  The  ad- 
vice which  they  gave  him  coincided  with  Delamotte 's,  and  the  result  was 
a  distinct  coolness  in  his  manner  toward  the  young  lady.  She  resented 
the  change,  and,  understanding  it^  significance,  accepted  the  advances  of 
a  less'  scrupulous  suitor  named  Wilkinson,  a  man  by  no  means  conspicuous 
for  piety.  As  her  spiritual  adviser,  Wesley  still  continued  to  visit  Mrs. 
Wilkinson. 

"At  length,  believing  that  he  perceived  in  the  lady's  conduct  distinct 
marks  of  spiritual  degeneracy,  he  deemed  it  his  duty  to  repel  her  from 
holy  communion.  This  summary  and  injudicious  step  was  naturally  in- 
terpreted in  an  ^unpleasant  way.  The  husband  and  uncle  of  the  lady  sued 
him  in  the  civil  court  for  defamation  of  character;  and,  in  the  squabble 
which  followed,  the  people  took  part  against  Wesley.  Holding  peculiar 
views  respecting  the  limited  jurisdiction  possessed  by  civil  courts  over  cler- 
gymen, Wesley  refused  to  enter  into  the  necessary  recognizances,  and  a 
warrant  for  his  arrest  was  accordingly  issued.  To  avoid  further  trouble,  he 
determined  to  fly,  like  Paul  from  Damascus.  He  left  the  place  secretly  by 
night,  in  the  company  of  a  bankrupt  constable,  a  ne  'er-do-well  wife-l>eater 
named  Gough,  and  a  defaulting  barber.  They  rowed  up  the  river  in  a 
boat  to  the  Swiss  settlement  at  Purysburg,  and  proceeded  thence  on  foot 
to  Beaufort ;  but,  misdirected  by  an  old  man,  they  lost  the  way,  wandered 
about  in  a  swamp,  and,  for  a  whole  day,  had  no  food  but  a  piece  of  ginger- 
bread. Finally  they  arrived  at  Beaufort,  where  Delamotte  joined  them,  and 
thence  they  took  boat  to  Charleston.  Here  Wesley  preached  again  'to  this 
careless  people, '  and  four  days  later  took  leave  of  America,  embarking  on 
board  the  '  Samuel, '  Captain  Percy. 

"On  the  voyage,  which  was  a  stormy  and  unpleasant  one,  he  devoted 
himself  to  ministering  to  the  spiritual  want^  of  those  on  board.  In  the 
solitude  of  his  cabin  he  gave  himself  vip  to  deep  heart-searching.  He  felt 
that  the  want  of  success  which  attended  his  work  in  America  was  due  to 
some  lack  of  real  devotion  in  himself.  As  he  expressed  it  very  tersely  in 
a  note  to  one  of  the  entries  in  his  journal:  'I  had  even  then  the  faith  of 
a  servant,  though  not  of  a  son.' 

' '  Meanwhile,  George  Whitfield,  to  w  horn  he  had  sent  a  pressing  invita- 


636       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tion  to  join  him  in  Georgia,  had  embarked  on  his  journey;  and,  the  two 
vessels,  as  it  happened,  the  one  outward  bound,  bearing  Wliitfield,  all 
aglow  with  missionary  enthusiasm,  the  other  about  to  enter  port,  carrying 
the  disappointed  Wesley,  met  at  the  mnutli  of  the  Thames.  The  question 
whether  "WTiitfield  should  proceed  or  return  weighed  heavily  on  the  mind 
of  the  older  man,  who  seems  to  have  thought  that  the  decision  rested  with 
him.  At  length,  having  cast  lots — a  Biblical  practice  shared  by  him  with 
the  Moravians — he  sent  word  to  Whitfield  that  he  had  better  return.  But 
Whitfield  did  not -highly  esteem  this  method  of  coming  to  a  practical  de- 
cision, resolved  to  continue  on  his  voyage;  and,  in  due  time,  he  landed  at 
Savannah. '  '* 


Wesley's  Georgia    "Bishop  E.  R.  Hendrix  had  the  good  fortu'io,  while 


Diary  and 
Hymn-book. 


on  a  visit  to  England  in  1900  as  the  fraternal 
delegate  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
to  the  British  Wesleyan  Conferences,  to  come  into 
possession  of  the  original  diary  kept  by  John  Wesley  during  his  stay 
in  Georgia.  This  rare  manuscript  journal  has  been  in  the  hands  of  only 
two  families  since  it  was  given,  in  1817,  by  the  Eev.  Henry  Moore  to  Miss 
Elizabeth  Taylor,  of  Caermarthen.  She  left  it  by  will,  in  1847,  to  the 
Rev.  John  Gould  Avery,  a  Wesleyan  preacher,  who  valued  it  so  highly  that 
it  was  retained  in  the  possession  of  himself  and  his  only  daughter,  Mrs. 
Norton  Bell,  the  wife  of  a  London  architect,  until  bought,  in  1897,  by 
Mr.  E.  Thursfield  Smith,  J.  P.,  of  ■\^^litechurch,  Shropshire,  a  retired  engineer 
and  iron  manufacturer. 

' '  The  book  is  a  small  duodecimo,  bound  in  leather,  and  contains  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-six  pages,  all  but  eleven  of  which  are  numbered,  and  are 
filled  with  Wesley  's  handwriting.  Each  of  the  numbered  pages  is  devoted 
to  the  doings  of  a  single  day,  and  each  line  to  the  work  of  a  single  hour, 
except  on  one  or  two  occasions  when  the  writer  was  traveling.  The  whole, 
therefore,  contains  a  minute  account  of  the  way  in  which  Wesley  spent 
every  hour  of  every  day  during  the  time  embraced  in  the  record.  The 
first  entry  is  dated  Saturday,  May  1,  1736  [Old  Style];  the  last  is  dated 
February  11,  1737.  Wesley  relates  in  his  printed  journal  that  he  'first  set 
foot  on  American  ground, '  Friday,  February  6,  1736,  entering  upon  his 
ministry  in  Savannah  on  Sunday,  March  7,  of  the  same  year;  and  on 
Friday,  December  2,  1737,  he  continued,  'I  shook  off  the  dust  of  my  feet 
and  left  Georgia,  after  having  preached  the  gospel  there — not  as  I  ought 
but  as  I  was  able— one  year  and  nearly  nine  months. '  He  took  his  final 
leave  of  America  on  the  twenty-second.  This  record  therefore)  relates  to 
the  greater  part  of  the  time  spent  by  him  as  a  missionary  in  Georgia. 

"In  the  journal,  the  entries  for  the  day  begin  at  four  o'clock  in  the 


*Kev.   James  W.   Lee,   D.  D.,  in  Illustrated  History  of  Methodism. 


Chatham  637 

morning,  and  end  at  nine  o  'clock  at  night ;  and  also  every  hour  of  the  day 
is  inserted,  whether  the  writer  was  on  land  or  sea.  The  dates  arc  given 
at  the  head  of  each  page  with  the  utmost  exactness.  The  handwriting  is 
neat  and  clear,  and  resembles  that  found  in  Wesley  's  later  manuscripts.  It 
was  all  written  with  a  quill  pen,  on  good  paper,  and  with  durable  ink. 
The  book  is  stained  with  oil  or  sea  water,  for  he  carried'  it  with  him  on 
his  voyages  during  his  stay  in  America,  several  of  such  voyages  being 
mentioned  in  tlie  book.  In  one  passage  he  uses  the  shorthand  of  Byrom  's 
system,  which  he  learned  as'  early  as  1731.  The  book  showsr  that  he  was 
often  attacked  by  ailments  which  ordinary  mortals  would  have  regarded 
as  severe.  Again  and  again  he  is  seized  with  'cliolick,'  which  he  some- 
times spells  with  and  sometimes  without  the  'k. '  The  first  registered 
attack  was  on  May  5th.  It  was  on  this  date  he  met  with  trouble  by 
declining  to  baptize  a  child  because  the  mother  refused  to  have  it  dipped. 
Wesley  dined  there,  and  'took  a  glass  of  spirit  and  water  to  cure  me  of 
the  cholick. '  He  abstained  from  spirituous  liquors,  *  unless  in  cases  of 
extreme  necessity '  or  '  at  a  wedding  feast. ' 

"On  one  occasion  he  suffered  from  an  attack  of  'St.  Anthony's  fire,' 
which  'smarted  much.'  He  was  also  attacked  by  'shocking  headaches,' 
intermittent  fever,  violent  and  protracted  nausea,  dysentery,  and  boils. 
He"  was'  also  occasionally  deprived  of  sleep  by  the  attacks  of  nocturnal 
insects.  He  had  often  to  take  'physick, '  and  was  frequently  'in  pain'  or 
'sick.'  Tlie  only  robust  exercise  he  took  was  'walking'  or  ' felling  trees, ' 
or  'nailing  pales.'  References  are  made  to  different  places  about  Savannah, 
such  as  Frederica  and  Thunderbolt,  and  to  the  different  people  whom  he 
chanced  to  meet.  He  speaks  of  Tomo-chi-chi  and  the  Indians.  While  in 
Savannah,  Mr.  Wesley  acquired  German,  Spanish  and  Italian.  He  pre- 
pared while  there  a  small  volume  of  seventy-four  pages,  with  the  title- 
page:  'A  Collection  of  Psalms  and  Hymns.  Charles-town:  printed  by 
Lewis  Timothy. '     This  was  the  first  Methodist  hymn-book  ever  published. '  '* 


Wormsloe.  Volume  T,  Pages  87-90. 


Brampton.  Volume  I,  Pages  93-97. 


Georgia's  First  Se-  '' Memorable  in  the  political  annals 
cession  Convention,  of  the  colony  were  the  proceedings 
of  the  Provincial  Congress,  which 
assembled  at  Savannah  on  the  4th  of  July,  1775.  Every 
parish  was  represented,  and  the  delegates  were  fitting 


♦James  W.  Lee,  D.  D.,  in  Illustrated  History  of  Methodism,  Appendix  A. 


638       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

exponents  of  the  intelligence,  the  dominant  hopes,  and  the 
material  interests  of  the  communities  from  which  they 
respectively  came.  This  was  Georgia's  first  secession 
convention.  It  placed  the  province  in  active  sympathy 
and  confederated  alliance  with  the  other  twelve  Amer- 
ican colonies,  practically  annulled  within  her  limits  the 
operation  of  the  obnoxious  acts  of  Parliament,  questioned 
the  supremacy  of  the  realm,  and  inaugurated  measures 
calculated  to  accomplish  the  independence  of  the  plan- 
tation and  its  erection  into  the  dignity  of  Statehood." 

The  following  members  submitted  proper  credentials 
and  eame  together  at  Tondee's  Long  Eoom: 

Town  and  District  of  Savannah. — ^Archibald  Bulloch,  Noble  Wym- 
berley  Jones,  Joseph  Habersham,  Jonathan  Bryan,  Ambrose  Wright,  William 
Young,  John  Glen,  Samuel  Elbert,  John  Houstoun,  Oliver  Bowen,  John  Mc- 
Clure,  Edward  Telfair,  Thomas  Lee,  George  Houstoun,  Joseph  Eeynolds, 
John  Smith,  William  Ewen,  John  Martin,  Ih-.  Zubly,  William  Bryan,  Philip 
Box,  Philip  Allman,  William  O  'Bryan,  Joseph  Clay,  Seth  John  Cuthbert. 

District  of  Vernonburgh. — Joseph  Butler  [declined  to  take  his  seat], 
Andrew  Elton  Wells',  Matthew  Roche,  Jr. 

District  of  Acton — David  Zubly,  Basil  Cowper,  William  Gibbons. 

Sea  Island  District. — Colonel  Deveaugh,  Colonel  Delegall,  James  Bul- 
loch, John  Morel,  John  Bohiin  Girardeau,  John  Barnard,  Robert  Gibson. 

District  of  Little  Ogeechee. — Francis  Henry  Harris,  Joseph  Gibbons, 
James  Robertson  [declined  to  take  his  seat]. 

Parish  of  St.  Matthew. — John  Stirk,  John  Adam  Treutlen,  George 
Walton,  Edward  Jones,  Jacob  Wauldhauer,  Philip  Howell,  Isaac  Young, 
Jenkin  Davis,  John  Morel,  John  Flert,  Charles  McCay,  Christopher  Cramer. 

Parish  of  St.  Philip. — Colonel  Butler,  William  LeConte,  William  Max- 
well, James  Maxwell,  Stephen  Drayton,  Adam  Fowler  Brisbane,  Luke  Mann, 
Hugh  Bryan. 

Parish  of  St.  George. — Henry  Jones',  John  Green,  Thomas  Burton, 
William  Lord,  David  Lewis,  James  Pugh,  John  Fulton. 

Parish  of  St.  Andrew. — Jonathan  Cochran,  William  Jones,  Peter  Tar- 
lin,  Lachlan  Mcintosh,  AVilliam  Mcintosh,  George  Threadcraft,  John  Wereat, 
Roderick  Mcintosh,  John  Witherspoon,  George  Mcintosh,  Allan  Stewart, 
John  Mcintosh,  Raymond  Demere. 

Parish  of  St.  David — John  Cuthbert  Seth,  William  Williams,  Sr. 

Parish  of  St.  Mary. — Daniel  Ryan. 

Parish  of  St.  Thomas. — John  Roberts. 

Parish  of  St.  Paul. — ^John  Walton,  Joseph  M'addock  [declined  to  take 
his  seat],  Andrew  Burns,  Robert  Rae,  James  Rae,  Andrew  Moore,  Andrew 
Buruey,  Leonard  Marbury. 


Chatham  639 

Parish  of  St.  John. — James  Screven,  Nathan  Brownson,  Daniel  Eoberts, 
John  Baker,  Sr.,  John  Bacon,  Sr.,  James'  Maxwell,  Edward  Ball,  "William 
Baker,  Sr.,  William  Bacon,  Jr.,  John  Stevens,  John  Winn,  Sr. 

The  congress  was  organized  by  the  election  of  Archi- 
bald Bulloch  as  president  and  of  George  Walton  as  sec- 
retary. Both  these  officers  were  unanimously  chosen. 
Its  organization  having  been  perfected,  the  body  ad- 
journed to  the  meeting-house  of  the  Eev.  John  J.  Zubly, 
who  preached  a  sermon  on  the  alarming  state  of  Amer- 
ican affairs.* 


Bonaventure.     Volume  I,  Pages  90-93;  also  Volume  II, 
Historic  Church- Yards,  etc. 


Georgia's  First  Among  other  important  changes  made 
General  Assembly,  by  the  Trustees,  a  Colonial  Assembly 
was  authorized,  consisting  of  sixteen 
members,  proportioned  to  the  population  of  the  different 
parishes  or  districts,  writs  of  election  were  issued,  and 
the  members  were  required  to  convene  at  Savannah,  on 
the  15tli  of  January,  1751.  The  Assembly  met  on  the 
day  appointed.  Francis  Harris  was  chosen  speaker,  and 
Noble  Jones  and  Pickering  Robinson  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  prepare  a  report  on  the  state  of  the  colony, 
said  report  to  furnish  the  basis  of  discussion.  Oaths  of 
allegiance  and  abjuration  were  administered  to  members 
on  the  day  following.  The  gentlemen  who  constituted 
the  first  General  Assembly  of  Georgia  were : 

Savannah  District. — Francis  Harris,  Speaker;  John  Milledge,  William 
Francis,  William  Eiissell. 

Augusta  District. — George  Catogan,  David  Douglass. 
Ebenezer  District. — Christian  Eeidlesperger,  Theobald  Keiffer. 
Abercorn  and  Goshen  Districts. — William  Ewen. 
Joseph  Town  District. — Charles  Watson. 
Vegnonbourgh  District. — Patrick  Hountoun. 


♦Charles   C.   Jones,   Jr.,    in   History  of  Georgia,   Vol.    2. 


640       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

AcTOX  District. — Peter  Morell. 
Little  Ogeechee  District. — Joseph  Summers. 
Skidaway  District. — John  Barnard. 
Midway  District. — Audley  Maxwell. 
Darien  District. — John  Mackintosh,  B. 

It  appears  that  the  powers  of  the  Assembly  amounted 
to  little  more  than  those  of  a  grand  jury,  in  making-  a 
presentme^it  of  gTievances  to  be  redressed.  Several 
articles  were  laid  before  the  president,  but  the  members 
were  jiowerless  to  enact  laws,  and  the  business  of  the 
Assembly  being  finished,  the  house  adjourned,  after  a 
session  of  twenty-two  days.^  • 

According  to  the  basis  of  representation  fixed  by  the  Trustees,  every 
town  or  district,  which  numbered  ten  families,  was  entitled  to  one  deputy; 
and  wherever  thirty  families  were  settled,  they  were  entitled  to  two  dep- 
uties. Savannah,  being  much  the  largest  town  in  the  province,  was  allowed 
a  representation  of  four  deputies ;  but  Ebenezer  and  Augusta  were  restricted 
to  two.  For  some  reason,  Frederiea  was  not  represented  in  the  first  general 
assembly  at  Savannah.  Doubtless  the  town  had  commenced  to  decline ;  but 
two  delegates  were  apportioned  to  Frederiea,  provided  the  settlement  at 
this  place  could  muster  thirty  families. 

Some  of  the  qualifications  for  future  membership  in  the  assembly 
possess  an  amusing  interest.  In  the  first  place,  it  was  provided  that  after 
June  24,  1751,  no  person  could  be  chosen  a  deputy  who  had  not  one  hun- 
dred mulberry  trees  planted  and  fenced  upon  every  fifty  acres  he  possessed ; 
and  in  the  next  place,  it  was  provided  that  after  June  24,  1753,  no  person 
could  be  chosen  a  deputy  who  owned  an  excess  of  negro  slaves  ibeyond  the 
fixed  proportion,  who  had  not  at  least  one  female  in  the  family  who  was 
well  instructed  in  the  art  of  reeling  silk,  and  who  did  not  produce  .fifteen 
pounds  of  silk  upon  every  acre  of  land.^ 

One  of  the  recommendations  of  the  first  General  Assembly  was  that 
the  militia  be  organized,  and  President  Parker,  immediately  after  his  ap- 
pointment, proceeded  to  carry  ovit  this  recommendation.  General  Ogle- 
thorpe 's  regiment  having  disbanded,  the  colony  was  left  almost  without 
protection  against  the  Indians,  whose  friendship  was  uncertain.  Those 
citizens'  who  owned  as  many  as  three  hundred  acres  of  land  were  ordered 
to  appear  at  Savannah  at  a  certain  time  on  horseback,  to  be  organized  as 
cavalry,  and  all  who  owned  less  land  were  to  be  organized  as  infantry.  The 
first  general  muster  or  gathering  of  the  militia  was  held  in  Savannah  in 


^  Capt.  Hugh  McCall,   in  History  of  Georgia,   Vol.   I. 

2  Condensed  from  History  of  Georgia,  by  Wm.  Bacon  Stevens,  M.  D.,  D.  D. 


Chatham  641 

Jane,  1751,  when  about  two  hundred  and  twenty  men  paraded  under  Captain 
Noble  Jones.* 


First  Rally  On  July  14,  1774,  there  appeared  in  tlie 
of  Patriots.  Georgia  Gazette,  a  card  calling  upon  the 
friends  of  liberty  to  meet  at  Tondee's  Tav- 
ern on  the  27th  day  of  the  same  month.  It  was  signed 
by  Noble  Wymberley  Jones,  Archibald  Bulloch,  John 
Houstoun,  and  John  Walton,  the  last  a  brother  of  the 
sigTier.  At  the  appointed  time  and  place  a  number  of 
patriots  assembled,  but  some  of  the  parishes  were  not 
represented.  Another  meeting  was,  therefore,  set  for 
August  10,  and,  notwithstanding  the  Governor's  procla- 
mation of  warning,  it  was  well  attended.  Strong  resolu- 
tions were  passed ;  and,  though  it  was  thought  best  not  to 
send  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress,  the  action  of 
the  assemblage  was  unequivocal.  Thus  the  youngest  of 
the  original  thirteen  colonies  and  the  most  loyal  to  Eng- 
land of  the  entire  sisterhood  was  at  last  aroused;  and 
nothing  save  the  most  strenuous  activities  of  Governor 
Wright  prevented  the  most  radical  steps  from  being 
taken. 

Some  of  the  more  radical  members,  in  protest  against 
the  conservative  action  of  the  body,  met  and  chose  Noble 
Wymberley  Jones,  Archibald  Bulloch  and  John  Hous- 
toun to  represent  the  province  in  the  Continental  Con- 
gress. However,  since  they  lacked  the  proper  creden- 
tials they  did  not  repair  to  Philadelphia;  they  simply 
addressed  a  letter  to  John  Hancock,  expressing  the  s>an- 
pathetic  attitude  of  Georgia.  The  Puritans  of  the  Mid- 
way settlement  alone  went  to  the  full  limit  of  protest. 
They  dispatched  Lyman  Hall  to  Philadelphia,  single- 
handed  and  alone,  to  represent  the  Parish  of  St,  John. 
It  was  not  until  after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  in  1775, 
that  the  tie  of  allegiance  to  England  was  formally  sev- 
ered by  a  famous  convocation  held  at  Tondee's  Tavern. 


*Lawton   B.   Evans,   in   School  History  of  Georgia. 


642       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
Tondee's  Tavern.  Volume  I,  Pages  385-386. 


Georgia's  First  Twelve  years  prior  to  the  battle  of  Lex- 
Newspaper:  ington,  the  earliest  printing-press  was 
"The  Gazette."  installed  in  Savannah;  and  on  April  7, 
1763,  ^appeared  the  initial  number  of 
the  Georgia  Gazette,  edited  by  James  Johnson.  It  was 
the  eighth  newspaper  to  be  published  in  the  colonies. 
Beyond  the  announcement  of  vital  statistics,  the  arrival 
and  departure  of  vessels  in  the  harbor,  and  items  relating 
to  traffic,  the  little  weekly  sheet  contained  no  local  news. 
According  to  one  authority,  Savannah  and  Charleston 
exchanged  brieflets  in  regard  to  each  other :  the  Charles- 
ton editor  would  gather  information  about  Savannah 
from  visitors  who  came  to  trade  in  Charleston ;  and  this 
he  would  publish  in  the  Charleston  paper.  Two  weeks 
later  it  would  appear  in  the  Georgia  Gazette,  and  vice 
versa. 

But  the  local  column  was  soon  developed.  The  spirit 
of  resistance  to  the  oppressive  measures  of  the  British 
Parliament  bore  fruit  in  news  items,  which  were  pub- 
lished at  first  hand.  The  earliest  bugle  call  for  the 
patriots  to  assemble  in  Savannah  was  sounded  through 
the  columns  of  the  Georgia  Gazette,  on  July  14,  1774. 
They  were  requested  to  meet  at  the  Liberty  Pole,  in 
front  of  Tondee's  Tavern,  on  July  27  following,  and 
the  card  was  signed  by  the  famous  quartette  of  liberty: 
Noble  Wymberley  Jones,  Archibald  Bulloch,  John  Hous- 
toun  and  John  Walton,  the  brother  of  the  signer.  Though 
a  large  number  responded  at  the  appointed  time,  the 
Province  at  large  was  not  represented,  and  another  call 
was  issued  for  August  10,  1774.  At  this  time,  in  spite 
of  the  Governor's  solemn  edict  of  warning,  also  pub- 
lished in  the  Gazette,  they  met  together  and  took  con- 
servative but  firm  action.  The  strong  influence  of  the 
Governor  and  the  effective  opposition  of  such  pro- 
nounced Lovalists  as  James  Habersham  and  Noble  Jones 


Chatham  643 

alone  kept  the  assemblage  from  sending  delegates  at  this 
time  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  Philadelphia. 

Among  the  patriots  who  responded  to  the  earliest 
summons  were:  John  Glen,  Joseph  Clay,  Noble  Wym- 
berley  Jones,  John  Houstoun,  Lyman  Hall,  John  Smith, 
William  Young,  Edward  Telfair,  Samuel  Farley,  John 
Walton,  George  Walton,  Joseph  Habersham,  Jonathan 
Bryan,  Jonathan  Cochrane,  George  Mcintosh,  William 
Gibbons,  Benjamin  Andrew,  John  Winn,  John  Stirk, 
David  Zoubly,  H.  L.  Bourquin,  Elisha  Butler,  William 
Baker,  Parmenus  Way,  John  Baker,  John  Stacy,  John 
Morel  and  others. 


Other  Historic  Sheets    In  1796,  some  three  years  before  the 
of  Savannah.  suspension  of  the  Georgia  Gazette, 

arose  the  Columbian  Museum  and 
Savannah  Advertiser,  a  periodical  which  appeared  semi- 
weekly,  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays.  It  finally  merged  into 
the  Museum  and  Gazette.  On  January  1,  1802,  appeared 
the  first  number  of  the  .Georgia  Republican,  also  a  semi- 
weekly,  owned  and  edited  by  John  F.  Everett.  Later  it 
became  a  tri-weekly,  appeared  in  the  afternoon,  and  also 
underwent  a  change  of  name,  styling  itself  the  Georgia 
Republican  and,  Savannah  Evening  Ledger.''  On  Octo- 
ber 17,  1817,  it  became  a  daily  during  the  fall  and  winter 
months.  Espousing  the  Whig  principles,  it  adopted,  in 
1840,  this  motto:  ''The  Union  of  the  ^Vliigs  for  the 
Sake  of  the  Union. ' '  Among  the  men  of  talent  who  were- 
associated  with  the  editorial  columns  of  this  influential 
paper  were  P.  W.  Alexander  and  James  K.  Sneed.  It 
ran  for  seventy  years,  covering  twenty-four  changes  of 
management. 

With  the  advent  of  the  Christmas  holidays  of  1818 
appeared  the  first  issue  of  the  Georgian,  edited  by  John 
M.  Harney,  an  erratic  genius,  whose  "Farewell  to  Sa- 
vannah" still  abides  among  the  local  traditions.  Written 
in  clever  verse,  it  calls  down  the  direst  maledictions  of 


644       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

lieaveii  upon  the  city,  whose  dnst  he  was  preparing  to 
shake  from  his  shoes.  One  of  his  earliest  successors  was 
Israel  K.  Tafft,  a  name  fragrant  in  Savannah,  Later 
R.  D.  Arnold  and  William  H.  Bulloch  became  joint  edi- 
tors and  proprietors,  and,  in  1849,  Henry  R.  Jackson, 
fresh  from  the  fields  of  Mexico,  brought  martial  honors, 
as  well  as  literary  gifts,  to  the  editorial  helm.  Succes- 
sive changes  occurred;  and  finally,  in  1859,  on  the  eve  of 
the  Civil  War,  it  ceased  to  exist.  The  gifted  Albert  R. 
Lamar  also  at  one  time  edited  the  Georgian.  In  1852 
came  the  Evening  Journal,  founded  by  J.  B.  Cubbege, 
and  from  time  to  time  other  sheets  appeared. 


But  the  newspaper  most  conspicuously  and  brilliantly 
identified  with  Savannah  entered  the  lists  in  1850:  the 
Savannah  Morning  News.  It  was  founded  in  1850  by 
John  M.  Cooper,  in  association  with  the  famous  humor- 
ist, William  T.  Thompson.  The  latter 's  pen  for  more 
than  thirty  years  flashed  from  the  editorial  page.  Under 
him  the  paper  became  one  of  the  most  powerful  dailies 
of  the  State ;  and,  though  proprietors  came  and  went,  he 
remained  steadfastly  at  his  post.  Joel  Chandler  Harris 
was  also  at  one  time  on  the  editorial  staff. 

Upon  the  Federal'  occupation  of  Savannah,  S.  W. 
Mason  took  possession  of  the  plant,  and  began  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Savannah  Herald,  subsequently  settling 
the  claims  of  the  former  proprietors,  which  were  sub- 
mitted to  arbitration.  It  then  became  the  Savannah 
News  and  Herald,  but  in  1867  Mr.  John  H.  Estill  pur- 
chased an  interest  in  the  paper,  and,  buying  his  part- 
ner's stock  some  time  later,  he  resumed  the  original 
name:  the  Savannah  Morning  News.  The  business  sa- 
gacity of  Colonel  Estill,  who  was  one  of  Georgia's  ablest 
financiers,  soon  retrieved  the  disasters  of  the  paper,  en- 
larged its  area  of  circulation  and  made  its  influence  felt 
more  potentially  than  ever  uj^on  the  political  life  of  the 
Comiponwealth, 


Chatham  645 

Gazaway  Hartridge,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  young- 
men  of  his  day  in  Georgia,  edited  an  afternoon  paper  in 
Savannah  at  one  time ;  but  accepting  a  position  in  New 
York  he  removed  to  the  metropolis,  where  he  soon  after- 
wards died.  On  Novemebr  19,  1891,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Pleasant  A.  Stovall,  proprietor  and  editor,  was 
launched  the  Savannah  Evening  Press,  one  of  the  most 
powerful  and  popular  dailies  of  the  State.  In  the  recent 
election  for  United  States  Senator,  Mr.  Stovall  was  one 
of  the  strongest  minority  candidates.*  Since  the  election 
of  Woodrow  Wilson,  whose  nomination  he  was  among 
the  first  to  advocate,  Mr.  Stovall  has  been  appointed  U. 
S.  Minister  to  Switzerland. 


Mulberry  Grove.  Volume  I,  Pages  108-113. 


Savannah's  Revolu- 
tionary Monuments.  Volume  I,  Pages  103-108. 


Roman  Catholic  Right  E  ever  end  Benjamin  J.  Keiley, 

Diocese  of  Sa-  Bishop  of  Savannah,  contributes  the 

vannah :  Cathedral     following  outline  sketch  of  the  Eoman 
of  St.  John.  Catholic   Church  in   Georgia.     Says 

Bishop  Keiley : 

"The  present  diocese  of  Savannah,  embracing  the  entire  State  of  Geor- 
gia, was,  at  first,  subject  to  the  spiritual  jvirisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Bal- 
timore, Et.  Eev.  John  Carroll,  who  was  appointed  in  1790.  The  impossibil- 
ity of  caring  for  such  an  extended  territory  was  soon  evident,  and  thirty 
years  afterwards  the  three  States  of  North'  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia  were  separated  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Baltimore  and  a  See 
established  in  Charleston,  to  which  Eev.  .John  England,  an  Irish  priest, 
was  appointed.  Bishop  England  was  consecrated  in  Cork,  in  September, 
1820,  and,  sailing  from  Belfast,  arrived  in  Charleston  December  30  of  the 
same  year.  He  labored  in  his  diocese  for  twenty-two  years.  He  was  in 
all  probability  the  ablest  man  that  the  hierarchy  in  these  States  has  pro- 


♦Authorities:  History   of  Georgia,    IS.'.O-lSSl,    by    Isaac    W.    Avery;    His- 
toric   and    Picturesque    Savannah,    by   Adelaide   Wilson. 


646       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

duced.  A  man  of  great  learning,  untiring  zeal,  and  striking  force,  he 
wielded  a  great  influence  outside  his  fold.  Bishop  England  found  about 
1,000  Catholics  in  his  diocese,  and  left  more  than  12,000,  besides'  16 
churches,  21  priests  and  2  convents.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  institution 
of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  to  which  Savannah  and  Charleston  are  indebted 
for  devoted  work  during  the  yellow  fever  epidemics. 

''The  great  obstacle  which  confronted  Bishop  England  was  the  unrea- 
soning and  un-Christian  prejudice  against  Catholics.  It  was  during  his 
episcopate  that  North  Carolina  repealed  her  Constitutional  enactment, 
whereby  civil  rights  were  denied  Catholics.  Nor  was  the  feeling  in  Georgia 
less  decided.  One  of  the  striking  anomalies  of  human  nature  is  shown 
when  men  who  ostensibly  leave  home  to  escape  persecution  for  religion's 
sake,  no  sooner  establish  themselves  under  new  conditions,  than  they  set 
up  a  system  of  exclusion  and  persecution.  It  was  not  confined  to  the 
meddlesome  and  intolerant  Puritans  to  justify  the  accusation  of  'falling 
first  on  their  knees  and  then  on  the  aborigines.' 

' '  Reasons  similar  to  those  which  induced  the  creation  of  the  See  of 
Charleston  demanded  the  erection  of  the  See  of  Savannah,  and  on  November 
10,  1850,  Rev.  F.  X.  Gartlaud,  V.  G.,  of  Philadelphia,  was  consecrated  the 
first  bishop  of  the  See  of  Savannah.  Bishop  Gartland  had  as  priests  in 
his  new  diocese  Fathers  Wlielan,  Barry,  Jerry  O'Neill,  Sr.,  Jerry  O'Neill, 
Jr.,  Kirby,  Duggar,  Quigley  and  James  O'Neill.  He  died  of  the  fever  in 
1854,  and  his  successor.  Father  Barry,  was  not  consecrated  until  August, 
1857.  After  Bishop  Barry  came  Bishop  Verot,  who  died  Bishop  of  St. 
Augustine,  having  been  transferred  in  1870.  Bishop  Persico  came  next 
in  succession,  but  his  health  failing  he  resigned,  and  Bishop  W.  H.  Gross 
became  the  fifth  bishop  of  Savannah.  The  latter  was  transferred  to  Ore- 
gon, and  Bishop  Becker,  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  was  selected  by  the  Holy 
See  as'  the  sixth  incumbent  of  the  Savannah  diocese.  Bishop  Becker  died 
July  29,  1899,  and  the  present  bishop  was  appointed  as  his  successor  and 
consecrated  at  Richmond,  Va.,  June  3,  1900. 

"The  records  of  the  church  in  Georgia,  however,  antedate  the  coming 
of  Bishop  England. 

"From  the  records  of  our  Cathedral,  I  find,  under  the  date  of  Satur- 
day, October  15.  1796,  the  following  entry:  'Today  the  funeral  service  was 
supplied  in  the  cemetery  of  Savannah,  at  the  grave  of  the  venerable  and 
zealous  man,  John  Le  Moyne,  parish  priest  of  the  city  of  Marly  le  Boi,  in 
France,  who  died  on  the  16th.  day  of  November  1794;  by  me,  a  priest 
and  canon  regular  of  the  Order  of  St.  Augustine  in  France,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  Messrs.  Charles  Pardeilles,  M.  D.  and  Thomas  Decheneaux,  a  mer- 
chant of  Savannah,  who  have  attested  this  with  their  signatures. 

"  'LE  MERCIER,  Canon  Regular. 
"  'CHARLES  PARDEILLES,   M.  D. 
' '  '  THOMAS  DECHENEAUX. ' 

' '  Father  Le  Mercier  appears  to  have  served  the  few  Catholics  in 
Savannah   (mostly  from  San  Domingo  and  Ireland)   until  1804,  when  Rev. 


Chatham         ,  647 

Anthony  Carle  seems  to  have  been  the  pastor  of  the  Church  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist;  a  small  chapel  having  been  built  near  where  St.  Patrick's 
school-house  now  stands.  Father  Carle's  name  continues  as  rector  until 
Deeemoer,  1819,  when  a  vacancy  existed  for  some  time.  During  the  period 
of  these  two  rectors  there  are  found  entries  signed  by  Eev.  Felix  McCarthy. 
Father  Le  Mercier  was  here  in  1806.  but  his  name  appears  as  rector  of 
the  church  in  Charleston. 

"On  the  21st  of  January,  1821,  our  Records  contain  the  following 
notice,  in  the  well-known  hand  of  Bishop  England: 

"  'The  See  of  Charleston  has  been  created  on  the  11th.  of  July  1820, 
and  I  having  been  consecrated  first  bishop  thereof,  on  the  19th.  day  of 
January  1821,  I  visited  this  city  and  appointed  the  Eev.  Eobert  Brown,, 
of  the  Order  of  Hermits,  of  St.  Augustine,  to  discharge  the  pastoral  duties 
therein. 

"  'JOHN,  Bishop  of  Charleston.' 

"Bishop  England  found  only  one  resident  pastor  when  he  came,  viz., 
the  one  at  Augusta." 


"Father  Brown  remained  as  rector  of  the  Church  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist until  1825,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Eev.  Francis  Boland,  whose 
name  does  not  occur  on  the  record  after  August  15,  1826.  There  are  found 
the  names  of  Eev.  J.  W.  McEncroe  during  the  rest  of  1826  and  of  Eev. 
John  McGinnis  until  December,  1827.  After  that  date  Eev.  Joseph  Stokes 
is  signed  to  the  records  as  pastor  of  Savannah.  During  a  portion  of  his 
incumbency,  Father  McGinnis  seems  to  have  acted  as  assistant.  The  last 
entry  made  by  Father  Stokes  is  under  date  of  October  22,  1833,  and  en 
November  23,  there  is  the  record  of  a  baptism  performed  by  Eev.  John 
Barry,  and  on  November  21,  there  is  a  marriage  performed  by  J.  F.  O  'Neill 
(Father  Jerry  0 'Neill,  whose  memory  and  name  are  held  in  benediction  in 
Georgia  wherever  his  ministry  called  him),  who  for  nearly  forty  years  lived 
in  Savannah.  Father  Jerry  was  a  devoted  friend  of  the  South.  His  death 
took  place  some  twenty  years  ago.  He  brought  the  Sisters  of  Mercy  to 
Savannah  in  1845,  where  they  yet  carry  on  institutions  of  education  and 
charity.  One  of  the  original  colony.  Mother  Agnes,  only  died  a  few  years 
ago.  During  Father  O'Neill's  pastorate  a  new  church  was  erected  in  Savan- 
nah, as  the  number  of  Catholics  had  increased.  Other  names,  dear  to  the 
older  Catholics,  are  found  on  our  registers:  Fathers)  Peter  Whelan,  J.  F. 
Kirby,  P.  J.  Kirby,  Edward  Quigley,  C.  C.  Prendergast,  P.  Dufau,  V.  Van 
Eoosbroeck,  W.  J.  Hamilton,  Patrick,  Aloysius,  John  (the  last  three  being 
companions  of  Bishop  Persico),  J.  B.  Langlois  and  M.  Cullinan. 

In  1877,  I  find  the  first  entry  of  a  baptism  performed  by  the  late  re- 
vered Father  Cafferty.  Savannah  now  has  three  churches  for  white  and 
one  for  colored  Catholics,  an  infirmary,  a  home  for  the  aged  poor,  under 
the  charge  of  the  Little  Sisters  of  the  Poor,  an  orphanj  asylum  for  the 
white  and  one  for  the  colored  children,  and  a  Catholic  population  of  about 


648       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

7,000.      The   Sacred   Heart   Church   has   been   recently  erected,   with   a   fine 
college  for  boys,  in  charge  of  the  Benedictine  Fathers. 

The  magnificent  cathedral  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  in  Savannah,  was 
destroyed  by  fire  on  Sunday  night,  February  6,  1898.  On  the  following 
Tuesday,  the  bishop  called  a  meeting  of  prominent  Catholic  gentlemen  of 
the  parish,  and  it  was  unanimously  resolved  to  build  the  cathedral  in,  a 
handsome  and  more  substantial  manner  than  before.  The  first  contribution 
received  for  the  rebuilding  fund  was  from  Master  Fitzhugh  White,  son  of 
Eev.  Kobb  White,  then  rector  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  (Christ's), 
who  of  his  own  accord  gave  $5  in  gold.  Tenders  ofl  temporary  quarters 
came  from  the  Savannah  Guards,  the  Young  Men's  Hebrew  Association  and 
Eev.  Charles  H.  Strong,  of  St.  John's  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  who  at 
once  offered  the  parish  hall.  Letters  of  sympathy  also  came  from  the  ses- 
sion of  the  Independent  Presbyterian  Church  and  the  wardens  and  ves- 
trymen of  Christ  Church,  as  well  as  from  the  rector  of  St.  Stephen  's  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  (colored).  Eev.  Isaac  P.  Mendes,  the  re-^iieeted 
rabbi  of  Temple  M'ickva  Israel,  was  one  of  the  earliest  contrilnitors  to  the 
cathedral  fund." 


The  Old  Masonic   From  an  old  copy  of  tlie  Savannah  Mom- 
Hall:  an  His-         ing  News,  dated  March  28,  1888,  is  eon- 
toric  Rookery.       densed  the  following  item  in  regard  to 
one  of  tlie  old  landmarks  of  Savannah: 

' '  The  two-story  wooden  building  on  a  brick  basement,  fronting  on 
President  Street,  Avas  erected  by  the  members  of  Solomon's  Lodge,  in 
1799,  and  was  used  by  the  Masonic  fraternity  until  1858,  when  they  re- 
moved to  the  building  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Bull  and  Broughton 
streets,  having  sold  the  old  site  to  the  city  in  1856.  Together  with  this 
particular  piece  of  property,  the  city  also  bought  the  lot  adjoining  on  the 
west,  which  was  at  one  time  the  residence  of  General  Lachlan  Mcintosh,  of 
the  Eevolutionary  Army,  intending  to  erect  thereon  a  guard-house  or  police 
station;  but  the  people  in  the  neighborhood  objected,  and.  it  was  sold  to 
the  late  John  J.  Kelly  for  $1,000.  He  afterwards  bequeathed  it  to  the 
Union  Society.  The  workmen  yesterday  pulled  down  the  partitions  which 
divided  the  old  lodge-room  into  bedrooms,  and  it  once  more  assumed  the 
appearance  of  a  meeting-place  of  the  brethren.  It  was  here  that  Hon. 
William  Stephens,  General  James  Jackson,  Governor  Josiah  Tattnall  and 
other  illustrious  Georgians  and  Masons  met  in  the  early  days;  and  here  it 
was'  also  that  the  young  Cuban  patriot.  General  Lopez,  who  was  soon 
afterward  garroted  in  Havana,  was  made  a  Mason  in  1850.  The  Whitefield 
Building,  a  noble  structure,  will  succeed  the  old  hall,  and  the  site  is  vir- 
tually a  Masonici  contribution;  for  not  only  was  the  land  itself  the  gift 
of  the  late  .John  J.  Kelly,  but  the  money  for  the  erection  of  the  new  struc- 


Chatham  649 

ture  is  part  of  the  bequest  of  the  late  William  F.  HoUaud,  to  the  Union 
Society;  and  both  of  these  public  benefactors  were  Masons  of  high  rank. 
The  building  vcill  be  an  appropriate  memorial  to  George  Whitefield,  the 
founder  of  the  Bethesda  Orphan  House,  and  to  John  J.  Kelly  and  William 
F.  Holland,  two  members  of  the  society,  whose  timely  beneficence  has  added 
this  property  to  the  assets  from  which  is  to  be  derived  an  income  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  orphans  of  the  Union  Society,  the  present  guardian  of  White- 
field's  sacred  trust  to  the  people  of  Savannah." 


"Concerning  the  origin  of  the  first  Masonic  Lodge  in  Georgia  there  is 
an  interesting  tradition  to  the  effect  that  in  1733  a  number  of  Masons 
under  the  leadership  of  General  Oglethorpe,  while  at  Sunbury,  then  a  small 
settlement  on  Medway  Eiver,  organized,  under  an  immense  live  oak,  a 
lodge  which  was  afterwards  known  as  Savannah  Lodge.  However,  the 
authentic  records  begin  with  an  organization  which  was  chartered  in  1735 
as  Solomon's  Lodge.  This  is  the  Mother-Lodge  of  Georgia.  From  the  old 
tree  under  which  the  first  shrine  is  supposed  to  have  been  erected,  a  relic 
of  precious  value  has  been  carved  in  the  form  of  a  chair,  which  ornaments 
the  lodge-room  of  the  Masonic  Hall.  After  the  year  1800,  Union,  L'Esper- 
ance,  Hiram  and  Oglethorpe  lodges  were  instituted.  During  the  Morgan 
excitement,  these  were  broken  up,  however,  and  only  Solomon 's  Lodge 
remained.  The  first  hall  erected  for  the  meetings  of  the  brothrhood  was 
the  two-story  building  on  President  Street,  to  which  reference  has  been 
made  in  the  above  newspaper  extract.  The  present  hall  is  an  elegant  brick 
structure  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Bull  and  Broughton." 


Chatham  Academy:       it  was  not  until   I8I2   that   work  commenced  in 
Savannah's  ^'^"^  erection   of  Chatham  Academy;   but   the   en- 

Pioneer  School,  terprise  derived  its  legal  beginning  from  an  Act 

of  the  Georgia  Legislature,  passed  on  February 
1,  1788,  in  the  city  of  Augusta,  when  the  following  trustees  were  appointed: 
Messrs.  John  Houstoun,  John  Habersham,  William  Gibbons,  Sr.,  William 
Stephens,  Richard  Wylly,  James  Houstoun,  Samuel  Elbert,  Seth  John  Cuth- 
bert  and  Joseph  Clay,  Jr.  By  the  same  Act  the  proporety  of  Bethesdo  Col- 
lege, or  Orphane  House,  was  vested  in  Selina,  Countess  of  Huntington,  in 
obedience  to  the  trust  of  the  late  George  Whitefield.  The  Academy  was  thus 
from  its  inception  associated  with  Bethesda  College.  Tliese  were  sister  insti- 
tutions. The  one,  the  property  of  George  ^\niitefield,  bequeathed  by  him  to 
Lady  Huntington,  in  trust  for  literary  and  benevolent  purposes;  the  other 
the  property  of  Bartholomew  Zouberbuhler.  devised  by  him  for  benevolent 
plirposes.     Tlie  Legislature  proposed  to  make  practical  use  of  the  latter'* 


*Lee   and   Agnew,   in   Historical   Record   of   Savannah. 


650        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

gift  by  placing  it  in  the  hands  of  the  trustees  for  the  x)rojected  academy, 
with  the  proviso  that  nothing  therein  should  bar  the  claim  of  any  legal  heir 
to  the  property  of  the  said  Zouberbuhler.  But  trouble  arose,  and,  on  De- 
cember 8,  1791,  the  Legislature  passed  an  Act  to  quiet  the  heirs.  They 
were  required,  however,  to  pay  an  annuity  of  one  hundred  pounds,  for  the 
enstiing  four  years,  to  be  applied  to  the  support  of  the  Academy;  and,  on 
failure  to  do  so,  the  trustees  were  authorized  to  recover  same  in  the  courts. 

Still  the  matter  dragged.  Finally,  on  December  23,  1808,  thej  Legis- 
lature passed  an  Act  providing  for  the  sale  of  the  property  of  Bethesda, 
both  real  and  personal,  in  order  that  the  purposes  of  the  institution  might 
be  more  effectively  served.  It  was  stipulated  that  the  debts  of  the  insti- 
tution should  be  paid  first;  and  then,  of  what  remained,  one-fifth  was  to 
be  given  to  the  Savannah  Poor-House  and  Hospital.  The  rest  was  to  be 
divided  equally  between  Chatham  Academy  and  Bethesda  Orphanage;  and 
in  connection  with  this  donation  the  former  institution  was  directed  to  edu- 
cate, without  cost,  at  least  five  orphan  children. 

Funds  having  accumulated  sufficient  to  warrant  the  building  of  an 
academy,  the  City  Council,  in  1810,  on  the  joint  application  of  the  trus- 
tees of  Chatham  Academy  and  the  president  of  the  Union  Society,  passed 
an  ordinance  granting  five  lots  in  Brown  Ward  as  a  site  for  a  structure 
to  be  erected  by  the  two  institutions  for  educational  purposes.  The  work 
was  put  in  charge  of  a  committee  of  the  two  organizations,  of  which 
Mr.  John  Bolton  was  chairman.  The  basement  walls  were  laid  with  heavy 
rock  ballast,  probably  brought  from  abroad  in  the  vessels  coming  to  Sa- 
^vannah.  On  January  5,  1813,  at  noon,  the  completed  structure  as  formally 
opened  for  the  reception  of  scholars.  Dr.  Henry  Kollock  delivered  an  elo- 
quent address,  and  two  hundred  and  nineteen  pupils  were  enrolled.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  Union  Society,  on  May  7,  1813,  it  was  decided  to  sell  to 
Chatham  Academy  the  interest  of  Bethesda  Orphanage  in  the  common  prop- 
erty, an  exception  being  made  of  the  western  wing.  This  was  used  for  a 
number  of  years  as  a  hotel.  However,  in  1887,  it  was  purchased  by  the 
trustees  of  Chatham  Academy  and  converted  into  class-rooms.  This  hand- 
some addition  was  christened  Hunter  Hall,  in  honor  of  Mr.  William  Hunter, 
for  many  years  president  of  the  board.  At  the  present  time,  Chatham  Acad- 
emy occupies  the  entire  building,  one  of  the  most  substantial  and  elegant 
structures  in  Savannah,  with  the  main  entrance  on  Bull  Street.* 


General  Lafayette         This  happy  event  took  place  on  Saturday,  March 
Arrives   on  ^^'  1825.     Up  to  the  last  hour  almost,  the  time 

«  •      e«;i  for  the  arrival  of  our  venerated  guest  was  but 

conjectural,  opinions  were  various  as  to  the 
moment  at  which  he  might  be  expected.  The  stages  and  packets  were 
crowded   with   passengers,   particularly   from   the    South.      The   Light   Dra» 


•Adelaide  Wilson,    in   Historic   and   Picturesque    Savannah. 


Chatham  651 

goons  from  Liberty  Couuty,  iiuder  the  connnaud  of  Captain  W.  M.  Max- 
Avell  and  the  Darien  Hussars,  commanded  by  Captain  Charles  West,  had 
reached  toAAn  on  the  preceding  Tuesday.  At  half  past  five  o'clock  on 
Saturday  morning,  by  a  signal  from  the  Chatham  Artillery,  the  various 
organizations  were  warned  to  repair  to  the  several  parade  grounds.  The 
line  was  formed  at  eight  o'clock,  after  which,  there  being  no  appearance  of 
the  boat,  arms  were  sta.cked  and  the  troops  dismissed  until  the  arrival.  The 
first  tidings  of  the  welcome  vessel  were  announced  by  the  Exchange  Bell, 
and  almost  at  the  same  moment  the  volumes  of  smoke  which  accompanied 
her  was  perceived  over  the  land;  she  was  then  about  twelve  or  fifteen  miles 
off,  but  rapidly  approaching.  The  troops  were  immediately  formed  and 
marched  to  the  lower  part  of  Bay  Street,  where  they  were  placed  in 
position  on  the  green  in  front  of  the  avenue  of  trees.  It  proved  to  be 
an  ideal  day.  About'  nine  o  'clock  the  mists  dispersed,  the  skies  became 
clear,  and  a,  gentle  breeze  arose,  blowing  directly  up  the  river,  as  if  to 
add  speed  to  the  vessel  which  was  to  land  the  distinguished  visitors  iipou 
our  shores. 

As  the  steamboat  passed  Fort  Jackson  she  was  boarded  by  the  Commit- 
tee of  Eeception,  and  the  General  was  addressed  by  the  chairman,  George 
Jones,  Esq.  The  boat  now  approached  in  gallant  style,  firing,  by  the  way, 
while  a  full  band  of  music  on  board  played  the  jMjarseillaise  Hymn  and 
other  favorite  French  and  American  airs.  At  the  anchorage  a  salute  was 
fired  by  the  Eevenue  Cutter  Gallatin,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Matthews,  and  General  Lafayette  was  assisted  to  the  first  barge,  accom- 
panied by  the  committee,  the  other  boats'  being  occupied  by  the  remainder 
of  the  suite.  At  the  docks  were  assembled  the  leading  dignitaries  and 
officials  of  the  State ;  deputations  from  the  Hibernian,  St.  Andrew 's  and 
Agricultural  Societies,  all  bedecked  with  badges;  besides  a  multitude  of 
citizens.  The  Savannah  Volunteer  Guard,  in  honor  of  the  Nation's  guest, 
wore  the  Revolutionary  cockade.  As'  the  General  placed  his  foot  upon 
the  landing  place,  a  salute  was  fired  by  the  Chatham  Artillery,  in  line 
on  the  bluff,  with  four  brass  field  pieces,  one  of  which  was  captured  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  here  received  by  William  C.  Daniel,  Esq.,  Mayor  of 
the  city,  amid  cheers  from  the  assembled  spectators. 

On  arriving  at  the  top  of  the  bluff,  he  was  presented  to  Governor  Troup, 
by  whom,  in  the  most  cordial  manner,  he  was  welcomed  to  the  soil  of 
Georgia.  Lafayette  replied  in  feeling  terms,  and  was'  then  introduced  tO' 
several  Eevolutionary  soldiers,  among  whom  were  General  Stewart,  Colonel 
Shellman,  Eb.  Jackson,  Sheftall  Sheftall  and  Captain  Rees.  The  eyes  of 
the  old  General  sparkled.  He  remembered  Captain  Rees,  who  proceeded  to 
narrate  some  incident.  "I  remember,"  said  Lafayette,  taking  the  captain's 
hand  between  both  of  his  own,  and,  with  tear-filled  eyes,  the  two  men  stood 
for  a  moment,  absorbed  in  the  recollection  of  youthful  days.  The  officers 
of  the  brigade  and  of  the  regiment  were  then  introduced,  after  which  the 
procession  moved  as  prescribed  in  the  arrangements  of  the  day,  and  about 
half -past  five  o  'clock  in  the  afternoon  he  arrived  at  the  lodgings  assigned 


652       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  him,  at  Mrs.  Maxwell's,  where  Governor  Troup  also  was  lodged.  During 
the  passage  of  the  procession,  windows  and  doors  everywhere  were  crowded 
to  excess;  and  the  expression  of  feeling  displayed  by  all  was  most  en- 
thusiastic, from  the  highest  to  the  lowest.  He  was  saluted  by  the  ladies 
with  the  waving  of  handkerchiefs ;  which  he  returned  by  the  repeated  and 
continued  inclination  of  the  head  in  acknowledgment.  At  sundown,  another 
salute  was  fired  by  the  Marine  Volunteer  Corps.* 


Savannah's  Con-  One  of  the  artistic  features  of  For- 

federate  Monument,  sytli  Park,  where  it  stands  upon  a 
high  mound  overlooking  a  beautiful 
expanse  of  velvet  green,  is  Savannah's  handsome  monu- 
ment to  the  Confederate  dead.  It  is  a  structure  of 
Gothic  design,  massive  in  proportions.  The  corner-stone 
was  laid  on  June  19,  1874,  at  which  time  Captain  George 
A.  Mercer  delivered  the  address,  while  the  city  council, 
the  military,  and  the  Masonic  orders  took  part.  The 
unveiling  occurred  on  May  24,  1875,  when  Hon.  Julian 
Hartridge,  then  a  member  of  Congress,  delivered  the 
address.  At  the  urgent  request  of  the  Savannah  Me- 
morial Association,  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston  acted 
as  grand  marshal.  Surmounting  the  handsome  pile 
stands  the  bronze  figure  of  a  Confederate  soldier  at  pa- 
rade rest.  This,  together  with  the  iron  railing  which 
surrounds  the  lot,  was  the  gift  of  Mr.  G.  W.  J.  DeKenne, 
of  Wormslow. 


Memorial  Arch:  On  February  14,  1914,  the  handsome 
Colonial  Park.  memorial  arch  which  forms  an  exquisite 
gateway  of  stone  to  Colonial  Park,  was 
formally  unveiled  by  Savannah  Chapter,  of  the  D.  A.  R., 
in  the  presence  of  a  large  concourse  of  people.    Georgia's 


♦Accompanying  General  Lafayette  from  Charleston  were  several  dis- 
tinguished South  Carolinians,  including  the  Governor;  but,  according  to  the 
laws  of  the  Palmetto  State,  her  Chief  Magistrate  was  not  allowed  to  cross 
the  border,  and  he,  therefore,  returned,  after  making  the  proper  apologies. 
However,  two  of  the  escort.  Colonel  Huger  and  Major  Hamilton,  remained 
and   participated   in   the   exercises. 


Chatham  653 

Chief-Executive,  Hon.  John  M.  Slaton,  was  an  honored 
guest  of  the  occasion  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
exercises.  There  is  not  a  burial  ground  in  the  State 
whose  soil  is  consecrated  by  the  ashes  of  a  greater  num- 
ber of  Revolutionary  patriots,  and  the  monument  was 
reared  to  commemorate  the  heroism  of  these  brave  men. 
Here  sleep  the  Habershams,  the  Clays,  the  Cuthberts, 
the  Wyllys,  the  Bullochs,  the  Mclntoshes,  and  scores  of 
others  identified  with  the  heroic  struggle  of  indepen- 
dence. The  following  detailed  report  of  the  ceremonies 
of  unveiling  is  reproduced  from  a  newspaper  account:* 

With  fitting  ceremonies  the  beautiful  memorial  arch  erected  at  the 
main  entrance  to  Colonial  Cemetery  by  the  Savannah  Chapter,  Daughters  of 
the  American  Eevolution,  was  unveiled  Thursday  morning,  Georgia  Day, 
and  formally  presented  to  the  city,  in  memory  of  the  soldiers  of  the  Eevolu- 
tion whose  remains  are  interred  there. 

The  occasion  was  an  inspiring  one.  A  number  of  distinguished  guests, 
including  Governor  Slaton,  were  on  the  speakers '  platform,  and  soldiers, 
including  the  coast  artillery  corps  from  Fort  Screven  and  the  National 
Guard  of  Georgia,  in  their  bright  uniforms,  were  on  every  hand.  The  un- 
veiling was  preceded  by  a  parade  of  the  military. 

When  the  time  came  for  the  unveiling  of  the  monument  Otis  Ashmore, 
master  of  the  ceremonies,  and  Mrs.  John  S.  Wood,  regent  of  the  Savannah 
chapter,  descended  from  the  speakers'  platform  and  walked  to  the  first 
row  of  chairs  in  front  of  the  arch,  where  were  seated  Miss  Rosalind  Wood, 
daughter  of  the  regent,  and  Miss  Susie  Cole  Winburn,  daughter  of  a 
former  regent,  who  were  to  act  as  sponsors. 

As  the  two  young  women  were  escorted  to  their  stations,  the  band 
began  playing  ' '  To  the  Flag, ' '  and  at  this  signal  the  two  immense  Amer- 
ican flags  that  had  previously  hidden  the  memorial  from  view  were  drawn 
slowly  back,  disyplaying  the  beautiful  design.  As  the  arch  came  into 
view  the  heads  of  the  men  in  the  gathering  were  bared,  and  the  soldiers 
stood  at  "salute." 

The  parade  formed  in  front  of  the  City  Hall.  The  line  of  march  was 
headed  by  the  band  from  Fort  Screven,  followed  by  squads  from  six  com- 
panies of  regulars  stationed  there.  Then  came  a  picked  company  from  the 
First  'Georgia  Regiment,  Captain  Morgan  in  command,  and  the  rear 
was  Georgia  Hussars,  Captain  Frank  P.  Mclntire  commanding.  The  mili- 
tary formed  a  square  about  the  monument. 

In  front  of  the  arch  and  to  the  left  of  the  speakers'  platform  were 
seated  the  members  of  the  Savannah  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the  AmericaQ 


•Savannah  Morning  News. 


654       Georgia's  Landmarks,  ^Memorials  axd  Legends 

Eevolution,  the  hostesses  of  the  occasion,  and  their  guests.  Behind  these 
were  as  many  people  as  could  crowd  into  the  limited  space,  and  the  streets 
were  blocked  for  some  distance  on  either  side. 

The  Right  Eev.  F.  F.  Eeese,  Bishop  of  the  Episcopal  Diocese  of  Georgia, 
pronounced  the  invocation.  The  dedicatory  address  was  delivered  by  Judge 
Walter  G.  Charlton,  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Chatham  County,  who  pre- 
sented the  arch  to  the  city  in  perpetuity.  John  Eourke,  Jr.,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  Mayor  Eichard  J.  Davant,  accepted  the  gift  on  behalf  of  the 
eitv. 


CHATTAHOOCHEE 

Cusseta.  (Jn  February  13,  1854,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  out  of  the  two  counties  of  Muscogee 
and  Marion  a  new  countj^,  to  be  called  Chattahoocliee, 
after  the  river  which  formed  its  western  border.  The 
following  commissioners  were  empowered  by  this  Act 
to  choose  a  county-site  and  to  negotiate  a  purchase  of 
land  on  which  to  erect  -public  buildings,  viz.,  James  E. 
Love,  William  Bagby,  David  M.  Glenn,  William  Wool- 
dridge  and  Joshua  M.  Cook.  Near  the  center  of  the 
county  a  site  was  chosen,  to  which,  in  honor  of  a  tribe 
of  the  Lower  Creek  Indians,  was  given  the  name  Cus- 
seta. The  town  was  incorporated  in  1855.  Since  obtain- 
ing railway  connections,  Cusseta  has  commenced  to  bris- 
tle with  new  life  and  to  enter  upon  a  new  era  of  develop- 
ment. The  Cusseta  Institute  was  chartered  in  1897,  with 
the  following  board  of  trustees :  J.  M.  Leightner,  Dr. 
C.  N.  Howard,  W.  F.  Cook,  J.  J.  Hickey,  C.  C.  Wilkinson, 
John  Stephens,  J.  C.  F.  McCook,  D.  J.  Fussell,  J.  S. 
Brewer,  and  C.  W.  F.  King.* 


CHATTOOGA 

Summerville.  Within    a    few    months    after    Chattooga 

County  was  created  in  1808  from  Walker 

and  Floyd,  an  Act  was  approved  by  Governor  Charles 

J.  McDonald,  making  the  site  for  public  buildings  per- 


*Acts,    1897,    p.    182. 


Cherokee  655 

maneiit  in  the  town  of  Summerville.^  During  the  same 
year  a  charter  was  granted  to  the  Snmmerville  Acad- 
emy, the  original  trustees  of  which  institution  were :  John 
Hunter,  Robert  Bailey,  John  T.  Story,  Edwin  Sturdi- 
vant,  and  Middleton  Hill.-  Three  years  later  five  new 
trustees  were  added  to  this  number:  Charles  A.  Heard, 
Charles  Price,  S.  E.  Burnett,  D.  C.  Hunter  and  R.  W. 
Jones.  The  Summerville  Male  and  Female  Academy 
was  chartered  in  1856.  It  is  said  that  the  name  of  this 
town  was  suggested  by  its  peculiar  charm  of  environ- 
ment, in  a  picturesque  open  valley  of  the  mountains.  Se- 
quoya,  the  modern  Cadmus,  who  invented  an  alphabet 
for  the  Cherokee  language,  lived  at  one  time  near  Al- 
pine, on  the  borders  of  Chattooga.  Two  famous  Indian 
villages  of  frontier  days  in  this  county  were :  Broom 
Town  and  Island  Town.  Judge  John  W.  Maddox,  at  one 
time  a  member  of  Congress,  and  Hon.  William  C.  Grlenn, 
a  former  Attorney-General  of  Georgia,  were  natives  of 
Chattooga. 


C^HEROKEE. 

Canton.  Originally  the  name  of  this  historic  town  was 
Etowah,  so  called  from  the  river  which  divides 
the  county  into  two  almost  equal  parts.  Soon  after  the 
county  was  erected  out  of  lands  then  recently  acquired 
from  the  Cherokees,  Etowah  was  chartered  by  an  Act 
of  the  Legislature,  approved  December  24,  1833,  at  which 
time  the  following  residents  were  named  as  commission- 
ers: Howell  Cobb,  Philip  Croft,  M.  J.  Camden,  James 
Burns  and  William  Gresham.^  These  gentlemen  were 
also  made  trustees  of  the  town  academy,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Mr.  Camden,  in  whose  place  William  Lay  w^as 
chosen.  But  Etowah  did  not  suit  the  people  for  some 
reason,  and  on  December  18,  1834,  the  name  was  changed 

^Acts,    1839,    p.    210. 
»ActS,    1839,    p.    6. 
'Acts,    1833,    p.    331. 


656       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  Canton.-  Early  in  the  forties,  one  of  Georgia's  most 
illustrious  sons,  Joseph  E.  Brown,  afterwards  Governor, 
Chief  Justice  and  United  States  Senator,  chose  this  town 
as  his  future  home;  and  late  in  the  fifties  the  County 
of  Cherokee  became  the  birth-place  of  another  Governor, 
Joseph  M.  Brown.  Canton  was  for  years  the  home  of 
Dr.  John  W.  Lewis,  a  Senator  of  the  Confederate  States, 
and  here,  at  a  green  old  age,  resides  Judge  James  R. 
Brown,  a  noted  jurist  and  a  brother  of  Georgia's  war 
Governor. 


History  of  the  There  are  few  people  living  in  Georgia 
Famous  "Joe  who  have  not  heard  of  the  famous  weapon 
Brown  Pike."  of  defence  devised  by  Georgia's  war  Gov- 
ernor to  meet  the  exigencies  of  a  very 
grave  situation  in  this  State  during  the  late  civil  conflict. 
It  was  ImoAvn  as  the  "Joe  Brown  Pike."  But  while  the 
name  of  this  hostile  instrument  may  be  a  familiar  one 
to  the  ear  there  is  not  one  man  in  a  hundred  who  knows 
M'hat  the  ''Joe  Brown  Pike"  resembled  or  wdiere  and 
how  it  was  manufactured.  The  following  article  on  the 
subject  from  the  pen  of  Clark  Howell,  Jr.,  appeared  in 
the  Atlanta  Constitution  of  July  14,  1912.  Says  Mr. 
Howell : 

' '  Half  a  centiuy  ago,  when  the  Civil  War  was  well  under  way  and 
the  Union  forces  were  making  their  dreaded  invasion  of  the  Southland, 
when  all  the  gun  factories'  and  practically  everything  in  a  manufacturing 
line  was  owned  by  the  Xorth,  Georgia  's  famous  war  Governor.  Joseph  E. 
Brown,  issued  an  official  call  to  the  mechanjcs  of  Georgia,  urging  them 
to  produce  the  so-called  'Joe  Brown  Pike.'  The  South  was  short  on 
weapons  or  defence  and  the  Governor  adopted  this  as  a  dernier  resort. 

"The  call 'was  issued  from  the  executive  department  of  the  old  State 
Capitol  at  Milledgeville,  February  20,  1862.  Along  with  the  call  there 
was  sent  to  every,  mechanic  and  blacksmith  in  the  State  a  letter  urging 
him  personally  to  help  in  the  general  work  of  aiding  the  Confederacy  in 
its  dire  troubles  by  making  pikes.  If  the  receiver  of  one  of  these  letters 
notified  the  Governor  that  he  was  favorably  disposed  he  was  sent  full'in- 


Acts,   1S34,   p.   263. 


Cherokee  657 

structions  as  to  how  to  iiiauufaeture  the  iniplenieuts,  as  Avell  as  'a  sample 
pike. 

* '  The  pikes  were  'made  with  a  long  white  oak  or  hickory  stick  with  an 
iron  head.  The  wooden  part  of  the  pike  was  6  feet  7  inches  long  and  was 
bound  by  four  iron  bands,  the  blade  being  18  inches  long  and  reminding  one 
of  the  two-edged  swords  of  the  Crusaders.  The  blade,  Avhen  not  in  use, 
could  be  lowered  into  the  stock,  which  was'  about  twice  the  size  of  an  ordi- 
nary broom  handle,  but  could  readily  be  placed  in  position  for  defence 
or  attack  by  releasing  a  spring,  which  pushed  the  blade  into  position, 
where  it  was  held  by  the  upper  bands.  In  the  same  way  it  was  dropped  and 
caught  by  the  lower  bands. 

"The  celebrated  order  of  Georgia's  war  Governor  is  here  produced: 
"  'Executive  Department,  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  February  20,  1862. 
"  '  To  the  Mechanics  of  Georgia : 

' '  The  late  reverses  which  have  attended  our  armies  show  the  absolute 
necessity  of  renewed  energy  and  determination  on  our  part.  We  are 
left  to  choose  between  freedom  at  the  end  of  a  desperate  and  heroic  struggle 
and  submission  to  tyranny,  followed  by  the  most  abject  and'  degraded 
slavery  to  which  a  patriotic  and  generous  people  were  ever  exposed. 
Surely  we  cannot  hesitate.  Independence  or  death  should  be  the  watch- 
word and  reply  of  every  free-born  son  of  the  South. 

' '  '  Our  enemies  have  vastly  superior  numbers  and  greatly  the  advantage 
in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  their  arms.  Including  those,  however,  which 
have  been  and  will  be  imported,  in  spite  of  the  blockade,  we  have  guns' 
enough  in  the  Confederacy  to  arm  a  very  large  force,  but  not  enough  for 
all  the  troops  which  have  been  and  must  be  called  to  the  field.  What  shall 
be  done  in  this  emergency?  I  answer:  use  the  'Georgia  pike,'  with  a  side 
knife,  18-inch/  blade,  weighing  about  3  pounds.  Let  every  army  have  a 
large  reserve,  armed  with  a  good  pike  and  a  long  knife,  to  be  brought 
upon  the  field,  with  a  shout  for  victory,  when  contending  forces  are  much 
exhausted  or  when  the  time  comes  for  the  charge  of  bayonets.  When  the 
advance  columns  come  in  reach  of  the  balls  let  them  move  in  double 
quick  time  and  rush  with  terrific  impetuosity  into  the  lines'  of  the  enemy. 
Hand-to-hand  the  pike  has  vastly  the  advantage  of  the  bayonet,  which 
is  itself  but  a  crooked  pike  with  a  shorter  staff,  and  must  retreat  before 
it.  ^Tien  the  retreat  commences  let  the  pursuit  be  rapid,  and  if  the 
enemy  throw  down  their  guns'  and  are  likely  to  outrun  us,  if  need  be, 
throw  down  the  pike  and  keep  close  to  their  heels  with  the  knife,  till  each 
man  has  hewn  down  at  \t'ast  one  of  his  adversary. 

"  'Had  five  thousand  reserves,  thus  armed,  and  well  trained  to  the  use 
of  these  terrible  weapons,  been  brought  to  charge  at  the  proper  time,  who 
can  say  that  the  victory  Avould  not  have  been  ours  at  Fort  Donaldson?  But 
it  is  probably  unimportant  that  I  state  here  the  use  to  be  made  of  that 
which  I  want  you  to  manufacture.  I  have  already  a  considerable  number 
of  pikes  and  knives,  but  desire  within  the  next  month  ten   thou.sand  more 


658       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  each.    I  must  have  them,  and  appeal  to  you,  as  one  of  the  most  patriotic 
classes  of  our  fellow  citizens,  to  make  them  for  us  immediately. 

"  'I  trust  that  every  mechanic  who  has  the  means  of  turning  them  out 
rapidly  and  the  owner  of  every  machine  shop  in  this  State  will  at  once  lay 
aside  all  other  business  and  appropriate  a  month  or  two  to  the  relief  of 
the  country  in  this  emergency.  Each  workman  who  has  the  means  of  turn- 
ing them  out  in  large  numbers  without  delay  will  be  supplied  with  a 
proper  pattern  by  application  to  the  ordinance  department  at  Milledge- 
viUe.  Appealing  to  your  patriotism  as  a  class  and  to  your  interest  as 
citizens,  whose  all  is  at  stake  in  this  great'  contest  in  which  you  are  en- 
gaged, I  ask  an  immediate  response. 

"  '  In  ancient  times  that  nation,  it  is  said,  usually  extended  its  conquests 
further  whose  arms'  were  shortest.  Long  range  guns  sometimes  fail  to  fire 
and  waste  a  hundred  balls  to  one  that  takes  effect,  but  the  short  range  pike 
and  the  terrible  knife  (as  they  can  be  almost  in  a  moment)  wielded  by  a 
stalwart  patriot's  arm,  never  fail  to  fire  and  never  waste  a  single  load. 

"  '1  am,  very  respectfully, 

"  'Your  fellow  citizen, 

"  'JOSEPH  E.  BROWN.' 

"In  addition  to  the  pikes'  made  by  the  free  men  of  Georgia,  in  response 
to  the  Governor's  call,  two  or  three  thousand  were  made  by  the  convicts 
in  the  State  penitentiary  at  Milledgeville.  These  were  crated  in  coffin-like 
boxes,  a  hundred  to  the  box,  and  sent  to  Savannah,  where  they  were  to  be 
usd  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Pulaski.  There  was  never  occasion  to  use  them 
in  actual  fighting,  although  several  battalions  were  well  drilled  in  the  use 
of  the  pike  and  knife. 

"After  the  war  a  large  'number  of  these  pikes  were  stored  in  the  arsenal 
at  Augusta,  where  they  remained  until  ten  years'  ago,  when  they  were  sold 
at  public  auction  by  the  Government.  There  were  four  different  patterns 
of  the  knives.  The  sale  was  avertised  by  the  Government,  and  people  came 
from  Maine  to  California  to  buy  the  curious  war  implements. ' ' 


CLARKE 
Oldest  State  Uni- 
versity in  America.  Volume  I,  Pages  139-146,  425-436. 
Franklin  College: 


Historic  Homes     Unrivalled  among  the  cities  of  Georgia 

of  Athens.  for  its  majestic  old  Southern  mansions 

of  the  ante-bellum  type,  Athens,  even  at 

the  present  day,  pictures  to  the  imagination  what  life  in 


DR.  CRAWFORD  W.    LONG'S  OLD   HOME,  ATHENS,    GA. 


Clarke  659 

Dixie  was  before  tlie  war ;  for  while  commercially  a  town 
of  the  most  progressive  pattern,  it  is  nevertheless,  in 
its  domestic  ideals,  still  charmingly  reminiscent  of  the 
Old  South 's  palmiest  days  and  best  traditions.  Several 
years  before  the  war,  Colonel  John  T.  Grant,  one  of  the 
wealthiest  citizens  of  the  State,  erected  on  Prince 
Avenue  a  magnificent  home,  which  is  still  one  of  the 
glories  of  Athens.  Its  graceful  Corinthian  columns,  its 
wide  porticos,  its  lofty  arches,  make  it  still  the  finest 
specimen  extant  of  the  classic  style  of  architecture,  pecu- 
liar to  the  ante-bellum  period.  This  stately  old  mansion 
is  a  beautiful  monument  within  itself  to  the  civilization 
which  produced  it:  proud,  aristocratic,  ample,  elegant.  It 
Avas  built  by  Colonel  Grant  soon  after  his  marriage  to 
Miss  Martha  Cobb  Jackson,  a  granddaughter  of  the  peer- 
less old  Governor  who  fought  the  Yazoo  fraud ;  but  on 
his  removal  to  Atlanta  at  the  close  of  the  war  Colonel 
Grant  sold  his  splendid  old  home  in  Athens  to  Hon.  Ben- 
jamin H.  Hill,  afterwards  a  United  States  Senator,  who 
located  in  Athens  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  educating 
his  two  boys,  Ben  and  Charlie.  When  Mr.  Hill  removed 
to  Atlanta  in  1875  this  handsome  property  was  purchased 
by  Mr.  James  "White,  its  present  owner  and  occupant. 

Scarcely  inferior  to  the  old  Grant  home,  either  in 
stateliness  of  proportions  or  in  simple  elegance  of  de- 
sign is  the  fine  old  Joseph  H.  Lumpkin  mansion,  on 
Prince  Avenue.  It  was  built  by  the  great  Chief  Justice 
soon  after  his  removal  to  Athens  from  his  former  home 
in  Lexington;  and,  when  first  built,  it  occupied  an  emi- 
nence some  distance  from  the  avenue  which  it  over- 
looked. Rising  out  of  a  wealth  of  evergreens,  it  pre- 
sented a  semi-regal  aspect,  and,  due  to  its  elevation,  it 
made  a  more  impressive  picture  to  the  eye  than  did  the 
Grant  home,  which  was  built  on  a  level  with  the  street, 
with  a  smaller  area  of  ground  in  front.  Here  the  famous 
Home  School  was  taught  for  a  number  of  years  by  the 
Sosnowskis. '  The  handsome  old  mansion  is  toda^^  occu- 
pied by  Mr.  W.  L.  Childs,  and  is  owned  by  himself  and 
his  sister,  Mrs.  Lavid  C.  Barrow,  wife  of  the  Chancellor. 


660       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

What  is  known  as  the  Tom  Cobb  place,  a  stately  old 
mansion  on  the  same  avenue,  was  built  by  Mr.  Charles 
McKinley  and  sold  by  him  to  Judge  Joseph  Henry  Lump- 
kin, Who  gave  it  to  his  daughter,  Mrs.  T.  R.  R.  Cobb.  It 
is  now  o^vned  and  occupied  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Dobbs.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  street  stands  the  Camak  home,  one 
of  the  oldest  landmarks  in  Athens.  It  was  built  by  James 
Camak,  Esq.,  shortly  after  his  removal  to  Athens  in  1817, 
and  here  for  the  remainder  of  his  days  this  pioneer  rail- 
way builder  and  financier  resided.  It  is  today  owned 
and  occupied  by  his  son's  widow,  Mrs.  M.  W.  Camak. 
The  old  Bearing  home,  on  Milledge  Avenue,  a  handsome 
specimen  of  Colonial  architecture,  was  built  by  Mr.  Albon 
Bearing,  whose  son  of  the  same  name  is  its  present  owner 
and  occupant.  The  old  Hull  home,  a  stately  mansion  of 
the  best  ante-bellum  type,  is  still  one  of  the  ornaments 
of  Milledge  Avenue.  It  was  formerly  owned  by  Colonel 
Benjamin  C.  Yancey,  and  later  acquired  by  the  Hulls. 

On  Prince  Avenue,  at  the  intersection  of  Grady 
Street,  stands  the  majestic  old  mansion  in  which  the 
South 's  great  orator  journalist  spent  his  boyhood  days 
and  to  which  he  feelingly  referred  in  his  famous  New 
England  speech.  It  was  built  by  Colonel  Robert  Taylor, 
who  sold  it  early  in  the  fifties  to  Major  William  S.  Grady, 
a  wealthy  business  man  of  Athens,  who  fell  at  Peters- 
burg, in  1863.  The  Grady  home  is  now  owned  and  occu- 
pied by  Mrs.  L.  B.  BuBose.  Standing  some  distance 
back  from  this  same  avenue,  near  the  intersection  of 
Barber  Street,  looms  an  impressive  old  land-mark:  the 
Thomas  home.  It  was  built  by  General  Howell  Cobb  and 
sold  by  him  to  Mrs.  Nina  Thomas.  The  stately  old  resi- 
dence is  now  owned  and  occupied  by  Mr.  W.  I.  Abney. 
The  handsome  old  home  on  Milledge  Avenue,  now  the 
property  of  Judge  Strickland,  was  built  by  Br.  Jones 
Long,  a  brother  of  Br.  Crawford  W.  Long. 

General  Howell  Cobb  built  the  handsome  old  home 
on  Hill  Street,  which  continued  to  be  his  home  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  where  his  son,  Judge  Howell  Cobb, 


Clarke  661 

afterwards  resided.  It  is  now  the  home  of  Mr.  I.  W. 
Richardson.  On  Pulaski  Street,  a  fine  old  Colonial  man- 
sion, was  built  by  Mr.  Blanton  Hill,  whose  daughter, 
Mrs.  Augusta  Noble,  occupied  it  for  a  number  of  years 
after  his  death.  It  is  today  the  property  of  Mr.  John 
D.  Moss.  On  this  same  street,  a  stately  old  home  was 
also  built  by  Mr.  Stevens  Thomas,  a  wealthy  ante- 
bellum citizen  of  Athens.  It  is  now  used  by  the  Y.  W.  C. 
A.  as  a  home  for  working  girls,  and  faces  on  Hancock 
Avenue. 

The  old  Lucas  home,  at  the  south  end  of  Jackson 
Street,  was  built  by  a  Mr.  Hopping.  Afterwards,  for  a 
while  it  became  the  home  of  Hon.  Eugenius  A.  Nisbet, 
and  still  later  the  home  of  Mr.  F.  W,  Lucas,  who  occupied 
it  for  years.  It  is  now  owned  by  the  University  of  Geor- 
gia and  used  for  the  time  being  as  a  dormitory  for  stu- 
dents. The  home  of  the  late  Mr.  Stephen  C.  IJpson,  on 
Prince  Avenue,  was  built  by  Hon.  Henry  G.  Lamar,  the 
marriage  of  whose  daughter  to  Hon.  0.  A.  Lochrane, 
afterwards  Chief  Justice,  was  here  solemnized.  'The 
Chancellor's  home  on  the  University  campus  was  built 
for  Dr.  Alonzo  Church  when  he  was  president  of  Frank- 
lin College.  The  Crawford  W.  Long  home,  on  Prince 
Avenue,  an  attractive  structure  of  the  modern  tjiDe,  be- 
came in  after  years  the  boyhood  home  of  Judge  Peyton 
L.  Wade,  of  the  State  Court  of  Appeals.  Cedar  Hill, 
the  famous  old  home  of  Governor  Wilson  Lumpkin,  on 
an  eminence  overlooking  the  Oconee  River  in  the  imme- 
diate environs  of  Athens,  was  inherited  by  his  daughter, 
Mrs.  Martha  Lumpkin  Compton,  from  whom  the  place 
subsequently  became  known  as  Compton  Hill.  It  is  now 
owned  by  the  University  of  Georgia.  The  old  home  has 
recently  been  removed  to  one  side,  in  order  to  make  room 
for  the  new  agricultural  building,  and  some  of  the  stu- 
dents now  reside  here  during  the  college  sessions.  The 
old  Hamilton  home,  built  by  Dr.  James  S.  Hamilton,  is 
now  owned  and  occupied  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Hodgson,  Jr.    Dr. 


662       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

E.  S.  Lyudeu's  home,  at  the  north  end  of  Jackson  Street, 
was  bnilt  by  Dr.  Edward  Ware.* 


The  Lucy  Cobb 

Institute.  Volume  I,  Pages  43'7-438. 


John  Howard 

Payne's  Georgia 

Sweetheart.  Volume  II,  Pages  62-71. 


Origin  of  the 

Southern  Cross  ^ 

of    Honor.  Volume  I,  Pages  222-224. 


James  Camak.     One  of  the  earliest  pioneer  residents  of 
Athens  was  James  Camak,  Esq.,  whose 
name  was  inadvertently  omitted  from  a  list  of  settlers 
in  Volume  I  of  this  work.    But  no  history  of  Athens  can 
be  written  without  some  account  of  this  eminent  citizen 
of  the  ante-bellum  period,  who,  coming  to  Athens  from 
Milledgeville,  in  1817,  built  the  stately  old  mansion  on 
Prince  Avenue,  still  owned  by  the  famih",  perhaps  the 
oldest  surviving  landmark  of  a  community  famed  for  its 
historic  homes.    With  far-sighted  ken,  Mr.  Camak  was 
quick  to  see  and  prompt  to  grasp  the  possibilities  of  the 
Iron  Horse.    He  became  one  of  the  builders  of  the  Geor- 
gia Eailroad,  a  corporation  with  whose  directorate  he 
was  identified  until  the  hour  of  his  death.    The  town  of 
Camak,  an  important  station  on  the  main  line,  today  com- 
memorates the  part  played  by  this  wise  builder  in  the 
railway  development  of  his  State.    Mr. ,  Camak,  in  1834, 
organized  in  Athens  the  famous  old  Branch  Bank  of  the 
State  of  Georgia,  a  financial  institution  of  w^hich  he  be- 
came the  first  executive  head.    He  married  Helen  Finley, 


'Authority:    Miss    Garland    Smith,    Athens,    Ga. 


Clarke  663 

the  daughter  of  an  early  president  of  Franklin  College; 
and  for  years  was  an  honored  trustee  of  the  oldest  State 
University  in  America. 


Where  the  Geor-     To  quote  a  distinguished  local  histor- 
gia  Railroad  ian :    ' '  The   Georgia  Railroad,   one   of 

Originated.  the  most  important  enterprises  in  the 

State,  had  its  inception  in  Athens.  The 
first  meeting  was  held  here  in  June,  1833,  with  Mr.  As- 
bury  Hull  as  chairman,  and  later,  during  the  same  year, 
he  introduced  in  the  Legislature  a  bill  for  its  incorpora- 
tion. Here  for  years  the  annual  meetings  of  the  road 
Avere  held,  and  all  its  directors  were  Athens  men  until 
the  line  was  completed.  The  board  of  directors  in  1835 
was  composed  as  follows :  James  Camak,  William  Will- 
iams, John  A.  Cobb,  Elizur  L.  Newton,  Alexander  B. 
Linton,  James  Shannon,  W.  M.  Morton,  and  W.  R.  Cun- 
ningham. The  road  was  originally  intended  to  run  be- 
tween Augusta  and  Athens,  while  a  branch  line  to 
Greensboro  was  contemplated.  Subsequently  the  Greens- 
boro branch  became  the  main  stem,  extending  to  Atlanta, 
after  which  Athens  was  left  on  the  branch  road."* 


The  Cobbs.  Dr.  Henry  Hull,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  ante-bellum  residents  of 
Athens,  has  left  us  the  following  unique  comparison  be- 
tween the  two  famous  brothers,  Howell  and  Thomas 
R.  R.  Cobb.  It  was  written  soon  after  the  close  of  hos- 
tilities, when  Dr.  Hull  was  quite  an  old  man.  Though 
both  of  the  Cobbs  were  distinguished  soldiers,  the  title 
which  he  gives  the  former  is  "Governor,"  while  the  latter 
he  calls  "General."    Says  Dr.  Hull: 

' '  The  question  has  often  been  asked,  Which  was  the  more  talented  of 
th^  two.  One  may  as  well  inquire  which  is  the  greater  genius,  a  great 
painter  or   a   great   philosopher?      There   is  no   unit   of   measurement   with 


*A.   L.   Hull,    Annals  of  Athens,    p.    100. 


664       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

■\vbieh  to  compare  them.  So  of  these  two  brothers — their  minds  were  of 
different  structure.  The  Governor  controlled  men  by  unequalled  manage- 
ment and  tact;  the  General  by  the  irresistible  force  of  argument,  The 
Governor  was  the  greater  politician,  the  General  the  greater  lawyer.  While 
the  wonderful  talents  of  both  commanded  respect,  the  social  qualities,  the 
genial  bon  homme,  the  generous  open-heartedness  of  the  Governor  secured 
your  love;  the  commanding  power  of  intellect  in  all  the  General  said  or  did 
excited  the  admiration.  The  Governor  would,  in  commercial  language,  look 
at  the  sum  total  of  an  account,  without  regard  to  the  items,  or  grasp  the 
conclusion  of  a  proposition  without  examining  each  step  by  the  demon- 
stration. The  General  received  nothing  as  true  which  could  not  be  proven, 
and  submitted  every  question  to  the  crucible  of  reason  before  he  pronounced 
upon  its  absolute  truth. 

"1  do  not  speak  of  the  pulilic  acts  of  these  brothers,  but  remember 
them  only  as  boys,  students,  and  fellow-citizens.  Thd  Governor  was  gen- 
erous and  liberal,  almost  to  prodigality.  When  his  father,  from  a  reckless 
disregard  of  economy  and  mismanagement  of  his  affairs,  had  allowed  his 
debts  to  accumulate  to  an  amount  which  could  not  be  paid  by  the  sale 
of  his  property,  the  Governor  devoted  the  whole  of  a  handsome  estate — 
left  him  by  an  uncle,  Howell  Cobb,  for  whom  he  was  named — to  the  liqui- 
dation of  the  remaining  liabilities,  so  that  no  man  should  say  that  he  had 
been  injured  by  his  father.  AYith  a  hand  open  as  day  to  melting  charity,  he 
gave  to  those  who  asked  of  him,  and  from  those  Avho  Avould  borrow  of 
him  he  turned  not  away.  And  many  were  the  cases  of  a  princely  gener- 
osity; and  charity  of  whicb  this  world  never  heard,  but  ^A•hich  were  else- 
where recorded.  The  General  gave  as  much,  or  perhaps  more,  in  propor- 
tion to  his  means  than  the  Governor,  but  in  a  different  way.  His  beaefac- 
tions  were  governed  by  the  dictates  of  reason,  rather  than  by  the  impulses 
of  feeling.  All  plans  suggested  for  the  promotion  of  the  public  good  re- 
ceived his  efficient  and  hearty  support.  He  took  a  lively  interest  in  every- 
thing connected  with  the  prosperity  of  the  town,  including  the  University, 
the  schools  and  the  churches.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Lucy  Cobb  In- 
stitute, and  contributed  more  of  his  time,  influence  and  money  to  insure 
its  success  than  did  any  half  dozen'  men  put   together. 

"General  Cobb  was  prominent  in  every  association  of  Avhich  he  was  a 
member.  He  was  a  man  of  the  most  wonderful  versatility  of  talent,  and 
would  concentrate  the  power  of  his  wonderful  mind  on  the  propriety  and 
neces.sity  of  secession,  on  some  intricate  and  abstruse  point  of  law,  on  the 
best  manner  of  conducting  a  Sunday-school,  or  on  any  subject  which  men 
thought  of  and  talked  about,  with  equal  facility,  and  as  if  the  matter  under 
discussion  was  the  only  one  he  had  ever  studied,  and  with  a  rapidity  of 
transition  from  one  to  another,  which  was  almost  startling,  even  where  the 
topics  were  totally  dissimilar.  Tlie  patient  and  long-continued  investiga- 
tion of  the  most  abstruse  subject  was  pastime  to  him.  and  after  such  labor 
he  would  meet  you  with  a   cheerful  smile  on  the  brightest  face,  and  crack 


Clarke  665 

his  jokes  as  if  he  did  nothing  else  all  his  life.     He   was   surely  the   most 
remarkable  man  of  his  day. ' ' 


To  the  foregoing  parallelism  it  may  he  added  that 
General  Cobb  took  no  active  part  in  politics  until  the 
election  of  Mr.  Lincoln.  He  then  fairly  electrified  the 
State  with  his  eloquence,  advocating  immediate  and  un- 
conditional surrender.  The  suddenness  of  his  api^ear- 
ance  upon  the  hustings  and  the  popular  enthusiasm  which 
he  aroused  over  Georgia  caused  Mr.  Stephens  to  liken 
him  to  Peter  the  Hermit,  a  comparison  which  was  pe- 
culiarly apposite,  in  view  of  Mr.  Cobb's  intensely  relig- 
ious nature.  He  was  one  of  the  most  pious  of  men.  With 
reference  to  his  capacity  for  labor,  Judge  Richard  H. 
Clark,  who  was  associated  with  him  in  the  first  codifica- 
tion of  the  laws  of  Georgia,  states  that  at  the  close  of 
each  day's  work  his  mind  was  invariably  fresh  and  buoy- 
ant. He  was  an  absolute  stranger  to  mental  weariness, 
though  he  performed  the  labors  of  Hercules.  At  the 
age  of  36  he  wrote  Cobb  on  Slavery,  a  masterpiece  of 
legal  literature.  As  chairman  of  the  Judiciary  Commit- 
tee of  the  Provisional  Congress,  he  also  drafted  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  Confederate  States.  The  original  docu- 
ment, in  General  Cobb's  own  handwriting,  is  still  pre- 
served ixi  the  family  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  A.  L.  Hull. 


The  Lumpkins :  Mr.  Augustus  L.  Hull,  of  Athens,  Ga., 
who  possessed  an  intimate  personal  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Lumpkins,  has  given  us  the  following 
pen-picture  of  the  famous  brothers,  Wilson  and  Joseph 
Henry  Lumpkin,  both  of  whom  were  long  residents  of 
Athens : 

"The  one,  the  eldest,  the  other,  the  youngest,  of  eight  children,  they 
were  as  dissimilar  as  brothers  could  be.  One  a  shrewd  politician,  the  other 
abhorring  politics;  one  commanding  by  his  ability,  the  other  persuading 
by  his  eloquence;  one  robust  in  his  aggressiveness,  the  other  fond  of  study; 
one  a  Baptist,  the  other  a  Presbyterian ;  one  an  adherent  of  Clark,  the  other 


666       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  Troup;  one  a  Democrat,  the  other  a  "NMiig;  one  tall,  the  other  short  in 
stature;  but  both  men  of  striking  presence,  and  both  of  great  abilities. 

"Wilson  Lumpkin  Avas  Congressman,  United  States  Senator  and  Gov- 
ernor of  Georgia.  During  his  administration  the  State  road  was  built, 
and  he  devoted  his  energies  to  the  material  development  of  the  State. 
Governor  Lumpkin  was  long  the  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  University  of  Georgia.  As  he  headed  the  procession  to  the  chapel  on 
commencement  occasions,  with  a  tall,  commanding  presence,  erect  and  dig- 
nified, with  long  hair  brushed  back  from  his  head  and  falling  over  his 
shoulders  in'  gray  curls,  he  seemed  one  of  the  most  impressive  men  I  have 
ever  seen.  He  was  thrice  married,  and  built  the  old  stone  house,  now  in 
the  campus  extension,  in  which  he  lived  for  many  years,  and  where  he  died 
in  the  closing  days  of  1870.  One  of  his  children,  a  very  bright  and  at- 
tractive boy  of  six  or  seven  years,  wandered  one  afternoon  away  from 
the  house  and  lost  his  way  in  the  woods  along  the  river.  Though  search 
was  made  all  night,  he  was  not  found  till  next  morning,  exhausted  witK  wan- 
dering and  wild  with  terror.  The  horrors  of  the  darkness  of  that  night  de- 
stroyed his  mind,  and  though  he  grew  to  be  a  man  of  fine  proportions  and 
pleasing  countenance,  mentally  he  was  never  any  older  than  on  the  morn- 
ing when  he  was  found,  and  forty  years  afterward,  as  though  he  recalled 
that  dreadful  night,  he  wandered  again  into  the  woods  and  was  drowned 
in  the  river,  not  far  from  the  place  where  they  found  him  before. 

"Judge  Lumpkin  was  a  learned  jurist  and  a  finished  scholar.  He 
loved  study,  and  was  a  great  reader.  His  speeches,  of  which  no  record  now 
remains,  were  full  of  pathos,  and  the  fire  of  eloquence,  and  his  decisions 
while  on  the  Supreme  bench  are  models  of  clearness  and  elegant  compo- 
sition. A  natural  teacher,  for  many  years  he  imparted  instruction  to  the 
young  men  in  his  office  and  in  the  Lumpkin  Law  School,  charming  them 
alike  by  the  elegance  of  his  language  and  the  thoroughness  of  his  knowl- 
egde.  He  was  a  great  temperance  advocate,  and  his  voice,  always  heard 
on  the  side  of  righteousness,  was  a  power  for  good. 

"Judge  Lumpkin  was  the  first  Chief  Justice  of  Georgia;  and  one 
of  his  successors  in  office,  Chief  Justice  Bleckley,  said  of  him:  'His  liter- 
ary power  was  in  vocal  utterance.  In  the  spoken  word  he  was  a  literary 
genius,  far  surpassing  any  other  Georgian,  living  or  dead,  I  have  ever 
known.  Indeed,  from  no  other  mortal  lips  have  I  ever  heard  such  har- 
monies and  sweet-sounding  sentences  as  came  from  his.  Those  who  never 
saw  and  heard  him  cannot  be  made  to  realize  what  a  great  master  he 
was.'    Judge  Lumpkin  died  June  4,  1867,  from  a  stroke  of  paralysis." 


One  of  Wash-      Li  an  old  cemetery,  near  the  historic  site 
ington's  Men.      of  Cherokee   Corner,  lie  the  mortal  re- 
mains of  Charles  Strong,  Sr.,  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier,  who  served  imder  the  immediate  com- 


Clay  667 

mand  of  General  Nelson.  His  commission  was  issued 
by  William  Lochren,  January  18,  1781.  He  was  present 
when  Cornwallis  surrendered  to  Washington  at  York- 
town,  in  Virginia,  after  which  he  removed  from  his  old 
home  in  Goochland  County,  Va.,  to  a  plantation  in  Clarke 
County,  Ga.,  near  Cherokee  Corner,  where  he  died  Octo- 
ber 15,  1848.  There  are  numerous  descendants  in  Geor- 
gia of  this  revered  soldier  and  patriot.* 


CLAY 


Fort  Gaines.  During  the  Creek  Indian  War  there  was 
built  near  the  site  of  the  present  town  of 
Fort  Gaines,  on  the  Chattahoochee  River,  a  stronghold 
to  protect  the  extreme  western  frontier  of  Georgia.  It 
was  named  for  General  Edmond  P.  Gaines,  an  officer  of 
the  United  States  Army,  and  a  prominent  figure  in  the 
military  operations  of  this  period  against  the  Creeks. 
We  find  from  the  records  that  by  an  Act  approved  De- 
cember 14,  1830,  the  town  of  Fort  Gaines  was  chartered, 
with  the  following  named  commissioners,  to  wit :  Gabriel 
Johnson,  John  Dill,  Edward  Deloney,  George  W.  Pres- 
cott  and  James  V.  Robinson.^  One  year  later,  the  old 
Fort  Gaines  Academy  was  chartered,  at  which  time 
Messrs.  Samuel  Johnson,  Thomas  B.  Patterson,  Sr., 
Leonard  P.  McCollom,  Ira  Cushman  and  James  Buch- 
anan were  named  as  trustees.-  But  one  school  was  not 
enough.  Though  on  the  frontier.  Fort  Gaines  was  edu- 
cationally wideawake,  and,  on  December  31,  1838,  an 
Act  of  the  Legislature  was  approved,  granting  a  charter 
to  the  Fort  Gaines  Female  Institute,  one  of  the  earliest 
pioneer  schools  for  young  ladies.  The  management  of 
this  school  was  entrusted  to  the  following  trustees:  John 
Dill,  Simon  Green,  Samuel  Gainer,  James  P.  Holmes, 


♦Authority:    Mrs.    W.    C.    Clarke,    Covington,    Ga. 
>  Acts,    1830',    p.    217. 
2  Acts,    1831,   p.    17. 


668       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  "William  Mount.^  When  Clay  County  was  organized 
from  Eandolph  and  Earl}'  in  1854.  the  county-seat  of  the 
new  county  was  made  permanent  at  Fort  Gaines.  Clay's 
first  representative  in  the  Legislature  was  L.  B.  Dozier. 
Others  who  followed  him  were :  Peter  Lee,  F.  T.  Cullens, 
John  L.  Brown,  W.  A.  Graham,  S.  E.  Weaver,  E.  A. 
Turnipseed  and  John  B.  Johnson. 


CLAYTON 

Jonesboro.  On  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Jonesboro, 
there  was  formerly  a  village  known  as  Leaks- 
ville,  an  academy  for  which  was  chartered  as  early  as 
December  22,  1823,  with  the  following  pioneer  residents 
named  as  trustees:-  Thomas  Wilburn,  Eobert  Leak, 
John  Chislum,  Jack  Wilburn  and  Columbus  W^atson. 
When  the  Central  of  Georgia  reached  this  point,  impart- 
ing new  life  to  the  town  and  giving  rise  to  visions  of  civic 
importance,  the  name  of  Leaksville  was  discarded,  and, 
in  compliment  to  one  of  the  civil  engineers  who  surveyed 
the  line,  Mr.  Samuel  G.  Jones,  the  town  was  called  Jones- 
boro. Mr.  Jones  was  the  father  of  the  late  Governor 
Thomas  G.  Jones,  of  Alabama,  afterwards  a  District 
Judge  of  the  United  States.  When  the  County  of  Clay- 
ton was  organized  in  1858,  Jonesboro  was  made  the 
county-site  of  the  new  county ;  and  by  an  Act  of  the  Leg- 
islature, approved  December  13,  1859,  the  town  was  in- 
corporated with  the  following-named  commissioners: 
James  B.  Key,  Sanford  D.  Johnson,  G.  L.  Warren, 
Joshua  J.  Harris,  W.  H.  Sharp,  E.  K.  Holliday  and 
James  Alford.^  One  of  the  strongest  advocates  of  the 
measure  creating  Clayton  County  was  Judge  George 
Hillyer,  a  member  of  the  i^resent  Eailroad  Commission. 


1  Acts,    1S3S,    p.    4. 

2  Acts,    1823,    p.    15. 

3  Acts,    1859,    p.    175. 


Clinch  669 

Judge  Hillyer  was  then  just  entering  public  life,  and  he 
made  a  host  of  warm  friends  by  his  plendid  work  for  the 
bill. 


Pioneer  Settlers.  As  gathered  from  the  oldest  records 
extant,  some  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Clayton  were  as  follows :  James  B,  Key,  John  M.  Huie, 
Stephen  G.  Dorsey,  E.  E.  Morrow,  Philip  Fitzgerald, 
Abner  Camp,  James  Davis,  J.  B.  Tanner,  N.  C.  Adam- 
son,  G.  W.  Adamson,  A.  Y.  Adamson,  Andrew  L.  Huie, 
A.  J.  Mundy,  Joshua  J.  Hanes,  James  Daniel,  W.  W. 
Camp,  Thomas  Moore,  John  Stanley,  Elijah  Glass,  Hill- 
iard  Starr,  W.  Y.  Conine,  James  McConnell,  Luke  John- 
son, Reuben  Wallis,  James  F.  Johnson,  Thomas  Johnson, 
James  S.  Cook,  William  Cater,  Moab  Stephens,  James  H. 
Chapman,  Thomas  Byrne,  Zachariah  Mann,  Patrick  H, 
Allen,  Peter  Y.  Ward,  and  others.  James  F.  Johnson 
was  the  first  State  Senator  and  Elijah  Glass  the  first 
Representative,  both  elected  in  1859. 


CLINCH. 

Homerville.  Homerville,  the  county-seat  of  Clinch 
County,  was  founded  in  the  year  1859  by 
Dr.  John  Homer  Mattox.  The  public  buildings  were  first 
located  at  Magnolia,  but  the  need  of  a  central  location 
and  the  desire  to  be  on  a  railroad  brought  about  the  re- 
moval of  the  court-house  to  Homerville  in  1862.  As 
soon  as  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Line  was  completed  to  this 
point.  Dr.  Mattox  saw  a  bright  future  for  a  town  in  this 
neighborhood.  Accordingly,  he  began  to  lay  off  some 
of  his  land  into  town  lots.  This  property  was  first  ac- 
quired, in  1842,  by  his  father,  Elijah  Mattox,  and,  at  the 
latter 's  death,  was  inherited  by  Dr.  Mattox. 

The  new  town  was  first  called  ''Station  Number  11." 
However,  in  a  few  years  the  name  was  changed  to  Ho- 
merville, in  honor  of  Homer  Mattox.     At  this  time,  a 


670       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

group  of  homes,  a  small  store  and  a  shed  designed  for 
the  railroad  station,  marked  the  beginning  of  the  future 
county-seat.  Today  Homerville  possesses  a  bank,  two 
handsome  church  buildings,  several  stores,  and  some  of 
the  most  attractive  homes  in  this  part  of  Georgia.  Water- 
works and  electric  light  plants  have  recently  been  in- 
stalled, while  a  telephone  system  has  been  in  use  for  sev- 
eral years.  The  Bank  of  Homei^ville  has  a  capital  stock 
of  $25,000,  with  a  surplus  equal  to  half  this  amount.  Its 
officials  are:  President,  R.  G.  Dickerson,  a  former  State 
Senator  and  one  of  the  State's  foremost  men;  Vice-Pres- 
ident, W.  T.  Dickerson,  also  formerly  State  Senator  and 
a  prominent  lawyer ;  and  Cashier,  G.  A.  Gibbs. 

Among  the  prominent  citizens  of  Homerville,  iii  ad- 
dition to  the  bank  officials  mentioned,  are  Judge  John  T. 
Dame,  the  Ordinary;  his  brother,  George  M.  Dame,  a 
strong  factor  in  county  and  town  affairs ;  S.  L.  Drawdy, 
Judge  of  the  County  Court  of  Clinch,  and  a  former  Rep- 
resentative; his  brother,  Charlton  C.  Drawdy;  J.  F. 
Barnhill  and  J.  H.  Ferdon,  two  prominent  naval  stores 
men;  W.  V.  Musgrove,  and  many  others.  Homerville 
was  first  incorporated  in  1869.  In  the  western  part  of 
the  town  is  the  handsome  new  school-house,  DuBignon 
Institute,  named  in  honor  of  the  late  Fleming  G.  DuBig- 
non, one  of  Georgia's  most  gifted  sons.  The  original 
building  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1909,  but  on  the  same 
site  the  present  structure  was  completed  the  following 
year.* 


COBB 


Marietta :  A  Nestling  almost  within  the  shadow  of  Ken- 
Brief  Sketch,  nesaw  Mountain,  the  little  city  of  Marietta 
is  identified  with  some  of  the  most  heroic 
memories  of  the  Civil  "War.  On  either  side  of  tlie  town 
there  are  beautiful  cemeteries  consecrated  to  the  ashes 


*  Authority:    ilr.    Folks    Huxford,    Homerville,    Ga. 


Cobb  671 

of  the  gallant  dead,  most  of  whom  fell  in  fiercely  con- 
tested battles  around  Marietta,  in  the  campaign  of  1864. 
The  Federal  Cemetery,  a  magnificently  wooded  area,  to 
the  east  of  the  town,  contains  the  graves  of  12,000  Fed- 
eral soldiers ;  while  over  3,000  wearers  of  the  gray  uni- 
form sleep  in  the  beautiful  enclosure  of  ground,  known 
as  the  Confederate  Cemetery,  just  to  the  west  of  the 
State  Road. 

But  the  history  of  Marietta  antedates  by  more  than  a 
generation  the  titanic  death  grapple  between  North  and 
South.  It  came  into  existence  when  Cobb  County  was 
erected  out  of  a  part  of  the  territory  wrested  from  the 
Cherokee  Indians,  and  was  made  the  permanent  county- 
site  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  approved  December 
19,  1834,  at  which  time  the  following  pioneer  citizens 
were  named  as  commissioners:  Leonard  Simpson,  Wash- 
ington Winters,  James  Anderson,  George  W.  Cupp  and 
Lemma  Kerkly.*  As  a  health  resort.  Marietta  enjoyed 
from  the  start  a  peculiar  prestige  among  the  towns  of 
the  Georgia  uplands.  It  furnished  a  delightful  retreat 
in  summer  for  scores  of  families  from  the  coast  and 
developed  excellent  schools,  which  made  it  a  seat  of 
culture  and  a  center  of  refinement,  long  before  the  Civil 
War.    . 


John  Hey-  Perhaps  the  pioneer  citizen  to  whose 
ward  Glover,  constructive  leadership  the  city  of  Mari- 
etta owes  its  largest  debt  of  gratitude 
was  Colonel  John  Heyward  Glover,  a  native  of  Beaufort 
District,  S.  C.  Settling  at  Marietta,  in  1848,  he  became 
at  once  a  dominant  factor  in  the  affairs  of  the  town  and 
was  the  first  citizen  to  hold  the  office  of  mayor.  He  do- 
nated the  land  for  the  present  court-house  and  public 
square;  while  his  widow,  in  after  years,  donated  the 
tract  today  known  as  the  Confederate  Cemetery,  but 
used  for  general  purposes  of  burial.     He  was  one  of 


►Acts,    1834,   p.    252. 


672       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Marietta's  earliest  captains  of  industry;  and  his  tire- 
less energies  supplied  an  impetus  from  which  much  of 
the  subsequent  growth  of  Marietta  has  resulted.  He 
died  in  the  prime  of  life,  on  March  28,  1859,  and  his  un- 
timely death  was  made  the  subject  of  resolutions  adopted 
by  the  town  council  of  Marietta  and  by  the  local  Bar,  at 
a  meeting  over  which  Judge  George  D.  Eice  presided. 


Some  Early      But  there  were  many  other  men  of  note 
Pioneers.  connected  with  the  beginnings  of  Marietta. 

Captain  Arnoldus  V.  Brumby,  who  founded 
the  Georgia  Military  Academy,  famous  in  war  times  as 
our  Georgia  West  Point,  came  to  Marietta  in  the  early 
fifties.  He  was  followed,  in  1858,  by  his  brother.  Prof. 
Richard  T.  Brumby,  at  one  time  a  partner  of  the  noted 
"William  C.  Preston,  of  South  Carolina,  in  the  practice 
of  law,  and  afterwards  an  educator  of  eminent  distinc- 
tion. Di\  Isaac  Watts  Waddell,  an  early  pastor  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  was  one  of  the  tall  landmarks  of 
his  denomination  in  Georgia.  Mrs.  Lizzie  Waddell 
Setze,  his  daughter,  has  lived  in  Marietta  continuously 
since  1842.  Dr.  Scott,  the  first  rector  of  St.  James,  af- 
terwards became  a  Bishop.  On  the  present  site  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  John  R.  Winters  helped  to  build  the 
first  house  in  Marietta.  General  A.  J.  Hansell  built  the 
handsome  old  home  where  Miss  Sarah  Camp  now  lives, 
on  Kennesaw  Avenue.  Governor  Charles  J.  McDonald 
was  a  pioneer  resident  of  Marietta,  and  a  part  of  his 
original  home  place  is  today  owned  and  occupied  by 
Governor  Joseph  M.  Brown.  Judge  George  D.  Ander- 
son, Colonel  George  N.  Lester,  Colonel  James  D.  Wad- 
dell, Colonel  James  W.  Robertson,  afterwards  Adjutant- 
General  of  Georgia;. Judge  David  Irwin,  one  of  the  orig- 
inal codifiers  of  the  law  of  Georgia;  General  William 
Phillips,  who  commanded  a  noted  legion  of  cavalry  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War ;  his  brother.  Colonel  Charles  D.  Phil- 


Cobb  673 

lips,  Hon.  William  Y.  Hansell  and  many  other  men  of 
note  were  identified  with  Marietta's  early  days. 


The  Georgia  Mili-     On    December    8,    1851,    an  Act    was 
tary  Institute.  approved,     chartering     the     famous 

Georgia  Military  Institute  at  Mari- 
etta, as  a  private  enterprise,  under  the  control  of  certain 
well-known  citizens,  to  wit :  David  Irwin,  Andrew  J.  Han- 
sell, William  P.  Young,  John  H.  Glover,  Martin  G. 
Slaughter,  David  Dobbs,  John  -Tones,  Charles  J.  McDon- 
ald, William  Harris,  Mordecai  Myers  and  James  Bran- 
non.^  Some  few  years  later  it  became  an  institution  of 
the  State.  Colonel  A.  Y.  Brumby  was  the  first  superin- 
tendent. He  was  the  father  of  the  gallant  officer  of 
Dewey's  flagship,  Lieutenant  Thomas  M.  Brumby,  who 
raised  the  first  United  States  flag  at  Manila. 

The  first  commandant  was  Colonel  James  W.  Robert- 
son. In  the  wake  of  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea,  the 
Georgia  Military  Institute  became  a  blackened  ruin; 
but  during  the  fourteen  short  years  in  which  it  existed 
as  an  institution,  it  literally  sowed  the  dragon's  teeth 
from  which  an  army  of  trained  warriors  was  destined 
to  spring.  As  a  feeder  for  the  Confederate  ranks,  it 
became  famous  throughout  the  land,  and  there  must 
have  been  a  thrill  of  peculiar  satisfaction  in  the  breast 
of  the  great  Federal  commander  when  he  applied  the 
torch  to  an  institution  which  was  the  dread  and  terror 
of  Yankeedom.  The  following  account  of  the  origin  of 
this  school  is  condensed  from  White.-  Says  he:  "Its 
first  session  opened  on  July  10,  1851,  with  only  seven 
cadets;  but  before  the  close  of  the  term  the  number  was 
increased  to  twenty-eight.  Since  then  the  number  has 
steadily  and  rapidly  increased  at  each  session  until  the 
present  time;  and  now,  having  completed  but  two  years 


'Acts,    1851-1S52.    pp.    29S-299. 
''White's  Statistics. 


674       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  its  history,  it  numbers  one  hundred  and  twenty  cadets, 
five  professors  and  one  assistant  professor.  It  was  in- 
corporated by  the  Legislature  as  a  college,  during  the 
session  of  1851-1852,  At  the  same  time,  the  Governor 
was  directed  to  make  requisition  upon  the  government 
of  the  ynited  States  for  arms  and  accoutrements.  These 
have  been  received.  The  government  and  discipline  of 
the  Institute  are  strict.  The  course  of  study  is  thor- 
oughly scientific  and  practical,  and  the  whole  is  modeled 
after  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point." 

With  the  approach  of  General  Sherman  towards 
Marietta,  in  1864,  the  cadets  were  organized  into  a  bat- 
talion, under  the  coimnand  of  Major,  afterwards  Bridga- 
dier-General,  P.  W.  Capers,  and  there  were  no  better 
fighters  in  Johnston's  army  than  these  beardless  boys. 

They  served  from  May  10,  1864,  to  May  20,  1865. 
Scores  of  them  were  wounded  in  battle.  Not  a  few  of 
them  w^ere  killed  outright.  In  every  action  they  gave  a 
brave  account  of  themselves;  and,  according  to  Judge 
Robert  L.  Rodger s,  one  of  the  gallant  band,  they  consti- 
tuted the  last  organized  body  of  Confederate  soldiers 
on  duty  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Under  an  order 
from  General  Lafayette  McLaws,  dated  May  1,  1865, 
aftef  both  Lee  and  Johnston  had  surrenderee!,  they  ren- 
dered service  to  the  Confederate  government  by  guard- 
ing the  military  stores  at  Augusta,  until  relieved  by  a 
garrison  of  Federal  soldiers,  who  came  to  take  posses- 
sion. 

Thus  it  was  reserved  for  these  cadets  of  the  Georgia 
Military  Institute  to  obey  the  last  orders  of  a  Confed- 
erate officer  during  the  war  between  the  States. 


Where  Two  Gov-  The  town  of  Marietta  has  given  the 
ernors  Have  Lived:  State  two  Governors  who  occupied 
An  Historic  Home,  the  same  home  site :  Charles  J.  Mc- 
Donald and  Joseph  M.  Brown.  The 
latter,   when   an    employee   of  the  Western   &  Atlantic 


Cobb  675 

Railroad,  in  the  capacity  of  traffic  manager,  with  little 
thought  of  what  the  future  held  in  store  for  him,  pur- 
chased the  old  McDonald  place  at  Marietta,  and  after 
his  marriage,  on  February  12,  1889,  to  Miss  Cora  Mc- 
Cord,  made  this  his  home  for  the  future.  He  purchased 
the  property  from  General  Henry  E.  Jackson,  of  Savan- 
nah, from  whose  name  it  borrows  an  added  wealth  of 
associations,  and  here,  surrounded  by  stately  forest  oaks, 
he  has  since  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  time,  in  the  en- 
joyment of  an  ideal  home  life,  semi-rural  in  character. 
The  site  was  happily  chosen  by  Governor  McDonald  dur- 
ing the  early  ante-bellum  period.  It  included  originally 
quite  a  large  portion  of  the  present  town,  and  something- 
like  110  acres  were  embraced  in  the  tract  conveyed  to 
Governor  Brown.  The  old  residence,  which  was  built 
and  occupied  by  Governor  McDonald,  was  burned  to 
the  ground  by  General  Serman.  But  the  comparatively 
new  residence  of  the  present  Governor  was  built  only  a 
stone's  throw  from  the  old  chimney  piles  which  survived 
the  general  wreck. 

The  present  Governor's  father  was  a  warm  admirer 
of  Governor  McDonald.  It  is  said  that  the  former,  after 
drafting  his  first  inaugural  address,  submitted  the  manu- 
script to  Governor  McDonald  for  approval  and  was  more 
than  gratified  Ijy  the  fact  that  the  old  Governor  could 
suggest  nothing  in  the  way  of  improvement  or  correction. 
As  a  further  proof  of  the  friendship  which  existed  be- 
tween them,  one  of  the  sons  of  Georgia's  war  Governor 
was  named  for  Governor  McDonald.  They  were  both 
men  of  positive  convictions,  and  were  both  trained  in 
the  Jeffersonian  school  of  politics. 

Governor  McDonald  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
but  his  sturdy  virtues  were  cast  in  the  rugged  molds  of 
the  Scottish  Highlands.  He  came  to  Georgia  when  a 
lad  and  lived  for  a  while  in  Hancock.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-eight  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Flint  Circuit 
and  two  years  later  was  made  Brigadier-General  of  the 
State  militia.    From  1839  to  1843  he  held  the  high  office 


676        Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  Governor,  and  from  1855  to  1859  he  wore  the  ermine 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia.  He  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  State  rights,  a  strict  Constructionist  of  the 
Federal  Constitution,  and  a  devoted  patriot.  Due  to  his 
extreme  views  upon  questions  of  the  day,  he  was  defeated 
by  Howell  Cobb  for  Governor  in  1850,  but  scarcely  more 
than  a  decade  passed  before  the  State  came  to  his  way 
of  thinking  and  adopted  the  ordinance  of  secession.  He 
died  in  Marietta,  on  the  eve  of  the  Civil  War,  at  the  age 
of  sixty- eight. 

Governor  Brown  was  first  elected  to  the  office  of  Gov- 
ernor in  1908.  He  had  previously  been  a  member  of 
the  State  Railroad  Commission,  an  office  to  which  he 
was  appointed  by  reason  of  his  familiarity  with  railroad 
matters.  But  he  took  a  position  in  regard  to  port  rates 
at  variance  with  the  views  held  by  Governor  Smith,  in 
consequence  of  which  there  occurred  an  open  rupture 
between  them.  The  Commissioner's  resignation  was 
demanded.  To  vindicate  himself  before  the  people,  Mr. 
Brown  became  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  Governor,  and 
in  the  ensuing  election  was  victorious  at  the  polls.  There 
is  a  story  told  to  the  etfect  that  Mr.  Brown  had  sent  a 
communication  to  Governor  Smith  voluntarily  relinquish- 
ing his  office  as  commissioner,  but  that  Governor  Smith 
had  refused  to  open  it,  thereby  hurling  a  fire-brand  into 
Georgia  politics,  which  ultimately  compassed  his  defeat. 
It  is  certain  that  Mr.  Brown  sent  a  letter  to  Governor 
Smith,  which  the  latter  returned  to  him  with  the  seal 
unbroken ;  but  what  it  contained  has  never  been  divulged. 

The  whole  State  was  divided  into  Brown  and  Smith 
camps,  and  the  political  feud  between  Clark  and  Craw- 
ford was  re-enacted  upon  a  wider  'stage  of  politics. 
Though  Governor  Brown  was  successful  in  the  first  elec- 
tion, Governor  Smith  opposed  him  in  the  second  cam- 
paign, and  was  again  elected  to  the  office  of  Governor. 
But,  during  his  term  of  office,  the  Legislature  elected  him 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Senator  Clay,  a  race  in 
which  he  defeated  Hon.  Joseph  M.  Terrell,  who  was  tem- 


Cobb  677 

porarily  filling  the  vacancy  under  an  appointment  hy 
Governor  Brown.  Thus  the  fight  was  still  on.  Upon  the 
election  of  Governor  Smith  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
the  friends  of  Governor  Brown  urged  him  to  re-enter 
the  field  for  Governor.  He  did  so ;  and,  on  December  7, 
1911,  was  re-elected.  The  interval  of  sixty  days  between 
the.retirment  of  Governor  Smith  and  the  inaugiiration 
of  Governor  Brown  was  filled  by  the  President  of  the 
State  Senate,  Hon.  John  M.  Slaton,  who  became  ad  in- 
terim Governor  of  Georgia.  The  only  instance  on  record 
in  the  history  of  the  State,  where  father  and  son  have  held 
the  office  of  Governor,  is  furnished  by  the  Browns.  The 
library  of  the  present  Governor  contains  a  number  of 
rare  books,  and  is  ^particularly  rich  in  works  which  deal 
with  early  American  anticjuities.  Several  years  ago,  he 
published  a  romance,  entitled  ^'Astyanax,"  in  which  he 
portrays  the  ancient  civilization  of  Mexico.  Though  not 
an  orator  in  the  forensic  sense,  he  wields  an  effective  pen, 
and  is  characterized  by  much  of  his  father's  far-sighted- 
ness of  vision.  Besides  the  home  place  at  Marietta,  Gov- 
ernor Brown  cultivates  an  extensive  plantation  in  Cher- 
okee. 


Governor  Charles  J.  Judge  Spencer  R.  Atkinson,  a 
McDonald:  An  Epi-  grandson  of  Governor  Charles  J. 
sode  of  His  Career.  McDonald,  and  himself  a  Georgian 
of  distinguished  attainments,  has 
preserved  the  following  dramatic  incident  in  the  life  of 
the  illustrious  statesman.    Says  he : 

' '  Governor  McDonald  came  into  office  under  trying  eireunistances.  The 
State  treasury  was  empty.  The  evil  effects  of  the  great  panic  of  1837 
were  still  pressing  upon  the  people,  like  a  nightmare.  The  great  work  of 
building  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad  was  languishing.  Tlie  public 
debt  had  been  increased  to  one  million  dollars — an  enormous  sum  in  those 
days.  Worst  of  all,  the  State  credit  was  at  a  low  ebb,  because  of  the  pro- 
test of  an  obligation  of  three  hundred  thousand  dollars,  which  had  been 
contracted  by  the  Central  Bank  under  authority  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  Georgia.     Commerce   and   business   generally   were  paralyzed.      In   1837 


678       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the' Legislature  had  passed  an  act  allowing  the  counties  of  the  State  to 
retain  the  general  tax,  the  same  to  be  applied  by  the  inferior  courts  to 
county  purposes.  As  might  have  been  expected,  the  counties  frittered  away 
the  money.  The  bank  was  nearly  destroyed  by  putting  upon  it  a  burden 
which  di(]  not  belong  to  it,  and  the  State  was*  left  without  resource  or 
credit. 

"Governor  McDonald  had  inherited  from  his  Scotch  ancestors  a  hard 
head  and^a  sound  judgment.  Never  did  he  need  his  inherent  qualities  more 
than  he  did  in  the  situation  which  then  confronted  him.  He  first  recom- 
mended that  the  State  resume  the  entire  amount  of  the  State  tax  which 
had  been  given  to  the  counties,  with  but  little  benefit  to  them  and  greatly 
to  the  injury  of  the  State.  This  recommendation  prevailed,  and  a  law  was 
enacted  ordering  the  State  tax  to  be  turned  into  the  treasury.  Almost  im- 
mediately following  this  necessary  action,  the  Legislature,  in  1841,  passed 
an  Act  reducing  the  taxes  of  the  State  twenty  per  cent.  This  Act  Governor 
McDonald  promptly  vetoed,  with  an  argument,  brief  and  pointed, 'and  a 
.statement  whieli  made  his  veto  message  unanswerable.  He  had  been  re- 
elected in  1841  and,  on  November  8,  1842,  in  his  annual  message  urging 
upon  the  Legislature  the  only  effective  remedy  for  relieving  the  State 
from  its  difficulties,  he  used  these  words :  '  The  difficulty  should  be  met 
at  once.  Had  there  been  no  Central  Bank  the  expense  of  the  government 
must  have  been  met  by  taxation.  These  expenses  have  been  paid  by  the 
Central  Bank  and  have  become  a  legitimate  charge  upon  taxation.  This 
must  be  the  resort,  or  the  government  is  inevitably  dishonored.  The  public 
faith  must  be  maintained,  and  to  pause  to  discuss  the  question  of  prefer- 
ences between  taxation  and  dishonor  would  be  to  east  a  reflection  upon 
tlie  character  of  the  people,  whose  servants  we  are. ' 

"The  issue  was  joined.  The  Legislature  had  rejected  a  measure  calling 
for  additional  taxation  to  meet  these  just  claims.  The  session  was  near 
its  close.  It  was  evident  that  unless  some  drastic  action  was  taken  the 
Legislature  would  adjourn,  leaving  an  obligation  of  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  unmet.  Governor  McDonald  acted  with  firmness  and  promptness. 
He  shut  the  doors  of  the  treasury  in  the  face  of  the  members  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  Georgia.  Great  excitement  followed.  The  members  of 
the  Legislature  denounced  him  as  a  tyrant  worse  than  Andrew  Jackson, 
who  had  gone  beyond  the  limits  of  reason.  Even  his  political  friends,  alarmed 
at  the  storm  which  had  been  raised,  urged  him  to  recede  from  his  position 
and  to  rescind  his  order  to  the  Treasurer.  He  resolutely  refused.  As  a 
result,  the  necessary  bill  was  finally  passed,  and  at  the  next  session  he 
was  able  to  report  an  improved  condition  of  the  finances  and  a  revival  of 
confidence  in  the  Central  Bank.  It  was  without  doubt  a  most  fortunate 
thing  for  Georgia  at  this'  critical  period  in  the  history  of  the  State  that 
a  man  of  Governor  McDonald  's  firmness,  prudence,  and  business  sagacity 
was  at  the  head  of  affairs.' 

Governor  McDonald  is  buried  in  tlie  Episcopal  Ceme- 


Cobb  679 

tery,  at  Marietta.  The  grave  is  handsomely  marked  b_v 
a  monument  of  marble,  which  consists  of  a  solid  cohimn 
surmounted  by  an  urn,  the  whole  resting  upon  a  pedestal 
of  granite.  The  coat  of  arms  of  Georgia  is  chiselled  into 
the  column,  while  above  the  device  is  inscribed  ' 'McDon- 
ald."    Underneath  appears  the  following  epitaph: 


' '  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  Charles  James  McDonald. 
Born  July  9,  1793.  Died  December  16,  1860.  Aged  67 
years,  5  months,  and  7  days.  '  Come,  behold  the  Avorks  of 
the  Lord,  what  desolation  He  hath  made  in  the  earth.'  " 


Cobb  in  the  In  1845,  when  hostilities  with  Mexico  be- 

Mexican  War.  gan,  a  company  of  soldiers  was  dis- 
patched from  Cobb  to  the  seat  of  war.  It 
w^as  called  the  Kennesaw  Rangers,  and  was  annexed  to 
the  Georgia  Regiment  of  Volunteers,  in  command  of 
Colonel  Henry  R.  Jackson,  of  Savannah.  Its  officers  were 
as  follows :  Captain,  A.  Nelson ;  First  Lieutenant,  James 
M.  Dobbs;  Second  Lieutenant,  W.  J.  Manahan;  Ser- 
geants, J.  H.  Mehaffey,  H.  Trotter,  Andrew  B.  Reed  and 
Joseph  H.  Winters ;  Corporals,  S.  M.  Anderson,  William 
D.  Neal,  William  T).  Gray  and  William  H.  Craft.  Ninety- 
two  members  enrolled. 


The    Little  There  stands  in  the  Confederate  Ceme- 

Brass  Cannon,  tery,  at  Marietta,  a  little  brass  cannon, 
concerning  which  there  is  a  story  of  dra- 
matic interest.  During  the  year  1852,  the  Georgia  Mili- 
tary Institute,  at  Marietta,  was  presented  by  the  State 
with  four  six-pounder  guns,  made  of  brass,  to  be  used  in 
the  artillery  drills.  On  the  occasion  of  the  inauguration 
of  Governor  Herschel  V.  Johnson,  at  Milledgeville,  in 
1856,  the  cadets  were  present.  They  took  with  them 
tw^o  of  the  guns,  to  be  used  in  the  inaugural  ceremonies; 
but  while  a  cadet  was  loading  one  of  them  it  fired  prema- 
turely, mutilating  an  ann  of  the  gunner.    The  disastrous 


680       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

affair  occurred  on  the  Capitol  grounds.  Two  years  later 
the  cadets  witnessed  the  induction  into  office  of  Governor 
Joseph  E.  Brown,  on  which  occasion  they  again  took  two 
of  the  guns  with  them;  but  fortunately  this  time  there 
was  no  mishap. 

When  the  Institute  was  closed,  in  1864,  by  reason  of 
the  imminence  of  hostilities,  due  to  the  approach  of  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  a  battalion  of  cadets  was  formed.  As  the 
boys,  however,  were  armed  with  Belgian  rifles  and  were 
enlisted  as  infantrymen,  they  did  not  need  the  heavy 
gams.  iSo  the  six-pounders  were  left  on  'the  parade 
grounds  at  the  Institute.  At  the  close  of  the  war  they 
were  not  to  be  found  in  Marietta. 

Judge  Robert  L.  Rodgers  is  of  the  opinion  that  they 
were  brought  to  Atlanta,  in  the  wake  of  Johnston's  army, 
and  that  in  the  battles  around  the  beleaguered  citadel  of 
the  Confederacy,  the  guns  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Fed- 
erals. At  any  rate,  they  were  captured  by  the  enemy, 
whether  at  one  place  or  at  another. 

Years  elapsed  without  bringing  any  word  in  regard 
to  the  missing  guns.  Finally,  in  1909,  Governor  Joseph 
M.  Brown,  who  was  then  in  office,  was  notified  by  the 
.■War  Department  at  Washington  that  in  the  arsenal  at 
Watervliet,  N.  Y.,  there  was  a  little  brass  cannon  having 
on  it  the  inscription:  ^'Georgia  Military  Institute,  1851." 
At  the  same  time  it  was  stated  that  the  trophy  of  war 
could  be  purchased  for  the  sum  of  $150.  In  jiroportion 
to  the  sentimental  value  of  the  old  relic,  the  amount  was 
nominal  But  Governor  Brown  was  not  authorized  to 
pay  the  money  out  of  the  treasury  of  the  State.  More- 
over, thei  ex-cadets  were  scattered  throughout  the 
Union — the  few  who  still  survived  the  flight  of  fifty 
years.  So  the  Governor  referred  the  matter  to  the  La- 
dies' Memorial  Association,  at  Marietta.  These  patri- 
otic women  immediately  went  to  work.  They  enlisted  the 
co-operation  of  Senators  Bacon  and  Clay  and  of  Con- 
gressman Gordon  Lee,  the  latter  of  whom  represented 
the  district.     Together,  they  induced  the  Government  to 


Cobb  681 

donate  the  cannon  to  the  Ladies'  Memorial  Association, 
of  Marietta.  It  was  a  generous  act  on  the  part  of  the 
Federal  authorities,  especially  in  view  of  the  partisan 
role  which  such  an  engine  of  war  is  supposed  to  have 
played,  but  the  cannon  was  never  fired  by  the  cadets 
against  the  United  States  flag. 

Soon  after  the  matter  was  thus  happily  settled  the 
cannon  arrived.  In  due  time  it  was  installed  upon  a 
pedestal  of  granite  and  placed  in  the  Confederate  Ceme- 
tery, at  Marietta,  within  sight  of  Kennesaw  Mountain, 
to  guard  the  heroic  dust  which  here  sleeps.  On  April 
26,  1910,  it  was  formally  unveiled  with  impressive  cere- 
monies. Judge  Robert  L.  Rodgers,  of  Atlanta,  welcomed 
the  little  cannon  back  home  in  an  eloquent  speech,  while 
the  veil  was  drawn  by  Miss  Annie  Coryell,  the  charming 
little  granddaughter  of  Colonel  James  W.  Robertson,  the 
first  commandant  of  the  Institute.  There  were  a  number 
of  the  old  cadets  present,  besides  a  host  of  disting-uished 
visitors,  including  his  excellency,  Governor  Joseph  M. 
Brown.  The  site  of  the  famous  old  school  is  in  the  imme- 
diate neighborhood  of  the  spot  where  the  little  cannon 
keeps  vigil. 

Kennesaw  Mountain.  Volume  I,  Pages  208-211. 


Cheatham's  Hill:  On  June  27,  1914— fifty  years  after  the 
The  Illinois  battle   of   Kennesaw   Mountain — a    su- 

Monument.  perb  monument  of  Georgia  marble  was 

formally  unveiled  by  the  State  of  Illinois, 
at  Cheatham's  Hill,  a  part  of  the  historic  battle  ground, 
near  Marietta.  Governor  E.  F.  Dunne,  representing  the. 
State  of  Illinois,  accompanied  by  a  special  delegation 
from  the  General  Assembly  of  his  State,  and  Governor 
John  M.  Slaton,  representing  the  State  of  Georgia,  with 
a  special  committee  from  the  Georgia  House  and  Senate, 
took  part  in  the  impressive  exercises.  One  of  the  features 
of  the  day  was  a  basket-dinner  served  by  two  of  Mari- 


682        Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

etta's  patariotic  organizations:  Kennesaw  Chapter,  U.  1). 
C,  and  Fielding  Lewis  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.  The  monument 
is  built  of  silver  gray  Georgia  marble,  twenty-six  feet  in 
height  and  nineteen  feet  wide  at  the  base.  It  carries 
a  bronze  statue  of  a  soldier,  seven  feet  in  height,  inter- 
posed between  two  allegorical  figiires,  and  the  total  cost 
of  the  structure  was  $20,000,  which  amount  was  appropri- 
ated by  the  Legislature  of  Illinois.  Miss  Sara  Sadely, 
eleven  years  old,  of  Anderson,  Ind.,  a  little  granddaugh- 
ter of  W.  A.  Payton,  of  Danville,  111.,  the  supervising 
architect,  who  constructed  the  monument,  drew  the  cord 
which  unloosed  the  veil  from  the  handsome  structure. 
Both  of  the  chief  executives  delivered  eloquent  speeches, 
full  of  the  spirit  of  reconciliation.  Governor  Dunne,  in  a 
beautiful  word  picture,  paid  tribute  to  the  soldiers  of  the 
two  great  armies  who  here  struggled  for  mastery;  to  the 
followers  of  Johnston,  as  well  as  to  the  men  under  Sher- 
man; and  he  closed  his  splendid  address  by  quoting  the 
following  stanza  from  Finch's  great  poem: 

"Under  the  sod  and  the  dew. 
Waiting  the  judgment  day; 
Love  and  tears  for  the  Blue, 
Tears  and  love  for  the  Gray. ' ' 


Lieutenant  Brumby  During  the  war  with  Spain,  in  1898, 
Raises  the  American  it  was  reserved  for  an  American 
Flag  at  Manila.  sailor,  whose  boyhood  was  spent  in 

Marietta,  to  achieve  signal  distinc- 
tion. This  was  Lieutenant  Thomas  M.  Brumby,  whose 
father.  Colonel  A.  V.  Brumby,  was  the  first  superinten- 
dent of  the  Georgia  Military  Institute  at  Marietta,  a  sol- 
dier who  followed  the  Stars  and  Bars,  and  a  gentleman 
who  was  universally  esteemed.  "Tom"  Brumby  was  a 
lieutenant  on  board  the  famous  ' '  Olympia, ' '  the  flagship 
of  Admiral  Dewey.  He  is  credited  by  one  of  the  war 
correspondents,  Mr.  E.  W.  Harden,  of  the  Chicago  Tri- 
bune, with  having  suggested  the  plan  of  the  battle,  and 


Cobb  688 

since  the  Spanish  fleet  was  completely  annihilated  by 
this  exploit,  while  not  an  American  boat  was  injured 
nor  an  American  sailor  killed,  it  is  no  slight  honor  to 
have  planned  such  an  engagement.  However,  there  are 
other  things  to  the  credit  of  this  gallant  officer  which 
cannot  be  questioned.  It  devolved  upon  him  to  hoist  the 
American  flag  over  the  surrendered  citadel,  an  act  which 
not  only  announced  the  formal  occupation  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands  by  the  United  States  government,  but  also 
proclaimed  a  radical  change  of  national  policy,  which, 
reversing  the  precedents  of  one  hundred  years,  elected  to 
keep  the  American  flag  afloat  upon  the  land-breezes  of 
the  Orient. 

Returning  home,  some  few  weeks  later,  Lieutenant 
Brumby  was  the  hero  of  the  hour  in  Georgia.  The  most 
enthusiastic  demonstration  was  planned  in  honor  of  the 
brave  officer;  and  on  the  Capitol  grounds,  in  Atlanta, 
before  an  audience  which  numbered  thousands  of  people 
he  was  awarded  an  elegant  sword.  Hon.  Clark  Howell, 
President  of  the  State  Senate,  introduced  Governor 
Allen  D.  Candler,  who,  in  turn,  made  the  speech  of  pre- 
sentation. Sea-fighter  though  he  was,  Tom  Brumby 
faced  the  great  concourse  of  people  like  an  embarrassed 
school  girl.  He  felt  more  at  home  when  riding  over  the 
perilous  torpedoes,  but  he  managed  to  stammer  his  sim- 
ple thanks  and  to  tell  the  audience  that  he  merely  did 
his  duty  as  a  sailor.  Unobserved  by  many  in  the  vast 
throng,  whose  eyes  were  riveted  upon  the  hero,  there 
quietly  sat  in  the  background  an  old  lady,  who  was  bent 
wdth  the  weight  of  fourscore  years.  It  was  Tom  Brum- 
by's mother.  Thus  was  the  master  touch  added  to  a 
scene  which  lacked  none  of  the  elements  of  impressive- 
ness.  But  the  irony  of  fate  was  there,  too;  for  ere  many 
weeks  had  softened  the  echoes  of  applause,  the  brave 
lieutenant  was  dead.  The  spectacle  presented  on  the 
grounds  of  Georgia's  State  Capitol  was  only  the  first 
part  of  the  hero's  Welcome  Home- 


684       Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 
Roswell.  Volume  II,  Pages  215-222. 


Dr.  Francis 

R.  Goulding.  Volume  II,  Pages  222-225. 


The  Grave  of  In  the  little  burial-ground  of  the  Pres- 
Dr.  Goulding.  hyterian  Cemetery,  at  Eoswell,  lies  tlie 
dust  of  the  famous  author,  whose  tale  of 
"The  Young  Marooners"  has  endeared  him  to  the  heart 
of  childhood  in  two  hemispheres.  The  grave  is  unmarked 
by  any  towering  shaft.  Only  the  simplest  pieces  of  mar- 
ble, one  at  the  head  and  one  at  the  foot — neither  of  them 
six  inches  above  the  ground— tell  where  the  great  author 
sleeps.  There  is  a  i^eculiarity  about  the  inscription  which 
I  have  never  witnessed  in  any  other  burial-place  of  the 
dead.  It  consists  of  his  name  alone;  but  scant  as  the 
epitaph  is,  it  is  divided  between  the  two  stones.  The 
one  at  the  head  spells  *'Rev.  Francis  R."  The  one  at 
the  foot  reads  ''Goulding. "  Unless  the  visitor  is  guided 
to  the  spot  by  the  caretaker  of  the  little  grave-yard,  he 
is  apt  to  miss  it,  so  dwarfed  are  the  simple  markers  be- 
side the  splendid  piles  which  rise  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood. Perhaps  the  lowly  grave  is  in  keeping  with  the 
naodest  life  which  Dr.  Goulding  lived.  He  was  only  an 
humble  shepherd  of  Zion,  whose  duty  it  was  to  feed  the 
lambs  of  the  Master.  He  preached  in  obscure  places. 
He  walked  in  wayside  paths.  But  the  whole  world  today 
is  filled  with  the  fame  of  Dr.  Goulding.  The  author  of 
"The  Young  Marooners"  is  one  of  the  immortals;  and 
if  the  children  whose  fancies  he  has  charmed  could  only 
build  him  a  monument  b}^  each  contributing  a  mite  it 
would  overtop  the  tallest  pine  at  Roswell. 


The  Tomb  of      It  was  the  wish  of  Roswell  King  to  be 

Roswell  King,     buried  near  the  factor^^  which  he  built 

in  the  little  town  which  bears  his  name. 

Consequently,  when  the  old  pioneer  died  he  was  laid  to 


Cobb  685 

rest  on  a  hill  overlooking  the  busy  theatre  of  his  labors. 
Perhaps  he  imagined  that  the  whir  of  the  spindles  might 
lull  him  to  peaceful  dreams.  At  any  rate,  his  dying 
request  was  fulfilled ;  and  on  the  spot  where  he  was  bur- 
ied a  monument  of  massive  proportions  was  afterwards 
reared.    It  bears  the  following  inscription : 


' '  In  memory  of  Roswell  King,  born  at  Windsor,  Conn., 
May  3,  1765,  and  died  at  Roswell,  Cobb  County,  Ga., 
February  15,  1844.  Aged  78  years,  9  months,  and  12 
days.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  village  which  bears  his 
name,  etc. ' ' 


Though  somewhat  soiled  by  the  touch  of  time  the 
shaft  is  well  preserved.  The  interment  of  Roswell  King 
at  this  place  caused  a  grave-yard  for  public  use  to  be 
opened  on  the  hill,  and  today  it  goes  by  the  name  of  the 
^'Old  Presbyterian  Cemetery,"  others  more  recent  hav- 
ing Superceded  this  pioneer  burial-ground.  Barrington 
King,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  president  of  the  fac- 
tory, sleeps  in  the  ''New  Presbyterian  Cemetery,"  not 
far  removed  from  Dr.  Goulding,  where  his  grave  is  hand- 
somely marked.  There  is  still  another  cemetery  in  Ros- 
well, which  is  owned  by  the  Methodists;  and  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  population  of  the  little  town  has  rarely 
exceeded  one  thousand  inhabitants  it  has  been  lavishly 
supplied  with  facilities  for  leaving  the  world. 


Where  an  Ex-Presi-    Less  than  fifty  feet  distant  from  the 
dent's  Grand-  tomb  of  Roswell  King  is  the  grave  of 

father  Sleeps.  Major  James  S.  Bulloch,  the  grand- 

father of  ex-President  Theodore 
Roosevelt.  It  is  marked  by  a  slab  somewhat  dingy  with 
age,  on  which,  however,  the  lettering  is  quite  distinct. 
The  inscription  reads : 


"James  S,  Bulloch.  Died  in  Roswell,  February  18, 
1849,  in  the  56tli.  year  of  his  age.  There  are  no  partings 
in  heaven. ' ' 


686        Georgia  "s  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Major  Bulloch  was  an  exceedingly  devout  man.  He 
was  superintendent  of  the  little  Presbyterian  Sunday- 
school  at  Roswell,  and  one  day,  when  intent  upon  his 
duties  in  this  capacity,  he  was  stricken  with  paralysis 
and  summoned  from  his  useful  work  to  his  crown  of 
reward. 


COFFEE 


Douglas.  Coffee  County  was  organized  in  1854  out  of 
four  other  counties :  Clinch,  Ware,  Telfair 
and  Irwin,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  General  .John 
Coffee,  a  distingaiished  soldier  and  civilian  of  this  State. 
The  place  selected  as  a  county-seat  was  called  Douglas, 
in  honor  of  the  noted  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  styled  the 
"Little  Giant."  For  years  the  growth  of  the  town  was 
slow;  but,  with  the  coming  of  railway  facilities,  it  has 
forged  rapidly  to  the  front.  Douglas  was  chartered  as 
a  town  in  1895  and  as  a  city  in  1897. 


COLQUITT 


Recollections  of  Major    Stephen    F.    Miller,    in    his 

Walter  T.  Colquitt.    Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  speaking 
of  Walter  T.  Colquitt,  says : 

"It  made  no  diflt'erenee  how  many  speakers  of  note  >Yere  assembled  on 
the  platform  at  a  mass-meeting,  whether  from  other  States  or  from  Geor- 
gia, whether  ex-Governors  or  ex-members  of  the  Cabinet,  he  towered  above 
them  all  in  energy  of  declamation  and  in  power  to  sway  the  multitude. 
His  was  an  eye  which  could  look  any  man  or  any  peril  in  the  face,  without 
blanching,  as  an  eagle  is  said  to  gaze  upon  the  sun. 

' '  Judge  Colquitt  imitated  no  model.  He  grasped  the  hand  of  a  poor 
man  as  cordially  and  treated  him  with  as  much  respect  as  if  he  had  been 
the  richest  in  the  land;  and  if  his  attentions  to  either  varied,  it  was  only  to 
show  more  kindness  to  the  humble,  to  ward  off  any  appearance  of  neglect. 
As  an  advocate,  he  stood  alone  in  Georgia,  perhaps  in  the  whole  South.  Nc 
man   could   equal   him   in   brilliancy   and   vigor   where   the   passions   of   the 


Colquitt  687 

jury  were  to  be  led.  lu  criminal  cases,  where  life  or  liberty  was  at  stake, 
he  swept  everything  before  him.  IVo  heart  could  resist  his  appeals,  no  eye 
withhold  its  tears,  on  such  occasions.  He  has  been  known  to  get  dow'u  upon 
his  knees  and  to  implore  jurors  by  name  to  save  the  husband,  the  father, 
the  son;  not  to  break  anxious  hearts  at  home,  not  to  stamp  disgrace  upon 
innocent  kindred.  At  other  times  he  would  go  up  to  certain  members  of 
the  jury  and  address  them:  'My  Baptist  brother  '  'My  Methodist  brother,' 
'  My  young  brother, '  '  My  venerable  brother, '  applying  suitable  expressions 
to  each  one  as  the  facts  might  authorize,  and,  with  a  look  and  a  prayer  to 
heaven,  which  impressed  the  greatest  aw-e,  would  stir  th0  soul  to  its  very 
depths.  Many  examples  of  the  kind  might  be  given,  as  the  author  has 
been  informed  by  eye-witnesses :  he  never  heard  Judge  Colquitt  make  a 
speech  in  court,  but  has  heard  him  in  other  places.  It  is  said  that  he 
rarely  failed  to  obtain  verdicts  in  favor  of  his  clients  when  the  occasion 
called  forth  his  energies.  Delivery,  gesticulation,  patho.s,  ridicule,  scorn, 
mimicry,  anecdote,  the  tone  of  his  voice,  the  motion  of  his  features — all 
acted  a  part,  all  assisted  in  the  incantation.  No  wizard  could  have  been 
more  potent  in  exercising  his  charms.  In  all  this  exhibition  there  was  much 
to  offend  particular  schools  of  acting;  but  it  was  nothing  more  than  holding 
a  mirror  up  to  nature — nature  in  a  tempest. 

' '  Nor  was  Judge  Colquitt  at  a  loss  for  other  methods.  He  could  be  as 
gentle  as  a  zephyr  when  it  suited  his'  purpose,  when  there  were  pictures  of 
bereavement  or  sorrow  to  press  home  to  the  jury.  Then  the  sweet,  plaintive 
tones  of  his  voice,  the  melting  sadness  of  the  lieart,  and  the  glistening  pearl- 
drops  from  the  eye,  would  dissolve  all  opposition.  He  would  take  a  poor, 
fainting  moi'tal  in  his  arms,  and  softly  as  nn  angel  he  would  lay  him  down 
to  repose  amid  the  flowers  of  Eden. '  '* 


Moultrie.  Volume  I. 


The    Colquitt  Judge  Walter  T.  Colquitt   was  three  times  married. 

Family  Record  ^^^  ^^^^  wife,  whom  he  married  February  23,  1823, 

was  Nancy  H.  Lane,  daughter  of  Joseph  Lane, 
Esq.,  for  many  years  a  Representative  in  the  Legislature  from  Newton. 
Six  children  were  the  result  of  this  union,  four  of  them  reaching  mature 
years.  Alfred  H.  Colquitt  became  a  :M!ajor-General  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  Governor  of  the  State,  and  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia,  fill- 
ing the  chair  once  occupied  by  his  distinguished  father  in  the  upper  na- 
tional arena.  Peyton  H.  Colquitt  became  a  Colonel  in  the  Confederate 
Army  and  was  killed  at  the  head  of  his  regiment  in  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga.     Emma  married   Samuel  M.  Carter,  son   of  Colonel   Farish   Carter, 


•Stephen  F.  Miller,  in  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  Vol.  T. 


688       Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

mid  himself  au  eminent  planter;  while  another  danghter  married  Hon.  O.  B. 
i'ic'klin.  of   Illinois,  at  the  time  a  Representative  in  Congress. 

The  second  marriage  of  Judge  Colquitt  was  in  1841  to  Mrs.  Alphia  B. 
Fauntleroy,  formerly  Miss  Todd,  sister  of  the  late  H.  W.  Todd,  Esq.,  of 
West  Point,  and  aunt  of  Dr.  J.  Stott  Todd,  of  Atlanta.  She  lived  only  a 
few  months. 

Judge  Colquitt  was  united  in  marriage  the  third  time  to  Harriet  M.  Ross, 
daughter  of  Luke  Ross,  and  sister  of  the  late  well-known  merchants  J.  B. 
and  W.  A.  Ross,  of  Macon.  Four  children  were  born  of  this  union,  among 
them  Hugh  Haralson  Colquitt. 

The  father  of  Judge  Colquitt  was  Henry  Colquitt,  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  emigranted  to  Georgia  and  settled  in  Wilkes.  His  mother  was 
Nancy  Holt.  Related  to  him,  on  the  maternal  side,  were  Judge  William  "W. 
Holt,  of  Augusta;  Judge  Thaddeus  0.  and  General  William  S.  Holt,  of 
Macon;  Hon.  Hines  Holt,  of  Columbus,  and  Mrs.  Judge  N.  L.  Hutehins, 
of  Lawrenceville.  mother  of  the  late  Judge  Hutehins.  After  the  death  of 
her  first  husband.  the-Avidow  Colquitt  married  the  father  of  the  late  General 
Hartwell  H.  Tarver,  of  Twiggs. 


The  Colquitts :  A      1  )iiring-  the  memorial  exercises,  iield  in 
Parellelism.  the  I'liited  States  Senate  Chamber,  on 

January  8,  1895,  in  Jionor  of  Alfred 
H.  Colquitt,  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia,  Gen- 
eral John  B.  Gordon,  his  colleague  and  life-long  friend, 
delivered  an  address,  in  the  course  of  which  he  drew  the 
following  comparison  between  the  two  Colquitts,  both  of 
whom  became  United  States  Senators.     Said  he: 

"Walter  T.  Colquitt — the  father — was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  Geor- 
gians of  his  day.  He  filled  many  positions  of  responsibility  and  trust,  and 
illustrated  them  all.  As  an  advocate  before  a  jury  he  had  no  superior  and 
few  peers.  As  a  lawyer  or  political  debater  there  was  scarcely  a  limit  to 
his  mental  activity,  to  his  capacity  for  grasping  facts  analyzing  arguments, 
and  forcing  his  convictions  upon  others.  In  the  court-house,  legal  techni- 
calities and  even  venerated  precedents  went  down  before  his  fiery  eloquence, 
the  impetuosity  of  his  assaults,  and  the  blighting  effects  of  his  withering 
sarcasm.  His  form  and  face,  eye  and  voice,  all  reflected  the  action  of  his 
brain  and  the  rapture  of  his  spirit;  and  when  greatly  aroused  there  was 
not  an  emotion  or  passion  or  sen.sibility  that  he  did  not  touch  and  master. 
He  was  preacher,  judge,  general  of  militia,  member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, and  Senator.  The  versatility  of  his  genius  and  the  power  of  his 
endurance,  both  physical  and  mental,  were  almost  phenomenal.  It  is  a  tra- 
dition of  his  early  career  that  he  united  a  couple  in  marriage,  drilled  his 


Columbia  689 

brigade  of  militia,  tried  a  man  for  his  life,  sentenced  him  to  be  hung,  and 
preached  a  great  sermon,  all  on  the  same  day. 

"Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  my  long-cherished  friend  and  recent  associate  in 
this  Chamber,  whose  death  we  mourn,  was  the  eldest  son  of  this  remarkable 
man.  The  two,  father  and  son,  possessed  traits  and  characteristics  in  com- 
mon; but  in  many  particulars  they  widely  differed.  Both  were  possessed 
of  the  keenest  insight  into  human  nature.  Both  were  emphatically  men  of 
the  people.  Both  had  in  them  the  martial  instinct  and  the  spirit  of  com- 
mand. Both  were  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  and  of  the 
Senate.  Both  were  devoted  and  prominent  communicants  of  the  Methodist 
Church;  and  both  were  accustomed,  while  engaged  in  other  avocations,  to 
minister  at  its  altars  and  teach  from  its  pulpits. 

' '  These  two  distinguished  men  differed  widely,  however,  in  the  method 
and  manner  of  presenting  truth,  whether  from  rostrum,  hustings,  or  pul- 
pit. The  elder  as  a  public  speaker  was  fervid,  lucid,  rapid,  impetuous. 
The  younger  Colquitt  was  perhaps  less  emotional,  but  more  logical ;  less 
passionate,  but  more  persviasive.  The  elder  was  more  the  natural  orator 
than  his  gifted  son,  with  a  more  intense  nature  and  electric  style.  He  was 
greatest  when  confronting  a  multitude  differing  from  him  in  opinion.  On 
such  occasions  he  was  almost  matchless.  When  in  the  whirlwind  of  political 
debate,  his  words  came  in  a  tempest  of  invective  against  supposed  personal 
wrongs  or  injustice  to  his  party  and  people.  The  younger  Colquitt  excelled, 
however,  in  the  more  orderly  and  logical,  if  not  more  forceful  presentation 
of  his  arguments  and  convictions,  in  jmthos  and  persuasive  power,  and  in 
the  enduring  hold  i;pon  the  hearts  and  control  over  the  actions  of  men. 
It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  of  him,  Mr.  President,  that  few  men 
with  a  career  so  long  and  brilliant  have  lived  a  life  so  pure  and  blameless, 
and  left  a  legacy  so  rich  and  inspiring  to  the  young  men  of  the  country. 
He  died  as  he  had  livel,  beloved  by  his  people  anl  accepted  of  God.  In 
the  bosom  of  his  native  State  we  have  laid  him,  and  on  his  chosen  hillside, 
where  the  music  of  Ocmulgee's  waters  and  the  weird  songs  of  the  pines 
will  chant  above  him  their  everlasting  anthem  of  praise  and  benediction." 


COLUMBIA 


Old  Kiokee:  Daniel  On  the  first  day  of  January,  1771, 
Marshall's  Arrest.  Daniel  Marshall,  an  ordained  Bap- 
While  Planting-  the  tist  minister,  sixty-five  years  of  age. 
Baptist  Stand-  moved  from  Horse  Creek,  S.  C,  and 

ard  in  Georgia.  settled  Avitli  his   family   on     Kiokee 

Creek,  about  twenty  miles  north- 
west of  Augusta.  He  had  been  residing  for  some  time  in 
South  Carolina,  where  he  had  organized  two  churches, 


690       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  while  living  at  Horse  Creek  had  made  frequent  evan- 
gelistic tours  into  Georgia,  preaching  with  wonderful 
fervor  in  houses  and  groves. 

We  will  gaze  upon  him  as  he  conducts  religious  serv- 
ices. The  scene  is  in  a  sylvan  gTove,  and  Daniel  Mar- 
shall is  on  his  knees,  engaged  in  prayer.  While  he  be- 
seeches the  Throne  of  Grace,  a  hand  is  laid  upon  his 
shoulder,  and  he  hears  a  voice  say : 

"  'You  are   my  j^risouer!  ' 

"Rising  to  his  feet,  the  earnest-minded  man  of  God  finds  himself  eon- 
fronted  hy  an  officer  of  the  law.  He  is  astonished  at  being  arrested  under 
such  circumstances,  for  preaching  the  gospel  in  the  Parish  of  St.  Paul ; 
but  he  has  violated  the  legislative  enactment  of  1758,  which  established 
religious  worship  in  the  colony  according  to  the  rites  and  ceremoneis  of 
the  Church  of  England.  He  is  made  to  give  security  for  his  appearance  in 
Augusta  on  the  following  Monday,  and  is  then  allowed  to  continue  the 
services.  But  to  the  surprise  of  every  one  present,  the  indigation  which 
s^'ells  the  bosom  of  Mr.  Marshall  finds  vent  through  the  lips  of  his  wife, 
who  has  witnessed  tlie  whole  scene.  With  the  solemnity  of  the  prophets 
of  old,  she  denounces  the  law  under  which  her  husband  has  been  appre- 
hended, and  to  sustain  her  position  she  quotes  many  passages  from  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  with  a  force  which  carries  conviction. 

"One  of  the  most  interested  listeners  to  her  exposition  was  the  con- 
stable, Mr.  Samuel  Cartledge,  who  was  so  deeply  convinced  by  the  inspired 
words  of  exhortation  which  fell  from  her  lips  that  liis  conversion  was  the 
result;  and,  in  1777,  he  was  baptized  by  the  very  man  whom  he  then  held 
under  arrest.  After  the  interruption  caused  by  the  incident  above  de- 
scribed, Mr.  Marshall  preached  a  sermon  of  great  power,  and  before  the 
meeting  was  over  he  baptized,  in  the  neighboring  creek,  two  converts,  who 
proved  to  be  relatives  of  the  very  man  who  stood  security  for  his  appear- 
ance at  court.  On  the  day  appointed  Mr.  Marslmll  went  to  Augusta,  and 
after  standing  a  trial  was  ordered  to  desist;  but  he  boldly  replied  in  the 
language  of  the  Apostles,  spoken  under  similar  circumstances: 

"  'Whether  it  be  right  to  obey  God  or  man,  judge  ye.' 

"It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  magistrate  who  tried  him,  Colonel 
Barnard,  was  also  afterwards  converted.  Though  never  immersed,  he  was 
strongly  tinctured  with  Baptist  doctrines,  and  often  exhorted  sinners  to 
flee  from  the  wrath  to  come.  He  lived  and  died  in  the  Church  of  England. 
Following  this  dramatic  episode,  Mr.  Marshall  does  not  seem  to  have  met 
with  further  trouble;  Init  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  soon  suspended 
religious   activities. ' ' 


Columbia  691 

"Dauiel  Alarslutll  was  Itoni  at  Windsor,  Conu.,  iu  1706,  of  Presbyterian 
parents.  He  was  a  man  of  great  natural  ardor  and  holy  zeal.  For  three 
years  be  buried  himself  in  the  wilderness  and  preached  to  the  Mohav,'k 
Indians  near  the  liead  waters  of  the  Susquehanna  Eiver.  War  among  the 
.savage  tribes  led  him  to  remove  ultimately  to  Virginia,  where  he  beca)ne 
a  convert  to  Baptist  views.  He  was  immersed  at  the  age  of  forty  eight, 
his  wife  submitting  to  the  ordinance  at  the  same  time;  and  then,  after 
preaching  for  several  years  in  the  two  I'arolinas,  he,  came  to  Georgia, 
settling  on  Kiokee  Creek  at  the  time  above  mentioned. 

' '  Though  neither  learned  nor  eloquent,  he  possessed  the  rugged  strength 
of  mind  which  fitted  him  for  pioneer  work,  and  he  knew  the  Scriptures. 
From  his  headquarters  on  Kiokee  Creek  he  went  forth  preaching  the  Gospel 
with  great  power.  By  uniting  those  whom  he  had  baptized  in  the  neighbor- 
hood with  other  Baptists  who  lived  on  both  sides  of  the  Savannah  Eiver, 
he  formed  and  organized  Kiokee  Baptist  Church,  in  the  spring  of  1722;  and 
this  was  the  first  Baptist  Church  ever  constituted  within  the  limits  of 
Georgia. 

' '  The  Act  incorporating  the  Kiokee  Baptist  Church  was  signed  by  Ed- 
ward Telfair,  Governor;  Seaboard  Jones,  Speaker  of  the  House,  and  Nathan 
Brownson,  President  of  the  Senate.  It  is  dated  December  23,  1789,  seven- 
teen years  subsequent  to  the  actual  time  of  organization.  Tlie  first  meet- 
ing house  was  built  where  the  town  of  Appling  now  stands.  Daniel  Mar- 
shall became  the  i^astor.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until  Xovember  2, 
1784,  when  he  died  in  his  seventy-eighth  year.  Abraham  ^Marshall,  his  son, 
eontinued  his  work. 

'  *  When  this  pioneer  minister  moved  into  the  State,  he  was  the  only 
ordained  Baptist  clergyman  within  its  bounds ;  but  he  lived  to  preside  at 
the  organization  of  the  Georgia  Association,  iu  the  fall  of  1784,  when 
there  were  half  a  dozen  churches  in  the  State,  hundreds  of  converts,  and 
quite  a  number  of  preachers.  His  grave  lies  a  few  rods  south  of  A^jpling 
Court  House,  on  the  side  of  the  road  leading  to  Augusta.  He  sleeps  neither 
forgotten  nor  unsung,  for  every  child  in  the  neighborhood  can  lead  the 
stranger  to  Daniel  Marshall's  grave.''* 


On  December  23',  1789,  the  pioneer  Baptist  cliurcli  in 
Georgia  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature, 
under  the  name  of  the  "Anabaptist  Church  on  the 
Kioka,"  with  the  following  trustees:  Abraham  Marshall, 
William  Willingham,  Edmond  Cartledge,  John  Landers, 
James  Simms,  JosejDh  Ray  and  Lewis  Gardner.* 


♦Condensed  from  History  of  the  Ba))tist  Denomination  in  Geoigia.     Com. 
piled   by   the   Christian   Index. 

*Marbury  and   Crawfoid's   Digest,    p.    1J3. 


692       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Peter  Craw-  Some  time  ago,  while  engaged  in  making 
ford's  Tomb,  certain  researches  in  Columbia  County, 
Prof.  Alfred  Akerman,  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity, stumbled  upon  an  old  burial-ground,  almost  com- 
pletely overrun  by  weeds  and  briars.  Even  the  inscrip- 
tions upon  the  tombs  were  so  blurred  that  he  could  hardly 
decipher  them;  but  he  finally  managed  to  trace  the  let- 
ters. One  of  these  tombs  contained  the  following  epi- 
taph : 


In  memory  of  PETER  CRAWFORD,  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  became  early  in  life  a  citizen  of  Greorgia. 
Highly  gifted  mentally  and  physically,  he  closed  a  long 
life  of  distinguished  usefulness.  As  clerk  of  the  Supe- 
rior Court  and  Senator  of  the  County  in  the  Legislature 
of  the  State,  during  nearly  the  whole  period  of  his  man- 
hood, these  records  attest  the  value  of  his  services.  Under 
a  sense  of  right  he  was  inflexible.  His  social  virtues 
were  marked  by  an  expansive  hospitality  and  benevolence. 
The  widow  and  the  orphan  gratefully  bestowed  on  him 
the  honorable  title :  Tlieir  Friend.  Born  Februarj'  7, 
1765.    Died  October  16,  1830.    My  father. 


Peter  Crawford  was  a  power  in  Georgia  politics.  For 
years  he  voted  the  Whig  ticket;  and  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  became  involved  in  a  controversy  the  out- 
come of  which  was  a  duel  fought  between  his  son,  Hon. 
George  W.  Crawford,  and  a  talented  young  la\\^er  of 
ApjDling,  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Burnside.  Gov.  Crawford 
manfully  espoused  his  father's  side  in  this  quarrel,  since 
the  latter  was  then  an  old  man,  and  jeopardized  his  own 
life  in  order  to  avenge  his  father's  honor.  His  filial  de- 
votion is  further  shown  in  the  erection  of  this  monu- 
ment, for  which  he  probably  wrote  the  epitah.  On  a 
neighboring  tomb,  this  record  is  inscribed,  no  doubt  also 
from  the  pen  of  Governor  Crawford: 


Crawford 


693 


In  memory  of  MARY  ANN,  wife  of  PETER  CRAW- 
FORD. A  cherished  wife,  she  was  the  mother  of  a  large 
family.  For  many  years  the  survivor  of  her  partner,  she 
was  the  center  and  light  of  a  large  social  circle.  A  Chris- 
tion,  she  bestowed  her  charities  with  the  gentleness  of 
her  sex.  A  woman,  she  was  steadfast  to  her  sterner 
duties.  Her  four-score  years  only  weakened  the  tie  which 
binds  life  to  the  body ;  all  else  was  clear  and  calm.  Born 
Mky  9,  1769.     Died  January  22,  1852. 


Pioneer  Senators  During    the    early    ante-bellum    period    of    the 

and  Representatives,  state's  history,  Columbia  was  represented  in 
the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia  by  a  brilliant 
galaxy  of  men.  Some  of  her  pioneer  Senators  included :  James  O  'Neil, 
Thomas  Carr,  John  Foster,  William  Wilkins,  Peter  Crawford,  Archer  Avary, 
Abner  P.  Robertson,  William  B.  Tankersley  and  Thomas  H.  Dawson.  On 
the  list  of  Representatives  we  find :  Walter  Drane,  James  Simms,  Benjamin 
Williams,  John  Foster,  Hugh  Blair,  John  Hardin,  Solomon  Marshall,  Will- 
iam B.  Tankersley,  Thomas  Carr,  Archer  Avary,  George  Carey,  Arthur 
Foster,  Thomas  E.  Burnside,  Turner  Clanton,  Nathaniel  F.  Collins,  Nathan 
Crawford,  Thomas  N.  Hamilton,  John  Cartledge,  Moody  Burt,  and  Robert 
M.  Gunbv.* 


Duels  Fougfht  by 
the  Crawfords. 


Volume  II.    Under  the  Code  Duello. 


CRAWFORD. 

Fort  Lawrence.  This  stronghold  was  built  to  protect  the 
old  Creek  Indian  Agency  on  the  Flint 
River,  and  was  located  on  the  east  bank  of  the  stream, 
occupying  an  eminence  not  far  from  where  the  Flint  River 
is  crossed  by  the  main  highway  running  from  Macon  to 
Columbus.  'The  last  vestige  of  the  ancient  fort  has  long- 
since  disappeared;  but  it  was  probably  a  stockade  fort 
built  after  the  fashion  common  in  pioneer  days.  If  con- 
structed by  Col.  Hawkins,  who  resided  here  for  sixteen 
years  as  agent  among  the  Creek  Indians,  it  was  probably 


*See  Vol.   I   of  this  work,   pp.   34-39. 


694       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriai>s  and  Legends 

not  unlike  the  defensive  structure  at   Fort   Hawkins,  a 
stronghold   Iniilt  under  his  immediate  supervision. 


Survivor  of  Goliad  Few  of  Fannin's  men  esea]ied  the 
Massacre.  l)rutal  massacre  at  Goliad,  in  the  war 

for  Texan  independence,  in  1836,  but 
one  of  these  was  a  former  resident  of  Crawford:- Mr. 
John  T.  Spillers.  Surviving  the  frightful  holocaust,  Mr. 
Spillers  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Georgia,  where  his 
last  days  were  spent.  He  probably  joined  the  company 
organized  in  Macon  by  Colonel  William  A.  Ward.  This 
company  passed  through  Knoxville,  Ga.,  en  route  to  Tex- 
as, where  it  was  annexed  to  Fannin's  command.  While 
passing  through  Knoxville,  a  flag  of  white  silk  bearing  a 
lone  star  of  blue  was  presented  to  the  company  by  Miss 
Joanna  E.  Troutman — afterwards  Mrs.  Vinson — who  de- 
signed w^ith  her  own  hands  this  unique  and  beautiful  em- 
blem, which  afterwards  received  adoption  as  the  national 
flag  of  Texas.*  During  the  year  1913,  the  body  of  Mrs. 
Vinson  was  exhumed  from  its  former  resting  place  at 
Knoxville  and  re-interred  with  official  honors  in  the  State 
cemetery  at  Anstin,  Texas. 

Most  of  the  gallant  men  to  whose  keeping  this  his- 
toric flag  was  entrusted  by  its  fair  designer,  met  an  igno- 
minious death  at  the  hands  of  the  treacherous  Mexicans ; 
but  Mr.  Spiller  escaped.  How  he  managed  to  do  so  is 
explained  in  an  aflfidavit  given  to  liis  attorney,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam I.  W^alker,  of  Crawford,  in  1874,  when  the  latter  was 
seeking  to  obtain  for  him  a  pension  from  the  State  of 
Texas. 

Mr.  Spillers  was  at  this  time  quite  an  old  man,  as 
nearly  forty  years  had  elapsed  since  the  Goliad  massacre ; 
and  he  was  probably  also  in  reduced  circumstances.  The 
old  soldier  states  in  this  affidavit  that  he  is  entitled  to  a 


*Documents  In  the  possession  of  Mrs.   E.   T.   Nottingham,   of  Thomaston. 
Georgia. 


Crawford  695 

pension  "by  reason  of  his  having  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  arnij'  of  Texas,  under  Colonel  Fannin,  in  the  Texas 
revolutions,  in  the  years  1835  and  1836,  having  escaped 
the  massacre  of  Fannin's  command  by  reason  of  being- 
kept  a  prisoner  and  laborer  by  the  Mexicans."*  Mr.  Wal- 
ker believed  implicitly  in  the  justice  of  the  old  soldier's 
claim,  to  secure  which  he  made  a  special  trip  to  Texas, 
bearing  a  letter  of  introduction  from  Governor  James 
M.  Smith. 


Anecdote  of  Joseph  Beckham  Cobb  narrates  the  fol- 

Mr.  Crawford's       lowing    incident     of     Mr.     Crawford's 
School-Days.  school-days  at  Mount  Carmel: 

"It  was  determined  by  himself  and  some  of  the  elder  school  boys  to 
enliven  the  annual  public  examinations  by  representing  a  play.  They  se- 
lected Addison 's  Cato ;  and,  in  forming  the  cast  of  characters,  that  of 
the  Eoman  Senator  was  of  course,  assigned  to  the  usher.  Crawford  was 
a  man  of  extraordinary  height  and  large  limbs,  and  was  always  ungraceful 
and  awkward,  besides  being  constitutionally  unfitted,  in  every  way,  to  act 
any  character  but  his  own.  However,  he  cheerfully  consented  to  play 
Cato.  It  was  a  matter  of  great  sport,  even  during  rehearsal  as  his  com- 
panions' beheld  the  huge,  unsightly  usher,  with  giant  strides  and  stentorian 
tones,  go  through  with  the  representation  of  the  stern,  precise  old  Eoman. 
But,  on  the  night  of  the  exhibition,  an  accident,  eminently  characteristic 
of  the  counterfeit  Cato,  occurred,  which  effectually  broke  up  the  denou- 
ment  of  the  tragedy.  Crawford  had  conducted  the  Senate  scene  with 
tolerable  success,  though  rather  boisterously  for  so  solemn  an  occasion,  and 
had  even  managed  to  struggle  through  with  the  apostrophe  to  the  soul; 
but,  when  the  dying  scene  behind  the  curtain  came  to  be  acted,  Cato 's 
groan  of  agony  was'  bellowed  out  with  such  hearty  good  earnest  as  totally 
to  scare  away  the  tragic  muse,  and  set  prompter,  players  and  audience  in 
a  general,  unrestrained  fit  of  laughter.  This  was,  we  believe,  the  future 
statesman 's  first  and  last  theatrical  attempt. '  '* 


Knoxville.    Four  counties  of  Georgia  were  organized  by 

an  act  approved  December  23,     1822,     viz., 

DeKalb,   Bibb,  Pike   and   Crawford;   and,   for   the   last 


♦Joseph   Beckham  Cobb,   in  Leisure  Hours. 


696       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

named  of  these  eoimties,  the  site  of  public  buildings  was 
hxed  at  a  convenient  place  called  Knoxville,  in  honor  of 
Gren.  Henry  Knox,  of  the  Eevolution.  The  town  was  in- 
corporated on  December  24,  1825,  w4th  the  following  pio- 
neer residents  named  as  commissioners :  John  Harvey, 
John  Vance,  Frank  Williamson,  Jesse  Stone,  Martin  T. 
Ellis. ^  At  the  same  time  a  charter  was  granted  to  the 
Knoxville  Academy,  with  Messrs.  James  Lloyd,  Cole- 
man M.  Roberts,  Edward  Barker,  Levi  Stanford,  and 
Wm.  Lockett  as  trustees.-  Miss  Joanna  E.  Troutman, 
who  designed  the  Lone  Star  flag  of  Texas,  was  a  resident 
of  Knoxville,  where  she  was  living  when  the  war  for 
Texan  independence  began  in  1836. 


COWETA. 
Bullsboro.  Vohime  1.  pp.  484-48(i. 


Newnan.  Newnan,  the  county-seat  of  Coweta  County, 
has  already  been  treated  at  some  length  in  the 
fonner  volume  of  this  work,  as  the  successor  of  old  Bulls- 
boro, a  town  out  of  which  it  grew,  and  the  site  of  which 
is  today  marked  by  an  old  pecan  tree  which  stands  some 
two  miles  to  the  north-east  of  the  present  court-house. 
During  the  past  few  years  the  growth  of  Newnan  has  been 
marked.  Its  cotton  mills  employ  an  army  of  operatives 
and  produce  annualh^  an  enormous  output  of  the  best  fab- 
rics. As  a  commercial  center,  with  fine  railway  facilities, 
the  town  supplies  an  extensive  trade,  while  the  sur- 
rounding country  is  rich  in  agricultural  products.  There 
is  a  briskness,  a  vim,  and  a  stir  about  the  city  of  Newnan, 
an  evidence  of  thrift  on  its  streets  and  in  its  market- 
places, the  like  of  which  can  be  found  in  few  communities 
of  its  size;  and  with  the  impetus  acquired  from  its  re- 


lActS,    1825,    p.    1S3. 
2  Acts,    1825,   p.    9. 


Coweta  697 

cent  growth,  it  will  eventually  become  one  of  the  largest 
towns  of  the  State.  Its  per  capita  of  wealth  is  already 
considerably  above  the  average.  Many  of  its  homes  are 
palatial;  its  schools  afford  the  very  best  educational  ad- 
vantages; and  its  local  affairs  are  controlled  by  men  of 
intelligence,  of  character,  and  of  enthusiasm  for  the  pub- 
lic weal.  Long  before  the  war  it  was  widely  known  as  a 
seat  of  learning  on  account  of  the  prestige  of  its  noted 
Temple  College.  Some  of  Georgia's  best  families  have 
long  been  identified  with  Newnan,  such  as  the  Dents,  the 
Berrys,  the  Bigbys,  the  Norths,  the  Pinsons,  the  Kirbys, 
the  Halls,  the  Wrights,  the  Thompsons,  the  McLendons, 
the  McKinleys,  the  Calhouns,  the  Hills,  the  Bays,  the 
Caldwells,  the  Coles,  the  Hardaways,  the  Nimmonses,  the 
Orrs,  the  Robinsons,  and  the  Powells.  From  its  profes- 
sional and  business  ranks  have  come  some  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  of  Georgia,  such  as  Hon.  W.  B.  W. 
Dent,  Judge  Hugh  Buchanan  and  Judge  John  S.  Bigby, 
all  of  whom  were  members  of  Congress ;  Gov.  Wm.  Y. 
Atkinson,  former  Attorney-General,  Hewlette  A.  Hall,  Dr. 
A.  B.  Calhoun,  whose  son,  the  renowned  specialist,  lately 
deceased.  Dr.  A.  AV.  Calhoun,  spent  his  boyhood  days  in 
Newnan ;  Hon.  Peter  Francisco  Smith,  a  distinguished  le- 
gal scholar,  writer,  and  man  of  affairs ;  Judge  Dennis  F. 
Hammond,  Judge  L.  H.  Featherstone,  Judge  Owen  H. 
Kenan,  Judge  John  D.  Berry,  Judge  E.  W.  Freeman,  Dr. 
James  Stacy,  for  more  than  forty  years  pastor  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  a  scholar  and  a  historian;  Prof.  M. 
P.  Kellogg,  a  noted  educator ;  Carlisle  McKinley,  a  gifted 
poet  and  journalist;  Hon.  Ezekiel  McKinley;  Hon.  J.  J. 
McClendon,  and  a  host  of  others. 


Oak  Hill.  Historic  Church-vards  and  Burial-Grounds. 


College  Temple.     Oue    of    the    most    noted    institutions    of    learning    in 
Georgia   during   the  la.st   half   of  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury was  "College  Temple,"  at  Newnan.  a  college  for  women,  and  the  first 


698       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  grant  the  higher  ilegrce,  for  in  a  printed  address  by  the  president,  Prof. 
Kellogg,  given  on  tiie  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  school  he  refers  to 
"that  maiden  eommencenient  (in  1855).  when  the  degree — Magistra  in 
Artibus  (M.  A.) — was  conferred  the  iirst  time  by  a  female  college  in 
America. ' ' 

The  college  was  the  life  work  of  Prof.  Moses  Payson  Kellogg,  the 
sole  proprietor  and  president.  Prof.  Kellogg  was  born  in  Eiehford,  Vt., 
on  May  19th,  1823.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  at  Bur- 
lington, and  came  to  Georgia  about  1843.  His  first  school  was'  at  Eock 
Springs  Academy,  in  Coweta  County ;  and  his  success  there  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  trustees  of  the  Newnan  Academy,  who  invited  him  to 
take  charge  of  that  institution.     This  he  did  in  1849. 

Prof.  Kellogg  was  a  very  scholarly  man,  splendidly  educated,  with  a 
wonderful  amount  of  executive  ability.  He  kept  fully  abreast  of  the  times 
and  introduced  into  his  school  many  useful  aids  for  imi^arting  knowledge. 
When  teaching  at  the  academy  he  had  a  telegraph  instrument  with  wires 
encircling  the  building,  and  brought  to  the  town  a  daguerreotype  artist 
with  his  newly  invented  instrument. 

In  December,  1851,  Miss  Harriet  Robie  Baker  came  from  Weare,  N.  H., 
where  she  was  born,  August  14th,  1825,  to  teach  at  the  Academy  under 
Prof.  Kellogg.  They  were  married  the  following  August  4th.  Throughout, 
his    wife    was    his    counsellor    and    chief    assistant,    always    at    his    side. 

Prof.  Kellogg  believed  thoroughly  in  the  higher  education  of  girls  as 
an  important  factor  toward  improving  the  men  of  the  future,  and  he  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  founding  in  Newnan,  a  college  for  women  only.  This 
he  located  on  a  plot  of  ground  on  the  east  side  of  the  present  Temple  Av- 
enue between  Clark  and  College  Streets.  The  corner  stone  of  the  first 
building  of  "College  Temple"  was  laid  on  May  19th,  1852,  and  the  first 
term  of  the  school  was  opened  on  Sept.  7th,  1853.  The  college  was  chartered 
by  an  act  of  the  State  Legislature  on  Feb.  11th,  1854,  and  the  first  grad- 
uating class  of  eight  girls  received  their  M.  A.  degree  in  June,  1855. 

The  school  buildings  were  three  in  number,  all  of  attractive  architecture, 
designed  by  Prof.  Kellogg.  These  were  located  on  extensive  grounds  laid 
out  in  artistic  style  with  long  hedges  and  walks,  and  groups  of  trees  and 
shrubs.  The  dormitory  was  a  large  square  three-story  building,  entirely 
surrounded  by  an  upper  and  lower  veranda.  The  main  building,  known  as 
Arcade  Hall,  contained  a  large  auditorium,  school  assembly  hall,  class 
rooms  and  library.  This  library  was  one  of  the  interesting  features  of  the 
school  and  held  several  hundred  volumes  of  reference  books,  classics  and 
high  class  fiction,  besides  numerous  globes,  charts,  astronomical  and  geo- 
metrical maps  and  maps  on  physical  geography.  Many  specimens  of  gold 
and  other  minerals'  were  used  in  the  study  of  mineralogy.  The  third  build- 
ing, the  Laboratory,  was  well  equipped  with  instruments  for  experiments 
in  chemistry,  electricity  and  physics. 

The  "Fly  Leaf,"  the  school  paper,  made  its  first  appearance  in  1855, 
and  continued  many  years.     It  was  edited  by  the  senior  class,  and  after  the 


Crisp  699 

first  few  years,  set  up  and  printed  by  them  at  the  college.  The  school  con- 
tained a  primary  and  a  collegiate  department,  with  a  large  corps  of 
teachers.  In  the  collegiate  department  besides  Greek  and  Latin,  the  Ger- 
man, French  and  Italian  languages  were  taught. 

Important  to  note  is  the  fact  that  this  was  the  first  school  for  girls  in 
the  state  to  teach  industrial  work,  typography  and  telegraphy  having  been 
taught  almost  from  the  beginning.  Cooking  and  sewing  were  taught  also 
at  this  period,  but  left  to  the  choice  of  the  pupil.  The  students  came  from 
Georgia  and  the  surrounding  states,  and  a  few  from  Xew  England  and  the 
West.  No  pupil  was  turned  away  for  lack  of  money,  and  hundreds  of  girls 
were  educated  free  by  this  good  man.  In  these  Prof.  Kellogg  took  great 
pride.  The  annual  commencements  lasted  several  days,  and  attracted  large 
crowds. 

In  1864  the  school  session  was  discontinued  for  several  months,  and  the 
7  buildings  occupied  by  hospitals  for  wounded  and  sick  Confederate  sol- 
diers. The  senior  class  was,  however,  graduated  that  year  as  usual.  The 
school  continued  without  other  interruption  until  the  last  class  received  its 
diplomas  in  June,  1889. 

Owing  to  Prof.  Kellogg 's  advanced  age  and  the  establishment  of  the 
public  school  system  in  Newnan  in  1888,  the  college  was  discontinued.  All 
the  buildings  were  destroyed  in  1904,  except  the  Laboratory,  which  was 
made  into  a  dwelling.  There  is  a  large  marble  shaft  in  the  Newnan  cem- 
etery erected  to  Prof.  Kellogg  by  his  loving  pupils,  which  recalls  the  past 
of  this  noble  institution,  and  the  work  of  this  good  man." 


CRISP. 


Port  Early.  Some  twelve  miles  to  the  south  of  the  pres- 
ent town  of  Cordele  was  located  a  strong- 
hold which,  in  pioneer  days,  played  an  important  part 
in  defending  our  exposed  frontier:  F'ort  Early.  It  was 
named  for  a  distinguished  Governor  of  this  State  who  oc- 
cupied the  executive  chair  when  the  fort  was  built  during 
the  war  of  1812.  It  was  constructed  by  Gen.  D'avid  Black- 
shear,  a  noted  Indian  fighter,  and  afterwards  used  by 
Gen.  E.  P.  Gaines  and  Gen.  Andrew  Jackson,  As  to  the 
character  of  the  fort,  little  is  known,  but  it  was  probably 
a  stockade  fort  like  Fort  Hawkins,  designed  especially 
for  Indian  warfare  on  the  border.    Between  Fort  Early 


♦Authority:    Miss   Ruhy   Felder   Ray,    State   Editor,    D.   A.    R.  Atlanta,  Ga. 


700       Georgia's  Landmarks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  Cordele  runs  a  little  branch  known  as  Cedar  Creek, 
where  the  last  attack  made  by  the  Creek  Indians  upon 
the  whites  in  this  section  of  Georgia  was  successfully 
repelled,  on  January  22,  1818.  Two  gallant  American 
soldiers,  Capt.  Leigh,  and  a  private,  Samuel  Loftis,  per- 
ished at  this  place  while  tndng  to  find  a  safe  passage 
across  the  swollen  stream  for  a  portion  of  Jackson's 
army.    They  were  shot  by  the  savages  from  ambush. 


Cordele.  Vol.  I.  pp.  499-501. 


DADE. 


Trenton.  On  I^ecember  25,  1837,  an  Act  was  approved 
by  Gov.  George  E.  Gilmer,  creating  the  county 
of  Dade  out  of  lands  formerly  included  in  Walker.  The 
place  chosen  as  a  county-site  was  first  called  Salem.  But 
there  were  a  number  of  localities  throughout  the  State, 
including  not  a  few  old  churches  and  camp-grounds,  which 
bore  this  name.  Consequently,  in  1840,  it  was  changed  to 
Trenton.^  On  February  18,  1854,  the  town  was  incorpor- 
ated with  the  following  named  commissioners :  James  M. 
Hill,  Robert  L.  Hawkins,  Horace  Lindsaj',  Wm.  C.  Shan- 
ock,  and  Manoes  Morgan. - 


Acts,    1840,   p.    3C. 
Acts,    1854,    p.    251. 


Dawson  701 

DAWSON 

Dawsonville.  Dawsou  County  was  formed  from  Lumpkin, 
in  1858,  and  named  for  the  distinguished 
Wm.  C.  Dawson,  a  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia, 
then  lately  deceased.  The  site  chosen  for  public  buildings 
was  called  Dawsonville;  and,  on  Dec.  10,  1859,  the  town 
was  incorporated  with  the  following  named  commis- 
sioners :  Dr.  John  Hockinhull,  J.  M.  Bishop,  Lawson 
Hope,  Samuel  C.  Johnson,  and  Wm.  Barrett.* 


Recollections  of  In  a  letter  to  Major  Stephen  F.  Mil- 

William  C.  Dawson,  ler.  Judge  Dawson's  son,  Edgar  G. 
Dawson,  writes  thus  concerning  the 
distinguished  statesman  and  jurist : 

' '  I  see  that  the  Masonic  Fraternity  is'  preparing  to  raise  a  monument  to 
his  memory  and  to  establish  a  'Dawson  Professorship'  in  the  Masonic  Fe- 
male College. 

"My  father  was  very  liberal  in  his  donations  to  such  institutions.  He 
was  always  active  in  the  cause  of  education.  As  you  are  aware,  he  was 
eminently  social — remarkably  fond  of  the  chase — always  kept  a  fine  pack 
ol  fox-ho\mds,  the  fleetest  in  the  country,  for  he  spared  no  expense  in 
procuring  them.  He  was  the  best  horseman  I  ever  saw,  surpassing  all  his 
companions  in  his'  exploits  upon  the  field.  I  have  frequently  seen  him  from 
day-break  until  night  in  the  chase  of  the  red  fox,  and  then  return  home  and 
work  in  his  office  until  twelve  or  one  o  'clock.  I  think  he  was  one  of  the 
most   industrious   men  I    ever  knew. 

' '  He  made  companions  of  his  children,  and  never  failed  to  have  them 
with  him,  when  not  inconvenient  to  do  so — upon  the  circuit,  at  Washington, 
in  his  travels,  on  the  plantation.  He  seemed  delighted  in  the  chase  to  see 
his  sons'  well  mounted,  contesting  with  him  the  palm  of  horsemanship,  in 
leaping  fences  and  ditches,  and  in  keeping  nearest  the  hounds  in  full  pur- 
suit through  woods  and  fields. 

******* 

•  "Just  a  few  months  prior  to  his  death  he  wrote  me:  'I  shall  return  to 
the  practice  in  the  spring,  and,  having  naught  to  draw  my  attention  from 
it.  I  shall  expect  to  be  pointed  at  by  the  people  and  to  hear  them  say: 
'  There  is  a  rising  and  promising  young  man  who  will  soon  make  his  mark 


•Acts.    1S59,    p.    152. 


702        Georgia's  Laxdmakks.  Memorials  and  Legends 

at  the  bar. '  He  always  contended  that  he  was  never  over  thirty  years  of 
age,  and  in  fact,  he  was  as  able  and  active  at  fifty-eight  as  he  was  at 
thirty-eight. ' ' 


DECATUR 

Bainbridge.  Under  an  Act,  approved  December  19,  1823, 
organizing  the  county  of  Decatur,  the  follow- 
ing named  commissioners  were  chosen  to  select  a  county- 
seat  to  sui)erintend  the  erection  of  public  buildings  there- 
on, to-wit :  Duncan  Eay,  Wm.  Hawthorn,  Philip  Pittman, 
John  Sanders,  and  Martin  Hardin^  The  site  chosen  was 
a  point  of  land  overlooking  the  Flint  River,  within  a  mile 
of  Fort  Hughes.  It  was  called  Bainbridge,  in  honor  of 
the  gallant  naval  officer,  William  Bainbridge,  who  com- 
manded the  celebrated  frigate  '^C^onstitution."  The  coun- 
ty itself  was  named  for  the  illustrious  American  Com- 
modore Stephen  Decatur.  On  December  22,  1829,  the 
town  was  chartered  with  the  following  named  commis- 
sioners :  Peter  Cohen,  Daniel  Belcher,  Jethro  W.  Kieth, 
Matthew  R.  Moore,  and  Jeremiah  H.  Taylor.^  The  old 
Decatur  Academy  was  chartered  on  December  19,  1829, 
with  Messrs.  Alexander  McGowan,  Wm.  Whiddon,  John 
DeGraffenreid,  Wm.  Williams,  Wm.  Powell,  and  Thomas 
King  as  trustees.^  In  1840  a  female  seminary  was  char- 
tered. Bainbridge  is  today  one  of  the  most  important 
commercial  centers  of  the  State,  with  extensive  railway 
and  steamboat  connections.  It  is  also  the  center  of  a 
territory  rich  in  agricultural  resources.  See  Vol.  1.  for 
additional  facts  in  regard  to  Bainbridge. 


'Acts,    1S23,    p.    .58. 

2  Acts,    1829,    p.    186. 

3  Acts,    1829,   p.    10. 


Decatur  703 

Fort  Hughes  Volume  1.  Page  504. 

(Bainbridg-e). 


Fort  Scott.  This  stronghold  was  built  during  one  of 
the  campaigns  against  the  Seminole  Indians 
in  Florida.  It  was  located  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Flint 
River,  a  stream  then  called  by  the  Indians  "Throna- 
teeska."  The  Fort  was  named  for  Gen.  Winfield  Scott, 
a  distinguished  officer  of  the  United  States  Army,  under 
whose  leadership  the  campaign  was  conducted.  Nothing 
is  known  at  this  time  concerning  the  character  of  the  fort, 
which  was  probably  little  more  than  an  earthwork,  en- 
closed by  a  stockade. 


Distinguished   Res- 
idents of  Decatur.  Volume  I.  Pages  506-507- 


AttapulgUS.  Attapnlgus,  a  town  on  the  Southern  Sz  Florida  line,  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  county,  is  one  of  the'  oldest  com- 
munities in  Decatur,  founded  some  time  in  the  eighteen-thirties.  The 
Pleasant  Grove  Academy,  located  at  this  place,  was  chartered  in  1836,  but 
three  years  later  the  name  of  the  school  was  changed  to  the  Attapulgus 
Academy,  and  at  this'  time  the  following  trustees  were  chosen,  to-wit. : 
Thomas,  Hines,  William  Williams,  Daniel  T.  Lane,  John  Durham,  Asa 
Hirtehings  and  Hiram  King.'  Five  new  trustees  were  added  in  1841,  as 
follows:  .Tames  E.  Martin,  Edmond  Smart,  William  Martin,  Joshua  Grant 
and  Isaac  M.  Griffin.-  In  1849,  John  H.  Gibson,  Daniel  M'cKinnis  and 
Eobert  J.  Small  wood  were  added  to  the  board.'  On  January  22,  1852,  a 
charter  was  granted  for  a  female  school,  with  the  following  named  trus- 
tees, to-wit. :  James  Gibson,  Andrew  McElroy,  Emery  Lassiter,  William 
Smith,  Thomas  R.  Smith,  Charles  J.  Munnerlyn  and  John  P.  Dickingon, 
to  be  styled  "Trustees  of  the  Female  Amademy  of  AttapnIguF. "^  Tbo 
town  was  incorporated  December  21,  1866,  with  Messrs.  Emery  Lasseter, 
George  W.  Donalson,  Thomas  E.  Smith.  W.  A.  B.  Lasseter  and  L.  H. 
Peacock  named  as  commissioners. 


'  Acts,    1839,   p.    (i. 

2  Acts,    1841,    p.    10. 

•''  Acts,    1849-1850,    p.    22. 

■•Acts,    1851-1852,   p.    329. 


704       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

DEKALB 

Decatur.  DeKalb  County  was  organized  in  1822  from 
Henry  and  Fayette  counties  and  was  named  for 
'the  celebrated  Baron  DeKalb,  of  Revolutionaly  dis- 
tinction. The  county-site  was  called  Decatur,  for  the 
famous  American  Commodore,  Stephen  Decatur,  whose 
brilliant  naval  exploits  were  then  still  fresh  in  the  public 
mind.  Decatur  was  formally  incorporated  as  a  town,  on 
December  10,  1823,  with  the  following  named  commis- 
sioners :  Reuben  Cone,  Wm.  Morris,  Wm.  Gresham,  James 
White,  and  Thos.  A.  Dobbs.^  The  DeKalb  County  Acad- 
emy was  chartered  on  December  18,  1825,  but  the  charter 
was  amended  one  year  later,  at  which  time  the  following- 
trustees  were  named:  Samuel  T.  Bailey,  Zachariah  Hol- 
loway,  Wm.  Ezzard,  Joseph  Morris,  Joseph  D.  Shoemate, 
Reuben  Cone,  James  Blackstocks,  Wm.  Towns,  Merrill 
Collier,  Samuel  Prewett,  and  James  M.  C.  Montgomery.- 
Decatur  is  one  of  the  strongest  Presbyterian  communi- 
ties of  the  State,  outside  of  the  large  cities.  The  church 
of  this  denomination  here  is  the  mother  church  of  this 
section  of  Georgia. 

Agues  Scott  (*ollege,  one  of  the  most  noted  schools 
of  the  country  for  the  education  of  young  ladies,  is  lo- 
cated here,  under  Presbyterian  control.  Decatur  was 
the  home  of  the  famous  poet  and  painter.  Dr.  Thomas 
Holley  Chivers.  Hon.  Charles  Murphey  and  Hon.  Mil- 
ton A.  Candler,  both  members  of  Congress,  also  lived  in 
Decatur.  This  wideawake  community  haSi  recently  or- 
ganized a  Chamber  of  Commerce,  whose  enterprising  ac- 
tivities have  been  the  wonder  of  the  State  resulting  lo- 
cally in  a  rapid  increase  in  the  town's  volume  of  business, 
besides  arousing  the  emulation  of  other  communities. 


'  Acts,    1823,    p.    169. 
2  Acts,    1825,    p.    5. 


Dodge  705 

Stone  Mountain.  Pages  245-252. 


Distinguished  Res-  Vol.  1.  pp.  512-514. 

idents  of  DeKalb. 


DODGE 


Eastman.  On  October  26,  1870,  an  Act  was  approved  cre- 
ating the  new  county  of  Dodge  out  of  lands 
formerly  included  in  three  large  counties  of  this  section : 
Montgomery,  Telfair  and  Pulaski.  Under  the  terms  of 
this  same  Act,  the  county  seat  was  fixed  at  Eastman,  oth- 
erwise known  as  station  number  13,  on  what  was  then 
the  Macon  and  Brunswick  Railroad.^  The  towii  was 
chartered  in  a  separate  Act  approved  on  the  day  fol- 
lowing, at  which  time  Messrs.  John  L.  Parker,  David  M. 
Buchan,  J.  J.  Rozar,  E.  E,  Lee,  and  John  F.  Livingston 
were  named  commissioners.-  The  county  was  named  for 
"William  E.  Dodge,  of  New  York,  a  wealthy  merchant, 
whose  lumber  interests  in  this  immediate  section  were 
extensive,  in  addition  to  large  holdings  on  St.  Simon's 
Island.  The  town  was  named  for  Mr.  W.  P.  Eastman, 
a  native  of  New  England,  who  organized  the  Dodge  Land 
Company,  a  syndicate  largely  instrumental  in  develop- 
ing this  part  of  Georgia,  The  present  public  school  sys- 
tem of  the  town  was  established  in  1894.  Eastman  is  the 
center  of  a  rich  agricultural  section  and  is  one  of  the 
most  progressive  trade  centers  in  Georgia,  possessing 
several  stronp-  banks,  a  number  of  solid  business  estab- 
lishments, and  m;^ny  elegant  homes. 


The    Eastman    Riot.      Eastman,  the  capital  of  Dodge  County,  in  what 
is  known  as   Middle  South   Georgia,  has   an  un- 
usual record.     Here  a  hanging  occurred  in  1882,  in  which  four  men  and  a 
woman  suffered  the  penalty  of  death.     This  is  believed  to  be  the  largest 


>Acts,    1870,    p.    18. 
*Acts,    1870,   p.    186. 


706       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

number  of  people  ever  legally  executed  at  the  same  time  in  any  place  in 
^he  United  States.  The  hanging  was  the  culmination  of  what  was  known 
as  the  Eastman  Eiot,  and  to  the  credit  of  the  town,  although  it  was  only 
in  its  teens,  the  law  was  allowed  to  take  its  course,  and  Judge  Lynch  was 
kept  in  the  background.  It  is  an  interesting  story  and  deserves  to  go  down 
in  history  as  one  of  the  bloody  chapters  of  the  Black  Belt. 

On  Sunday,  August  6,  1882  a  big  negro  camp  meeting  began  in  East- 
man. The  town  at  that  time  was  only  a  small  village.  Fully  three  thou- 
sand negroes  from  the  surrounding  country  came  in  on  several  special  ex- 
cursion trains.  Provisions  were  made  for  a  few  white  people,  and  among 
them  was  Jim  Harwood,  a  boy  about  eighteen  years  old  from  Cochran,  \\ho 
came  to  visit  relatives.  In  Eastman  at  that  timej  there  were  nine  drug 
stores,  most  of  them  being  places  opened  for  the  sale  of  whiskey  and 
calling  themselves  drug  stores  to  keep  within  the  law.  Into  these  places 
many  of  the  negroes,  both  men  and  women,  went  to  fill  up  on  fira-water, 
and  soon  they  had  reached  the  danger  line. 

One  negro  stole  a  watch  of  another  and  was  detected.  He  was  arrested 
and  taken  in  charge  by  two  town  marshals,  A.  P.  Harrell  and  B.  A.  Buchan. 
They  started  with  him  toward  the  calaboose,  but  he  had  been  driuking 
enough  to  make  him  obstreperous,  and  he  began  an  attack  on  the  ort'icers. 
He  succeeded  in  freeing  himself  and  ran.  Buchan,  thinking  to  frighten 
him,  fired  at  him.  The  ball  hit  him  just  where  his  suspenders  were  crossed 
in  the  back,  and  he  fell  dead. 

Great  'excitement  followed  among  the  negroes,  most  of  whom  were 
half  drunk,  and  they  gathered  themselves  into  a  howling  mob  not  less 
than  a  thousand  strong,  and  pursued  the  officers,  both  of  whom  managed 
to  escape.  As  the  mob  turned  a  corner,  young  Harwood  saw  them  coming, 
and  ran.  Thinking  he  was  one  of  the  officers,  the  negroes,  like  a  pack  of 
wolves,  followed.  He  ran  to  the  home  of  Mr.  Wright  Harrell  and  crawled 
under  the  house.  The  family  was  at  dinner,  and  young  Harwood  ran  into 
the  back  room  and  hid  under  the  bed.  The  negroes  stormed  the  }»ouse, 
and  Mr.  Harrell  begged  them  to  leave,  assuring  them  that  their  man 
was'  not  there.  Brushing  him  aside,  they  broke  into  the  house  and  soon 
found  the  unfortunate  youth.  They  dragged  him  out.  beating  him  with 
clubs  and  pistols.  As  they  came  out  with  him  an  old  negro,  wlio  had 
been  a  slave  of  his  father,  forced  his  way  through  the  crowd,  and  throw- 
ing his  arms  about  the  young  man's  neck,  begged  that  his  life  be  spared. 
He  was  beaten  into  insensibility,  and  then  the  boy  was  shot  and  beaten 
to  death  with  pickets'  snatched  from  the  fence  by  the  members  of  the  blood- 
thirsty mob.  As  Harwood  was  being  dragged  into  the  house,  Ella  Moore, 
a  negro  woman,  ran  up  and  made  several  desperate  efforts  to  cut  his  throat. 

The  death  of  the  boy  seemed  to  arouse  the  negroes  to  a  sense  of  their 
danger,  and  rushing  to  the  trains  they  compelled  the  trainmen,  at  the 
point  of  revolvers,  to  pull  out  of  town.  Many  of  the  negroes  were  left,  and 
soon  they  were  fleeing  in  all  directions'. 


Dooly  707 

In  about  an  hour  fifty  or  more  farmers,  armed  to  the  teeth,  rode  into 
Eastman.  They  were  organized  and  began  a  systematic  search  for  the 
rioters.  The  jail  was  soon  filled  with  prisoners,  and  there  was  a  strong 
sentiment  to  lynch  the  whole  crowd.  This  was  strengthened  when  it  was 
learned  that  three  people  who  had  been  sick  had  died  from  the  shock  they 
had  sustained  when  they  had  heard  of  the  riot.  There  were  conservative 
men  enough  in  the  town  to  let  the  law  take  its  courise,  and  soon  there 
were  twenty-two  prisoners  in  the  jail,  with  evidence  enough  against  them 
to  convict. 

Many  of  them  had  been  arrested  on  the  testimony  of  reputable  witnesses 
in  the  neighboring  towns,  who  had  heard  them  boasting  of  what  they  had 
done. 

Five  of  the  twenty-two,  Simon  O  'Gwin,  Joe  King,  Bob  Donaldson,  Eed- 
dick  Powell  and  Ella  Moore,  were  tried  before  Judge  A.  C.  Pate,  Tom 
Eason  being  the  solicitor-general.  They  were  convicted  of  murder,  and  all 
five  of  them  dropped  to  death  at  the  same  moment  in  the  court-house  yard 
on  the  20th  of  October,  1882.  Seventeen  of  the  others  were  found  guilty, 
but  recommended  to  mercy,  and  were  sent  to  the  penitentiary  for  life. 
Many  of  the  witnesses  of  the  deeds  of  this  dark  and  bloody  Sunday  are 
still  living  at  Eastman.* 


DOOLY 

Vienna.  The  original  county-seat  of  Dooly  was  a  little 
town  on  the  Flint  River  called  Berrien.  It  was 
selected,  under  an  Act  of  1823,  by  a  board  of  five  com- 
missioners, to  wit:  Blassingame  Pollet,  Wm.  Hilliard, 
Thomas  E.  Ward,  Thomas  Cobb,  and  Littleberry  Richard- 
son.^  In  1833,  the  name  of  the  town  was  changed  from 
Berrien  to  Drayton,  due  presumably  to  a  protest  felt  in 
this  section  against  some  of  the  unpopular  views  of 
Judge  Berrien,  who  held  that  a  United  States  Senator 
was  not  to  be  governed,  on  every  question,  by  the  wishes 
of  his  constitutents.2  But  the  new  county-site  failed  to 
give  satisfaction.  On  December  23,  1839,  an  Act  was  ap- 
proved, appointing  Wm.  Smith,  David  Scarboro,  Joel 
Dorsey,  James  Oliver,  Thomas  Cobb,  and  John  Crumpler, 
to  select  a  new  site  for  public  buildings.  At  the  same  time. 


♦Authority:  Rev.  Alex.  W.   Bealer,  of  Eastman,   Ga. 
'  Acts,   1823,   p.    190. 
2  Acts,    1833,    p.    322. 


708       Gj:orgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

provision  was  made  to  compensate  the  owners  of  prop- 
erty in  the  town  of  Drayton.^  Meanwhile,  another  town, 
named  for  Judge  Berrien,  seems  to  have  arisen ;  and,  on 
December  11,  1841,  an  Act  was  approved  providing  that, 
when  a  sufficient  quantity  of  land  was  donated  at  Berrien, 
the  new  county-site  should  be  located  at  said  place;  but 
there  is  nothing  in  the  records  to  show  that  a  removal  was 
ever  made.^  Finally,  however,  in  the  late  forties,  the 
county-seat  was  changed  to  Vienna;  and,  on  February 
18,  1854,  the  new  county-seat  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
with  the  following  commissioners:  Chas.  H.  Everett, 
Seth  Kellum,  Lemuel  M.  Lasseter,  John  Brown  and  Ste- 
phen B.  Stovall.^  With  two  railway  connections,  Vienna 
is  today  quite  a  thriving  center  of  trade;  notwithstand- 
ing its  proximity  to  Cordele,  a  town  whose  growth  has 
been  phenomenal. 


DOUGHERTY 

Albany.  In  Volume  I,  of  this  work,  will  be  found  a  brief 
outline  sketch  of  Albany,  to  which  it  may  be 
added  that,  under  an  Act  approved  December  27,  1833, 
the  following  pioneer  residents  were  named  town  commis- 
sioners: Herman  Mercer,  Samuel  Clayton,  Mordecai  Al- 
exander, Nelson  Tift,  and  Jeptha  C.  Harris.  In  this 
same  Act,  Nelson  Tift,  Jeptha  G.  Harris,  and  Tomlinson 
Fort  were  given  a  i^ermit  for  constructing  a  bridge  across 
the  Flint  River  at  this  point.  Wlien  Dougherty  County 
was  formed  in  1853,  from  Baker,  the  town  of  Albany 
became  the  new  county-seat. 


Dougherty's  Dis- 
tinguished Residents. 


'Acts,    1839,   p.    213. 
sActs,    1841,   p.   70. 
'Acts,    1854,    p.    273. 


Early  709 


EARLY 


Blakely.  On  December  15,  1818,  Early  County  was  cre- 
ated by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  out  of  treaty 
lands  acquired  from  the  Creek  Indians.  However,  it 
was  not  until  1825,  that  the  county  was  completely  or- 
ganized. It  was  originally  one  of  the  largest  counties  in 
the  State,  but  portions  of  it  were  given  to  other  counties 
to  somewhat  equalize  them  in  size.  The  first  settler  near 
the  town  of  Blakely  was  Wesley  Sheffield,  whose  de- 
scendants in  the  country  are  still  numerous.  About  the 
year  1821,  Mr.  Benjamin  Collier  donated  four  acres  of 
land  to  be  used  for  the  site  of  public  buildings,  an  offer 
which  the  commissioners  accepted,  calling  the  town 
Blakely,  after  Capt.  Johnson  Blakely,  a  distinguished 
naval  officer  in  the  war  of  1812.  The  local  historian  who 
records  this  interesting  fact  adds  that  if  Earlytown  had 
been  chosen  as  the  name  of  the  capital  of  Early  County, 
it  would  have  saved  much  ink,  paper,  time,  and  temper  to 
postmasters  and  others. 

Mr.  Collier  erected  the  first  dwelling  house  in  Blakely 
on  what  is  today  known  as  the  old  Fleming  place,  on 
South  Main  Street.  Blakely,  no  doubt,  began  to  make 
history  at  an  early  date,  but  the  first  notice  taken  of  her 
by  the  historian  was  in  1829,  when  the  tow^n  contained 
eight  private  dwellings,  a  school  house,  a  court  house, 
and  a  jail.  The  first  Clerk  of  the  Court  was  N.  M.  Mc- 
Bride,  Esq.  Judge  Benjamin  Hodges  was  an  early  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace,  and  John  Floyd  was  the  first  Sheriff. 
According  to  Deed  Book,  Vol.  C,  County  Records,  the 
earliest  known  settlers  in  Blakely  were  Benjamin  Collier, 
Joel  Perry,  James  T.  Bush,  F.  Mercier,  A.  M.  Watson, 
and  Robert  Grimsley.  From  1821  to  1829  these  names 
appear:  J.  H.  Bush,  A.  D.  Smith,  Joseph  Miller,  Willis 
Dobbs,  David  D.  Smith,  John  Floyd,  Isaac  Livingston, 
J.  W.  Mann,  James  W.  Alexander,  John  B.  Applewhite, 
Wm.  Phillips,  and  A.  0.  Daniels.  About  1830  records 
are  found  of  Peter  Howard,  A.  M.  Freeman,  Miller  Gar- 


710       Georgia's  Landmark^;,  Memorials  and  Legends 

rett  Freeman,  Aaron  Goolsby,  Anthony  Hutcliins,  James 
Buchanan,  John  Hays,  Joel  Crawford,  and  others. 

To  visitors,  an  object  of  much  interest  in  the  neii>h- 
borhood  of  Blakely,  is  an  Indian  mound,  some  tliree  miles 
distant  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  formerly  a  trad- 
ing- post  and  rendezvous  of  the  Indians.  BU^kely  is  today 
a  progressive  city,  of  3,000  inhabitants.  Many  hand- 
some homes,  public  buildings,  churches,  and  banks,  testify 
to  her  growth  in  recent  years.  All  the  religious  denom- 
inations have  lately  erected  beautiful  temples  of  worship. 
Last  year  the  city  completed  an  up-to-date  school  build- 
ing, at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  The  Club  Women  of  Blakely 
are  engaged  in  active  work.  There  are  two  patriotic 
societies — the  Blakely  Chapter,  U.  D.  C,  and  the  Peter 
Early  Chapter,  D.  A.  E. ;  also  a  splendid  Public  Library 
Association,  and  a  Woman's  Civic  Club.  The  local  camp 
of  Confederate  Veterans  is  Camp  Doster,  named  for  Dr. 
B.  R.  Doster,  a  brave  Early  County  soldier.  The  erec- 
tion of  a  granite  boulder  to  mark  the  Jackson  Trail  is 
contemplated  at  an  early  date  by  the  D.  A.  R.  chapter.* 


Flag-Pole  and     On  the  beautiful  court  house  grounds,  at 
Monument.  Blakely,    there    stands    a    landmark    of 

unique  historic  interest:  the  old  Confed- 
erate Flag  Pole.  It  looks  today  just  as  it  did  in  the  six- 
ties when  it  floated  the  Stars  and  Bars,  high  above  sur- 
rounding objects.  This  hallowed  reminder  was  erected  in 
the  spring  of  1861,  and  no  other  section  of  the  South  to- 
day is  known  to  boast  one  of  these  emblems  of  liberty. 
It  was  manufactured  from  a  huge  pine  tree,  the  stump 
of  which  stands  a  short  distance  south  of  Blakely.  Dur- 
ing a  cyclone  several  years  ago,  the  flag-pole  was  broken 
off  near  the  base,  but  by  request  of  the  President  of  the 
U.  D.  C,  of  Blakely,  it  was  bound  together  with  strong 
brass  bands  and  iron  clamps  painted  white  and  re-erected 


•Authority:  Mrs.  Walter  Thomas,  Regent  Peter  Early  Chapter,  D.  A.  R., 
and  first  president  Blakely  Chapter,  U.   D.   C. 


Early 


711 


by  the  city  electrician.  The  flag-pole  towers  nearly  to  the 
court  house  dome,  commanding  an  outlook  upon  the  hor- 
izon for  miles  in  every  direction— a  cherished  relic  of 
the  Civil  War. 

Close  to  the  flag-pole  stands  the  Confederate  monu- 
ment, a  handsome  structure  of  solid  granite,  dedicated 
to  the  heroes  of  the  Lost  Cause,  by  the  local  XJ.  D.  C. 
chapter.  The  shaft  rises  30  feet  and  is  18  feet  wide  at 
the  base.  It  rests  upon  a  green  mound  channingly  orna- 
mented with  plants  and  flowers.  The  monument  was  un- 
veiled on  April  26,  1909,  at  which  time,  Judge  Arthur  G. 
Powell,  a  native  of  Blakely,  then  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals  delivered  the  oration.  Lettered  upon  the  mon- 
ument are  the  following  inscriptions : 


East  Face:  "Erected  hy  Blakely  Chapter,  U.  D.  C. 
Lest  We  Forget. ' '  West  Face :  "A  tribute  to  the  noble 
Confederate  soldiers  who  cheerfully  offered  their  lives  in 
defence  of  local  and  self-government.  To  those  who 
fought  and  survived."  North  Face:  "1861—1865." 
Flags  furled.     South  Race:  Crossed  Sabers.* 


Recollections    of      '^^n   court,  Judge  Early  knew  no  parties,  but  main- 
Peter    Early.  tained    his    office    with    the    sternest    proprieties,    and 

measured  out  justice  with  an  even  balance.  There 
was  a  peculiarity  about  the  corners  of  his  mouth  which  I  never  saw  in 
any  other  man's.  His  lips  were  always  conpressed  and  firm.  I  never  saw 
him  smile.  His  countenance  reflected  more  of  sadness  than  of  cheer,  yet 
indicated  the  deepest  refieetion.  Seated  on  the  bench,  he  was'  erect  and  com- 
manding, with  liis  arm  usually  folded  across  his  breast,  and  one  knee  thrown 
over  the  other.  He  seldom  altered  this  posture.  He  looked  severe  and 
hauglity;  yet  he  was  dignified  without  the  least  affectation.  His  mind  was 
in  perfect  correspondence  with  his  body;  it  never  hesitated  or  faltered, 
but  comprehended  instantly  whatever  was  presentd  to  it.  Having  drawn 
his  inferences  with  the  sound  judgment  for  which  he  was  distinguished, 
he  rarelv  saw  cau.se  to  change  his  opinion.     He  possessed  the  highest  degree 


♦Authority:    Mr.s.    Walter    Thomas,    who    unveiled    Iho   mon\)ment. 


"712       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  self-respect,  and  knew  how  to  respect  others.  He  met  promptly  and  de- 
cided positively  all  points  of  law  brought  before  him.  Tliere  was  nothing 
negative  or  vacillating  in  the  character  of  Judge  Early.  In  every  respect, 
he  was  a  motlel  judge  and  a  perfect  specimen  of  man. '  '* 


ECHOLS 

Statesville.  Statesville,  the  county-seat  of  Echols,  was 
incorporated  on  December  13',  1859,  with  the 
following  commissioners :  Jesse  P.  Prescott,  John  T.  Al- 
len, E.  W.  McAlhaney,  Benj.  Statsvey,  and  James  S. 
Carter.^ 


EFFINGHAM 

Springfield.  On  February  7,  1799,  an  Act  was  passed  by 
the  Legislature  at  Louisville,  appointing  five 
commissioners,  viz.,  David  Hall,  Joshua  Loper,  Samuel 
Eyals,  Dodhelf  Smith,  and  Druries  Garrison,  to  lay  out 
a  tract  of  land  for  a  county-site,  and  to  superintend  the 
erection  of  public  buildings  thereon.  This  was  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  town  of  Effingham.  The  town 
academy  was  chartered  by  an  Act  approved  December 
1,  1809,\vith  Messrs.  Thomas  Polhill,  Sr.,  John  Kogker, 
Christian  Treutlen,  Wm.  Bird,  and  George  S.  Newland, 
as  trustees.^  Springfield  was  incorporated  on  December 
31,  1838,  with  the  following  commissioners :  John  Charl- 
ton, J.  W.  Exley,  S.  Bourquine,  J.  M.  Shellman,  and  W. 
W.  Wilson.^   The  town  was  re-incorporated  in  1850. 


Elberton.       The  county-seat   of  Effingham,  from   1787  to   17%.  was  El- 
berton,    a    small    town    located    near    Indian    Bluff,    on    the 
north  side  of  the  great  Ogeechee  Eiver,  and  named  for  General  Elbert. 


*Dr.  John  G.   Slappey,   in  a  letter  to  Major  Stephen  F.  Miller. 
'Acts.    1859,    p.    200-. 

2  Clayton's  Compendium,    p.    518. 

3  Acts,    1838,   p.    130. 


Elbert  713 

TuckSkSee-Kin&f.  Under  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  Georgia,  dated 
February  26,  1784,  this  place  was  designated  as  the 
first  county-seat  of  Effingham.  It  was  located  near  the  present  line  of 
Screven.  The  site,  however,  proved  to  be  unsatisfactory,  necessitating  a 
change  to   Elberton. 


The  Salzburgers.  Pages  179-193. 


ELBERT 

Old  Ruckersville :  Whoever  writes  of  old  Euckersville 
A  Rural  Community.  — the  Ruckersville  of  ante-bellum 
days — to  write  intelligently,  must 
speak  of  a  whole  community !  Not  those  alone  who  lived 
within  the  confines  of  a  small  incorporated  village  of 
some  200  souls,  but  of  the  many  who  resided  along  the 
banks  of  the  Savannah  River  in  the  southeastern  belt  of 
Elbert  County,  Georgia.  Socially,  politically,  and  in 
all  matters  of  religion,  they  were  one  large  fam- 
ily; and  it  may  be  doubted  if  there  existed,  any- 
where, just  previous  to  the  great  Civil  War,  a 
people  so  hardy,  so  independent,  or  with  such  lofty  ideals 
of  right  living.  When  it  is  pointed  out  that  in  their  bus- 
iness activities  they  were  almost  wholly  agricultural,  the 
volume  of  their  prosperity  is  truly  amazing. 

It  was  the  fixed  habit  of  these  people  to  practice  the 
Golden  Rule.  Obedience  to  the  law  of  the  land  was  rigid- 
ly enjoined;  and  a  man's  word  was  his  bond.  To  take 
advantage  of  another  was  regarded  as  beneath  good 
morals,  to  get  into  lawsuits  was  to  a  man's  discredit,  and 
while  the  annals  of  the  village  reveal  that  here  lived  the 
Preacher  and  the  School  Master,  the  Banker  and  the 
Doctor,  the  Merchant  and  the  Tailor,  the  Wheelwright 
and  the  Surveyor,  yet  no  lawyer  ever  had  the  hardihood 
to  hang  out  his  shingle  in  Ruckersville,  and  when  Ruckers- 
ville furnished  a  member  of  the  Legislature  for  the 
County,  he  went  from  the  ranks  of  those  employed  in 
agriculture. 


714       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Just  here  it  may  be  noted,  that,  it  was  this  same  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  who  introduced  and  caused  to  be 
]xissed  the  first  Homestead  bill  in  the  South,  giving  to 
the  wife  and  children  $50.00  worth  of  household  and  kit- 
chen furniture.  Of  politics  there  was  a  plenty— truly 
educative  and  of  absorbing  moment.  It  was  not  a  ques- 
tion of  which  party  was  the  most  honest  or  economical, 
but  a  question  of  men's  lives  and  fortunes.  In  Ruckers- 
ville  the  old  line  Whig  had  been  supreme — Henry  Clay 
was  the  idol  to  be  worshipped;  and  when  Toombs  and 
Stephens  thundered  in  the  village  grove  beneath  the 
giant  oaks,  dangerous  and  ominous  was  the  new  democ- 
racy to  that  people.  '*Tis  true  tis  pity,  and  pity  tis  tis 
true ' ' — that  the  Whig  did  not  prevail ! 


How  the  Village  Be-  Many  of  the  most  familiar  names  in 
gan:  Joseph  Rucker.  Middle  Georgia  may  be  traced  back 
to  Virginia,  and  to  that  tide  of  im- 
migration which  about  1786,  began  to  flow  southward 
from  the  Old  Dominion,  and,  hence,  it  came  to  pass  that 
Euckersville,  Virginia,  and  Ruckersville,  Georgia,  were 
both  founded  by  members  of  the  same  family.  When 
Peter  Rucker,  planter  of  St.  Mark's  Parish,  Orange 
County,  Virginia,  died  in  1742,  he  left  a  large  off-spring. 
The  Virginia  village  was  named  in  honor  of  this  family, 
and  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  his  great  grandson,  through  Thom- 
as, and  Cornelius,  and  John,  to  name  a  village  in  Georgia, 
Ruckersville!  This  great  grandson  was  Joseph,  the  son 
of  John  Rucker,  and  Elizabeth  Tinsley,  born  on  January 
12,  1788.  In  his  young  manhood,  he  was  fortunate  enough 
to  win  the  affections  of  Margaret  Houston  Speer,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Speer,  who  lived  at  Cherokee  Falls,  on 
the  Savannah  River.  They  were  married  in  January, 
1812,  and  settled  on  the  head  waters  of  Van's  Creek. 
Early  in  life,  Joseph  evinced  the  strength  of  character, 
which  marked  him  a  leader  among  men.    In  later  vears 


Planter  and    Financier,   Who  Stamped    His  Impress   Upon   Ante  Bellum 

Georgia. 

(Reproducetl   from   an   old  daguerreotype.) 


Elbert  715 

lie  often  said  that  lie  owed  everything  to  his  mother  to 
whom  he  was  a  devoted  son. 

In  1822,  the  village  of  Ruekersville  was  incorporated, 
but  no  boundaries  were  fixed,  and  from  that  day  until 
this,  the  name  has  been  applied  not  so  much  to  a  town 
as  to  a  large  neighborhood.  In  1827  Sherwood's  Gazateer 
described  it  as  containing  10  houses,  6  stores  and  shops, 
an  academy,  and  a  house  of  worship  for  the  Baptists.  In 
1849  it  had  200  souls.  This  paragraph,  quoted  from  a 
sketch  of  Joseph  Rucker  in  the  Cyclopedia  of  Georgia, 
will  help  us  to  form  a  picture  of  Ruekersville:* 

"From  our  present  standpoint  there  was  little  in  the 
locality  to  commend  it  as  a  center  of  influence,  or  as  the 
seat  of  a  great  estate.  The  land  was  young,  roads  were 
bad,  markets  there  were  none,  and  it  was  a  four  days 
journey  to  Augusta,  the  nearest  approach  to  a  city.  And 
yet,  in  that  secluded  locality,  remote  from  marts  and 
markets,  Joseph  Rucker  not  only  created  a  fortune  great 
for  his  day  and  generation,  but  displayed  such  wisdom 
and  executive  ability  and  manifested  such  high  traits 
of  character  as  marked  him  as  an  extraordinary  man." 


Plantation  Manage-  In  this  day  of  subdivided  labor,  it  is 
ment  on  a  Colos-  difficult  to  appreciate  the  kind  and  va- 
sal Scale.  riety  of  talent  then  required  in  the 
successful  management  and  development  of  great  landed 
estates  at  points  distant  from  centers  of  trade  and  ac- 
cording to  present  standards,  practically  inaccessible  for 
want  of  highways,  railroads,  and  means  of  transporta- 
tion. The  successful  agriculturist  in  every  stage  of  the 
country's  history  has  needed  the  highest  order  of  judg- 
ment and  forethought,  and  has  necessarily  been  a  man  of 
affairs.  But  the  successful  planter  at  the  early 
ante-bellum  period  required  in  the  Southern  States 
at     least,     a     combination     of     talent,     which     would 

A'ol.    Ill,    p.    222. 


716       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

now  thoroughly  equip  the  master  minds  who  control 
the  colossal  enterprises  of  the  Twentieth  Century.  For 
such  a  planter  had  not  only  to  be  an  agriculturist,  but  a 
manufacturer  and  a  financier;  and,  above  all,  he  had  to 
know  how  to  manage,  care  for,  and  develop  men.  In  all 
these  departments  Joseph  Eucker  was  conspicuous.  The 
cotton  industry  was  in  its  infancy,  but  even  in  this  he 
made  a  marvelous  success.  Stock  of  all  kinds,  horses, 
mules,  cows,  goats  and  sheep,  were  raised.  The  cotton 
was  to  be  ginned,  and  the  ginnery  and  the  press  were 
supplemented  by  the  spinning  of  yarn  and  wool,  and  the 
weaving  of  cloth.  There  were  blacksmiths,  wheelwrights, 
and  carpenters,  besides  saw-mills  to  make  the  lumber  for 
the  Quarters.  This  prince  of  planters  had  his  own  tan- 
yard,  and  tanners,  his  harness-makers  and  shoe-makers. 
Immense  crops  of  wheat  and  com  were  raised.  Corn 
cribs  abounded.  There  were  also  mills  for  converting 
grain  into  meal  and  flour.  The  management  of  these 
separate  and  various  industries  was  not  the  most  diffi- 
cult task.  There  were  the  slaves  themselves,  a  large  and 
heterogeneous  body,  a  wholly  irresponsible  people,  whose 
ancestors  had  only  recently  come  from  Africa.  These 
had  to  be  trained  and  taught,  and  how  humanely  and 
well  this  was  done,  by  the  old  time  planter,  is  shown  by 
the  conduct  of  these  same  slaves,  when,  during  the  war, 
discipline  was  necessarily  relaxed  and  control  partially 
suspended. 


Joseph  Rucker:   A    Joseph  Eucker  lived  the  typical  life 
Pen  Picture.  of  the   Southern   planter.      Self-cen- 

tered and  independent,  he  lived  at 
home.  He  had  little  to  buy  and  al- 
ways something  to  sell,  and  his  great  crops  of  cotton  were 
shipped  in  Petersburg  boats  down  the  Savannah  to  Au- 
gusta. The  neighboring  community  was  unusually  pros- 
perous. The  Harpers,  the  Martins,  the  Heards,  the 
Whites,  the  Maddoxes,  the  Clarks,  the  Adamses,  and  a 


Elbert  717 

host  of  others,  made  a  neighborhood  ideal  in  its  social 
and  domestic  charms.  Joseph  Rucker's  home  especially, 
was  the  scene  of  a  wide  and  generous  hospitality — a 
social  center  which  made  its  impress  upon  its  inmates, 
and  the  memory  of  which  abides  to  the  third  and  fourth 
generation.  He  was  pre-eminently  a  good  neighbor,  coun- 
sellor, and  friend,  for  he  gave  needed  help  at  the  right 
moment.  Extremely  dignified,  grave  and  reticent,  he 
was  also  open-handed  and  generous.  In  politics,  a  Whig, 
he  was  one  of  the  chosen  friends,  counsellors,  and  ad- 
visers of  the  great  leaders  of  the  Party  in  that  District 
so  noted  in  State  and  National  Politics.  He  never  sought 
political  preferment,  though  always  taking  an  interest  in 
the  questions  of  profound  importance  which  then  agi- 
tated the  South. 

Living  at  a  time  when  the  country  was  experimenting 
with  Bank  laws,  he  organized,  and,  as  President,  man- 
aged, with  phenomenal  success,  the  Bank  of  Ruckersville, 
under  circumstances  which  would  now  provoke  a  smile. 
We  cannot  think  of  a  bank,  a  moneyed  institution,  with 
hardly  a  human  habitation  in  sight,  surrounded  by  or- 
iginal forests.  This  institution  was  operated  in  a  small, 
unpretentious  frame  building.  Its  doors  and  shutters 
were  studded  with  nails  at  close  and  regular  intervals  to 
guard  against  the  burglars'  axe.  It  had  a  safe  without 
time  lock,  opened  with  a  key  carried  by  the  President.  The 
furniture  was  of  the  plainest,  but  it  issued  bills  which 
passed  current  par  throughout  the  State.  It  throve  and 
prospered,  and  with  the  assistance  of  the  wealthy  planters 
in  the  neighborhood,  became  a  strong  financial  institution, 
contributing  to  the  development  and  prosperity  of  that 
part  of  the  State.  In  his  old  age,  Joseph  Rucker  was  a 
man  of  striking  appearance,  ruddy  cheeks,  snow-white 
hair,  clear  blue  eyes.  Dressed  in  the  prevailing  style, 
black  broadcloth  coat,  cutaway  to  the  waist  line  at  the 
front,  beaver  hat,  turn  down  collar  and  stock,  and  gold 
fob,  he  might  have  posed  for  the  portrait  of  the  ante- 
bellum planter,  one  of  those  who  made  the  old  South. 


718       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

His  son-in-law,  the  late  Eev.  James  S.  Lamar,  of 
Augusta,  in  an  uniDublished  manuscript,  has  left  us  the 
following  graphic  pen  picture  of  Joseph  Kucker : 

"In  manner  and  bearing  Squire  Eucker  was  simple  and  unpretentious, 
and  by  nature  thoughtful,  quiet  and  dignified.  He  enjoyed  a  good  anec- 
dote or  story,  and  possessed  a  rich  store  of  personal  reminiscence,  from 
which  he  was  fond  of  drawing  for  the  entertainment  of  others.  He  told 
his  stories  well,  and,  of  course,  like  all  genuine  reconteurs,  he  sometimes 
repeated  himself.  It  was  his  custom  to  go  to  Elberton  on  the  first  Tuesday 
in  every  month,  when  the  principal  men  of  the  county  would  assemble 
in  a  sort  of  general  meeting  together,  to  attend  the  sheriff  sales,  to  trans- 
act business'  with  each  other,  to  laugh  and  talk  and  crack  jokes,  and  espe- 
cially to  save  the  country  by  discussing  politics.  Among  the  leading  citi- 
zens of  the  town  or  county  at  that  time  were  such  influential  men  as  Major 
Hester,  Major  Jones,  Mr.  Pverton  Tate,  Mr.  Lofton,  the  M'attoxes,  the 
Harpers  and  the  Burches,  Judge  W.  W.  Thomas,  and  (during  court  week) 
Alexander  H,  Stephens,  Eobert  Toombs  and  Judge  William  M.  Eeese.  All 
of  them  were  squire  Eucker 's  friends. 

"Squire  Eucker 's  judgment  was  never  known  to  fail  him.  Violently 
opposed  to  secession,  when  the  final  act  came  at  Milledgeville,  he  said, 
pointing  to  one  -of  his  slaves:  'See  that  fellow.  A  year  ago  he  was 
worth  $1,500.00;  today  he  isn't  worth  a  silver  thrip. '  But  he  accepted  the 
situation — helped  to  equip  a  company — ^took  $30,000  of  the  first  issue  of 
Confederate  bonds,  at  par.  These  bonds  were  lying  in  the  old  Bank  of 
Athens,  in  the  care  of  the  late  Albin  Bearing,  when  the  war  was  over; 
not  a  coupon  had  ever  been  clipped. ' ' 

* '  The  house  was  approached  through  a  long  avenue  of  cedars  and  box 
planted  by  Margaret,  from  which  the  place  became  known  as  Cedar  Grove. 
The  fine  oil  trees,  the  office,  the  flower  garden,  the  kitchen  garden,  the 
well-house,  the  smoke-house,  the  kitchen,  the  buildings  for  house  servants, 
and,  not  far  off,  the  barns,  the  carraige  houses,  the  quarters,  presentd  a 
typical  picture  of  the  life  of  the  ante-bellum  planter  who  lived  at  home, 
making  On  his  own  acres  all  that  was  needed  for  those  dependent  upon 
him.  For  there,  as  in  so  many  other  similar  places  throughout  the  State, 
the  tannery,  the  blacksmith-shop,  the  corn-mill,  the  flour-mill,  the  cotton 
gin,  the  spinning  wheels,  the  looms  and  the  wheelwright  were  an  essential 
part  of  the  plantation.  It  was  a  hive  of  industry,  and  it  is  not  surprising 
that  in  time  a  name  should  be  given  to  the  little  center,  nor  is  it  strange 
that  it  should  have  been  named  after  the  village  in  Orange  County,  Vir- 
ginia, from  which  John  Eucker  had  come  in  1785. 

"He  was  always  called  Squire  Eucker.  I  well  remember  the  first  time 
I  saw  him.  It  was  in  the  summer  of  1S56.  He  was  dressed  in  the  old- 
fashioned  suit  of  broadcloth,  a  vest  also  of  cloth,  and  a  coat  of  the  same 
material  in  the  style  called  shad-belly — somewhat  like  the  cutaways  of  the 
present  day.     He  wore  it  unbuttoned — a  watch  chain  with  a  heavy  seal 


Elbert  719 

hanging  from  a  fob,  or  watch,  pocket.  His  neckcloth  was  Chen  and  always 
pure  white.  It  was  not  a  simple  tic,  but  a  sort  of  folded  handkerchief,  put 
on  by  laying  the  middle  part  against  the  throat,  leading  the  ends  back  and 
crossing  them,  then  bringing  them  to  the  throat  to  be  tied  together.  The 
knot  was  plain.     I  am  not  sure  that  there  was  even  a  bow. 

"He  was  polite,  but  very  reserved.  He  seemed  to  be  studying  me. 
His  conversation,  so  far  as  it  was  directed  to  me,  was  mainly  questions — 
chiefly  about  men  and  women  and  things  in  Augusta — Mrs.  Tubman,  the 
Cummings,  the  Claytons,  the  Gardiners,  and  Mr.  Metcalfe — then  about 
cotton  and  business  and  prospects;  but  no  human  being  could  have  told 
from  any  expression  of  his  face  what  effect  my  answers  had  upon  him, 
or  what  inference  as  to  me  he  drew  from  them.  Considering  the  time  of 
the  year  and  the  purpose  of  my  visit,  I  must  say  it  was  a  little  chilly. 
Presently  supper  came  on — such  a  supper  as  only  the  Euckers  could  get 
lip — and  the  conversation  took  a  somewhat  wider  range.  The  family  were 
book  people — Dickens  w'as  the  rage  then,  and  I  had  read  Dickens  and 
Thackery,  and  had  dipped  into  Cousin  and  various  philosophers;  and  at 
that  period  of  my  life  I  could  talk — an  art  which  I  have  unfortunately 
lost..  So  that  when  the  old  gentleman  found  that  I  could  hold  my  own 
with  Elbert  and  others,  and  that  all  the  family  treated  me  with  sincere 
respect  and  consideration,  he  seemed  to  thaw,  little  by  little,  concluding, 
I  suppose,  that  I  might  turn  out  to  be  something  in  my  way,  if  I  was 
nothing  in  his." 


Personal  Sketches.  Col.  L.  H.  0.  Martin,  a  native  of  El- 
bert County,  was  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  successful  planters  of  his  day — essen- 
tially a  man  of  affairs,  of  striking  appearance  and  fas- 
cinating manners,  he  numbered  his  friends  by  the  hun- 
dreds. In  early  life  he  married  the  daughter  of  Col. 
Thomas  Heard,  who  lived  near  Savannah  River.  He 
was  the  bosom  friend  of  Joseph  Rucker  and  of  his  son, 
Tinsley  Rucker,  and  rarely  a  day  passed  that  there  was 
not  mutual  visits  between  the  families.  He  was  the 
most  delightful  of  talkers,  and  a  safe  counsellor  in  all 
matters  of  weighty  importance.  He  was  among  the  fore- 
most of  that  brilliant  coterie  of  men  that  made  social 
life  so  pleasing  to  the  planters  of  the  day.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  served  upon  the  staff  of  General  Toombs. 


720       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Colonel  ^Tames  Loftin  was  the  fountain  head  of  all 
knowledge  to  be  gained  from  books  for  the  rising  gen- 
eration, for  many  years  at  Euckersville.  A  ripe  scholar 
of  vast  information,  he  successfully  taught  the  classics, 
philosophies,  and  mathematics  in  his  school  for  young 
men.  He  had  a  most  charming  family,  and  one  of  his 
sons,  John  Loftin,  was  a  leading  member  of  the  Macon 
Bar  for  many  years  after  the  War. 


Peter  W.  Alexander,  born  in  Ruckersville,  in  1823, 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Georgia  in  1844, 
From  his  early  youth  his  tastes  were  literary — of  mag- 
nificent frame  and  courtly  bearing,  he  was  a  splendid 
type  of  a  Southerner.  Eemoving  to  Columbus,  Ga.,  he 
entered  Journalism,  and  soon  became  a  writer  of  note. 
The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  fomid  him  in  Savannah, 
owner  and  editor  of  the  Savannah  ''Republican."  His 
opinions  in  political  life  were  eagerly  sought,  and  as 
war  correspondent  for  his  paper,  he  was  the  most  noted 
of  all  Southern  correspondents. 

His  love  for  his  old  home  and  associates  at  Ruckers- 
ville has  kept  green  his  memory  in  the  hearts  of  many 
to  this  day. 


Overton  Tate,  a  planter  of  large  means,  married  Re- 
becca Clark,  a  niece  of  Joseph  Rucker.  His  home  was 
always  the  center  of  large  entertainment  and  social  en-" 
joyment.  His  wife,  still  living,  at  the  age  of  ninety  years, 
surrounded  by  loving  and  accomplished  children  and 
grandchildren,  is  one  of  the  noblest  specimens  of  woman- 
hood that  ever  graced  the  life  of  any  community. 


Dr.  Richard  Banks,  of  Ruckersville,  was  a  noted  phy- 
sician, for  whom  Banks  (^ounty  was  named.  He  was 
the  beloved  good  Samaritan  of  his  day,  and  it  was  said 


"  Elbert  721 

of  him  that  his  charities  were  only  bounded  by  his  op- 
portunities for  doing  good  unto  others. 


Tinsley  White  Rucker  was  the  oldest  son  of  Joseph 
Rucker.  Born  at  Ruckersville,  in  1813,  he  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Georgia  in  1833,  and  soon  married 
Sarah  Elizabeth  Harris,  the  daughter  of  General  Jeptha 
V.  Harris,  of  Farm  Hill.  He  represented  Elbert  County 
in  the  State  Legislature  in  1836.  A  man  of  lofty  ideals 
and  of  high  purposes,  his  life  was  without  fear  and  with- 
out blemish.  Farm  Hill,  his  home,  previous  to  the  Civil 
War,  was  one  of  the  best  known  and  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  estates  in  Georgia. 


Elbert  M.  Rucker,  another  of  Squire  Rucker 's  sons, 
was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  of  rare  oratorical  pow- 
ers. So  vast  was  his  information,  that  General  Toombs 
once  declared  it  to  be  more  varied  and  extensive  than 
any  other  living  man's.  But  no  sketch  of  Ruckersville 
is  complete  that  fails  to  mention  the  fact  that  one  of  the 
most  noted  of  present-day  novelists  was  born  in  this 
village:  Mrs.  Corra  White  Harris,  who  wrote  "The  Cir- 
cuit Rider's  Wife."  It  was  also  the  birth-place  of  As- 
sociate-Justice Joseph  R.  Lamar,  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 


Petersburg":  An         O"    a    peninsula    whifh    the    Broad    and    Savannah 
Old  ForffOtten  Rivers    luiite    to     form,    in    the    extreme    southeast 

Tnhnrrn  Marlrot  corner  of  Elbert,  there  once  stood  an  important 
town,  which,  until  the  tobacco  trade  was  abandoned 
by  the  planters,  was  one  of  the  foremost  commercial  centers  of  Georgia — -old 
Petersburg.  But  even  this  ancient  town  stood  upon  the  ruins  of  one  much 
older  still.  During  the  Colonial  period  there  was  located  here  a  settlement 
which  was  called  Dartmouth.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  the  Earl,  to  whose 
influence  was  due  the  concessions  enjoyed  by  a  band  of  colonists  engaged 
at  this  point  Id  trade  with  the  Indians.     The  area  iu  questiian  was  known. 


722       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

as  the  New  Piircliaye,  and  to  defend  it  against  assault  tliere  Avas  erected 
in  the  angle  between  the  two  rivers  a  stronghold  called  Fort  James. 

But  the  little  settlement  failed  to  realize  the  expectations  of  those  Avho 
planted  it,  and,  after  struggling  somewhat  feebly  for  existence,  it  met  an 
early  death.  The  second  effort  to  settle  the  place  was  more  successful. 
On  February  3,  3  786,'  for  the  convenience  of  planters  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood,  an  Act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  at  Augusta,  author- 
izing Dionysius  Oliver  to  erect  on  his  land  a  warehouse,  to  he  used  for 
the  inspection  and  storage  of  tobacco ;  and  from  this  circumstance  dates 
the  commencement  of  the  town  of  Petersburg.  The  cultivation  of  tobacco 
was  just  beginning  to  attract  the  attention  of  planters.  On  the  coast,  both 
the  production  of  silk  and  the  cultivation  of  indigo  were  languishing. 
Cotton  was  little  grown  at  this  time,  because  it  lacked  the  stimulus  of  the 
cotton  gin.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  in  this  particular  neighborhood,  ac- 
cording to  Colonel  Jones,^  were  from  Virginia,  and,  besides  bringing  with 
them  to  Georgia  a  love  of  the  weed,  they  also  possessed  a  high  appreciation 
of  tobacco  as  an  article  of  prime  commercial  value.  Since  the  lands  in  this 
locality  were  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  plant,  it  soon  became 
the  market  crop  of  the  farmers ;  and  to  comply  Avith  the  law  which  for- 
bade the  exportation  of  tobacco,  without  previous  inspection,  together 
with  the  payment  also  of  certain  fees,  it  was  necessary  to  establish  ware- 
houses at  convenient  points. 

Under  the  invigorating  spell  of  the  tobacco  trade,  Petersburg  began  to 
grow.  The  area  was  divided  into  town  lots,  with  convenient  streets  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles.  The  warehouse  was  located  near  the 
point  of  confluence  between  the  two  streams,  but  far  enough  removed  from 
the  water 's  edge  to  escape  an  overflow.  In  the  course  of  time  others 
were  built  in  the  same  neighborhood,  including  one  by  "William  Watkins, 
who  secured  Legislative  permission  in  1797.^  The  intellectual  character 
of  the  residents  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  in  1802  eighteen  of  the  prin- 
cipal citizens  of  the  town  organized  themselves  into  a  union,  the  avowed 
purpose  of  which  was  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  and  the  alleviation  of 
want.  Its  membership  was  as  follows:  Shaler  Hillyer,  president;  John 
Williams  Walker,  secretary ;  Memorable  Walker,  Oliver  White,  James  San- 
ders Walker,  John  A.  Casey,  Thomas  Casey,  Robert  Watkins,  William  Jones, 
Albert  Bruxe,  Robert  H.  Watkins,  Rigual  N.  Groves,  Nicholas  Pope,  Andrew 
Greene  Semmes,  James  Coulter,  William  Wyatt  Bibb,  Garland  T.  Watkins 
and  Thomas  Bibb.  Dr.  W.  W.  Bibb  became  a  United  States  Senator.  He 
was  also  the  first  Territorial  Governor  of  Alabama,  an  office  in  which  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Thomas  Bibb.  Tlie  town  was  governed  by 
commissioners,  who  were  first  chosen  by  the  Legislature  and  afterwards  by 
the  local  citizenship. 


1  Watkin's   Digest,    p.    325. 

-  Dead   Towns   of   Georgia,   p.    234,    Savannah,    ISTS. 

2  Watkin's  Digest,   p.    658. 


Elbert  723 

It  is  of  record  that  on  December  1,  1802/  Eobert  Thompson,  Leroy 
Pope,  Eichard  Easter,  Samuel  Watkins  and  John  Eagland  were  appointed 
commissioners  of  the  town  of  Petersburg  and  were  charged  with  its 
"Better  regulation  and  government."  In  the  zenith  of  its  prosperity,  the 
town  numbered  between  seven  and  eight  hundred  souls,  and  was  considered 
second  in  importance  only  to  Augusta.  As  long  as  the  tobacco  trade 
continued,  the  town  flourished;  but  with  the  rise  of  the  cotton  plant  it 
began  to  decline.  The  residents  gradually  moved  to  other  localities.  Only 
a  fcAV  remained  to  people  the  little  grave-yard  of  this  deserted  village;  and 
today  sunken  wells  and  moss-covered  mounds,  with  an  occasional  loose 
brick  from  some  ancient  chimney  pile,  survive  to  tell  the  wayfarer  where 
Petersburg  once  stood  in  tlie  forgotten  long  ago. 


Rose  Hill.  Reminiscent  of  the  best  days  of  the  old  regime 
and  famous  throughout  the  whole  length  and 
breadth  of  the  South,  is  one  of  the  fine  old  ancestral  homes 
of  Elbert:  Rose  Hill.  The  original  structure,  built  in  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century  by  Thomas  Jefferson 
Heard,  still  constitutes  the  main  part  of  the  present 
establishment ;  but  wings  have  since  been  added  on  either 
side,  giving  it  a  much  more  regal  appearance  than  it 
wore  in  the  days  of  its  first  owner.  The  oldest  building- 
is  known  as  Middlesex;  while  the  two  annexes  are  called 
respectively,  Essex  and  Wessex.  The  estate  itself  is 
called  Rose  Hill,  a  name  whose  appropriateness  is  well 
maintained  by  the  scene  which  greets  the  visitor's  eye, 
on  approaching  this  magnificent  home.  Acres  of  roses, 
rising  terrace  upon  terrace,  furnish  a  mountain  of  fra- 
grance, out  of  which  loom  the  stately  parapets  of  the  old 
mansion. 

Rose  Hill  is  today  the  home  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eugene 
B.  Heard,  the  fame  of  whose  hospitality  has  long  since 
crystalized  into  a  proverb.  Mr.  Heard  acquired  Rose 
Hill  by  inheritance  from  his  grandfather ;  but  the  estate 
has  lost  none  of  the  splendor  of  the  old  days  in  his  pos- 
session. Peaches  are  cultivated  on  a  vast  scale.  The 
cotton  acreage  is  something  enormous,  and  scores  of  ]a- 


*  Clayton  Digest,   p.   92. 


724       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

borers  are  employed;  but  there  is  not  a  negro  on  the 
plantation  whose  welfare  is  not  an  object  of  constant  so- 
licitude to  the  humane  owners  of  Eose  Hill.  Mrs.  Heard 
is  one  of  Georgia's  most  gifted  women,  an  acknowledged 
leader  in  not  a  few  of  the  great  forward  movements  of 
her  time;  and  here,  in  this  beautiful  home  of  the  Old 
South,  some  of  the  most  beneficent  and  helpful  reforms 
of  the  new  era,  have  found  an  inspirational  beginning. 
Here  originated  the  Traveling  Library  of  the  South,  and 
here  the  first  Federated  Woman's  Club  in  Georgia  was 
organized.  To  give  our  readers  a  better  acquaintance 
with  Rose  Hill,  we  quote  from  a  well-known  writer  the 
following  descriptive  paragraphs:* 

Box  and  cedar  hedges  border  both  sides  of  the  walks.  Large  magnolia 
and  ereiie  myrtle  trees,  gnarled  and  spotted  from  old  age,  envelop  the 
home  in  their  green  foliage;  ivj  from  Kenilvvorth  Castle  covers  Middlesex 
windows'  and  walls,  and  the  sparrows  and  jay-birds  make  merry  all  day 
long,  hiding  in  its  deep  branches.  Purple  iris  and  small,  old-fashioned 
gladioli  planted  by  the  owner 's  grandmother,  bloom  in  reckless  masses 
over  the  green  lawn.  Eoses  climb  to  the  second-story  balconies,  their  petals 
blowing  out  over  the  air  as  a  soft  sunmier  breeze  would  sway  the  graceful 
stems. 

Hoses  everywhere,  a  wealth  of  bloom  and  variety  from  stock  bought  of 
famous  collections  or  given  by  friends  from  some  distant  place,  their  o^^^l 
kind  they  name  for  the  favorite  guests.  A  bright  red  rose  is  the  Josie  S., 
called  for  the  dark-haired,  bright-cheeked  girl  who  would  come  down  from 
the  city  with  her  lovers  to  see  if  they  were  as  nice  in  the  quiet  of  the 
country  as  on  the  more  diverting  streets  of  town.  Another,  a  pale  yellow 
bud,  fragrant  as  a  tea  rose,  is  the  Kitty  T.,  its  namesake  a  tall  blonde 
girl  with  a  wealth  of  golden  hair  and  twinkling  gray  eyes. 

Stone  gates  lead  out  into  the  "park,"  and  tall  cedar  hedges  follow 
the  drive  to  the  outer  entrance  on  the  main  highway.  A  garage  has 
been  built  for  their  automobile,  but  it  has  been  so  hidden  by  shrubs  and 
vines  that  it  looks  almost  as  old  as  the  ' '  outbuildings ' '  which  were  on 
the  "street"  in  slave  time,  whore  were  the  cabins  of  those  negroes  work- 
ing about  the  yard. 

Telephones  and  an  ample  water  supply  bring  the  city  comforts  to 
them,  and  the  library  tables  are  covered  with  magazines  and  newspapers. 
But  the  pride  of  the  owners  are  the  old  English  prints  of  1803  and  the 
colonial  mirrors  in  empire  style  of  gold  and  mahogany  that  have  been  in 
the   family   for   more   than   half   a   century.      Tall   colonial   mantels,   hand- 


•Miss   Nita   Black,    in   the   Atlanta   Journal. 


Elbert  725 

carved,  are  just  as  they  were  in  the  days  of  their  ancestors.  Candles  are 
used  almost  entirely,  and  for  these  there  are  tall,  old-time  brass  holders.  In 
Middlesex  are  the  general  living  rooms,  two  libraries  with  heavily  laden 
book  shelves,  the  dining-room  and  the  breakfast-room.  Upstairs  are  the 
several  guest-rooms.  "Little  M'iss, "  the  only  daughter,  is  now  married 
and  lives  in  Essex,  while  her  father  and  mother  reside  in  Wcsscx.  " 


Elberton.  In  1790,  Elbert  County  was  formed  out  of 
Wilkes,  and  named  for  Governor  Samuel  El- 
bert, in  whose  honor  the  county-seat  was  likewise  named. 
It  is  said  that  a  bold  spring  of  excellent  water  settled  the 
location  of  the  future  seat  of  government.  Elberton  was 
incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  December  10,  1793,  the 
preface  to  which  contains  this  insignificant  sentence: 
''Whereas  the  town  of  Elberton  requires  regulation." 
The  commissioners  of  the  town  named  in  this  Act  were: 
Middleton  Woods,  Eeuben  Lindsay,  Doctor  John  T.  Gil- 
mer, Beckham  Dye,  and  James  Alston.  Only  Beckham 
Dye  is  represented  by  the  present  population.  Elberton 
made  little  progress  for  many  years.  The  wealthy  pio- 
neers were  planters  who  resided  mainly  along  the  Sa- 
vannah River.  Euckersville  and  Petersburg  were  the 
centers  of  local  commerce. 

But  the  early  residents  must  have  believed  in  edu- 
cation, as  indicated  by  Legislative  Acts  incorporating 
Philomathia  Academy  in  1823 ;  Eudisco  Academy  in  1823, 
and  Elberton  Female  Academy  in  1826.  The  Elberton 
Female  Academy  continued  without  change  even  in  name 
until  it  was  superseded  by  the  public  schools  of  the  pres- 
ent time.  The  Elberton  Male  Academy  was  incorporated 
later.  It  closed  during  the  Civil  War,  and  small  boys 
were  received  into  the  Female  Academy.  Methodist  and 
Baptist  churches  were  built  soon  after  the  town  was  es- 
tablished.   The  Presbyterians  built  many  years  later. 

The  leading  representative  citizens  between  1825  and 
1860  were:  Major  Alfred  Hammond,  Eobert  McMillan, 
Esq.,  Thomas  Jones,  William  Nelms,  Zachariah  Smith, 


726       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memoriat.s  and  Legends 

W.  A.  Swift,  Amos  Vail,  J.  A.  Trencliard,  Yoiuig  J.  Har- 
ris, Dr.  Henry  J.  Bowman,  Dr.  Calhoun  AVilbite,  Simeon 
Hall,  Robert  Hester,  Esq.,  Doctor  M.  P.  Deadwyler,  Dr. 
D.  A.  Mathews  and  Major  John  H.  Jones.  Robert  Mc- 
Millan and  Robert  Hester  were  brilliant  lawyers.  Dr. 
Deadwyler  was  the  leading  physician,  a  courteous  gentle- 
man, loved  by  everyone.  He  died  without  children,  leav- 
ing as  sole  heir  to  his  liberal  fortune,  a  wife  who  gener- 
ously and  wisely  distributes  it  to  worthy  causes.  The 
preseilt  handsome  Baptist  Church,  one  half  of  which  she 
donated,  stands  as  his  memorial. 

But  Elberton  owes  her  chief  debt  of  gratitude  to  Ma- 
jor John  H.  Jones.  He  was  born  in  Elberton  in  1814,  and 
here  he  died  in  1899.  In  1873,  Elberton  was  thirty  miles 
from  any  railroad.  Many  times  its  citizens  had  tried  to 
build  a  railroad  and  failed.  Major  Jones  then  took  up 
the  fight.  For  six  years  he  gave  to  this  work  his  time 
and  brains  and  character.  The  Elberton  Air  Line  Rail- 
road from  Elberton  to  Toccoa,  Ga.,  was  tFe  result.  It 
was  completed  December  5, 1878,  and  Elberton,  now  8,000 
population,  dates  its  progress  from  its  completion. 

Major  Jones  married  Lavonia,  daughter  of  Major 
Alfred  Hammond.  The  splendid  city  of  Lavonia  was 
named  ip  her  honor.  They  reared  a  large  family  of 
children  and  their  children  and  grandchildren  are  among 
the  people  most  prominent  in  business,  social,  educational 
and  church  work.  Major  Jones  graduated  from  the 
State  University  in  1838.  He  was  refined,  courteous,  af- 
fectionate, good.  Upon  every  public  question,  he  stood 
for  the  progressive  and  the  moral.  The  present  Elber- 
ton is  his  most  enduring  monument. 


Tomb  of  Hon.         Within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  town  cen- 
Wiley  Thompson,    ter,  on  property  owned  and  occupied  by 
one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  El- 
berton, is  the  tomb  of  Hon.  Wiley  Thompson,  a  distin- 

*AuthorIty:    Judge   Geo.    C.    Giogan. 


Emanuel  727 

guished  statesman,  who  represented  Georgia  in  Congress 
for  several  successive  terms  during  the  early  ante-bellum 
period.  He  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  Seminole  In- 
dians in  Florida.  The  inscription  on  this  distinguished 
Georgian's  monument  reads  as  follows: 


WIL?:Y  THOi\rPSON.  Born  Sept.  23,  1781.  Mur- 
dered at  Fort  King,  Florida,  by  the  Seminole  Indians, 
Dec.  28,  1837.  Aged  56  years,  3  mos.  and  five  days. 
"Blessed  is  the  man  that  loveth  the  Lord  and  delighteth 
in  his  commandments. ' ' 


EMANUEL 

Swainsboro.  On  November  18,  1814,  an  Act  was  approved 
by  Gov.  Early,  designating  as  a  site  for  pub- 
lic buildings  in  the  new  county  of  Emanuel,  a  locality 
within  one  mile  of  the  place  pointed  out  by  one  Jesse 
Mezzle,  as  the  center  of  the  county.^  The  commissioners 
to  choose  a  site  and  to  superintend  the  erection  of  public 
buildings  were  named  in  the  original  Act  of  1812,  creating 
the  new  county,  to  wit:  Edward  Lane,  Francis  Pugh, 
Needham  Cox,  Eli  "Whitdon,  and  Uriah  Anderson.-  To 
these  were  subsequently  added,  Jesse  Mezzle  and  Archi- 
bald Culbreth.  The  site  agreed  upon  for  the  county-seat 
was  made  permanent  by  an  Act  approved  December  6, 
1822,  and  the  name  of  the  town — as  this  Act  informs  us — 
was  to  be  Swainsboro. 


To  Paris  and  Back.  Thirty  years  later  an  effort  Avas  made  to  change 
the  name  of  the  town  to  Paris;  and  by  an  Act  ap- 
proved February  18,  1854,  this  name  v\-as  formally  bestowed  upon  the  town.^ 
At  the  same  time  Paris  was  to  be  retained  as  the  county-seat,  and  the 
following  commissioners  were  appointed  to  put  into  effect  the  terms  of 
this   act,   viz.,   Elam   B.   Lewis,   Joshua   J.    Arnold,   Berry   Stroiip,    Nathan 


'  Lamar's  Digest,  p.  21  n. 
-Lamar's  Digest,  p.  197. 
=  Acts,    1853-1854,    p.    269. 


728       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Stephens  and  D.  B.  Smith.  But  Paris  was  short-lived;  and  eventually 
Swainsboro  reappeared.  Since  railway  facilities  were  obtained,  the  growth 
of  the  town  has  been  marked.  Swainsboro  was'  named  for  an  influential 
family  of  pioneer  settlers  from  the  State  of  North  Carolina.  Stephen  Swain 
represented  Emanuel  in  the  Senate  of  Georgia  almost  continuously  from 
1813  to  1836,  after  which,  according  to  the  records,  Ethelred  Swain  was 
frequently  returned. 


EVANS 


Claxton.  On  August  14,  1914,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  by  Constitutional  amendment  the  new 
County  of  Evans  out  of  lands  formerly  included  in  Tatt- 
nall and  Bulloch;  and  if  this  amendment  is  ratified  at 
the  polls  it  will  give  Georgia  one-hundred  and  iifty-two 
counties.  Claxton,  the  new  county-seat,  was  originally 
known  as  Hendrix.  But  there  was  already  a  post-office 
in  Georgia  by  this  name ;  consequently  the  postal  authori- 
ties at  Washington  requested  the  ladies  of  the  communi- 
ties to  select  a  new  name  for  the  town,  which  they  did, 
selecting  the  name  of  Claxton.  Situated  on  the  Seaboard 
Air  Line,  the  growth  of  the  town  of  late  years  has  been 
exceedingly  rapid. 


Gen.   Clement        Cr^°-    clement   A.    Evans,    whose   services    to   the    State 
A.  Evans.  ^^'^  memorialized  in   this  Act   of  the  Legislature,   was 

a  gallant  Confederate  officer,  who,  at  Appomattox,  com- 
manded Gordon 's  famous  division.  Some  time  after  the  surrender  had 
taken  place,  there  was  heard  the  noise  of  rapid  firing  in  a  remote  part  of 
the  field.  On  investigation,  it  was  found  that  Gen.  Evans,  ignorant  of 
affairs  at  headquarters,  was  leading  a  victorious  charge  upon  the  enemy's 
breastworks.  Subsequent  to  the  war,  Gen.  Evans  became  a  devout  minister 
of  the  gospel  and  served  a  number  of  Methodist  churches;  but  he  also 
gave  much  of  his  time  to  public  affairs.  In  1894,  he  was  a  popular  can- 
didate for  Governor  of  Georgia,  but  retired  from  the  race  prior  to  the  date 
of  election,  on  account  of  a  physical  inability  to  meet  the  demands  of  a 
strenuous  campaign.  Ten  years  later,  he  was  elected  by  his  old  war 
comrades  to  succeed  Gen.  Stephen  D.  Lee  as'  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
United  Confederate  Veterans.  As  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Prison 
Commissioners,  he  rendered  the  State  an  important  serv'ice  in  his  old 
age.     Two  grefat  orations  were  delivered  by  Gen.  Evans  diirtng  the  last 


Fannin  729 

years  of  his  life:  one  on  the  unveiling  of  an  equestrian  statue  to  Gen. 
John  B.  Gordon,  on  the  capitol  grounds,  in  Atlanta;  and  the  other  on  the 
dedication  of  the  famous  monument  in  Eichmond,  Va.,  to  his  revered 
chieftain:  Jefferson  Davis. 


FANNIN 

Morganton.  In  the  Act  creating  Fannin  County,  in  1853, 
judges  of  the  Inferior  Court  were  empow- 
ered to  select  a  countj^-seat,  near  the  center  of  the  county; 
and,  in  pursuance  of  this  Act,  a  locality  was  chosen  to 
which  was  given  the  name  of  Morganton.  The  town  was 
incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  March  5,  1856,  with  the 
following  town  commissioners,  to  wit :  James  H.  Morris, 
Wm.  B.  Brown,  Thomas  M.  Alston,  Wm.  Franklin,  and 
Madison  Casady.  The  charter  was  afterwards  several 
times  ameneded. 

Massacre  of  Pages  115-121. 

Fannin's  Men. 


Blue  Ridge.  Blue  Ridge,  the  present  county-seat  of  Fan- 
nin, was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  October 
24,  1887,  at  which  time  Hon.  J.  W.  Grray  was  designated 
to  fill  the  office  of  mayor,  and  Messrs.  M.  McKinney,  F. 
H.  Walton,  W.  T.  Buchanan,  Wm.  Taylor,  E.  L.  Eickets, 
and  W.  B.  Wuce  were  named  to  serve  as  aldermen  pend- 
ing the  first  regular  election.  The  corporate  limits  of 
the  town  were  fixed  at  one  mile  in  every  direction  from 
the  depot  of  the  Marietta  and  North  Georgia  Railroad; 
but,  in  1890,  this  area  proving  too  large  for  immediate 
purposes,  was  diminished.*  On  August  13,  1895,  the 
county-seat  of  Fannin  was  changed  to  Blue  Ridge,  as  the 
result  of  an  election  for  which  due  and  legal  notice  was 
given.*  The  present  public  school  system  of  Blue  Ridge 
was  established  in  1899. 


*ActS,    1855-6,   p.    353. 


730       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

FAYETTE 

Fayetteville.  In  1822,  Fayette  County  was  organized  out 
of  lands  recently  acquired  from  the"  Creeks, 
under  the  first  treaty  of  Indian  Springs.  By  an  Act  ap- 
proved December  20,  1823,  Fayetteville  was  made  the 
permanent  site  for  public  buildings.  At  the  same  time 
a  charter  of  incorporation  was  granted,  with  the  follow- 
ing residents  named  as  commissioners :  Jordan  Gay,  Sim- 
eon L.  Smith,  Wm.  Harkins,  John  Hamilton,  and  Tandy 
D.  King.*  The  Fayette  County  Academy  was  chartered 
in  1840.  Both  the  town  and  the  county  were  named  for 
the  great  palladin  of  liberty.  General  LaFayette,  who 
made  his  last  visit  to  Georgia  in  1825. 


FLOYD 

Rome.  In  1832,  Floyd  County  was  organized  out  of  lands 
then  recently  acquired  from  the  Cherokees,  and 
named  for  Gen.  John  Floyd,  a  noted  Indian  fighter  of 
Georgia.  The  first  county-site  chosen  by  the  Inferior 
Court  judges  was  Livingston;  but  in  1838,  the  seat  of 
government  was  transferred  to  Eome,  at  the  head  of  the 
Coosa  River.  The  Rome  Academy  was  chartered  in 
1837;  the  Cherokee  College  of  Georgia  in  1850;  the  Cher- 
okee Wesleyan  Institute  in  1854,  and  the  Rome  Female 
College  in  1857.  As  a  seat  of  culture,  Rome  gradually 
forged  ahead  of  Cassville,  for  years  an  educational  cen- 
ter of  Cherokee  Georgia.  Some  of  the  early  pioneers  of 
Rome  were:  Daniel  R.  Mitchell,  Philip  W.  Hemphill, 
Judge  John  H.  Lumpkin,  Judge  Wm.  H.  Underwood,  Ma- 
jor Chas.  H.  Smith,  Andrew  J.  Liddell,  Zachariah  B. 
Hargrove,  Wm.  Smith,  A.  T.  Hardin,  Wm.  T.  Trammell, 
Alfred  Shorter,  Judge  John  W.  Hooper,  Dr.  H.  V.  M. 
Miller,  Simpson  Fouche,  Thomas  Hamilton,  T.  J.  Ste- 


♦Acts,    1823,   p.   179. 


Floyd  731 

plieiis,  Nathan  Bass,  Judge  Augustus  R.  Wright,  W.  S. 
Cothran  and  many  others. 


Historic  Third  Ave-  The  following  article  from  a  local 
nue:  The  Girlhood  contributor  recently  appeared  in  one 
Home  of  Mrs.  of  the  newspapers : 

WoodrOW  Wilson.  ' '  Third  Avenue,  of  this  city,  since  the  elec- 

tion of  Woodrow  Wilson,  is  now  considered 
more  historic  ground  than  ever.  On  the  north,  the  avenue  is  bounded  by 
the  Oostanaula  Eiver,  and  extending  in  the  far  distance  is  Lavender  range 
of  mountains,  at  whose  base  Generals  Hood  and  Sevier  marched.  DeSoto, 
the  famous  discoverer,  is  said  to  have  camped  over  the  river  opposite  Third 
Avenue  on  his  way  to  the  Mississppi.  At  the  eastern  end  of  the  avenue, 
where  runs  the  Etowah  Eiver,  is  a  little  island  that  marks  the  site  where 
Eevolutionary  soldiers  once   camped. 

' '  At  the  foot  of  Third  Avenue  runs  the  first  of  Eome  railroads.  On 
the  street  was  once  the  Shelton  manse,  on  whose  campus  once  camped 
Federal  soldiers,  "^^^len  peace  was  restored  and  years  rolled  by.  Shorter 
College  was  built  on  this  site  by  Alfred  Shorter,  as  a  gift  to  one  of  his 
daughters.  Across  the  street  from  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  a  house 
where  Henry  W.  Grady  brought  his  bride  from  Athens.  Neai'  the  First 
Methodist  Church,  on  this  same  street,  is  the  old  home  of  "Bill  Arp.  The 
brick  cottage,  now  ' '  Eosemont, ' '  was  once  the  home  of  Mrs.  John  J. 
Seay,  a  kinsuoman  of  Secretary  Bayard.  Mrs.  Seay 's  sister  was  brides- 
maid   to    Miss    Mittie    Bullock,    Theodore    Eoosevelt  's    mother. 

"Just  below  the  brow  of  the  hill  there  stands  an  old  garden,  and  just 
beyond  it  a  low  white  cottage.  Some  of  the  shrubs  and  flowers  were  planted 
by  Eev.  S.  E.  Axson,  when  this  was  the  girlhood  home  of  Ella  Lou  Axson, 
the  first  lady  of  the  land  and  the  wife  of  President-elect  Woodrow  Wilson. 
In  that  little  white  house  her  big  brown  eyes  looked  wonderingly  out 
toward  the  future.  What  were  her  girlish  dreams,  her  hopes,  her  ambi- 
tions? She  lived  with  her  books  and  her  paintings,  among  the  Southern 
flowers;  and  here  with  her  gentle  mother  and  sainted  father  she  spent  many 
of  her  girlhood  days. ' ' 


Prehistoric  Memor-  The  region  of  country  between  the 
ials:  The  Mound-  Oostanaula  and  the  Etowah  Eivers 
Builders.  is  rich  in  antiquities.    Besides  an  un- 

written body  of  traditions,  there  are 
numerous  relics  which  testify  to  the  former  existence  in 
this  locality  of  a  race  of  inhabitants  older  than  the  Cher- 


732       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

okees.     We  quote  from  an  account  written  by  Colonel 
Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  in  1861.    Says  he  :* 

"The  organic  traces  of  the  Mound-Builders  are  frequent  in  this  neigh- 
borhood. Just  where  the  rivers  meet,  there  once  stood  upon  the  point  of 
land,  whos  base  is  washed  by  these  streams',  an  interesting  mound,  circular 
in  shape,  some  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  in  height  and,  at  the  base,  not  less 
than  fifty  feet  in  diameter.  The  earth  and  clay  Avhich  composd  this  tumulus 
have  been  almost  entirely  removed,  the  same  having  been  employed  in  level- 
ing the  streets  of  Eome  and  in  making  a  landing  place  for  the  ferry-boats. 
From  this  mound  silver  ornaments  and  heads  of  gold  were  taken.  Jt  was 
found  to  contain  numerous  skeletons,  pots,  vases,  stone  axes,  arrowheads, 
spearheads,  shell  ornaments,  pipes,  copper  beads,  mortars,  circular  stones, 
carefully  rounded  and  polished,  besides  other  relics  of  a  less  interesting 
character.  Along  the  banks  of  the  two  rivers  are  numerous  traces  of  in- 
humation. This  spot  appears  to  have  been  consecrated  to  the  purposes  of 
burial.  The  swollen  tides  never  wash  the  shore,  without  bringing  to  light 
new  proofs  of  this  fact.  In  the  immediate  neighborhood  were  several 
other  mounds  of  smaller  dimensions,  all  of  which  seem  to  have  been  de- 
voted to  the  purposes  of  sepulture.  They  are  now  nearly  level  with 
the  plain.  Upon  the  very  spot  occupied  by  at  least  two  of  them  have 
been  erected  the  dwellings  and  work-shops  of  another  and  a  nobler  race. 
The  contents  of  these  were  all  similar.  They  were  composed  of  the  blue 
clay  and  alluvial  soil  of  the  valley,  interspersed  Avith  stones  and  muscle 
shells  taken  from  the  beds  of  the  confluent  streams." 

But  the  Cherokees  possessed  no  information  concerning  these  mounds. 
They  knew  nothing  whatever  of  the  race  of  people  by  whom  they  were 
built.  Says  Colonel  Jones:*  "When  questioned  by  the  whites  who  first 
located  here,  they  replied  by  saying  that  they  retained  not  even  a  tradition 
of  those  who  constructed  them."  The  story  is  shrouded  in  oblivion.  With 
respect  to  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  environment,  Colonel  Jones 
waxes  eloquent.  Says  he:  "Beautiful  in  all  its  features  is  this  necropolis 
of  a  departed  race.  Standing  upon  the  almost  obliterated  traces  of  the 
larger  mound,  whose  base  is  washed  by  the  confluent  waves  of  the  Etowah 
and  the  Oostanaula,  the  eye,  gladdened  by  the  joyful  meeting,  watches  the 
stranger  wavelets,  now  friends,  as  in  joyous  companionship  they  leap  along 
the  current  of  the  softly  gliding  Coosa.  .  .  .  The  dark  green  foliage 
which  crowns  the  left  bank  grows  darker  still  as  the  shadow  of  the  opposite 
hill— almost  a  mountain— settles  upon  the  river;  while  the  trees  on  the 
other  side  are  joyou.sly  waving  their  beautiful  branches  in  the  soft  sunlight 
which  rests'  upon  the  valley  beyond.  On  the  right,  hill  succeeds  hill  in  gentle 
undulation.     Behind,   stretches  the  valley  of   the  Etowah,  beautiful  in  its 


♦Monumental  Remains  of  Georgia,   by   Charles   C.    Jones,   Jr.,   pp.    S2  S3, 
Savannah,   1861. 
*Ibid.,  p.   83. 


Floyd  733 

foliage,  attractive  iu  its  graceful  windings,  as  it  bends  ovei*  to  guard  in  its 
accustomed  channel,  the  stream  which  imparts  its  life  and  verdure.  Upon 
the  adjacent  eminences,  sits  the  village  of  Rome.  The  stately  trees  have 
fallen  before  the  stroke  of  the  woodsman.  Broad  bridges  span  the  waters. 
The  steamboat,  freighted  with  the  products  of  intelligent  husbandry,  stem 
their  currents.  Tlirough  the  echoing  valley  of  the  Etowah,  are  heard  the 
shrill  whistle  and  the  rapid  march  of  the  locomotive.  On  every  side  are 
seen  the  traces  of  a  new,  a  superior,  and  an  advancing  civilization.  How 
changed  since  the  time  when  the  Mound-Builder  fixed  here  his  home,  and 
above  the  remains  of  his  family  and  friends,  heaped  these  memorials 
of  his  sorrow — these  tributes  to  the  memory  of  the  departed. ' ' 


Indian  Antiquities.  ' '  Some  eight  miles  above  Rome,  in  a  bend  of  the 
Oostanaula  River,  known  as  Pope 's  Bend,  is  a 
mount,  at  present  some  five  or  six  feet  in  height  and,  at  the  base,  some 
eighty  feet  in  diameter.  It  stands  in  the  middle  of  a  field,  which  is  said 
to  have  been  cleared  and  cultivated  by  the  Indians.  Circular  in  form, 
its  central  portion  is  considerably  depressed.  In  consequence  of  the  ex- 
posure of  this  tumulus  to  the  immediate  action  of  wind  and  tempest  and 
due  to  its  having  been  for  years  cultivated,  its  present  proportions  do  not 
realize  its  original  size.  The  walls  of  this  mound  must  at  first  have  been 
raised  several  feet  above  its  central  portion.  In  this  respect,  it  seems 
quite  unique.  Now,  however,  the  outer  rim  has  an  elevation  of  not  more' 
than  two  feet.  It  is  composed  entirely  of  the  sand  and  soil  of  the  valley. 
Upon  its  surface  were  found  broken  fragments  of  pottery,  a  stone  axe,  a 
pipe,  a  soapstone  ornament,  broken  clay  utensils  and  numerous  fragments' 
of  human  bones.  This  was,  without  doubt,  a  burial  mound.  Just  across 
the  river,  and  upon  a  neck  of  land  formed  by  the  confluence  of  Armurchee 
Creek  and  the  Oostanaula,  is  still  another.  The  surface  of  the  ground  for 
several  acres  here  is  covered  with  pieces  of  pottery,  and  a  great  varity 
of  spear  and  arrow-heads.  From  this  mound  were  taken  a  mortar  of  beau- 
tiful proportions,  pestles,  stone  axes,  etc.  We  are  inclined  to  refer  these 
last  tumuli  to  an  Indian  origin.  Certain  it  is  that  many  of  the  remains 
found  in  and  about  them  are  purely  Indian  in  character.  It  will  be  ob- 
served, however,  that  the  same  locality  sometimes',  and  in  fact  not  un- 
frequently,  indicates  the  existence  of  remains  peculiar  both  to  the  M'ound- 
Builders  and  to  a  later  period. 

"  .  .  .  From  the  best  authority  it  appears  that  the  Cherokees  of 
this  region  did  not,  as  a  general  rule,  erect  mounds  over  the  dead.  The 
usual  custom  was  to  hide  the  body  in  some  rocky  fissure,  covering  it  with 
bark,  despositing  with  it  the  bow  and  arrow,  pots,  stone  axes,  and  other 
articles,  the  property  of  the  deceased,  and  then  close  securely  the  entrance. 
Often  the  hut  of  the  deceased  was  burnt,  and  with  it  many  articles  used  by 


734       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  late  owner.  Sometimes  they  interred  beneath  the  floor  of  the  cabin,  sub- 
sequently setting  fire  to  the  walls  and  roof,  thus  obliterating  every  trace 
of   the  inhumation. 

' '  Again,  they  buried  by  placing  tiie  body  underneath  a  ledge  of  rocks, 
or  upon  the  slope  of  a  hill  in  some  unfrequented  spot,  heaping  above  it  a 
pile  of  stones.  Subsequently  they  adopted  the  plan  of  digging  a  grave 
some  three  feet  or  more  in  depth,  into  which  the  corpse  A^as  lowered.  Above 
it  was  heaped  a  small  tumulus,  some  six  or  eight  feet  in  length  and  two 
or  three  feet  in  height.  Upon  the  range  of  hills  rimning  to  the  south  of 
Rome  are  several  graves  of  this  latter  description.  They  lie  north  and 
south  and  are  generally  located  in  the  vicinity  of  large  trees.  On  the  right 
bank  of  the  Etowah  Eiver,  near  Rome,  at  a  point  known  as  '  Old  Bridge, ' 
a  heavy  ledge  of  rocks,  projecting  from  the  side  of  the  hill,  overhung  the 
river.  It  was  necessary  to  remove  this,  in  order  to  construct  the  track  of 
the  Rome  Railway.  When  forced  from  its  position  by  the  blast,  fhe  fissures 
in  the  ledge  were  found  to  be  filled  with  the  skeletons  of  Indians.  By  many 
they  were  supposed  to  have  been  the  dead  killed  in  a  battle  fought  but  a 
short  distance  from  this  spot,  and  here  secreted  by  those  who  survived. 
Upon  the  hill  opposite  Rome,  known  as  '  Cemetery  Hill, '  many  bodies  have 
been  discovered  securely  lodged  in  the  inequalities  of  the  hillsides^  care- 
fully covered  and  with  utensils  of  the  chase,  of  -^ar,  and  of  domstic  use, 
buried  with  them.  Scattered  throughout  these  valleys',  however,  there  are 
mounds  of  moderate  dimensions,  circular  or  ovoidal  in  form,  Avhich  are 
doubtless  to  be  referred  to  an  Indian  origin.  .Judging  from  the  internal 
evidence,  we  are  inclined  to  regard  them  as  the  oldest  organic  remains  of 
the  Cherokees.  Elevated  spaces,  perfectly  level  at  the  top,  are  still  to  be 
seen.  These  were  formerly  used  by  the  Cherokees  for  the  purposes  of  sport, 
dancing,  ball  playing,  and  quoit  rolling.  In  one  locality,  not  far  from  the 
village  of  Rome,  was  pointed  out  a  track,  some  quarter  of  a  mile  or  more  in 
extant,  which  tradition  designates  as  an  Indian  race-course.  All  traces 
of  the  dwellings  have,  of  course,  disappeared,  with  the  exception  of  some 
of  the  more  modern  buildings — such  as'  the  ruins  of  the  house  formerly 
occupied  by  John  Ross,  the  chief  of  the  national,  beautifully  situated  upon 
a  gentle  elevation,  on  the  edge  of  the  Coosa  Valley,  near  the  inception  of 
the  river;  and  the  former  residence  of  Major  Ridge,  which  still  remains  in 
good  preservation  [1861],  upon  the  left  bank  of  the  Oostanaula  Eiver, 
some  two  miles  from  Rome.  These,  however,  are  modern  in  character  and 
belong  to  the  semi-civilized  Indian,  as  modified  in  his  tastes  and  habits  by 
association  with  the  white  race. '  '* 


The  aboriginal  remains  of  these  valleys  may  be  divi- 
ded into  three  classes :  1.    Those  which  are  to  be  referred 


♦Charles   C.    Jones,    Jr.,    in    Monumental   Remains    of   Georgia,    pp.    82-93. 
Savannah:    1861. 


Floyd  735 

to  the  Mound-Builders.  2.  Such  as  are  purely  Indian  in 
character.  3.  Those  which,  although  the  work  of  In- 
dians, were  modified  by  intercourse  and  contact  with 
Whites  or  Europeans.  Authorities:  Jones,  Adair,  Bar- 
tram. 


Base-Ball:  A  Game  There  is  little  room  for  doubt  that 
of  Indian  Origin.  the  most  typical  as  well  as  the  most 
popular  of  American  games,  viz., 
base-ball,  originated  among  the  North  American  Indians. 
As  played  by  them  the  game  was,  of  course,  crude,  and 
in  some  resjDects  was  not  unlike  the  game  of  foot-ball. 
It  is  only  by  an  evolutionary  sort  of  process  that  the 
favorite  sport  of  the  modern  college  athlete  can  be  traced 
to  the  prknitive  play-grounds  of  the  savage  wilderness, 
but  the  essential  principles  of  the  game  were  undoubtedly 
derived  from  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the  continent. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  upper  Georgia,  there  are  tra- 
ditions without  number  concerning  important  issues, 
such  as  boundary  line  disputes,  which  were  settled  by  the 
game ;  traces  of  the  old  fields  can  still  be  found  on  which 
the  famous  contests  occurred;  and  in  Cherokee  County, 
not  far  from  the  town  of  Canton,  is  a  village  which  com- 
memoratively  bears  the  name  of  Ball  Ground.  To  James 
Adair,  the  celebrated  annalist  of  the  North  American  sav- 
age, are  we  indebted  for  the  following  description  of 
this  favorite  pastime  of  the  Indian : 

"The  ball  is  made  of  a  piece  of  scraped  deer-skin,  moistened  and 
stuffed  with  deer's  hair,  and  strongly  sewed  with  deer'  sinews.  The  ball 
sticks  are  about  two  feet  long,  the  lower  end  somewhat  resembling  the 
palm  of  a  hand.  They  are  worked  with  deer-skin  thongs.  Between  these 
they  catch  the  ball  and  are  enabled  to  throw  it  a  great  distance,  when 
not  prevented  by  the  opposite  party,  whose  effort  it  is  to  intercept  its 
passage.  The  goal  is  some  five  hundred  yards  in  extent.  At  each  end  of 
it,  they  fix  into  the  ground  two  long,  bending  poles,  which  are  three  yards 
apart  at  the  bottom,  but  reach  much  farther  outward  at  the  top.  The 
party  who  succeeds  in  throwing  the  ball  over  these,  scores'  one;  but  if  the 
ball  goes  underneath,  it  is  cast  back  and  played  for  as  usual.  Tlie  game- 
sters were  equal  in  number  on  both  sides;   and  at  the  beginning  of  every 


736        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

course  of  the  ball  they  throw  it  high  in  the  center  of  the  ground  and  in 
a  direct  line  bet\Yeen  the  two  goals.  "When  the  crowd  of  players  prevents 
the  one  who  catches  the  ball  from  throwing  it  directly  in  front,  he  commonly 
sends  it  in  the  right  course  by  an  artful,  sharp  twirl.  They  are  so  ex- 
ceedingly expert  in  this  manly  exercise  that,  between  the  goals,  the  ball 
is  mostly  flying  the  different  ways,  by  the  force  of  the  playing-sticks, 
without  falling  to  the  ground;  for  they  are  not  allowed  to  catch  it  with 
the  hand.  In  the  heat  and  excitement  of  the  game,  the  arms  and  legs 
of  the  players  are  sometimes  broken.  The  celebration  of  this  game  is  pre- 
ceded by  fastings  and  night-watches,  by  those  who  are  about  to  engage  in 
it.  They  turn  out  to  the  ball-ground,  in  a  long  row,  painted  white,  and 
whooping  as  if  Pluto 's  prisoners  had  all  broken  loose.  The  leader  then 
begins  a  religious  invocation,  which  is  joined  in  by  his  companions.  Each 
party  strives  to  gain  the  twentieth  ball,  which  they  esteem  a  favorite  divine 
gift. ' '  From  the  foregoing  description  it  will  be  observed  that  while  the 
modern  game  of  base-ball  differs  materially  from  the  primitive  game 
played  by  the  North  American  Indians,  the  equally  popular  game  of  foot- 
ball preserves  many  of  the  savage  characteristics  of  its  original  prototype. ' " 


FORSYTH 

Cumming.  The  county  of  Forsyth  was  organized  in  1832 
out  of  a  part  of  the  Cherokee  lands  named  for 
the  Hon,  John  Forsyth  of  Georgia.  The  county-site  was 
called  Cumming,  in  honor  of  a  gallant  officer  of  the  war 
of  1812,  Col.  Wm.  Cumming,  of  Augusta.  Cumming  was 
incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  December  22,  1834,  with 
the  following  commissioners:  John  Jolly,  Daniel  McCoy, 
John  H.  Russell,  Daniel  Smith,  and  AVm.  Martin.^ 


Recollections  of     "^^   the    great    Anti-Tariff    Convention,    at    Milledge- 
John  Forsvth  '^illej    in    3 832,    Mr.    Berrien,   who    led    the   movement, 

was  forced  to  grapple  with  the  best  off-hand  debater 
in  the  world.  Burke  may  have  been  more  philosophical  and  ornate.  Fox 
more  logical  and  comprehensive,  Sheridan  more  brilliant  in  repartee,  and 
Pitt,  in  stately  grandeur  of  eloquence,  may  have  surpassed  him,  but  not  one 
of  these  was  the  polemic  gladiator,  the  ever-buoyant  and  ready  master  of 


'  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  in  Monumental  Remains  of  Georgia,  pp.  91-93;  also 
James  Adair,  in  the  History  of  the  Indian  Tribes,  etc. 
*ActS,   1834,  p.   255. 


Forsyth  737 

elocution  that  Mr.  Forsyth  was,  with  look  and  gesture,  inflection  of  voice, 
and  all  the  qualities  of  a  high-bred  soul  gushing  for  victory.  He  was  a 
perfect  model  of  eloquence,  without  having  copied  any  man  or  any  rules. 
By  some  happy  method,  accidental  or  otherwise,  he  had  accommodated 
his  organs  of  speech  to  the  capacity  of  the  lungs  for  respiration.  He  was 
never  out  of  breath ;  his  voice  was  always  clear  and  resonant,  always'  pleas- 
ing to  the  ear  in  its  high  or  low  keys  and  in  its  grand  or  simple  modula- 
tions. There  was  no  hurry,  no  discord,  no  break,  in  the  constant  stream  of 
jiure  vocalization.  The  listener  had  no  dread  of  failure.  .  .  .  His  very 
looks  accomi:)lished  a  great  deal.  A  glance  of  the  eye,  a  motion  of  the 
finger,  a  wave  of  the  hand,  a  curl  of  the  lip,  a  twitch  of  the  Eoman  nose, 
could  kill  or  cripple  at  the  will  of  the  speaker.  The  person  of  Mr.  Forsyth 
was  exceedingly  handsome.  His  form  was  classical.  He  was  neither  too 
light  nor  too  heavy  for  grace  of  manner.  No  orator  in  the  United  States 
possessed  such  a  fine  command  of  the  keys  and  modulations  whereby  the 
heart  is  subdued  at  the  will  of  the  orator.  His  supply  of  the  best  words 
was  inexhaustible.  In  this  respect,  he  very  much  resembled  Lord  Erskine. 
Had  he  been  less  a  man  of  the  world,  less  indoctrinated  in  the  etiquette 
and  levity  of  courts,  less  inclined  to  the  heartless  formalities  of  fashion, 
he  would  have  been  more  of  a  public  benefactor  and  more  deeply  entwined 
in  the  affections  of  men.  His  instincts  were  not  with  the  masses.  He  Avas 
faithful  to  his'  trusts,  because  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  do  a  mean 
or  base  act.  He  was  always  courteous  and  obliging  in  his  personal 
relations ;  still  there  was  a  diplomatic  element  in  which  he  loved  to 
revel,  and  from  which  he  derived  his  chief  enjoyment.  Beyond  this,  life 
was  measurably  insipid;  nor  is  it  certain  that  the  philosophy  of  Boling- 
broke  or  the  morals  of  Chesterfield  contributed  to  his  happiness.  But  if  Mr. 
Forsyth  had  his  defects — ^and  he  would  be  more  than  mortal  to  be  exempt — 
let  it  be  remembered  that  the  sun  has  spots  which  do  not  mar  its  brilliance. 
It  may  be  centuries  before  such  a  man  shall  again  exist. '  '* 


' '  The  late  John  Forsyth  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished  men  of  his 
time.  As  an  impromptu  debater,  to  bring  on  an  action  or  to  cover  a  re- 
treat, he  never  had  his  superior.  He  was  acute,  witty,  full  of  resources,  and 
ever  prompt — impetuous  as  Murat  in  a  charge,  adroit  as  Soult  when  flanked 
and  out  numbered.  He  was  haughty  in  the  presence  of  enemis,  genial  and 
winning  among  friends.  His  manners  were  courtly  and  diplomatic.  In  the 
times  of  Louis  the  XIV,  he  would  have  rivalled  the  most  celebrated  cour- 
tiers; under  the  dynasty  of  Napoleon  he  would  have  won  the  baton  of 
France.  He  never  failed  to  command  the  confidence  of  his  party;  he  never 
feared  any  odds  against  it;  and,  at  one  time,  was  almost  its  sole  support 


♦Stephen  H.  Miller,  in  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  "Vol.  II. 


738        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

in  the  Senate  against  the  most  brilliant  and   powerful  opposition  ever  or- 
ganized against  an  administration."* 


FRANKLIN 

Carnesville.  In  1784,  the  Legislature  of  Georgia  created 
two  large  counties :  Franklin  and  Wasliing- 
ton,  out  of  lands  obtained  from  the  Indians,  under  the 
treaties  of  1783,  negotiated  at  Augusta.  These  were  the 
first  counties  created  after  the  war  for  independence,  and 
most  of  the  lands  in  these  counties  were  given  in  bounty 
warrants  to  Revolutionary  soldiers.  Due  to  conditions 
on  the  frontier,  several  years  elapsed  before  there  was 
any  permanent  county  organization.  But  Carnesville, 
as  a  mountain  village,  doubtless  arose  soon  after  the 
Revolution.  It  was  made  the  permanent  site  for  jJublic 
buildings  in  the  county  of  Franklin,  by  an  Act  approved 
November  29,  1806,  at  which  time  the  following  commis- 
sioners were  appointed :  James  Terrell,  Obadiah  Hooper, 
Joseph  Chandler,  Frederick  Beal,  and  James  King.^  The 
town  was  incorporated  on  December  7,  1809,  by  an  Act 
entrusting  its  better  regulation  to  the  following  board 
of  commissioners :  Frederick  Beall,  Samson  Lane,  Ben- 
jamin Dorsey,  Dudley  Jones,  and  Andy  Williamson.-  The 
town  was  named  for  Judge  Thomas  P.  Carnes,  a  noted 
Congressman  and  jurist  of  the  early  days. 


FULTON 

Atlanta.  As  stated  in  Volume  I,  of  this  work,  Atlanta  was 
the  offspring  of  railways,  and  was  first  called 
Terminus,  afterwards,  Marthasville.  The  latter  town 
was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  December  23,  1843, 
with  the  following  commissioners:  L.  V.  Gannon,  John 


*J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  in  The  Cabinet — Past  and  Present. 
^  Clayton's   Compendium,   p.    309. 
^Clayton's   Compendium,   p.    320. 


Fulton  739 

Bailey,  Willis  Carlisle,  John  Kile,  Sr.,  and  Patrick 
Quinn.^  Later  on,  the  name  of  the  town  was  changed  to 
Atlanta,  and  under  tliis  name  was  incorporated  as  a  city 
by  an  Act  approved  December  29, 1847,  with  provision  for 
its  government  by  a  mayor  and  councilmanic  board,  con- 
sisting of  four  members.  Moses  AV,  Formwalt  was  the 
first  mayor.  It  is  commonly  understood  that  Atlanta's 
original  charter  was  drawn  by  the  late  Judge  John  Col- 
lier. Until  1853*,  Atlanta  was  in  DeKalb  County;  but, 
when  the  new  county  of  Fulton  was  organized  under  an 
Act  approved  December  20,  1853,  out  of  DeKalb  and 
Henry  Counties,  Atlanta  was  chosen  as  the  new  county- 
site.  The  First  Baptist  church,  chartered  on  January 
26, 1850,  was  the  earliest  church  incorporated.  The  trus- 
tees were :  Diavid  G.  Daniel,  Ira  0.  McDaniel,  Fred  Kick- 
lighter,  Alfred  "W.  Woodin,  and  James  S.  Baker.-  Next 
came  the  First  Presbyterian  church,  whose  charter  was 
granted  on  February  10,  1854,  with  the  following  board 
of  trustees:  John  Glenn,  Oswald  Houston,  Julius  A. 
Hayden,  James  Davis,  Joel  Kelsey,  George  Robinson, 
and  Wm.  Markham.^  There  is  no  record  of  a  charter  for 
the  Methodists,  but  they  were  here  in  the  very  beginning 
and  afterwards  acquired  the  property  which  was  at  first 
jointly  owned  by  the  several  denominations  in  common, 
on  the  site  of  the  present  Candler  building,  where  the 
First  Methodist  church  long  stood.  The  present  school 
system  of  Atlanta  was  established  in  1872. 


"Gate  City":  When    At  a  meeting  of  some  of  the  early 
the  Sobriquet  pioneers,  held  at  the  Kimball  House, 

was  First  Used.  on  the  evening  of  April  24,     1871, 

soon  after  the  original  structure 
was  completed,  quite  a  number  of  spicy  reminiscences  of 
the   ante-bellum   days   were   revived.     To  the   fund   of 


1  Acts,    1S43,    p.    S3. 
'Acts,    1S40-1850,    p.    76. 
8  Acts,    1853-1854,    p.    274. 


740       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

anecdotes,  the  folloAving  contribution  was  made  by  Judge 
William  Ezzard,  an  ex-Mayor.    Said  he : 

' '  The  name  of  the  Gate  City  Avas  first  given  to  Atlanta  in  Chailestou 
in  1856,  and  it  came  about  in  this  Avay.  When  the  road  was  completed 
between  Charleston  and  Memphis,  the  people  of  Charleston  put  a  hogshead 
of  water  on  the  car,  together  with  a  fire-engine,  and  accompanied  them  to 
Memphis  for  the  purpose  of  mingling  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  with  the 
waters  of  the  Mississippi.  In  the  year  1857  the  Mayor  of  Memphis,  with 
quite  a  number  of  ladies  in  the  party,  came  to  Atlanta,  en  route  to  Charles- 
ton, carrying  water  from  the  Mississippi,  and  they  also  carried  a  fire- 
engine  for  the  purpose  of  mingling  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  with  the 
waters  of  the  Atlantic.  They  arrived  about  12  o  'clock.  I  was  then  Mayor 
of  Atlanta,  and  we  gave  them  a  reception  and  prepared  a  handsome  colla- 
tion for  them.  The  next  morning  they  left  for  Charleston.  I  went  with 
them.  There  were  also  several  others  in  the  party  from  Atlanta.  We  ar- 
rived in  Charleston,  and  had  a  grand  time  there.  We  paraded  the  streets, 
marched  down  to  the  bay,  and  then  went  through  the  ceremony  of  pumping 
this  water  from  the  Mississippi  into  the  ocean.  There  Avere  a  great  many 
people  present  on  this  occasion;  they  came  from  all  parts  of  Georgia  and 
from  all  parts  of  South  Carolina;  and  a  grand  banquet  was  given  by  the 
people  of  Charleston.  Everything  was  well  arranged.  There  was  a  toast 
drafted  for  Savannah,  one  for  Macon,  one  for  Augusta,  and  one  for  At- 
lanta, and  so  on.  The  toast  prepared  and  given  for  Atlanta  was:  'Tlie 
Gate  City — the  only  tribute  which  she  requires  of  those  who  pass  through 
her  boundaries  is  that  they  stop  long  enough  to  partake  of  the  hospitality 
of  her  citizens. '  This  was  the  substance  of  the  toast.  I  may  not  recall  the 
exact  language.  After  that  Atlanta  was  always  called  the  Gate  City,  and  it 
was  never  known  as  that  before.  I  responded  to  this  toast  for  Atlanta.  It 
was  given,  I  suppose,  from  the  fact  .that  this  railroad  had  just  been  con- 
structed through  the  mountains,  for  the  purpose  of  connecting  the  West 
with  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  there  was  no  way  to  get  to  either  place 
except  to  pass  through  Atlanta."* 


"Peachtree:"  There  is  little  room  for  doubt  concerning 
Its  Derivation,  the  source  from  which  the  name  of  At- 
lanta's thoroughfare  was  derived.  In  the 
early  days  of  the  last  century,  an  Indian  village,  called 
the  standing  Peachtree,  stood  just  to  the  North  of  the 


History  of  Atlanta  and  Its  Pioneers,  published  by  the  Pioneer  Citizens 
Society,    p.    210. 


Fulton  741 

city's  present  site.  The  stream  which  meandered  near 
the  village  was  called  Peachtree  Creek,  while  the  path 
which  led  to  it  through  the  forest  was  called  Peachtree 
Trail.  With  the  influx  of  population,  the  path  was  even- 
tually widened  into  Peachtree  Eoad,  a  thoroughfare 
which  is  today  lined  with  some  of  the  most  palatial  and 
elegant  homes  to  be  found  south  of  Baltimore. 

To  cite  authorities:  Dr.  Abiel  Sherwood,  in  his  quaint  little  work 
entitled  "Sherwood's  Gazeteer, "  published  in  1830,  states,  on  page  103, 
that  the  toAvn  of  Decatur  was  then  "95  miles  northwest  of  Milledgeville, 
25  miles  southwest  of  Lawreneeville,  9  miles  southwest  of  Eoek  Mountain, 
and  12  miles  east  of  the  Standing  Peachtree  on  the  Chattahoochee. ' '  The 
author  prints  the  words  "Standing  Peachtree"  in  capitals,  just  as  in  the 
ease  of  the  towns  mentioned.  Moreover,  since  the  various  roads  entering 
Atlanta,  viz.,  the  Eoswell,  the  Marietta,  the  Decatur,  the  M'cDonough,  were 
each  named  for  the  towns  to  which  they  led,  the  same,  especially  in  the 
light  of  other  evidence,  must  be  inferentially  true  of  Peachtree. 

But  there  is  still  another  witness.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  War  of  1812,  Grovernor  George  R.  Gilmer,  who 
was  then  barely  of  age,  received  a  lieutenant's  commis- 
sion; and  as  soon  as  enough  recruits  were  collected  an 
order  was  issued  for  them  to  be  put  in  charge  of  an  of- 
ficer, and  sent  into  the  Indian  country,  where  active  hos- 
tilities were  going  on  against  the  Creeks.  Says  Gov. 
Gilmer  :* 

"I  asked  for  the  command  and  received  it.  I  marched  with  twenty-two 
recruits,  having  no  arms,  except  refuse  drill  muskets,  a  small  quantity  of 
loose  powder,  and  some  unmolded  lead.  My  appointed  station  vcas  on  the 
banks  of  the  Chattahoochee,  about  thirty  or  forty  miles  beyond  the  fron- 
tier, near  an  Indian  town,  not  far  from  where  the  Georgia  Railroad  [mean- 
ing Western  and  Atlantic],  now  crosses  the  Chattahoochee  River."  It 
was  an  awkward  business  for  one  who  had  only  seen  a  militia  muster  and 
who  had  never  fired  a  musket.  I  Avas  ordered  to  build  a  fort.  I  had  never 
seen  a  fort,  and  had  no  means  of  knowing  how  to  obey  the  order  but  what 
I  could  get  from  Diiane  's  Tactics.  I  went  to  work  and  succeeded  very 
well,  so  far  as  I  know,  as  the  strength  and  fitness  of  my  fortification  was 
never  tested.  Some  few  days  after  my  arrival  at  the  standing  peachtree,  a 
rough  Indian  fellow  came  into  the  camp  with  some  fine  catfish  for  sale. 
I  had  supplied  myself  with  hook  and  line  for  catching  cat  in  the  Chatta- 
hoochee before   I   left   home,   and  had   bated   and   hung   them   from   limbs 


*Gilmei-'s  "Georgians." 


742       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

into  the  water.  I  had  noticed  this  fellow  the  day  before  gliding  stealthily 
along  near  the  bank  of  the  river,  in  a  small  canoe,  Avhere  tlie  lines  with 
baited  hooks  were  hung.  I  intimated  to  him  that  the  fish  he  was  offering 
to  sell  were  taken  from  my  hooks.  With  demoniac  looks  of  hatred  and 
revenge,  he  drew  his  knife  from  his  belt,  and  holding  it  for  a  moment  in 
the  position  for  striking,  turned  the  edge  to  his  own  throat,  and  drew  it 
across;  expressing  thus  more  forcibly  than  he  could  have  done  by  words 
his  desire  to  cut  n;y  throat.     I  never  saw  him  afterwards.'" 


The  Atlanta       Wlien  Grant  was  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies 
Camvaig'n.  of    the    United    States,    Sherman    succeeded    him    in    the 

chief  command  at  the  West,and,  under  Sherman,  were 
three  armies  with  three  superb  commanders :  the  Army  of  Tennessee,  under 
McPherson ;  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  under  Thomas,  and  the  Army  of 
the  Ohio,  formerly  under  Burnside,  but  now  commanded  by  Sehofield.  At 
the  beginning  of  May,  1864,  this  triple  army  covered  a  line  about  twenty 
miles  in  length,  a  little  south  of  Chattanooga:  McPherson  on  the  right,  with 
25,000  men;  Thomas  in  the  center,  with  60,000,  and  Sehofield  on  the  left, 
with  ] 5,000;  in  all,  100,000  men,  with  260  guns.  Opposed  to  this  force 
was  a  Confederate  army,  under  command  of  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who, 
among  the  Southern  generals,  ranked  next  in  ability  to  Lee.  It  was  gen- 
erally understood  by  the  public  that  Sherman 's  grand  object  in  this  cam- 
paign was  the  capture  of  Atlanta,  the  principal  city  of  Georgia  between 
the  mountains  and  the  sea-coast.  But  Grant  and  Sherman  well  knew  that 
an  even  more  important  object  was  the  destruction  or  capture  of  Johnston's 
army,  and  this  was  likely  to  be  no  light  task.  Johnston  was  a  master  of 
Fabian  strategy,  whom  it  was  next  to  impossible  to  bring  to  battle  unless 
he  saw  a  good  chance  of  winnuing. '  '- 


Hood  Supersedes    Despite  tlie  masterful  tactics  of  Jolins- 
Johnstcn.  ton,  in  opposing  the  march  of  Sherman 

from  Dalton  to  Atlanta,  there  was 
great  dissatisfaction  over  what  seemed  to  be  the  failure 
of  the  former  to  accomplish  definite  results,  notwith- 
standing the  heavy  odds  which  confronted  him.  With 
President  Davis  he  had  never  been  a  favorite;  and,  on 
July  17,  1864,  when  the  two  hostile  armies  stood  before 


'  On  page  2.'j",    the   same   authorit.\'  speaks  of  a  meeting  of  the  chiefs  of 
the  Standing  Peachtree  with  two  or  three  chiefs  of  the  neighboring  villages. 
=  The  Mississippi  Valley  in  the  Civil  War,    by  John  Fiske,  pp.  324-325. 


Fulton  743 

Atlanta,  tlie  President  felt  constrained  to  relieve  liim  of 
the  command,  appointing  in  his  stead  an  intrepid  soldier : 
John  B.  Hood,  who  was  expected  to  conduct  an  aggres- 
sive campaign.  His  reputation  as  a  fighter  was  well  es- 
tablished and  his  appointment  carried  with  it  the  under- 
standing that  defensive  tactics  were  to  be  abandoned.  It 
is  said  that  Sherman,  on  hearing  of  the  change,  made 
this  remark:  "Heretofore,  the  fighting  has  been  as 
Johnston  pleased,  but  hereafter  it  shall  be  as  I  please." 
When  the  news  reached  the  Union  army,  it  undoubtedly 
formed  the  subject  of  some  conversation  between  Sher- 
man and  McPherson,  as  they  sat  on  the  steps  of  the  porch 
of  a  country  house.  In  allusion  to  the  incident,  Sherman 
himself  says  in  his  '^ Memoirs":  We  agreed  that  we 
ought  to  be  unusually  cautious  and  prepared  for  hard 
fighting,  because  Hood,  though  not  deemed  much  of  a 
scholar,  or  of  great  mental  capacity,  was  undoubtedly  a 
brave,  determined,  and  rash  man."  General  0.  0.  How- 
ard in  "Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,"  com- 
ments thus:  "Just  at  this  time,  much  to  our  comfort 
and  to  his  surprise,  Johnston  was  removed  and  Hood  put 
in  command  of  the  Confederate  army."  In  the  light  of 
subsequent  events,  the  judgment  of  Mr.  Davis  in  making 
the  change,  is  at  least  open  to  criticism;  and,  to  quote 
the  language  of  Henry  R.  Goetchius,  a  distinguished  stu- 
dent of  the  campaign:  "Who  knows  but  what  the  history 
of  the  Confederate  States  of  America  might  have  been 
written  differently  had  not  the  criticism  of  the  rash,  the 
thoughtless  and  the  ignorant  been  allowed  to  lead  to  a 
substitution  of  the  Confederate  Fabius  with  a  brave,  but 
impetuous  Varro.  "* 


The  Battles  On  July  20,   1864,  Hood  attacked  the 

Around.  Atlanta.     Federal  army  at  Peachtree  Creek,  near 

Atlanta,  and  then  began  the  struggle 

for  the  prize  of  war.     There  followed  a  w^eek  of  desul- 

♦Sherman's   Memoirs,   Vol.   II,    p.    75;    Battles  and   Leaders   of   the   Civil 
War,  Vol.  IV,  p.  313;  Johnston's  Narrative,  etc. 


744       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

tory  fighting,  in  which  he  lost  perhaps  8,000  men  and  ac- 
complished nothing.  Says  Professor  Derry:  "Through 
bad  management  the  attack  was  not  made  as  promptly 
as  Hood  desired,  nor  with  as  good  results ;  for  the  Con- 
federates were  repulsed  with  heavy  loss."  For  the  de- 
fence of  the  city  over  10,000  State  troops  had  been  placed 
in  the  trenches,  cannon  had  been  obtained,  and  supplies 
made  ready  for  the  anticipated  assault.  Major-General 
Gustavus  J.  Smith  commanded  the  State  militia  and 
General  Toombs,  at  this  time,  was  on  his  staff.  The  four 
brigades  of  State  troops  were  commanded  by  the  follow- 
ing officers :  R.  W.  Carswell,  P.  J.  Phillips,  C.  D.  Ander- 
son, and  H.  K.  McCay.  Besides  these,  there  were  several 
Georgia  regiments  in  the  Confederate  army  under  Gen- 
eral Hood,  and  they  served  throughout  the  campaign. 
Quite  a  number  of  Georgians,  with  the  rank  of  Briga- 
dier-General, participated  in  the  battles  around  Atlanta, 
among  them,  Alfred  Iverson,  Jr.,  Hugh  W.  Mercer,  M. 

A.  Stovall,  John  K.  Jackson,  Alfred  Cumming,  Claudius 
C.  Wilson,  Robert  H.  Anderson,  Henry  R.  Jackson,  and 

B.  M.  Thomas.  Lieutenant-Generals  Joseph  Wheeler 
and  William  J.  Hardee  were  both  in  these  engagements ; 
and  Major-General  W.  H.  T.  Walker.  On  July  22,  oc- 
curred one  of  the  most  terrific  engagements  of  the  entire 
war.  Both  sides  fought  with  grim  determination.  It 
was  Hood's  plan  to  drive  Sherman  back  toward  the  Ten- 
nessee line,  but  at  the  close  of  the  day  he  was  still  where 
the  morning  found  him. 


Walker  and  McPher-  Two  of  the  ablest  commanding  offi- 
son  Killed:  Battle-  cers  of  the  Civil  War  fell,  on  July 
Field  Memorials.  22,  in  the  heat  of  this     renowned 

engagement.  Major-General  James 
B.  McPherson  was  killed  while  making  a  reconnoisance 
near  the  skirmish  line  of  the  Confederates.  He  was  or- 
dered to  surrender;  but,  raising  his  hand  as  if  to  salute, 
he  wheeled  about  and  galloi)ed  off.    Instantly  a  volley  of 


Fulton  745 

muskets  was  discliarged,  and  the  brave  officer  fell  from 
his  horse  to  the  ground,  bleeding  from  several  wounds. 
Both  Sherman  and  Grant  placed  the  highest  estimate  up- 
on his  abilities. 

The  other  distinguished  soldier  wdio  was  numbered 
among  the  slain  was  Major-General  Wm.  H.  T.  Walker, 
a  Georgian.  He  was  gallantly  leading  an  attack  upon  the 
Federals,  who  occupied  the  crest  of  a  hill,  when  he  was 
shot  in  the  thigh.  As  he  fell  to  the  ground,  he  was  caught 
by  an  officer,  who,  in  the  act  of  leaning  toward  him,  was 
shot  in  the  head.  The  body  of  General  Walker  was  sent 
to  Augusta,  for  burial;  but  the  spot  on  which  he  fell, 
about  two  miles  east  of  Atlanta,  has  been  appropriately 
marked.  The  memorial  consists  of  a  cannon  mounted 
upon  a  pedestal  of  granite  and  surrounded  by  an  iron 
railing.  At  each  corner  of  the  base  is  a  pyramid  of  can- 
non-balls.   On  the  south  side  is  this  inscription : 


In   Memory   of 
MAJOR-GENERAL  WM.  H.  T.  WALKER, 

C.  S.  A. 


On  the  north  side  is  inscribed  the  following 


Born,    November    26,    1816 

Killed    on  this   spot 

July  22,  1864. 


The  monument  was  erected  some  few  years  ago,  by 
the  veterans  of  Camp  Walker.  In  like  manner,  the  place 
where  General  McPherson  fell  has  been  marked.  It  is 
half  a  mile  distant  on  the  same  tragic  field.  This  monu- 
ment was  erected  by  the  United  States  Government.  In 
honor  of  the  same  gallant  officer,  the  local  military  post 
bears  the  name  of  Fort  McPherson.  Lieutenant-Colonel 
John  M.  Brown,  a  brother  of  Georgia's  war  Governor, 
was  also  among  the  victims,  while  Brigadier-General 
Hugh  W.  Mercer  was  severely  wounded. 


746       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Applying  the  Torch  When  Hood  left  the  fated  city,  on  the 
to  Atlanta:  A  Me-  night  of  September  1, 1864,  he  started 
tropolis  in  Flames,  toward  the  Tennessee  line,  his  object 
being  to  force  Sherman  to  qnit  Geor- 
gia, in  order  to  protect  his  base  of  supplies.  It  was  an 
unexpected  development.  The  wily  commander  was  some- 
what perplexed;  but  instead  of  starting  in  pursuit,  he 
ordered  Thomas  to  follow  Hood,  while  he  kept  his  clutch 
upon  Atlanta.  Then  it  was  that  the  idea  of  continuing 
his  triumphant  march  to  the  ocean  front  fired  his  brain; 
and,  after  receiving  Grant's  permission  to  undertake 
the  movement,  provided  Thomas  was  left  sufficiently 
strong  to  cope  with  Hood  in  Tennessee,  he  began  to  make 
preparations.  The  city's  destruction  was  resolved  upon ; 
and,  on  September  4,  an  order  was  issued  requiring  the 
departure  of  all  citizens,  save  such  as  were  in  the  employ 
of  the  Federal  government.  Those  who  did  not  choose  to 
go  South,  were  sent  North.  Only  the  smallest  amount  of 
personal  property  could  be  taken  away.  This  ruthless 
expulsion  of  over  twelve  thousand  people,  some  of  whom 
were  entirely  without  means,  worked  the  most  grievous 
hardships ;  and,  though  Mayor  Calhoun  urged  a  revoca- 
tion of  the  order,  his  appeal  was  fruitless. 

Then  began  the  fiendish  work  of  incendiarism.  The 
torch  was  remorselessly  applied.  To  quote  Colonel 
Clarke:  "What  could  not  be  consumed  by  fire  was  blown 
up,  torn  down,  or  othei'wise  destroyed.  No  city  during 
the  war  was  so  nearly  annihilated.  The  central  part  or 
business  locality  was  an  entire  mass  of  ruins,  there  being 
only  a  solitary  structure  standing  on  our  main  street, 
Whitehall,  between  its  extreme  commercial  limits.  At 
least  three-fourths  of  the  buildings  in  the  city  were  de- 
stroyed, the  remainder  consisting  chiefly  of  dwelling 
houses.  Father  O'Reilly  was  instrumental  in  saving  the 
C^atholic  and  several  Protestant  churches,  and  also 
the  City  Hall.  The  Medical  College  was  saved  through 
the  efforts  of  Dr.  N.  D'Alvigny.  Atlanta  was  left  a  scene 
of  charred  and  desolate  ruins,  the  homie  of  half -starved 


Fulton  747 


and  half-wild  dogs,  who,  with  the  carrion  crows,  feasted 
upon  the  refuse,  together  with  the  decaying  carcasses  of 
animals."^ 


Sherman's  March  to      On  November  15,  1864,  with  sixty  thousand  men, 
the  Sea  Begins.  Sherman  ieft   the   smouldering   ruins  of  Atlanta 

behind  and  started  upon  his  devastating  march 
to  the  sea.  The  port  of  Savannah  became  his  objective  point.  Cutting  a 
swath  forty  miles  wide,  his'  army  marched  like  a  pestilence  through  Georgia, 
destroying  what  could  not  be  utilized  for  food.  Crops  were  laid  waste,  farm- 
houses burned,  and  whole  villages  wrecked.  Horses  were  seized;  and  cows 
and  hogs  were  either  used  for  food  or  left  dead  in  the  field.  Thieves 
who  followed  the  army,  or  belonged  to  its  lowest  elements,  reveled  in  the 
plunder  of  silver  chests  or  other  receptacles  in  which  valuables  were 
stored.  The  track  of  desolation  was  three  hundred  miles  in  length;  and 
Sherman,  in  his  report,  said :  "I  estimate  the  damage  done  to  the  State 
of  Georgia  at  one  hundred  million  dollars.  "" 


Atlanta  Becomes  During  the  war  period,  Atlanta  was  an 
the  State  Capital,  important  depot  of  supplies.  Its  de- 
struction by  General  Sherman  empha- 
sized its  value  not  only  from  the  strategic  but  equally 
from  the  commercial  point  of  view;  and,  furthermore, 
under  the  regime  of  reconstruction,  it  was  the  chief  abode 
of  the  military  power.  Between  the  two  oceans  there 
was  scarcely  a  point  on  the  map  which  was  better  known 
in  newspaper  circles. 

Consequently,  when  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1868  assembled  in  Atlanta,  the  city  again  sued  for  the 
coveted  boon.  The  council  agreed  to  furnish  the  neces- 
sary buildings,  well  equipped  for  the  purpose,  and  with- 
out cost  to  the  State  for  ten  years ;  these  to  include  a 
residence  for  the  Governor,  a  receptacle  for  the  State 
Library,  and  convenient  quarters  for  the  executive,  leg- 


^  E.  Y.  Clarke,  in  Illustrated  History  of  Atlanta;  Wallace  P.  Reed,  T.  H. 
Martin,  etc. ;  also  John  Fiske  in  the  The  Mississippi  Valley  in  the  Civil  War. 

-  Lawton  B.  Evans,  in  History  of  Georgia  for  Schools:  Isaac  W.  Avery,  in 
History  of  Georgia,    1850-1881. 


748       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memortat.s  and  Legends 

islative,  and  judicial  departments.  The  fullest  protec- 
tion was  also  guaranteed  for  the  safety  of  important 
State  documents  and  papers.  The  council  agreed  further 
to  donate  the  old  fair  grounds,  containing  twenty-five 
acres,  on  which  to  erect  the  new  capitol  building,  or  in 
lieu  thereof,  any  unoccupied  ten  acres  within  the  city 
limits  which  the  General  Assembly  might  prefer.  By 
resolution  adopted  on  February  27,  1868,  the  conven- 
tion accepted  the  city's  offer;  and,  in  the  Constitution, 
wliich  was  subsequently  ratified  at  the  polls,  an  article 
was  inserted  making  Atlanta  the  seat  of  government. 
Thus  the  battle  was  won. 


In  1889,  the  new  capitol  building,  a  structure  of  mag- 
nificent proportions  in  every  respect,  worthy  of  the  great 
commonwealth,  was  completed  on  the  south  side  of  the 
town  and  on  the  site  of  the  old  City  Hall  Park,  for  years 
the  seat  of  legislation  in  local  affairs.  The  ground  is 
somewhat  elevated  at  this  point,  giving  to  the  lordly 
dome,  which  crowns  the  massive  pile,  an  appropriate 
setting.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  building  is  not 
constructed  entirely  of  Georgia  stone,  the  quarries  of  this 
State  having  become  so  famous  that  many  public  build- 
ing throughout  the  Union  have  made  use  of  our  home 
products.  But  the  vast  marble  and  granite  resources  of 
Georgia  were  not  sufficiently  developed  at  this  time  to 
meet  competition.  Hence  oolitic  limestone  was  substi- 
tuted; an  excellent  material  of  great  durability  and 
strength,  obtained  from  Indiana.    However,  the  interior 

finish  of  the  building  shows  the  ex- 
Unbesmirched  by  quisite  beauty  of  ornamentation 
Graft:  Georgia's  which   belongs   to   Georgia   marble. 

Capitol  a  Monument  The  magiiitude  of  the  building  is 
to  Official  Integrity,    such  that  the  demands  for  space  can 

be  met  for  years  to  come,  however 
great  the  increase  in  the  volume  of  official  business.  The 
labor  of  construction  occui)ied  five  years.     But  so  care- 


Fulton  749 

fully  was  the  work  supervised  by  the  men  to  whom  this 
important  responsibility  was  entrusted,  that  the  struc- 
ture was  not  only  built  within  the  figures  of  the  original 
appropriation,  but  an  unexpended  residue  of  several 
thousand  dollars  was  left  in  the  treasury,  to  challenge 
the  admiration  of  an  age  of  graft.  Thus  an  object-lesson 
is  presented  to  New  York,  to  Pennsylvania,  and  to  other 
States,  in  which  similar  enterprises  have  furnished  the 
opportunity  for  unlimited  corruption.  The  following  dis- 
tinguished Georgians  constituted  the  commission :  Gov- 
ernor Henry  D.  McDaniel,  General  Philip  Cook,  General 
E.  P.  Alexander,  Captain  Evan  P.  Howell,  Hon.  W.  W. 
Thomas,  and  Judge  A.  L.  Miller.  The  cornerstone  of 
the  building  was  laid  with  masonic  ceremonies  in  1884, 
and  the  oration  was  delivered  by  the  polished  and  elo- 
quent General  Alexander  R.  Lawton,  of  Savannah.  Car- 
peted with  grass  and  ornamented  with  shrubs  and  plants 
the  area  surrounding  the  capitol  building  has  been  made 
very  attractive,  at  small  expense,  by  the  exercise  of  good 
taste  and  judgment,  together  with  watchful  attention. 


Atlanta's  Great  There  will  be  no  one  to  question  the  statement  that 
NewSTJauers  much  of  Atlanta's  phenomenal  growth  since  the  Civil 

,  War   has   been   due   to   her   great   newspapers.      These 

have  proven  an  effective  supplement  to  her  railroads;  for  they  have  not 
only  been  king-makers  in  the  world  of  politics,  but  powerful  factors  in 
the  sphere  of  industrial  economics.  They  have  fostered  great  civic  move- 
ments ;  they  have  embodied  progressive  ideals ;  they  have  set  the  pace  for 
newspapers  in  other  parts  of  the  South,  and  while  seeking  primarily  to 
build  up  Atlanta,  they  have  stimulated  the  forces  of  development  through- 
out the  entire  Piedmont  region. 

But  the  Gate  City  of  the  South  was  long  a  death-trap  for  journalistic 
exjieriments. 

It  is  needless  to  go  behind  the  Civil  War  period  in  search  of  testimony 
to  support  this  statement.  However,  there  are  not  a  few  items  of  interest 
to  be  found  in  the  ante-bellum  regime  of  newspaperdom.    Atlanta 's  earliest 


Isaac  W.  Aver5-,  in  History  of  Georgia,  1850-1861;  Lawton  B.  Evans,  in 
History  of  Georgia  for  Schools;  E.  Y.  Clarke,  in  Illustrated  Atlanta;  Wallace 
P.   Reed,   Thos.   H.   Martin,   newspaper  files,   etc. 


750       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

sheet — published  in  ]845 — was  the  Luminary,  a  somewhat  crude  affair,  of 
which  the  Eeverend  Joseph  Baker  was  the  editor,  and  he  used  in  printing 
it  a  small  hand  press.  But  the  beams  of  this  pioneer  beacon  were  soon 
extinguished.  Its  successors  were  legion,  but  they  were  uniformly  short- 
lived. Atlanta  for  years  became  a  sort  of  infirmary  for  sick  newspapers 
and  a  grave-yard  for  dead  ones.  Even  the  Southern  Miscellany,  brought 
to  Atlanta  from  Madison  and  edited  by  the  afterwards  famous  William 
T.  Thompson,  proceeded  almost  instanter  to  give  up  the  ghost — though  an 
artistic  sXiccess.  The  Intelligencer,  a  newspaper  founded  in  the  early  fifties 
and  edited  for  quite  awhile  by  J,  I.  Whitaker,  managed  to  weather  suc- 
cessfully the  storm  of  Civil  War,  but  went  down  under  the  incubus  of 
Reconstruction.  It  was  on  this  paper  that  Colonel  John  H.  Seals — who 
afterwards  edited  The  Sunny  South — earned  his  journalistic  spurs.  The 
Southern  Confederacy,  another  war-time  sheet,  acquired  wide  note.  It  was 
often  printed  on  brown  paper,  but  was  read  throughout  the  Confederate 
lines.  Colonel  George  W.  Adair  and  Mr.  J.  Henly  Smith  were  the  owners. 
On  its  editorial  staff  was  the  present  world-renowned  dean  of  American 
newspaperdom,  Henry  Watterson — then  a  youthful  novitiate,  serving  his 
apprenticeship  to  the  pen.  Two  of  Atlanta  's  most  prominent  business  men 
— John  H.  James  and  B.  B.  Crew — first  began  to  show  the  metal  which  was 
in  them  on  this  famous  paper.  It  also  possessed  a  poet  of  no  mean  gifts 
in  the  well-known  A.  R.  Watson, 

But  it  died. 

History  repeated  itself  after  the  war.  There  was  no  decline  for  years 
in  the  number  of  newspaper  obsequies  and  interments.  Even  the  first 
journalistic  effort  of  the  brilliant  Grady — who  undertook  to  launch  the 
Herald — proved  to  be  a  tragic  disaster.  His  associate,  Robert  A.  Alston, 
a  man  of  gifts,  who  scathingly  denounced  the  convict-lease  system,  was 
afterwards  killed  in  the  State  Capitol  by  Captain  Ed.  Cox.  It  was  when 
the  Herald's  last  issue  appeared  that  Mr.  Grady  penned  his  famous  epi- 
gram: "General  Toombs  loaned  like  a  Prince  and  collected  like  a  shylark. " 
In  1872  Alexander  H.  Stephens  entered  the  local  arena.  He  acquired  from 
Judge  Cincinnatus  Peeples  the  famous  Atlanta  Sun,  in  order  to  fight  the 
election  of  Horace  Greeley;  but  straightway  the  orb  began  to  set.  It  is  no 
exaggeration  to  say  that  at  least  a  score  of  newspapers  have  been  decently 
buried  in  Atlanta  since  Sherman  's  visit.  The  first  daily  publication  to  take 
vigorous  root  and  to  acquire  permanent  lodgings  above  ground  was'  the 
Constitution. 


This  famous  old  daily  was  founded  in  the  summer  of  1868.  Its  first 
editor  was  Carey  W.  Styles,  while  W.  A.  Hemphill  and  J.  H.  Anderson  man- 
aged the  business  interests.  Colonel  Hempliill  retained  his  connection  with 
the  paper  for  more  than  three  decades.  J.  R.  Barriek,  I.  W.  Avery,  and 
E.  Y.  Clarke,  each  in  succession,  directed  the  editorial  policy  of  the  paper 
for  the  first  eight  years.     Major  Barriek  was  a  Kentuckian  by  birth  and 


Fulton  751 

a  poet  by  grace.  In  1876  Captain  Evan  P.  Howell  acquired  Colonel 
Clarke's  interest  and  became  editor-in-chief.  With  his  wonderful  insight 
into  men,  Captain  Howell  soon  gathered  about  him  a  galaxy  of  gifted 
writers.  It  was  at  this  time  that  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  refugeeing  from 
Savannah  to  e.scape  the  ravages  of  yellow  fever,  came  to  Atlanta,  wiiere  he 
was  soon  annexed  to  the  staff  and  began  to  write  the  name  of  Uncle 
Eemus  the  famous  dialect  stories  which  were  destined  to  carry  his  name 
around  the  globe.  Henry  W.  Grady  and  Samuel  W.  Small  were  also  dis- 
covered by  this  keen-eyed  man  of  affairs ;  and  it  was  not  long  before  P.  J. 
Moran  was  added  to  the  group.  In  1889  came  one  with  a  song,  in  the 
person  of  the  gifted  Frank  L.  Stanton,  who  still  edits  his  famous  column — 
' '  Just   from   Georgia. ' ' 

Not  long  after  the  paper  was  launched  N.  P.  T.  Finch  bought  an  in- 
terest and  became  associate  editor;  but  eventually  he  left  Atlanta  for  the 
West,  selling  his  interest  to  Mr.  S.  M.  Inman — ever  a  friend  to  Atlanta's 
great  undertakings.  In  1880,  Henry  W.  Grady,  who  had  been  a  space- 
writer,  acquired  an  interest  and  became  managing  editor,  a  position  which 
he  held  until  his  death ;  and  it  was  largely  under  the  leadership  of  this 
journalistic  Napoleon  that  the  Constitution  became  a  power  in  newspaper- 
dom.  His  feats  of  journalistic  enterprise  established  new  precedents,  while 
his  editorials — like  blasts  from  a  silvery  bugle — thrilled  and  electrified  the 
State.  He  was  succeeded  at  the  helm  by  Clarke  Howell,  the  present  su- 
perbly-equipped editor-in-chief.  Captain  E.  P.  Howell  eventually  retired, 
and  Hugh  T.  Inman  then  acquired  an  interest,  which,  in  turn,  passed  to 
the  Bunnigan  estate.  In  1902  Colonel  Hemphill 's  interest  was  purchased 
by  Clark  Howell,  in  association  with  Roby  Robinson,  the  latter  becoming 
business  manager.  Ten  years  later,  Mr.  Robinson  relinquished  this  office, 
retaining,  however,  his  interest;  and  Mr.  James  R.  Holiday  was  duly  in- 
stalled as  his  successor. 


In  1883  rose  the  Atlanta  Journal,  founded  as  an  afternoon  paper  by 
Colonel  E.  F.  Hoge,  a  prominent  member  of  the  local  bar.  But  Colonel 
Hoge  's  health  failed.  The  ownership  then  passed  to  John  Paul  Jones, 
who  two  years  later  sold  it  to  a  syndicate,  including  Hoke  Smith,  H.  H. 
Cabaniss,  Charles  A.  Collier,  Jacob  Haas  and  others.  Josiah  Carter  was 
made  managing  editor,  and  the  brilliant  F.  H.  Richardson  also  began  at 
this  time  his  long  connection  with  the  paper  as  its  chief  editorial  writer. 
Mr.  Smith  became  president  of  the  corporation  and  Mr.  Cabaniss  the  busi- 
ness manager.  It  is  due  to  the  powerful  leverage  which  the  Jo-urnal  de- 
veloped in  the  Presidential  campaign  of  1892  that  Mr.  Smith — who  directed 
the  policy  of  the  paper — was  invited  to  enter  the  Cabinet  of  Mr.  Cleveland 
as  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  This  was  the  beginning  nf  his  distinguished 
career  in  national  politics.  Twice  after  this  he  became  Governor  of  Geor- 
gia, and  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  1911,  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States.     In  1900  both  Mr.  Smith  and  Mr.  Cabaniss 


752       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

retired.  The  pajjer  was  then  sold  to  II.  M.  Atkinson,  Morris  Brandon  and 
James  E.  Gray,  after  which  other  changes  followed;  but  Mr.  Gray  still 
remains  at  the  helm  as  editor  and  president. 


In  1906  the  Georgian  was  founded  as  an  afternoon  paper  by  Mr,  F.  L. 
Seely,  who  associated  with  him  Colonel  John  Temple  Graves  as  editor. 
The  latter — equally  famed  for  his  versatile  pen  and  for  his  rare  eloquence 
on  the  platform — was  soon  coveted  by  the  metropolis  of  the  nation,  and  in 
1908  resigned  his  chair  to  become  editor  of  the  New  TorJ:  American,  the 
greatest  of  the  Hearst  papers.  Soon  after  the  Georgian  was  founded,  Mr. 
Seely  acquired  by  purchase  the  Atlanta  Neus,  of  which  Colonel  Graves  had 
formerly  been  the  editor;  and  the  two  papers  were  then  combined.  It 
must  be  said  to  the  credit  of  this  latest  entry  in  the  newspaper  lists  that 
in  a  number  of  battles  for  reform  it  led  a  victorious  and  splendid  fight, 
including  the  crusade  for  the  overthrow  of  the  convict  lease  system 'and 
the  campaign  for  State-wade  prohibition.  In  1912,  Mr.  Seely  sold  the 
Georgian  to  William  Randolph  Hearst,  of  New  York.  It  was  on  the 
Southern  Temperance  Crusader,  a  weekly  journal  founded  in  1858,  that 
gifted  novelist  and  poet,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Bryan,  made  her  bow  to  the 
public.  She  afterwards  became  a  contributor  to  the  columns  of  the  Sunny 
South,  a  weekly  periodical  founded  by  Colonel  John  H.  Seals  in  1875  and 
purchased  by  the  Constitution  some  quarter  of  a  century  later.  This  paper 
was  long  a  fireside  companion  throughout  the  South.  Cxiring  the  late 
sixties,  The  Christian  Index,  Georgia's  pioneer  religious  journal,  came  from 
Penfield  to  Atlanta,  where  it  is  still  edited;  and  in  1906  Joel  Chandler 
Harris  founded  the  Uncle  Hemus  Magazine,  for  some  time  edited  and  pub- 
lished by  his  eldest  son,  Julian  Harris,  who  inherits  in  no  small  degree  the 
paternal  genius. 


Atlanta's  First  Atlanta's  first  Memorial  D'ay  was  ob- 
Memorial  Day.  served  on  x\pril  26,  1866,  just  one  year 
after  Gen.  Jolxnston's  surrender.  The 
moving  spirit  in  this  pioneer  celebration  was  Mrs.  Jos- 
eph H.  Morgan,  a  gentle  lady  whose  whole  life  has  been 
unselfishly  devoted  to  good  deeds.  Mrs.  Morgan  has  seen 
nearly  fifty  recurring  aniversaries  of  Memorial  Day,  but 
her  heart  is  still  young  in  its  beautiful  enthusiasm  for  a 
Lost  Cause,  wlule  her  labor  of  love  for  the  boys  in  gray 
has  never  known  a  moment's  languor  or  weariness.  As 
Miss  Eugenia  Goode,  she  was  for  three  years  secretary 
of  the  Atlanta  Hospital  .Association,  a  relief  society  of 


""  '  '  Fulton  753 

wliicli  the  beloved  Mrs.  Isaac  Winsliip  was  president. 
On  April  15,  1866,  inspired  by  a  letter  from  the  pen  of 
Mrs.  Charles  J.  Williams,  of  Columbus,  advocating  a 
Memorial  Day,  Mrs.  Morgan  requested  Mrs.  W.  W.  Clay- 
ton, with  her  two  daughters,  Julia  and  Sallie,  afterwards 
Mrs.  Hoge  and  Mrs.  Crane,  to  unite  with  her  in  calling 
the  ladies  of  Atlanta  together.  Accordingly  a  meeting 
was  held  at  which  initial  steps  were  taken. 

Re-enforced  by  Mrs.  John  N.  Simmons,  the  above 
named  ladies,  within  two  days,  raised  $350  out  of  a  pov- 
erty-stricken town  with  which  to  put  the  cemetery  in  or- 
der and  to  meet  necessary  expenses.  Mrs.  Morgan,  with 
her  father  and  mother.  Major  and  Mrs.  Hamilton  Goode, 
the  Misses  Clayton,  and  others,  went  day  after  day  to 
the  cemetery,  often  taking  a  light  lunch  with  them;  and 
in  person  directed  the  hired  labor  until  they  had  cleared 
the  ground  where  the  known  Confederate  dead  were  bur- 
ied. Cedar,  out  of  which  to  make  wreathes,  was  brought 
from  Stone  Mountain  to  Atlanta,  free  of  charge,  by  the 
Georgia  Railroad.  Both  of  the  local  papers  espoused 
the  movement  and  urged  the  merchants  of  Atlanta  to 
observe  the  day  by  a  general  closing  of  stores.  There 
was  no  formal  oration  at  the  cemetery,  due  to  positive 
orders  from  the  Federal  officers.  But  Col.  E.  F.  Hoge, 
in  a  few  well-chosen  words,  introduced  the  chaplain  of 
the  occasion.  Rev.  Robert  Q.  Mallard,  pastor  of  the  Cen- 
tral Presbyterian  church,  who  offered  a  most  eloquent 
prayer,  prefaced  by  a  few  opening  remarks. 

As  the  immediate  result  of  this  simple  service  over  the 
graves  of  the  dead,  there  was  formed  in  Atlanta,  within 
the  next  few  days  a  Memorial  Association  constituted  as 
follows :  President,  Dr.  J.  P.  Logan ;  1st  Vice-President, 
Mrs.  Joseph  H.  Morgan ;  2nd  Vice-President,  Mrs.  E.  B. 
"Walker;  3rd  Vice-President,  Mrs.  J.  N.  Simmons.  Be- 
sides, there  was  chosen  a  board  of  directors,  with  the 
following  members,  to  wit:  Gen.  G.  T.  Anderson,  Col. 
John  S.  Prather,  Col.  E.  F.  Hoge,  Major  Austin  Levden, 
Capt.  W.  M.  Williams,  Dr.  J.  G.  Westmoreland,  Mrs.  R. 


754       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Bass,  Mrs.  J.  M.  Johnson,  and  Mrs.  W.  F.  Westmoreland. 
Dr.  J.  P.  Logan  promptly  declined  the  executive  honors, 
whereupon  Mrs.  Joseph  H.  Morgan  was  elected  presi- 
dent, an  office  which  she  filled  for  two  years.  In  the 
spring  of  1868,  she  relinquished  her  official  duties  on  ac- 
count of  a  contemplated  absence  from  the  city  for  an 
indefinite  length  of  time,  but  she  had  given  the  work  its 
initial  impetus.  On  returning  to  Atlanta,  she  resumed 
her  place  in  the  ranks,  where  she  has  ever  since  been  tire- 
less in  her  manifold  activities.  Mrs.  Morgan's  success- 
ors in  office  have  been  as  follows:  Mrs.  John  B.  Gordon, 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Johnson,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Clayton,  Mrs.  John 
Milledge,  and  Mrs.  W.  D.  Ellis.  The  last  named  ladyhas 
now  been  president  of  the  Memorial  Association  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  One  whose  name  does  not  appear 
in  the  above  list,  but  who,  until  her  removal  to  Chatta- 
nooga was  an  unwearied  worker  in  the  ranks  was  Mrs. 
G-eorge  T.  Fry.  Though  still  open  to  some  dispute,  At- 
lanta's Memorial  Association  was  probably  the  first  one 
organized  as  such  in  the  Southern  States. 


Re-Interring      During  Mrs.  Morgan's  tenure  of  office,  the 
the  Dead.  building  of  a  monument  was  first  projec- 

ted. But  the  most  imperative  obligation 
at  this  time  binding  upon  them  was  the  re-interment  of 
the  dead  soldiers  then  lying  in  the  trenches  around  At- 
lanta. Accordingly,  a  petition  was  made  to  the  city 
council  for  an  additional  area  of  ground  in  which  to  re- 
inter  the  dead  bodies.  This  request  was  granted.  But 
due  to  a  lack  of  funds  the  work  of  removal  was  postponed 
for  another  year.  In  the  meantime.  Major  Joseph  H. 
Morgan  painted  and  lettered  five  hundred  head-boards 
with  which  to  mark  the  graves  of  his  fallen  comrades. 
When  the  task .  of  removing  the  dead  bodies  from  the 
trenches  around  the  city  was  at  last  undertaken,  Mrs. 
John  M.  Johnson  became  the  most  ccmspicuous  figure  in 
the  ax3tivities  of  this  period.    Mrs.  Johnson  was  the  wife 


Fulton  755 

of  a  much-beloved  physician  of  Atlanta  and  a  sister  of 
two  noted  Confederate  Generals :  Howell  and  Thomas  R, 
R.  Cobb.  With  a  spirit  which  never  once  flagged,  Mrs. 
Johnson  superintended  in  her  own  person  the  work  of  re- 
moving the  dead  bodies.  Tlie  sphere  of  her  operations 
covered  an  area  of  ten  miles  around  Atlanta.  There  was 
hardly  a  square  foot  of  ground  which  she  left  unvisited. 
In  some  of  the  trenches,  Mrs.  Johnson  found  as  many  as 
eighty  or  a  hundred  soldiers,  wrapped  in  war-blank- 
ets, with  their  hands  crossed  and  with  their  caps  over 
their  faces.  Lumber  was  needed  for  boxes;  and  since 
none  was  to  be  obtained  at  this  time  in  Atlanta,  Mrs. 
Johnson  went  to  Stone  Mountain,  where  she  succeeded 
in  obtaining  supplies.  She  then  supervised  the  making 
of  boxes  into  which,  first  and  last,  some  three  thousand 
Confederate  soldiers  were  reverently  gathered  and  given 
the' rites  of  Christian  burial.  When  the  dead  bodies  were 
re-interred,  council  granted  the  ladies  permission  to  sub- 
divide the  unoccupied  ground  into  lots  and  to  offer  the 
same  for  sale.  Out  of  the  proceeds  arising  from  this 
source,  they  were  enabled  to  place  marble  head-stones 
over  the  graves,  to  unveil  the  Lion  of  Lucerne  as  a  mem- 
orial to  the  unknown  dead  and  to  make  other  needed  im- 
provements without  calling  upon  the  public  for  aid. 


Atlanta's  Con-  On  April  26',  1874,  the  magnificent 

federate  Monuments,  granite  shaft  in  Oakland  Cemetery 
was  unveiled  to  the  memory  of  the 
Confederate  dead.  Hon.  Thomas  Hardeman,  Jr.,  of  Ma- 
con, was  the  orator  of  the  occasion,  introduced  to  the  as- 
semblage by  Col.  Robt.  A.  Alston;  while  the  prayer  of  in- 
vocation was  offered  by  Gen.  Clement  A.  Evans,  The 
monument  is  sixty-five  feet  in  height.  It  is  Romanesque 
in  style,  resting  upon  a  base  twenty  feet  square,  from 
which  it  rises  in  a  series  of  six  gradations,  is  built  of 


756       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Stone  Mountain  granite,  devoid  of  ornamentation,  and 
contains  only  this  inscription : 


OUR    CONFEDERATE    DEAD— 1873. 


From  base  to  apex,  it  represents  a  free-will  offering 
to  the  South 's  heroic  dead.  The  granite  was  donated 
by  the  Stone  Mountain  Granite  Company  and  trans- 
ported free  of  charge  by  the  Georgia  Railroad.  Mr.  Wm. 
Gay,  the  designer,  donated  both  the  tablet  and  the  in- 
scription. Dr.  Amos  Fox  assumed  the  contract  for  its 
erection  and  Mr.  Calvin  Fay  gave  his  services  as  super- 
vising architect.  The  total  cost  of  the  monument  .was 
only  $8,000  though  it  represented  a  minimum  value  of 
little  less  than  $2t),000.  Concerts,  teas,  suppers,  cha- 
rades, moon-light  picnics — these  were  some  of  the  ways 
in  which  the  money  was  realized.  The  corner-stone  of 
the  monument  was  laid  on  the  day  of  Gen.  Lee's  funeral, 
at  which  time  the  oration  was  delivered  by  one  of  his 
greatest  lieutenants — Gen.  John  B.  Gordon.  Some  of 
the  men  of  Atlanta  who  were  unremitting  in  the  help 
which  they  gave  to  the  Ladies'  Memorial  Association 
were:  Major  Tom  Williams,  Capt.  Wm.  Williams,  Mr. 
Charles  Herbst,  Mr.  A.  R  Watson,  Col.  E.  Y.  Clarke, 
Col.  John  S.  Prather,  Major  Austin  Leyden,  Col.  George 
W.  Adair,  Col.  Thomas  C.  Howard,  Mr.  Neil  Robson, 
Major  Hamilton  Goode,  Judge  W.  W.  Clayton,  Major 
Joseph  H.  Morgan,  Dr.  Amos  Fox,  Gen.  Wm.  S.  Walker, 
Col.  E.  F.  Hoge,  Mr.  B.  A.  Pratte,  Major  W.  D.  Luckie, 
Mr.  Anthony  Murphy,  and  others.  These  names  deserve 
to  be  embalmed  in  Atlanta 's  grateful  remembrance.  Two 
other  Confederate  monuments  typifying  the  love  of 
Georgia's  capital  city  for  the  wearers  of  the  gray  are 
the  Lion  of  Lucerne,  unveiled  to  the  Unknown  Dead,  in 
Oakland  cemetery,  and  the  handsome  monument  erected 
by  the  Confederate  veterans  to  the  private  soldier  of  the 
South,  in  Westview. 


Fulton  757 

Miss  Junia  McKin-  To  be  honored  with  a  bronze  memor- 
ley:  Her  D.  A.  R.  ial  tablet  in  the  capitol  of  a  great 
Memorial.  State  is  a  goal  of  ambition  which  few 

can  ever  hope  to  attain;  but  such  is 
the  tribute  which  an  appreciative  public  sentiment  has 
paid  to  one  of  the  noblest  of  Georgia's  gentle  women: 
Miss  Junia  McKinley.  On  December  2,  1909,  Piedmont 
Continental  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.,  by  special  permission  of 
the  State  authorities,  placed  this  handsome  tablet  on 
the  walls  of  the  State  Library,  near  its  main  entrance. 
Inscribed  upon  the  tablet,  in  beautiful  raised  letters,  is 
the  following  record: 


111  grateful  remembrance  of  our  beloved  founder, 
MISS  JUNIA  Mckinley.  ISSl-igOT.  One  of  the 
foremost  genealogists,  Daughters  of  the  American  Eevo- 
lution  organizers,  educators  and  patriotic  relief  workers 
in  the  Spanish-American  War. 


This  tablet  is  erected  by  Piedmont  Continental  Chap- 
;er.  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  Atlanta, 
December,  1909. 


But  the  wording  of  this  memorial  is  entirely  too  brief 
to  be  more  than  merely  suggestive.  When  the  tablet  was 
unveiled  by  Piedmont  Continental  Chapter,  Governor  Jo- 
seph M.  Brown  made  the  speech  of  acceptance  for  the 
State,  while  Hon.  Hugh  V.  Washington,  of  Macon,  Ga., 
made  the  speech  of  presentation,  Mrs.  Lewis  D.  Lowe, 
Regent  of  the  Chapter,  and  Mrs.  William  Lawson  Peel, 
Honorary  State  Regent,  also  delivered  short  addresses, 
rich  in  tender  memories.  There  was  a  large  assemblage 
present,  completely  filling  the  spacious  hall. 

These  exercises  constituted  an  extraordinary  tribute, 
but  one  fully  deserved.  In  the  ranks  of  her  patriotic 
order,  Miss  McKinley  was  a  pioneer.  She  founded  At- 
lanta Chapter,  the  oldest  in  the  State,  organized  on  the 
same  day  which  witnessed  the  birth  of  the  chapter  in 
New  York.  AVhen  the  movement  was  in  its  infancy  she 
cherished  it,  loved  it,  brought  to  it  her  own  marvelous 


758       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

resources  of  strength.  Wlieii  others  faltered,  she  stood 
firm;  when  hope  flickered  in  other  hearts,  her  own  en- 
thusiasm blazed  the  brighter.  If  she  did  not  foresee  its 
future  destiny,  she  at  least  realized  its  inherent  claims, 
its  manifold  possibilities.  For  months  she  united  in  her 
own  person  the  various  offices  of  her  chapter  and  carried 
upon  her  willing  shoulders  the  weight  of  its  combined  ac- 
tivities; but  she  found  her  reward  in  the  joy  of  service 
and  at  the  time  of  her  death  was  honorary  State  Regent 
of  the  D.  A.  R. 

Miss  McKinley  was  also  a  gifted  educator.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  she  organized  a  private  school  which  she 
conducted  most  successfully  for  more  than  twenty  yeg-rs. 
Her  work  was  always  along  constructive  lines.  During 
the  Spanish-American  War — impelled  by  the  spirit  of 
Florence  Nightingale — she  established  the  D.  A.  R.  Hos- 
pital Corps  of  Atlanta  Chapter,  becoming  its  vice-presi- 
dent. She  gave  her  entire  time  to  relief  work  at  Fort 
McPherson  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Red 
Cross,  opened  a  diet  kitchen  for  the  invalid  soldiers.  In 
recognition  of  her  work  she  received  the  appreciative 
thanks  of  a  grateful  government,  engraved  upon  parch- 
ment. Miss  McKinley  was  a  kinswoman  of  the  great 
President  whose  life,  like  her  own,  went  out  ere  it  reg- 
istered its  maturest  powers.  Her  day  was  brief — too 
brief;  but,  from  dawn  to  dusk,  it  was  full  of  the  sum- 
mer's radiance,  its  precious  moments  were  garnered,  its 
golden  opiDortunities  were  met,  and  it  ended  calmly,  with 
the  white  promise  of  the  stars. 


Woodrow  Wilson:  Woodrow  Wilson,  the  twenty-eighth 
An  Incident  in  His  President  of  the  United  States,  be- 
Career  as  a  Lawyer,  gan  his  career  as  a  lawyer  in  Geor- 
gia's State  capital.  He  was  form- 
ally admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882 ;  and  liis  license 
to  practice  law  in  the  courts  of  this  State  bears  the  sig- 
nature of  Hon.  George  Hillyer,  Judge  of  the  Atlanta 


Fulton  '  759 

Circuit.  Entering  into  a  legal  partnership  with  a  bril- 
liant young  barrister  like  himself,  Edward  J.  Renick, 
the  professional  shingle  of  the  new  firm  was  displayed 
from  a  modest  office  on  the  second  floor  of  the  old  Hulsey 
building,  on  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Marietta  Streets. 
But  there  was  no  immediate  rush  of  clients,  and  becom- 
ing discouraged  as  weeks  lengthened  into  months  without 
materially  swelling  the  bank  account  of  either,  they  de- 
cided to  dissolve  the  partnership  agreement  and  to  set 
out  in  quest  of  new  pastures. 

Mr.  Eenick  became  in  after  years  assistant  Secretary 
of  State  under  President  Cleveland.  Still  later  he  was 
made  special  representative  of  the  great  banking  house 
of  Coudert  Brothers.  He  died  in  the  city  of  Paris  while 
on  a  very  important  mission  concerning  the  Gould  in- 
terests, and  his  death  was  deplored  on  both  sides  of  the 
water.  Mr.  Wilson  Avent  ,to  Baltimore,  to  pursue  a  spe- 
cial course  of  study  at  Johns  Hopkins.  He  was  then 
called  to  an  adjunct  professorship  of  history  at  Bryn 
Mawr;  thence  in  1888  he  went  to  Wesleyan  University,  at 
Middletown,  Conn.,  where  he  taught  political  science;  and 
two  years  later  accepted  the  chair  of  jurisprudence  and 
politics  at  Princeton,  relinquishing  this  chair  in  1902,  to 
become  President  of  the  Institution.  The  policy  of  his 
administration  was  to  make  this  great  seat  of  learning 
a  Democracy.  On  account  of  a  disagreement  with  his 
board  of  trustees  touching  a  matter  which  he  considered 
too  vital  to  admit  of  compromise  or  surrender,  he  re- 
signed the  helm  of  aifairs,  only  to  be  tendered  the  Demo- 
cratic nomination  for  Governor  of  New  Jersey. 

Since  his  entry  into  politics,  the  career  of  President 
Wilson  has  been  an  open  book.  The  following  incident 
of  his  sojourn  in  Atlanta  is  taken  from  the  files  of  the 
Constitution,  under  date  of  November  6,  1912: 

"Two  years  after  his  arrival  here  the  tariff  commission  appointed  by 
President  Hayes  to  visit  the  various  sections  of  the  country  and  report 
of  the  tariffs  workings  came  to  Atlanta  and  sent  out  invitations  asking  any 
one  interested  to  meet  with  them  and  point  out  unjust  discriminations  ,as 
they  saw  them.     John  W.  H.  Underwoo'cl  was  the  Georgia  member  of  the 


760       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

commission.  "When  the  board  assembled  in  the  convention  hall  of  tho 
Kimball  House  they  -nere  greeted  by  a  single  man,  come  to  talk  over  tlic 
tariff.  For  two  hours  or  more  he  fired  question  after  question  at  the  tariff 
experts,  turned  the  'evidence  meeting'  into  a  debate  between  himself  and 
the  board  and  showed  those  gentlemen  just  what  the  situation  was  in  the 
South,  says  Henry  Peeples,  one  of  Atlanta  's  best-known  attorneys,  in  re- 
calling the  scene : 

"  'What  is'  your  name?"  asked  the  commission  of  the  young  man. 

"  'I  am  Woodrow  Wilson,  a  lawyer,'  he  answered." 

Though  a  native  of  Virginia,  where  he  was  born  at 
Staunton,  in  the  renowned  Valley,  the  greater  part  of 
the  President's  boyhood  was  spent  in  Georgia.  His 
father,  Dr.  Joseph  E.  Wilson,  was  a  noted  Presbyterian 
minister,  who  was  for  years  pastor  of  a  church  in  Au- 
gusta. Here  the  future  president  received  his  elemen- 
tary education,  and  one  of  his  teachers  at  this  time  was 
Professor  Joseph  T.  Derry,  the  famous  historian  and 
educator,  now  of  Atlanta.  It  was  in  the  town  of  Rome, 
at  the  residence  of  a  cousin,  that  he  first  met  and  courted 
his  future  wife,  then  Miss  Ellen  Louise  Axson.  The 
marriage  occurred,  in  1885,  at  Savannah,  the  home  of  the 
bride's  grand-parents,  with  whom  Miss  Axson  was  then 
living.  Two  of  his  children  were  born  in  the  town  of 
Gainesville,  at  the  home  of  an  aunt,  Mrs.  Brown,  the 
mother  of  Colonel  Edward  T.  Brown,  of  Atlanta.  From 
this  somewhat  rapid  biographical  survey,  his  complete 
indentification  with  Georgia  is  made  apparent,  and  there 
is  no  section  of  the  State  which  the  career  of  this  fore- 
rhost  citizen  of  the  nation  has  not  touched.  Illustrious 
both  in  politics  and  in  letters,  he  has  written  a  score  of 
standard  books  and  received  the  doctor's  degree  from  a 
dozen  world  renowned  institutions. 


Dedicated  by      ^"^^   ^  '^^^^   considerably  in  excess  of   $1,000,000,   Fulton 
Woman  County    has    just    completed    a    magnificent    court-house, 

which  will  doubtless  meet  the  demands  of  expansion  for 
the  next  one  hundred  years.  It  is  a  massive  structure  of  granite,  the 
walls  of  which  will  often  ring  with  eloquent  appeals  from  gifted  lawyers. 
But  an  'interesting  fact  to  be  noted  by  the  future  historian  is  that  the 
first  speech  ever  made  in  Fulton  County's  temple  of  justice  was  made  by 


Fulton  761 

a  woman:  Mrs.  Richard  P.  Brooks,  of  Forsyth.  On  December  9,  ]913, 
when  the  roof  of  the  building  was  completed,  there  was  a  flag-raising  under 
the  auspices  of  Piedmont  Continental  Chapter,  T>.  A.  R.,  at  iwhich 
time  Georgia's  State  flag  was  presented  to  the  State  of  Georgia,  to  the 
County  of  Fulton,  and  to  the  city  of  Atlanta,  by  this  patriotic  organization. 
General  Clifford  L.  Anderson,  chairman  of  the  Board  of  County  Commis- 
sioners, presided.  Tlie  ceremonies  were  held  in  the  court-house  ba.sement, 
and  the  programme  rendered  was  as  follows: 
Address'   of   Presentation,    by    Mrs.    Richard   P.    Brooks,    Regent    Piedmont 

Continental  Chapter,  D.  A.  R. 
Speech  of  Acceptance  for  the  city  of  Atlanta,  by  Mayor  James  G.  Wood- 
ward. 
Speech  of  Acceptance  for  the  County  of  Fulton  and  for  the  State  of  Geor- 
gia, by  State  Historian,  Lucian  Lamar  Knight. 
Remarks,  by  Mrs.  Sheppard  W.  Foster,  State  Regent,  D.  A.  R. 


Two  Great  Universi-    Besides  acquiring  one  of  the  twelve 
ties:  Oglethorpe  regional  banks,  nnder  the  new  cnr- 

and  Candler.  rency  system  of  the  Wilson  admin- 

istration, an  achievement  which  in 
itself  makes  Atlanta  one  of  the  recognized  financial  cap- 
itals of  the  land,  this  favored  metropolis  has,  during  tlie 
current  year,  1914,  secured  two  great  educational  insti- 
tutions— ^Oglethorpe  University,  a  school  endowed  by  the 
Presbyterians,  and  Candler  University,  a  school  founded 
by  the  Methodists.  Oglethorpe  University  was  formerly 
located  at  Midway,  near  Milledgeville,  Ga. ;  but,  after 
giving  the  immortal  Sidney  Lanier  to  American  litera- 
ture and  educating  a  future  Governor  in  the  person  of 
Joseph  M.  Brown,  it  perished  amid  the  wreckage  entailed 
by  the  great  Civil  War.  During  the  present  year,  chiefly 
through  the  splendid  initiative  of  one  man,  Rev.  Thorn- 
well  Jacobs,  D.  D.,  who  has  made  this  magnificent  project 
his  dream  and  his  passion,  Oglethorpe  University  has 
been  revived  in  Atlanta,  with  an  endowment,  aggregating 
in  small  subscriptions,  over  $1,000,000,  besides  an  ex- 
tensive campus,  at  Silver  Lake,  on  Peachtree  Road,  gen- 
erously donated  by  a  syndicate  owning  this  beautiful 
tract  of  land.  It  is  fully  expected  that  Oglethorpe  will 
become  a  $5,000,000  plant  before  a  decade  has  passed. 


762        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

When  the  Southern  Metliodists,  in  the  spring  of  this 
year,  relinquished  Vanderbilt,  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  it  was 
decided  by  the  General  Conference  of  the  Church  to  es- 
tablish two  great  universities  in  the  South,  one  on  either 
side  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Through  the  munificent 
liberality  of  Col.  Asa  Gr.  Candler,  who  subscribed  $1,000,- 
000  to  the  fund — thus  making  the  largest  individual  gift 
ever  made  to  education  by  a  Southern  man,  during  his  life- 
time— Atlanta  has  secured  one  of  these  great  schools, 
while  the  other  one  is  to  be  located  at  Dallas,  Tex.  Col. 
Candles* 's  letter,  accompanying  his  gift,  thrilled  and  elec- 
trified the  whole  Christian  commonwealth.  Its  deep  re- 
ligious note  and  its  true  ring  of  piety  make  it  an  extra- 
ordinary document — one  to  be  treasured  in  the  archives 
of  the  Church;  but  aside  from  these  characteristics  its 
significance  is  historic.  Local  pledges  have  already 
swelled  the  subscription  to  something  beyond  $2,000,000 
and  when  the  canvass  of  the  South-eastern  States  is  com- 
pleted it  will  doubtless  result  in  a  grand  total  of  $5,000,- 
000  for  this  colossal  plant.  Bishop  AVarren  A.  Candler 
has  been  placed  temporaril}^  at  the  head  of  the  institu- 
tion and  will  doubtless  be  made  its  permanent  chancellor. 
As  this  work  goes  to  press,  the  choice  of  a  name  for  the 
proposed  school  has  not  yet  been  made;  but  throughout 
the  bounds  of  the  South  there  is  only  one  voice  and  one 
sentiment;  and  if  what  seems  to  be  the  universal  desire 
of  the  Church  prevails  it  will  bear  a  name  illustrious  in 
Southern  Methodism ;  Candler. 


The  Burns  Me-  One  of  the  most  unique  memorials  in  exist- 
morial  ence  is  located  on  the  outskirts  of  Atlanta, 

Cottage.  jjg^j.  ^i^g  terminus  of  the  Confederate  Sol- 

dier's Home  car  line,  just  half  an  hour's 
ride  from  the  town  center.  It  is  an  exact  reproduction 
in  granite  of  the  Ayrshire  Cottage,  in  which  the  immor- 
tal bard  of  Scotland — humanity's  best-loved  poet — first 
saw  the  light  of  day.    In  1907  the  Burns  Club,  of  Atlanta, 


Gilmer  763 

purc'liased  iu  this  neigliboiiiood  a  tract  of  thirteen  acres, 
luxuriantly  wooded  with  forest  trees,  and  selling  in  1910 
a  fractional  part  of  this  property  for  a  sum  equal  to 
three  times  the  cost  of  the  entire  original  tract  of  land, 
a  fund  was  thus  provided  for  erecting  the  Burns  Cottage 
and  for  beautifying  the  adjacent  grounds.  The  corner- 
stone of  the  cottage  was  laid  on  November  5,  1910,  by 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Georgia  Masons,  at  which  time  Hon. 
J.  H.  Lumpkin,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Goorg'ia,  paid 
an  eloquent  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the  great  bard. 
Three  months  later,  on  the  evening  of  January  25,  1911, 
the  cottage  was  formally  dedicated  with  a  dinner,  every 
detail  of  which  was  most  elaborately  planned.  The  lit- 
erary address  on  this  occasion  was  delivered  by  Lucian 
Lamar  Knight,  Esq.,  in  addition  to  which  feature  of  the 
program  speeches  were  delivered  by  the  following  well- 
known  Georgians,  in  response  to  toasts:  Hon.  John  M. 
Graham,  president  of  the  Burns  Club;  Judge  Marcus  AV. 
Beck,  Judge  Eichard  B.  Russell,  Judge  Arthur  G.  Powell, 
r>r.  Joseph  Jacobs,  Dr.  E.  S.  Ljmden  and  others.  Two 
streets,  called  Aj^r  Place  and  Alloway  Place,  have  been 
opened  to  the  Burns  Cottage. 


GILMER 

Ellijay.  On  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  village  of  this  name 
arose  the  present  town  of  Ellijay.  When  the  new 
county  of  Gilmer  was  created  out  of  the  Cherokee  lands 
in  1832,  and  named  for  Governor  George  R.  Gilmer,  it 
was  found  that  the  center  of  the  county  was  not  far  from 
this  Indian  village,  and  accordingly  Elljay  was  made  the 
county-seat.  It  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved 
December  20,  1834,  with  the  following  commissioners: 
Wm.  P.  King,  Henry  K.  Quillian,  B.  L.  Goodman,  Na- 
than Smith,  and  Joshua  Bourn.* 
The  Gilmer  County  Academy  was  incorporated  in  1833. 


*ActS,    1S34,   p.    24f. 


764       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

GLASCOCK 

Gibson.  On  December  19,  1857,  an  Act  was  approved 
organizing'  the  new  comity  of  Glascock  out  of 
lands  formerly  inclnded  in  AVarren.  It  was  called  Glas- 
cock in  honor  of  a  distinguished  soldier  and  civilian,  then 
recentl}^  deceased.  Gen.  Thomas  Glascock,  whose  father 
of  the  same  name,  was  a  gallant  officer  of  the  Revolution 
Imt  unfortunately  for  his  reputation,  a  Yazooist.  The 
new  county-seat  was  called  Gibson,  in  honor  of  Judge 
William  Gibson,  of  the  Middle  Circuit,  who  gave  $500 
toward  the  erection  of  the  court-house. 


GLYNN 
Brunswick.  Volume  I. 


Brunswick's  On  November  10,  1906,  under  the  auspices 
Liberty  Tree,  of  Brunswick  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.,  Mrs.  E. 
F.  Coney,  regent,  there  was  planted  a  Li- 
berty Tree,  upon  which  the  eyes  of  the  nation  have  since 
been  fixed  with  absorbed  interest.  The  soil  to  nurture  the 
roots  of  the  tree  came  from  every  section  of  the  United 
States  and  the  occasion  was  one  replete  with  such  in- 
terest not  only  from  a  spectacular  but  from  a  patriotic 
point  of  view  that  other  localities  have  since  followed 
the  example  set  by  Brunswick,  with  the  result  that  a  new 
era  has  been  marked  in  national  patriotism.  To  make 
the  occasion  a  success  the  Governors  of  the  various 
States  gladly  co-operated  in  the  matter,  not  only  furnish- 
ing soil  but  writing  letters  of  encouragement;  and  in 
addition  to  these  letters  there  were  scores  of  telegrams 
and  messages  received  by  the  local  chapter.  Young  la- 
dies from  the  Brunswick  schools  were  chosen  to  repre- 
sent the  different  States.  Dressed  in  the  national  colors, 
Columbia,  with  her  thirteen  maids  of  honor,  representing 
the  original  colonies,  came  first,  imder  a  military  escort, 


Glynn  765 

followed  by  the  band.  Then  came  forty-nine  girls,  each 
bearing  a  flag  and  a  hand  full  of  soil  from  the  State 
which  she  represented ;  and  passing  down  the  line,  to  the 
music  of  "America,"  deposited  the  soil  at  the  roots  of 
the  -Tree.  There  is  a  handsome  bronze  tablet  to  further 
mark  this  historic  spot  in  the  heart  of  Brunswick,  the 
significance  of  which  is  to  remind  the  youth  of  our  coun- 
try that  sectional  estrangement  no  longer  exists  and 
that  in  place  of  it  we  have  today — 

A  Union  of  lakes  and  a  Union  of  lands, 

A  Union  of  States  none  can  sever; 
A  Union  of  hearts  and  a  Union  of  hands, 

And  the  flag  of  our  Union  forever! 


Memorial  of  During  the  summer  of  1913,  the  historic 
Bloody  Marsh,  battle-field  of  Bloody  Marsh,  on  St.  Si- 
mon's Island,  was  marked  by  a  handsome 
granite  memorial,  unveiled  under  the  auspices  of  two  pa- 
triotic organizations :  the  Georgia  Society  of  Colonial 
Dames  of  America,  and  the  Georgia  Society  of  Colonial 
Wars.  Hon.  Eichard  D.  Meader,  of  Brunswick,  Chan- 
cellor of  the  latter  society,  delivered  the  principal  ad- 
dress, in  which  he  discussed  the  far-reaching  significance 
of  this  decisive  battle,  on  the  Georgia  coast.  Said  he, 
among  other  things : 

"The  entire  population  of  Georgia  in  1750,  eight  years  after  Bloody- 
Marsh,  was  only  5,000,  whereas  South  Carolina  at  the  same  time  had  68,000, 
North  Carolina  80,000  and  Virginia  275,000.  In  1742  Georgia  probably 
did  not  number  more  than  4,000  inhabitants,  so  that  we  have  the  spectacle 
of  a  small  army  of  650  men,  less  than  a  modern  regiment,  defending  more 
than  300,000  people  against  the  attack  of  a  powerful  enemy  without  any 
assistance  from  those  people.  Assuming  that  Georgia 's  population  was 
4,000  in  ]742,  it  is  not  probable  that  the  adult  male  population  was  more 
than  one-third  that  number,  so  that  we  see  anotlier  unusual  spectacle,  that 
of  one-half  the  entire  male  population  being  engaged  in  one  force,  a  pro- 
portion which  I  doubt  has  ever  been  equalled  in  the  world's  history.  Had 
this  small  army  of  650  men  been  killed  or  captured  by  the  Spaniards,  there 
could  have  been  no  effective  resistance  from  the  other  parts  of  the  colony, 


766       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  Georgia  as  an  English  colony  would  have  ceased  to  exist,  Avhile  South 
Carolina  and  the  more  northern  colonies  would  have  had  to  fight  for  their 
existence. 

"Oglethorpe,  knowing  the  overpowering  strength  of  the  Spanish  and 
his  OAvn  weakness,  realized  the  desperate  straits  he  was  in  and  made  re- 
peated but  fruitless  calls  for  additional  troops  upon  the  more  northern 
colonies.  Finally  realizing  that  he  must  rely  upon  what  force  he  had,  in 
the  face  of  great  and  impending  danger  he  wrote  those  brave  and  mem- 
orable words  which  appear  above  his  name  on  the  monument  that  we  are 
dedicating  today. ' ' 

Embedded  in  the  monument  is  a  neat  tablet  of  bronze 
on  which  the  following  inscription  is  lettered : 


"We  are  resolved  not  to  suffer  defeat.  We  will  rather 
die  like  Leonidas  and  his  Spartans,  if  we  but  protect 
Georgia  and  the  Carolinas  and  the  rest  of  the  Americans 
from  desolation. ' ' — Oglethorpe. 

Erected  on  the  battlefield  of  Bloody  Marsh — by  the 
Georgia  Society  of  Colonel  Daniel  of  America  and  the 
Georgia  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in  memory  of  the  great 
victory  won  over  the  Spaniards  on  this  spot  July  7,  1742. 


The  Story   of  When  William  E.  Dodge,  the  great  lumber  baron 

the  Dod&'e  Millions  ^^^  founded  the  town  of  St.  Simon 's,  died  in 
the  city  of  New  York,  he  left  an  estate,  the 
value  of  which  was  expressed  in  eight  figures.  To  sliare  this  splendid 
property  there  were  several  children,  two  of  whom  were  Anson  Phelps  and 
Norman  B.  Dodge.  To  the  first  of  these  was  born  a  son,  Anson  Phelps, 
Jr.^  and  to  the  latter  a  daughter,  who,  wedding  her  first  cousin,  Anson 
Phelps,  Jr.,  was  the  possessor  at  the  time  of  heir  marriage,  in  her  own 
right,  of  a  fortune  estimated  at  not  less  than  three  millions.  Before  many 
years  had  elapsed  Anson  P.  Dodge,  Jr.,  who  was  educated  for  the  Episcopal 
priesthood,  began  to  feel  the  lure  of  the  foreign  field.  The  spirit  of  the 
missionary  became  so  powerful  within  him  that  he  finally  embarked  upon 
the  high  seas  for  India,  taking  with  him  his  young  wife,  who  was  by 
no  means  loath  to  share  his  lot  in  distant  laiTds  and  among  alien  peoples. 
On  the  eve  of  her  departure,  however,  she  made  her  will,  the  contents  of 
which  she  kept  a  secret,  even  from  her  husband,  acquainting  him  only  with 
the  fact  that  he  was  to  be  her  sole  executor.  The  sultry  climate  of  India 
proved  to  be  too  drastic  for  the  frail  American  girl,  whose  delicate  organism 
had  been  attuned  to  gentler  conditions  of  life  in  her  far-away  home.  She 
fell  an  early  victim  to  the  Indian  fever;  and,  having  her  body  embalmed, 
the  disconsolate  husband  brought  the  remains  back  to  the  United  States 
and  interred  underneath  the  chapel  of  Christ  Church,  on  St.  Simon  's  Island, 
near  the  old  town  of  Frederica.     On  breaking  the  seal  of  his  wife's  will, 


Glynn  767 

Mr.  Dodge  found  that  she  had  made  him  merely  the  trustee  of  the  estate, 
barring  a  nominal  support  for  himself.  The  bulk  of  the  property  was  to 
be  devoted  to  religious  and  benevolent  ends.  He  cheerfully  assumed  the 
responsibilities  which  were  thus  put  upon  him ;  and  besides  helping  hun- 
dreds of  churches  and  institutions,  he  establishecT  at  Frederica  the  Dodge 
Orphanage,  for  the  proper  care  and  maintainance  of  indigent  children.  He 
also  revived  and  enlarged  the  work  of  Christ  Church  Parish,  an  organiza- 
tion whose  beginning  dated  back  to  the  days  of  Oglethorpe ;  and  by  his 
faithful  ministrations  as  an  undershepherd  he  sought  the  spiritual  better- 
ment and  uplift  in  his  island  home.  The  waves  of  influence  which  went 
forth  from  the  old  town  of  Frederica  touched  the  remotest  confines  of 
Christendom.  In  the  meantime  he  married  Miss'  Annie  Gould,  who  entered 
sympathetically  and  helpfully  into  his  plans  and  who,  since  the  death  of 
her  husband,  several  years  ago,  has  .continued  his  great  work,  infused 
and  infilled  by  no  little  of  his  spirit.  On  the  walls  of  Christ  Church  there 
are  marble  tablets  commemorating  the  unselfish  lives  of  the  saintly  pair, 
who,  vmder  divine  guidance,  sought  to  make  the  wisest  and  best  use  of  the 
Dodge  millions. 


The  Tomb  of  Thomas    In  the  historic  old  burial-ground  ap- 
Butler  King.  purtenant  to  Christ  church  at  Fred- 

erica, lie  the  mortal  ashes  of  the  far- 
siglited  Georgian  who  first  conceived  the  idea  of  a  trans- 
continental railway  line  to  connect  the  two  oceans — 
Thomas  Butler  King.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress,  a 
wealthy  sea  island  cotton  planter,  and  a  special  envoy  of 
the  United  State  government  to  Europe.  The  grave  of 
Mr.  King  is  in  the  rear  of  the  church  and  is  marked  by 
a  handsome  block  of  marble,  on  which  the  following 
epitaph  is  inscribed: 


THOMAS  BUTLER  KING.  1800-1860.  A  profound 
statesman  who  faithfully  labored  for  the  public  good,  a 
man  gentle  and  true,  a  devoted  husband  and  father,  a 
kind  master. 


His  wife  is  buried  beside  him.  Here  also  rests  the 
celebrated  scientist  and  planter,  John  Couper;  liis  equal- 
ly distinguished  son,  James  Hamilton  Couper;  the  noted 
Thomas  Spalding,  for  whom  Spalding  county  was  named; 
Captain  Alexander  Campbell  Wylly,  a  Captain  in  the 
Royal  Army  during  the  Revolution,  afterwards  Governor 


768       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  New  Providence;  Major  Pierce  Butler,  and  members 
of  other  prominent  Georgia  families,  including  the  Pages, 
and  the  Postells. 


Oglethorpe's     "Whatever  may  be  said  to  the  disparagment 
Reg-iment.  of  Georgia  as  a  Colony  of  indigent  debtors 

and  of  impecunious  exiles,  there  was  not 
to  be  found  in  the  service  of  the  King  of  England  a  body 
of  soldiers  whose  family  connections  were  superior  to 
those  of  the  men  who  composed  Oglethorpe's  Regiment. 
The  story  of  how  he  gathered  them  is  thus  told  by  Col- 
onel Jones.*    Says  he: 

'  *  Oglethorpe 's  regiment  was  limited  to  six  companies  of  one  hundred 
m§n  each,  exclusive  of  non-commissioned  officers  and  drummers.  To  it  a 
grenadier  company  was  subsequently  attached.  Disdaining  to  'make  a 
market  of  the  service '  by  selling  commissions,  the  General  secured  the  ap- 
pointment, as  officers,  only  of  such  persons  as  were  gentlemen  of  family 
and  character  in  their  respective  communities.  He  also  engaged  about 
twenty  young  gentlemen  of  no  fortunte  to  serve  as  cadets.  These  he  sub- 
sequently promoted  as  A'aeancies  occurred.  So  far  from  deriving  any 
pecuniary  benefit  from  these  appointments,  the  General,  in  some  eases,  from 
his  private  fortune  advanced  the  fees  requisite  to  procure  commissions,  and 
provided  moneys  for  the  purchase  of  uniforms.  At  his  own  expense  he 
engaged  the  servics  of  forty  supernumeraries — '  a  circumstance, '  says  a 
contemporary  writer,  'very  extraordinary  in  our  armies,  especially  in  our 
plantations. '  In  order  to  engender  in  the  hearts'  of  the  enlisted  men  an 
attachment  for  and  an  interest  in  the  Colony  which  they  were  to  defend 
and  also  to  Induce  them  to  become  settlers,  permission  was  granted  to  each 
to  take  a)  wife  with  him,  for  the  support  of  whom  additional  pay  and 
rations  were  provided.  So  carefully  was  this  regiment  recruited  and  of- 
ficered that  it  constitutecl  one  of  the  best  military  organizations'  in  the 
service  of  the  King. ' ' 

As  gathered  by  Mr.  G.  W.  J.  DeRenne,  from  the  Book 
of  Army  Commissions,  from  1728  to  IS-tl,  in  the  Record 
Office  in  London,  some  of  the  members  of  Oglethorpe's 
Regiment  are  given  below.  The  list  is  fragmentary,  but 
a  more  complete  one  is  probably  not  in  existence.  These 
names  are  as  follows: 


♦Dead  Towns  of  Georgia,   pp.    6G07. 


Gordon 


769 


James  Oglethorpe,  Colonel  of  a  reg- 
iment of  foot. 
James    Cochran,   Lieut-Colonel. 
Wm.  Cook,  Major. 
Hugh  Mackay,  Captain. 
Eiehard    Norbury,    Captain. 
Alex.  Herron,  Captain. 
Albert    Desbrisay,    Captain. 
Philip  Delegall,  Senior  Lieutenant. 
Philip  Delegall,  Junior  Lieutenant. 
Eaymond  Demere,  Lieutenant. 
George  Morgan,  rank  not  stated. 


George  Dunbar,  rank  not  stated. 
Will  Horton,  Ensign. 
James  Mackay,  Ensign. 
Wm.  Folsom,  Ensign. 
John  Tanner,  Ensign. 
John  Leman,  Ensign. 
Sandford  Mace,  Ensign. 
Hugh  Mackay,  Adjutant. 
Edward    Dyson,    Clerk    and    Chap- 
lain. 
Thomas  Hawkins,  Surgeon, 
Edward  Wansall,  Quartermaster. 


GORDON 

Oothca/log'£k.  "^'^6  great  valley  lying  between  the  Cohutta  Mountains  on 
the  east  and  the  Chattoogatas  on  the  west  forms  a 
natural  gateway  between  the  North  and  the  South,  and  important  high- 
ways have  led  through  this  valley  since  the  earliest  prehistoric  times.  Gor- 
don County  lies  across  this  valley;  and,  long  before  the  coming  of  white 
men,  its  territory  was  threaded  by  great  Indian  trails  connecting  the  regions 
of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Canadian  woods  with  the  waters  of  the  South 
Atlantic  and  the  Mexican  Gulf.  At  the  confluence  of  the  Coosawattee  and 
the  Connasuaga  Rivers  stood  New  Echota,  the  last  capital  of  the  Eastern 
Cherokees.  Some  four  miles  west  of  this'  site,  one  or  more  Indian  trails 
crossed  the  Oostanaula  Eiver,  at  a  place  where  ancient  mounds  still  mark 
the  location  of  a  once  populous  tovm.  of  the  red  men ;  and,  on  this  spot  in 
after  years  grew  the  present  county-seat  of  Gordon  County:     Calhoun. 

But  the  earliest  name  by  which  the  settlement  at  this  place  was  known 
to  civilization  was  Oothcaloga.  The  first  whites  who  came  into  the  country 
followed  the  Indian  trails  which,  in  time,  they  converted  into  roads.  Still 
later,  great  lines  of  railway  were  built  along  the  routes  fixed  by  these  an- 
cient Indian  highways.  Traders  camped  at  the  river  crossing,  and  as  soon 
as  conditions  called  fcr  a  place  in  which  to  hold  court  a  log  cabin  was 
constructed  in  the  grove  nearby  and  called  Oothcaloga  court  ground.  Mrs'. 
W.  J.  Hall,  one  of  the  oldest  residents  of  Calhoun,  thus  describes  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  settlement  at  this  remote  time.     Says  Mrs.  Hall: 

' '  We  lived  just  down  the  Oothcaloga  valley,  and  as  my  brother  had 
to  go  to  the  river  for  a  load  of  sand  my  sister  and  I  went  with  him.  We 
drove  along  a  dim  road  through  the  woods,  passing  several  deserted  Indian 
houses  and  at  one  place  a  number  of  Indian  graves  covered  with  basket- 
work.  This  basket  work  had  been  made  of  canes,  some  of  which  had  been 
buried  in  mud  and  made  black,  and  these,  woven  in  with  the  white  canes, 
made  various  stripes.     We  saw  a  large  herd  of  deer  feeding  in  the  woods 


770        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

near  the  new  court-house,  which  had  just  l)ecn  built.  We  had  never  seen 
a  court-house  of  any  kind,  and  in  our  childish  minds  wondered  what  it 
would  be  like.  Mj^  brother  drove  up  to  the  door,  which  was  tightly  closed, 
and  we  got  out  of  the  wagon  and  looked  through  the  cracks  between  the 
logs,  but  saw  no  one  anywhere. ' ' 

With  the  coming  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  railroad,  the  little  station 
of  Oothcaloga  grew  in  importance.  A  trader  named  Dawson  established 
a  store  here  and  played  an  important  part  in  the  life  of  the  community, 
giving  his  name  to  the  place  which  ceased  to  be  known  as  Oothcaloga  and 
became  Dawsonville. 


Calhoun.  It  was  soon  apparent  tliat  a  new  county  must 
be  formed  out  of  the  northern  portion  of  Cass 
and  the  adjacent  counties  of  Floyd  and  Murray,  and'spec- 
ulation  became  rife  as  to  the  location  of  the  new  county- 
seat.  Judge  John  P.  King  of  Augnista,  who  had  been  a 
heavy  investor  in  lands  along  the  line  of  the  new  rail- 
road, bought  a  large  amount  of  real  estate  at  Dawsonville 
and  exerted  his  influence  to  make  that  place  the  capital 
of  the  county.  He  erected  a  large  hotel  and  offered  to 
give  lots  for  all  public  buildings.  In  this  way  Calhoun 
became  the  owner  of  several  handsome  parks. 

After  the  formation  of  Gordon  County,  a  spirited 
election  was  held  at  a  place  called  Center,  now  known  as 
Big  Spring,  to  determine  the  location  of  the  county-seat. 
Two  places  were  voted  for,  '' Center,"  and  '' Railroad. " 
A  large  crowd  assembled  at  Center  and  remained  all 
night  to  learn  the  result.  ''Railroad"  won  and  prepara- 
tions went  rapidly  forward  to  convert  the  thriving  vil- 
lage of  Dawsonville  into  the  county  capital  which  was 
soon  named  in  honor  of  South  Carolina's  ijnmortal  son, 
John  C.  Calhoun. 

Among  the  leading  spirits  of  the  new  town  were 
Dennis  Johnson,  who  assisted  in  making  the  survey  of 
streets  and  parks;  David  G.  Law,  who  soon  became  a 
prosperous  merchant;  Dr.  Wall,  whose  name  is  pre- 
served in  one  of  the  leading  streets  of  the  town ;  and  Wil- 
liam H.  Dabney,  a  young  lawyer  who  came  seeking  a  lo- 
cation in  the  new  county.    He  afterwards  became  one  of 


Gordon  771 

the  leading  jurists  of  northwest  Georgia.  As  the  terri- 
tory around- Calhoun  developed  its  population  and  busi- 
ness grew.  It  became  a  large  grain  and  live  stock  market, 
and  the  nearby  town  of  New  Echota  which  had  prospered 
as  a  trade  center  after  the  removal  of  the  Cherokees 
gradually  died  and  its  site  is  now  a  cultivated  farm. 

Calhoun  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  Sherman's 
army  in  1864,  but  after  the  war  it  rapidly  regained  its 
former  prosperity.  It  is  now  not  only  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  towns  in  the  State,  but  one  of  the  most  prosper- 
ous. Calhoun  was  the  boyhood  home  of  Maurice  Thomp- 
son, the  well-known  author.  His  brother,  Will  H.  Thomp- 
son, who  wrote  ''The  High  Tide  at  Gettysburg, "  was  also 
born  and  reared  here.* 


The  Nelson  ^^  the  court-house  square  at  Calhoun  stands  a  monument 
Monument  *°  General  Charles  Haney  Nelson,  a  distinguished  soldier 
of  the  ante-bellum  period.  General  Nelson  won  his  spurs 
as  a  soldier  in  the  war  with  the  Seminoles,  after  which  he  became  a  con- 
spicuous figure  in  the  military  operations  around  New  Echota,  incident  to 
the  removal  of  the  Cherokees.  He  was  not  a  native  of  this  section  of 
Georgia,  but  falling  in  love  with  the  mountainous  country  he  bought  a 
plantation  at  Big  Springs,  some  nine  miles  from  the  present  town  of  Cal- 
houn. There,  on  what  is  still  known  as  the  Nelson  farm,  he  lies  buried. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  War,  in  1845,  he  went  to  the  front,  bore 
an  important  part  in  the  struggle,  and  returned  home  with  the  rank  of 
Brigadier-General.  But  enfeebled  by  exposure  to  a  tropical  climate,  he 
survived  for  only  a  few  months.  The  inscription  on  his  monument  reads  as 
follows :  i 


Dedicated  by  the  Surviving  Officers,  Soldiers  and 
Prieuds  to  the  Memory  of  Gen.  Charles  Haney  Nelson. 
Born  in  Wilkes  County,  Ga.,  Nov.  2,  1796.  Died  Sept. 
30,  1848. 


♦Mr.  J.  A.   Hall,   formerly  of  Calhoun,  now  of  Decatur,   Ga. 


772       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

GRADY 

Cairo.  On  August  17,  1905,  an  Act  was  approved  crea- 
ting the  new  county  of  Grady  out  of  lands  for- 
merly included  with  Decatur  and  Thomas,  and  designat- 
ing Cairo,  a  progressive  and  wideawake  town  on  the  At- 
lantic Coast  Line,  as  the  new  county-seat.  The  town 
was  incorporated  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  approved 
October  28,  1870,  at  which  time  the  following  commis- 
sioners were  designated  to  hold  office  until  the  election 
of  a  mayor  and  eouncilmen  as  prescribed  by  law.  These 
commissioners  were :  Milton  White,  Dr.  J.  W.  Clements, 
and  J.  M.  Lawrence.*  During  the  past  few  years  the 
growth  of  Cairo  has  been  rapid,  due  to  the  agricultural 
wealth  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  to  the  public  en- 
terprise of  a  united  citizenship. 


GREENE 

Greensboro.  Greensboro  was  made  the  county-seat  of 
Greene  County,  when  the  county  was  first 
created  in  1786,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  the  illustri- 
ous soldier  wlio  ranked  next  to  Washington  as  a  com- 
mander in  the  Revolution:  Major-General  Nathanael 
Greene.  The  town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved 
December  10,  1803,  providing  for  its  better  regulation; 
and  at  this  time  the  following  residents  were  named  as 
commissioners:  Jonas  Fouche,  Henry  Carlton,  Wm.  W. 
Strain,  John  McAllister,  John  Armour,  and  Fields  Ken- 
nedy.* There  was  a  strong  sentiment  at  one  time  in 
favor  of  making  Greensboro  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  Georgia.  It  has  always  been  a  center  of  refinement 
and  culture  as  well  as  a  conservative  business  town,  op- 


♦Acts.    1S70,   p.    175. 

♦Clayton's  Compendium,  p.  149. 


Greene  773 

eratiiig  upon  safe  and  sound  principles.  Tlie  Greensboro 
Female  Academy,  a  noted  ante-bellum  school,  was  char- 
tered in  1853.  On  the  court-house  square  stands  a  hand- 
some Confederate  monument  erected  by  the  Grreensboro 
women.  Included  among  the  men  of  eminence  who  have 
resided  here  may  be  mentioned:  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Cobb 
and  Hon.  Wm.  C.  Dawson,  both  United  States  Senators; 
Hon.  Thomas  F.  Foster,  a  member  of  Congress;  Dr. 
Francis  Cummins,  an  early  pioneer  of  Presbyterianism; 
Judge  Thomas  Stocks,  one  of  the  founders  of  Mercer 
University;  Judge  Francis  H.  Cone,  an  eminent  jurist; 
Judge  Henry  T.  Lewis,  of  the  State  Supreme  Court,  and 
a  host  of  others.  Gen.  Hugh  A.  Haralson  and  Judge 
Eugenius  A.  Nisbet,  were  natives  of  Greene.  On  the 
banks  of  the  Oconee  River,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, is  the  grave  of  Gov.  Peter  Early,  whose  ashes  in  the 
near  future  will  probably  rest  in  the  cemetery  at  Greens- 
boro, where  several  of  his  kindred  lie  buried.  Bishop 
George  F.  Pierce  was  born  on  tlie  old  Foster  place,  three 
miles  from  Greensboro. 


Penfield :  The  Cradle  Seven  miles  to  the  north  of  Greens- 
of  Mercer  University,  boro,  in  a  part  of  the  county  today 
remote  from  the  main  highway  of 
travel,  there  is  located  an  obscure  village  within  whose 
quiet  precincts  much  of  the  history  of  the  Baptist  Churcli 
in  Georgia  has  been  written.  Here  the  famous  university 
of  the  Georgia  Baptists  was  founded  and  here  the  great 
Jesse  Mercer  sleeps  on  the  old  college  campus.  The  at- 
mosphere of  the  locality  is  rich  in  fragrant  associations. 
Nor  is  it  any  small  part  in  the  drama  of  events  which 
the  little  town  of  Penfield  has  played. 

In  1829,  when  the  Georgia  Baptist  Convention  met 
at  Milledgeville,  it  was  announced  to  the  body  that  Jo- 
siah  Penfield,  of  Savannah,  a  deacon  in  the  church,  had 


774        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legendf^. 

bequeathed  to  the  convention,  the  sum  of  $2,500  as  a 
fund  for  education,  on  condition  that  an  equal  amount  be 
raised.  The  following  committee  was  named  to  suggest 
a  plan  of  action  in  regard  to  the  matter :  Thomas  Stocks, 
Thomas  Cooper,  H.  0.  Wyer  and  J.  H.  T.  Kilpatrick. 
They  made  a  report  at  once,  suggesting  that  the  requi- 
site sum  be  subscribed;  and  accordingly,  within  fifteen 
minutes,  the  amount  of  money  necessary  to  secure  the 
gift  was  pledged  in  bona  fide  notes,  given  to  Dr.  Adiel 
Sherwood,  clerk  and  treasurer  of  the  Georgia  Baptist 
Convention.  The  loyal  pioneer  Baptists,  whose  generos- 
ity helped  to  lay  the  foundations  of  Mercer,  are  num- 
erated below,  together  with  the  amounts  subscribed : 

Jesse  Mercer $250  Adiel    Sherwood (fill';" 

Cullen   Battle 200  Thomas  Cooper 110 

James    Shannon 100  William    Flournoy 100 

Armstead   Eichardson 75  James    Armstrong 50 

James  Davis 50  J.  H.  T.  Kilpatrick KX) 

H.   O.   Wyer 150  Joshua  Key 100 

I.  L.  Brooks 100  Andrew  Battle 50 

.Tames  Boykin 125  R.   C.   Shorter 50 

Barnabas  Strickland 3G  .Jonathan   Davis ]50 

William  Walker 100  Thomas  Stocks 50 

B.  M.  Sanders 150  Jabez  P.  Marshall 100 

Robert    C.    Brown 50  Edmund    Shackelford 150 

Peter  Walton 25  J.  Wliitefield,  Cash 10 

Due  authority  having  been  given,  a  committee  pur- 
chased from  James  Rudd,  a  tract  of  land,  seven  miles  to 
the  north  of  Greensboro  containing  450  acres.  Dr.  Bil- 
lington  M.  Sanders,  then  a  young  man  just  entering  upon 
the  work  of  the  ministry,  but  well-educated  and  well 
equipped,  was  engaged  to  act  as  principal.  Under  him 
the  wilderness  was  cleared,  temporary  quarters  were 
provided,  and,  on  the  second  Monday  in  January,  1833, 
a  manual  school  at  Penfield  was  formally  opened.  As- 
sociated with  Dr.  Sanders,  the  first  corps  of  instructors, 
were,  Iro  0.  McDaniel,  J.  F.  Hillyer,  J.  W.  Attaway,  W. 
D.  Cowdry,  A.  Williams,  and  S.  P.  Sanford.  John  Lump- 
kin, the  father  of  Governor  Wilson  Lumpkin,  was  a  mem- 


Greene  775 

ber  of  the  executive  committee  under  whose  oversiglit 
the  school  was  established. 

Penfield  was  the  name  given  to  the  localitj^  in  honor 
of  Josiali  Penfield,  from  whose  estate  eame  the  original 
bequest ;  but  the  school  itself  was  named  for  Jesse  Mer- 
cer, then  the  most  influential  Baptist  divine  in  Georgia. 
Mr.  Mercer,  throughout  his  long  life,  constantly  be- 
friended the  institution  and  at  his  death  it  became  the 
principal  beneficiary  under  his  will.  At  the  start,  it  was 
quite  an  unpretentious  affair.  Mercer  Institute  was  the 
name  which  was  first  given  to  the  modest  educational 
plant  at  Penfield.  In  the  course  of  time  there  developed 
around  it  an  important  town  ;  but  with  the  building  of  the 
Georgia  Railroad  it  began  to  yield  prestige  to  Greens- 
boro, a  town  on  the  main  line  and  settled  by  an  enterpris- 
ing community  of  well-to-do  planters. 


However,  the  Institute  prospered.  The  students  were 
recpiired  to  perform  a  definite  amount  of  work  each  day, 
for  which  they  were  paid  at  the  rate  of  six  cents  per  hour. 
They  were  also  put  through  a  course  of  study  which  w^as 
somewhat  exacting.  Dr.  Sanders  remained  at  the  head 
of  the  scho®l  for  six  years.  He  was  most  successful  in 
organizing  the  work  u]ion  solid  foundations,  partly  be- 
cause of  his  experimental  acquaintance  with  agriculture 
and  partly  because  of  his  exceptional  qualifications  as 
a  disciplinarian.  But  he  was  none  too  sanguine  at  first 
in  regard  to  the  educational  outlook  in  Georgia.  He  was 
somewhat  apprehensive  of  failure,  due  to  certain  adverse 
conditions  which  he  feared  could  not  be  successfully  over- 
come. To  illustrate  his  attitude,  it  was  found  that  be- 
fore the  school  could  be  organized  an  additional  sum  of 
$1,500  was  needed.  Dr.  Sanders  was  asked,  among  others 
to  be  one  of  thirty  to  raise  this  amount.  He  replied 
to  the  effect  that  he  was  willing  to  be  the  thirtieth  man 
to  contribute,  a  statement  which  either  implied  some 
doubt  in  regard  to  the  ultimate  outcome,  or  else  an  an- 


776       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

xiety  on  the  part  of  Dr.  Sanders  to  make  the  Baptists 
of  Georgia  exert  themselves. 

But  the  sum  was  raised.  Moreover,  this  wise  and 
good  man  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  school.  Under 
him,  the  command  to  halt  was  never  once  sounded.  The 
Institution  moved  steadily  forward.  But,  after  six  years, 
he  relinquished  the  helm.  Possibly  for  the  reason  that 
his  successors  were  men  of  books,  who  knew  compara- 
tively little  of  practical  agriculture,  there  followed  a 
laxity  in  the  management  of  affairs.  Dissatisfaction 
arose,  and  in  the  course  of  time  the  manual  school  feature 
was  abandoned. 


In  1837,  the  name  of  the  school  was  changed  from 
Mercer  Institute  to  Mercer  University;  a  charter  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Legislature ;  and  a  fund  of  $100,000  was 
raised  among  the  Georgia  Baptists  with  which  to  give  it 
a  permanent  and  substantial  endowment.  The  first  grad- 
uating exercises  were  held  in  the  summer  of  1841,  when 
diplomas  were  awarded  to  three  young  men.  Kichard 
Malcolm  Johnston,  who  became  one  of  the  foremost  ed- 
ucators and  authors  of  his  day;  Benjamin  F.  Thorpe, 
afterwards  an  eminent  divine;  and  Dr.  A.  R.  Wellborn, 
a  successful  practitioner  of  medicine,  received  degrees 
on  this  occasion.  In  1840  the  Theological  Department 
was  added ;  and  Dr.  Adiel  Sherwood  was  put  at  the  head 
of  the  newly  organized  school  of  the  prophets.  The  name 
'of  this  stalwart,  and  sturdy  old  pioneer  is  still  fragrant 
in  the  annals  of  Georgia. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  the  senior  class- 
men at  Penfield  entered  the  Confederate  Army  almost 
to  a  man,  and  there  were  few  better  soldiers.  Though 
the  college  did  not  formally  suspend  until  1865,  it  main- 
tained an  existence  which  was  purely  nominal.  Most  of 
the  trustees  were  at  the  front.  Widespread  demoraliza- 
tion prevailed.  So,  after  the  invasion  of  the  State  by 
Sherman,  the  faculty  with  great  reluctance  closed  the 


Greene  777 

doors.  Professors  Sanford  and  Willet,  the  two  senior 
members  of  the  faculty,  opened  a  school  in  the  college 
building*  and  held  a  qua  si-commencement,  but  the  lamp 
of  learning  could  not  be  rescued  from  extinction.  It 
flickered  dimly,  amid  the  ruins,  enough  to  reveal  the 
chaotic  conditions ;  and  then  expired  in  darkness. 


For  seven  years  after  the  war  there  came  a  ])reak  in 
the  academic  life  of  Mercer.  The  work  of  rehabilitation 
was  slow,  due  to  the  utter  prostation  of  the  State,  during 
the  period  of  Reeonstrijction.  Finally  when  the  Insti- 
tution again  arose  it  was  upon  the  heights  of  Macon 
where  it  today  stands.  Prior  to  the  war  two  separate 
efforts  were  made  by  Griffin  to  secure  Mercer,  but  with- 
out success.  The  various  presidents  of  Mercer  Univer- 
sity, in  the  order  of  service,  have  been  as  follows: 

Rev.   Billington  M.   Sanders,  Prin-  Rev.  H.  H.  Tucker,  D.D. 

cipal  and  President.  Rev.  Archibald  J.  Battle,  D.D. 

Rev.  Otis  Smith.  Rev.  G.  A.  Nunnally,  D.D. 

Rev.  .John  L.  Dagg,  D.  D.  Pinckney   D.   Pollock,   LL.D. 

Rev.  Nathaniel  M.  Crawford,  D.D.  Rev.  S.  Y.  Jameson,  D.D. 

Some  of  these  executive  heads  have  been  amongst 
the  most  eminent  theologians  and  educators  of  the  South. 

Dr.  Patrick  H.  Mell,  afterwards  Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Georgia;  Dr.  Shaler  G.  Hillyer,  Professor 
William  G.  Woodfin  and  others,  also  taught  for  a  while 
at  Mercer.  Perhaps  the  most  distinguished  laymen  who 
have  occupied  chairs  in  the  Institution  were  Professor 
S.  P.  Sanford  and  Professor  J.  E.  Willet.  The  former 
headed  the  department  of  mathematics.  The  latter 
taught  the  natural  sciences.  Both  were  identified  with 
the  Institution  for  something  like  fifty  j'ears  and  both 
were  men  of  broad  scholarship.  The  text-books  on  math- 
ematics compiled  by  Professor  Sanford  are  still  exten- 
sively used.  Though  Penfield  has  not  felt  the  awakening- 
touch  of  Prospero's  wand  since  the  removal  of  Mercer 
University  to   Macon,   it   possesses   an   excellent     higii 


778        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

schooL  The  people  of  this  historic  little  town  do  not 
put  the  emphasis  of  life  upon  material  things.  AVith 
a  population  of  less  than  one  thousand  inhabitants,  the 
old  village  of  Penfield  may  create  no  ripple  in  the  great 
world  of  commerce.  But  who  can  measure  the  influence 
which  it  still  exerts  upon  thought  and  character!  The 
pulsating  waves  of  intellectual  and  moral  energy  put  in 
motion  fifty  years  ago  have  not  ceased;  and,  be  the  fu- 
ture of  the  town  what  it  maj^,  the  memories  of  Penfield 
are  immortal. 


The  Methodist  Says  Dr.  George  F.  Smith : 

Schism  of  1844 :  ' '  Before   Bishop   Andrew   went   to   the   West,   he 

How  it  Originated.  ^'^'^  made  an  engagement  to  marry  Mrs.  Leonora. 
Greenwood,  of  Greensboro,  Ga.  The  condition  of 
his  family,  and  his  long  absences  from  home,  made  this  a  necessary  act ;  so, 
without  undue  haste,  and,  with  great  discretion,  he  had  selected  a  second 
companion.  She  was  very  attractive  in  person,  beautiful  in  manners,  gentle 
in  spirit,  and  deeply  though  undemonstratively  pious.  After  the  marriage  he 
conveyed  to  his  wife,  in  due  form  of  law,  all  the  rights  in  her  property 
which  the  fact  of  marriage  had  given  him  as  her  husband.  When  Mrs.  An- 
drews died,  in  1854,  the  law  re-invested  him  with  rights  in  this  same  prop- 
erty, but  he  promptly  dispossessed  himself  the  second  time,  and  turned  it 
all  over  to  her  children.  Bishop  Andrews  did  not  expect  trouble  from  this 
marriage,  and  there  were  good  reasons  why  he  did  not ;  for  he  himself  had 
been  a  slaveholder  for  .several  years  prior  to  this,  in  the  very  same  way  that 
he  was  now — through  his  wife. 

' '  Dr.  Olin,  who  was  highly  esteemed  at  the  North  and  even  in  New 
England,  had  owned  slaves'  and,  having  sold  them,  had  the  pfoceeds  of 
the  sales  still  in  his  possession.  The  General  Conference  appointed  slave- 
holders, such  men  as  Bt.  Capers,  to  positions  of  distinction  and  trust;  and 
only  eight  years  before  had  strongly  condemned  the  societies'  of  Abolition- 
ism; and  many  of  the  extreme  men  of  New  England  had  actually  left  the 
Church' and  formed  another  connection.  Neither  the  spirit  nor  the  letter  of 
the  law  of  the  Church  had  been  broken.  On  what  ground,  then,  could  he 
suppose  that  his  marriage  with  an  elegant  and  pious  lady,  Avho  happened  1 1 
OAvn  a  few  slaves,  would  call  forth  a  tempest  of  such  violence  as  to  destroy 
the  unity  of  the  Church? 


"The  fact  is,  he  did  not  dream  of  such  a  result.     Nor  was'  he  aware  of 
any  excitement  on  the  subject  until  he  reached  Baltimore  in  April,  when 


Greene  779 

on  his  way  to  the  General  Conference  in  New  York  in  May.  Here  he  learnefl 
of  the  intense  excitement  caused  by  the  news  that  one  of  the  Bishops  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  owned  slaves,  and  received  the  first  intima- 
tion that  it  would  be  a  matter  for  investigation.  He  possessed  a  woman 's 
delicacy  of  feeling,  and  to  have  his  private  affairs  discussed  by  the  General 
(,'onference  was  abhorent  to  his  very  soul.  He  resolved  to  resign,  and  so 
expressed  himself,  both  in  Baltimore  and  in  New  York.  This  resolution, 
liowever,  he  did  not  execute,  for  the  reason  that  the  Southern  delegates 
demurred  in  formal  resolutions  and  urged  him  not  to  do  so,  on  the  ground 
that  it  would  inflict  an  incurable  wound  on  the  whole  South,  and  inevitably 
lead  to  division. 

' '  Eesignation  now  became  almost  an  impossibility ;  and  when  it  was 
intimated  that  he  had  broken  faith  and  must  either  resign  or  be  deposed, 
then  resignation  was  entirely  out  of  the  question.  The  issue  had  to  come. 
The  mass  of  the  Northern  preachers  were  opposed  to  slavery,  but  they 
were  not  abolitionists.  They  found  themselves  hard  put  to  defend  them- 
selves; and  when  it  was  known  that  a  Bishop  was  a  slaveholder  they  felt 
that  they  were  in  a  sad  predicament.  Accordingly,  Alfred  Griffith  and  John 
Davis,  two  members  of  the  Baltimore  Conference,  were  put  forward  to 
lead  the  attack.  They  introduced  a  resolution  declaring,  among  other  things, 
that  Bishop  Andrew  was  nominated  by  the  slave-holding  States  in  the  Con- 
ference because  he  was  not  a  slaveholder;  and  that,  having  become  one,* 
'  Therefore  be  it  Eesolved,  That  James  0.  Andrew  be  affectionately  re- 
quested to  resign. ' 

' '  This  jirecipitated  the  issue.  The  discussion  was  Christian  in  spirit 
and  courteous  in  language,  to  which,  however,  there  were  some  exceptions. 
To  ask  him  to  resign  was  so  painful  to  many  who  did  not  wish  a  slave- 
holder in  office  that  M,r.  Finley,  of  Ohio,  introduced  his  famous  substitute, 
declaring  that  it  was  the  sense  of  the  General  Conference  that  he  desist 
from  the  exercise  of  the  office  of  Bishop  so  long*  as  the  impediment  re- 
mained. Mr.  Finley  was  Bishop  Andrew  's  personal  friend  and  offered  the 
substitute,  believing  it  to  be  less  offensive  to  the  Southern  delegates  than 
the  original  resolution.  But  it  was  really  more  offensive,  because,  since  it 
could  not  consistently  remove  the  impediment,  it  amounted  to  permanent 
deposition.  No  man  in  the  Conference  was  more  strongly  attached  to 
Bishop  Andrews,  perhaps',  than  Dr.  Olin.  The  night  before  he  was  to 
speak  he  visited  the  Bishop  and  told  him  the  course  he  intended  to  take, 
and  why  he  would  take  it.  He  would  advocate  the  substitute ;  for  if  it  were 
not  passed  New  England  would  withdraw,  and  there  would  be  division  and 
disintegration  everywhere  in  the  North.  But,,  if  it  were  passed,  the  South 
would  depart,  and  there  would  be  union  and  peace  throughout  her  borders. 


♦Several  years  previous  an  old  lady  of  Augusta  bequeathed  to  Bishop 
Andrew  a  mulatto  girl  in  trust  until  she  was  nineteen,  when,  with  her  con- 
sent, she  was  to  be  deported  to  Liberia.  But  the  girl  refused  to  go  or  to 
accept   freedom. 


780       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

' '  The  debate  continued  for  several  days.  Among  the  Southern  delegates 
who  participated  in  the  discussion  were  Dr.  Winans,  of  Mississippi,  Dr. 
Pierce  and  Judge  Longstreet,  of  Georgia,  and  Dr.  William  Capers,  of  South 
Carolina.  Others  took  part,  but  these  were  the  giants.  On  the  opposite 
side  were  also  arrayed  men  of  strong  intellect,  including  Dr.  Olin.  Strong 
efforts  were  made  to  stay  the,  tide,  but  all  in  vain.  On  the  first  of 
June  the  vote  was  taken  on  the  substitute  of  Mr.  Finley,  and  111 
were  for,  while  only  69  were  against  it.  This  was  virtual  deposition. 
Grieved,  but  not  surprised.  Bishop  Andrews  left  for  his  home  in  Geor- 
gia. One  man  from  the  North,  who  was  a  tower  of  strength,  stood 
by  him  shoulder  to  shoulder  in  all  this  conflict.  It  was  Joshua  Soule,  the 
senior  Bishop  of  the  Church.  Born  and  reared  in  INIaine,  living  in  Ohio, 
never  a  slave-holder,  nor  a  pro-slavery  man,  with  every  interest  to  bind  him 
to  the  section  in  which  he  lived,  he  yet  came  to  the  South,  because  he  believed 
the  South  was  right. 


"Before  the  General  Conference  adjourned  the  question  of  division  was 
virtually  settled ;  and  with  great  unanimity  the  Annual  Conference  at  the 
South  appointed  deelgates  to  meet  in  ccJnvention  at  Louisville  the  following 
May.  The  South  did  not  really  desire  division,  but  after  the  course  of 
the  General  Conference  it  was  evident  that  separate  organization  was  the 
only  way  of  preserving  Methodism  in  this  section — the  only  way  of  holding 
the  Master  to  the  Church  and  of  carrying  the  Gospel  to  the  slave.  It  Avas 
division  or  death.  At  the  appointed  time  the  convention  met.  Bishop  An- 
drew, Soule,  and  Morris  were  all  there;  action  was  unanimous;  and  a  call 
was  issued  to  elect  delegates  to  a  General  Conference  to  meet  in  Petersburg, 
Va.,  the  following  May.  No  doctrine  was  changed,  no  policy  altered,  no 
usages,  rites,  or  customs'  modified;  and  after  this  convention  the  Bishops 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  resolved  to  withdraw  from  the  South 
and  leave  the  whole  territory  to  the  new  organization.  Thus  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South,  came  into  existence;  and  the  General  Conference 
at  PeterslDurg  did  but  little  more  than  adjust  itself  to  the  changed  condition 
of  affairs,  elect  an  agent  for  its  publishing  interests,  editors  for  its  papers, 
and  two  additional  Bishops,  Robert  Paine  and  William  Capers."* 

♦Condensed  from  Dr.   George  G.  Smith's  Life  of  James   Osgood  Andrew. 


Gov.  Early's  Body  On  an  eminence  overlooking  the  Oco- 
to  be  Removed.  nee  River,  in  the  upper  part  of  Greene 
County,  near  Skull  Shoals,  the  remains 
of  Governor  Peter  Early  have  rested  since  1817;  but 
there  is  now  a  movement  under  way  to  remove  the 
ashes  of  this  illustrious  Georgian  to  the  cemetery  at 
Greensboro,  where  several  of  his  kindred  lie  entombed. 


Greene  781 

Originally  the  burial-ground  formed  a  part  of  the  old 
Early  estate,  one  of  the  largest  in  Georgia.  Today  it 
occupies  a  corner  of  Mr.  M.  L.  Bond's  horse  and  cow 
lot ;  and,  though  enclosed  by  a  wall,  it  is  no  longer  a  fit 
place  for  this  great  man's  sepulchre.  His  widow,  who 
afterwards  married  the  famous  Dr.  Adiel  Sherwood, 
sleeps  beside  him,  together  with  an  infant  daughter ;  but 
the  reader  is  referred  to  Volume  I  of  this  work  for  ad- 
ditional particulars  in  regard  to  the  Early  burial-ground. 
As  a  rule,  it  is  best  to  let  the  ashes  of  the  dead  lie  un- 
disturbed. But  until  the  body  of  Gov.  Early  is  removed 
Georgia  will  owe  an  unfulfilled  debt  not  only  to  the  mem- 
ory of  an  honored  former  chief-magistrate  but  to  her  own 
self  respect.  In  the  cemetery  at  Greensboro  the  old  Gov- 
ernor's grave  will  not  be  an  unvisited  spot;  and,  what 
is  more,  it  will  always  be  guarded  with  sacred  care  and 
tenderness. 


Joel  Early:  His  Joel  Early — the  old  Governor's  fa- 

Views  on  Slavery,  ther — was  probably  the  first  man  in 
the  United  States  to  advocate  a  re- 
turn of  the  negro  race  to  Africa;  and,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  he  owned  a  great  many  slaves,  he  offered  not 
only  to  release  them  from  servitude,  but  to  defray  the 
expense  of  sending  them  back  to  Liberia.  Early's  Manor, 
before  its  destruction  by  fire,  was  perhaps  the  finest  old 
country  seat  north  of  Savannah.  Here,  on  his  fertile 
acres,  Joel  Early  lived  the  life  of  an  English  gentleman, 
surrounded  by  everything  which  could  minister  to  his 
ease  or  contribute  to  his  enjoyment.  But  he  was  an  ec- 
centric old  man,  full  of  queer  whimsicalities.  Eleazer 
Early,  one  of  his  sons,  prepared  and  published  the  first 
map  of  Georgia.* 


•Authority:   Judge  George  Hillj'er,   of  Atlanta. 


782       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Benjamin  Weaver:  One  of  the  many  soldiers  of  seven ty- 
A  Revolutionary  six,  who  acquired  land  in  Greene 
Patriot.  Coiint}^,  Ga.,  was  Benjamin  Weaver. 

Enlisting  as  a  youthful  private  in  a 
North  Carolina  Eegiment,  he  was  an  active  participant 
in  numerous  engagements  and  carved  a  record  for  gal- 
lantry on  the  field  of  battle,  which  is  today  proudly  cher- 
ished by  his  descendants.  He  married  Elizabeth  Daniel, 
a  cultured  lady,  with  distinguished  connections  in  both 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  The  late  United  States 
Senator  John  W.  Daniel,  of  the  former  State,  came  of 
the  same  virile  stock.  Two  sons  were  born  to  the  Wea- 
vers, whose  names  respectively  were:  AVilliam  Wilej^ 
Daniel  Weaver,  and  Travis  Archibald  Daniel  Weaver. 
The  former  remained  in  Greene,  while  the  latter  settled 
in  Upson,  Though  not  among  the  original  settlers  of 
Greene,  the  Weavers  were  prominent  in  the  county  for 
more  than  a  hundred  years.  After  the  death  of  Judge 
William  Weaver,  in  1905,  the  old  home  was  broken  up. 
Among  the  many  descendants  of  Benjamin  Weaver,  not 
a  few  of  whom  have  been  men  of  marked  prominence,  may 
be  mentioned :  Judge  Howard  E.  W.  Palmer,  of  Atlanta ; 
Dr.  J.  C.  Weaver,  of  the  medical  staff  of  the  Federal 
Prison  in  Atlanta ;  Dr.  Olin  Weaver  and  Hudson  Weaver, 
of  Macon ;  Mrs.  M.  M.  Burks,  of  the  English  Department 
of  Wesleyan  Female  College,  at  Macon ;  J)^.  W.  W.  Stew- 
art, of  Columbus;  Stewart  Ticknor,  a  grandson  of  the 
author  of  ''Little  Giffen;"  Dr. -J.  A.  Weaver,  and  W.  T. 
Weaver,  of  Buena  Vista;  Rev.  Rembert  G.  Smith,  of 
Emory  College,  Oxford ;  Dr.  Carrie  Weaver  Smith,  of  the 
Virginia  K.  Johnson  Home,  Dallas,  Tex. ;  G.  A.  Weaver, 
Jr.,  president  of  the  Thomaston  Branch  of  the  Central 
of  Georgia;  G.  A.  Weaver,  Sr.,  president  of  the  Weaver 
Merchandise  Company,  of  Thomaston,  Ga.,  and  Prof. 
W.  T.  Weaver,  for  years  a  distinguished  educator  in  the 
common  schools  of  this  State.* 


•Information   kindly  furnished  by  Mrs.   Kate  Weaver  Dallas,  of  Thomas- 
ville.  Ga. 


Gwinnett  783' 


GWINNETT 


Lawrenceville.  Lawrenceville,  the  county-seat  of  Gwin- 
nett County,  was  incorporated  by  an  Act 
approved  December  15,  1821,  with  the  following  town 
commissioners :  James  Wardlaw,  Hugh  B.  Grenwood, 
James  McCliire,  John  Geddes,  Sr.,  and  Paschal  Brooks.* 
It  was  chosen  as  the  site  for  public  buildings  when  the 
county  was  first  organized  in  1818,  and  named  in  honor 
of  the  gallant  naval  officer,  Captain  James  Lawrence,  of 
the  ''Chesapeake,"  whose  last  words  as  he  fell  mortally 
wounded  were :  ' '  Don 't  give  up  the  ship ! ' '  The  county 
itself  was  named  for  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  Button  Gwinnett.  Two  flourishing 
institutions  of  the  town  in  pioneer  days  were:  the  Law- 
renceville Academy,  founded  in  1825,  and  the  Lawrence- 
ville Female  Institute,  chartered  in  1837.  On  the  court- 
house square  in  Lawrenceville  stands  a  monument  in 
honor  of  two  Lawrenceville  boys,  who  perished  in  the 
massacre  at  Fort  Goliad,  in  1836,  Capt.  James  E.  Winn, 
and  Sergeant  Anthony  Bates,  of  the  Texas  Volunteers. 
It  also  commemorates  the  heroic  death  of  eight  Gwinnett 
Count}"  men,  who  were  killed  in  the  Creek  Indian  War  of 
183'6.  Major  Charles  H.  Smith,  better  known  as  "Bill 
Arp,"  was  born  near  Lawrenceville.  This  has  also  been 
the  home  of  the  famous  Hutcliins  family,  each  genera- 
tion of  which  has  produced  strong  leaders ;  the  home  of 
the  Simmons  family,  of  which  the  distinguished  Wm.  E. 
Simmons,  is  a  member;  the  home  of  the  Peeples  family, 
represented  by  the  late  Hon.  Tyler  M.  Peeples.  Here, 
too,'  at  one  time,  resided  Gen.  Gilbert  J.  AVright,  Col. 
L.  P.  Thomas,  and  Dr.  James  F.  Alexander. 


Buford.       One  of   the   most  enterprising   communities   in   this   section   of 
Georgia  is  the  town  of  Buford,  famed  throughout  the  country 
for    its    splendid   tanneries.      The    town    was    incorporated   by    an    Act    ap- 
proved August  24,  1872,  at  which  time  Messrs.  Adam  Pool,  A.  C,  Harris, 


♦Acts,    1821,   p.   3:; 


784       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

John  F.  Espey,  W.  E.  Clianiblec,  ,T.  R.  Stringer  and  J.  A.  Pattillo  w<?re 
designated  to  serve  as  commissioners,  pending  an  election  to  be  held  on  the 
first  day  of  January,  ]873.  The  corporate  limits  were  fixed  at  one-halt' 
a  mile  in  every  direction  from  the  depot  of  the  Atlanta  and  Richmond 
Air  Line,  now  a  part  of  the  Southern  Railway  system.*  In  1891  intoxi- 
cants were  prohibited.  With  a  rapidly  increasing  population,  Buford 
began  to  dream  of  larger  possibilities ;  and  on  December  23,  1896,  to 
meet  the  demands  of  growth,  a  new  charter  was  granted  by  the  Legis- 
lature conferring  upon  the  ' '  City  of  Buford ' '  a  municipal  form  of  gov- 
ernment, with  greatly  enlarged  powers. 


HABERSHA-M 

Clarkesville.  On  November  26, 1823,  an  Act  was  approved 
by  Gov.  Troup,  making  Clarkesville  the  per- 
manent county-seat  of  the  new  county  of  Habersham, 
created  out  of  lands  then  recently  acquired  from  the 
Cherokee  Indians.  The  following  commissioners  were 
named  in  the  Act:  Wm.  Hamilton,  Jehu  Sterrett,  John 
Bryant,  Miles  Davis,  and  H.  A.  Hill.*  The  present  city 
charter  was  granted  in  1900.  Clarkesville  was  named  for 
the  illustrious  General  John  Clarke,  a  soldier  of  the  Rev- 
olution, an  Indian  fighter,  and  a  Governor,  twice  honored 
with  a  seat  in  the  executive  chair.  On  account  of  its 
high  altitude,  in  a  beautiful  mountainous  region  of  the 
State,  Clarkesville  soon  became  a  favorite  resort  for 
wealthy  families  of  the  coast,  a  large  number  coming 
from  Savannah.  Here  lived  Hon.  Richard  W.  Haber- 
sham, and  Hon.  George  W.  Owens,  both  members  of  Con- 
gress; and  Col.  Garnett  McMillan,  a  brilliant  lawyer  who 
defeated  Ben  Hill  for  Congress,  but  died  soon  after  the 
election.  It  has  also  been  the  home  of  many  noted  fam- 
ilies like  the  Erwins,  the  Wolf  ords,  the  Wests,  and  others. 
The  Clarkesville  Academy  was  chartered  on  December  24. 
1836,  with  the  following  trustees :   George  D.   Phillips, 


♦Acts,    1823,    p.    176, 


Halt.  785 

George  W.  Owens,  Eicliard  W.  Habersham,  aud  John 
B.  Matthews.* 


Aleck's  Mountain.  in  the  neighborhood  of  Clarkesville  there  looms  a 
peak  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  locally  known  as  Aleck  's 
Mountain,  on  which  to  this  day  may  be  seen  the  remains  of  an  old  forti- 
fication, supposed  to  date  back  to  the  visit  of  DeSoto  to  North  Georgia  in 
1540.  According  to  our  foremost  antiquarian,  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr., 
Xualla,  one  of  the  Indian  towns  at  which  the  Spanish  adventurer  stopped 
in  his  quest  for  gold,  was  located  in  Nacoochee  Valley;  and,  on  this  as- 
sumption,' his  march  from  the  Savannah  River  westward  toward  what  is 
now  tlie  city  of  Rome,  lay  directly  across  Aleck  's  Mountain,  in  the  present 
county  of  Habersham.  But  aside  from  the  ancient  ruins  to  be  found  on 
this  peak  there  are  numerous  relics  in  this  part  of  the  State  which  point 
to  an  occupancy  in  prehistoric  times  by  civilized  white  men;  if  not  by 
Spaniards,  at  least  by  Europeans. 


Pioneer   Senators  Some    of    the    leading    men    of    the    county    in 

and  Representatives,  pioneer  days  may  be  obtained  from  a  list  of 
Habersham 's  early  State  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives, beginning  with  the  creation  of  the  county,  in  1819,  and  coming 
on  down  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  This  list  includes  the  following 
State  Senators :  Benjamin  Cleveland,  James  Blair,  William  B.  Wofford, 
William  H.  Steelman,  Stephen  Smith,  John  Trammell,  John  R.  Stanford, 
Thomas  Kimsey  and  George  D.  Phillips.  Diiring  this  same  period  the  Rep- 
resentatives were:  William  B.  Wofford,  James  Blair,  Benjamin  Chastain, 
Benjamin  Cleveland,  William  H.  Steelman,  Absalom  Holcomb,  Kinchen 
(!arr,  .Jesse  Sanford,  Thomas  M.  Kimsey,  Elihu  S.  Barclay  aud  Joseph 
Underwood.* 


HALL 


Gainesville.  On  April  21,  1821,  an  Act  was  approved  by 
Gov.  John  Chirk,  chartering  the  town  of 
Gainesville,  selected  as  the  county-site  for  the  new  coun- 
ty of  Hall.  In  this  same  Act,  the  following  pioneer  citi- 
zens were  named  as  commissioners :  Stephen  Keed,  John 


♦Acts,   1836,  p.   16. 


786       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Stringer,  Jolm  Finch,  Jesse  Clayton,  and  Eli  Suther- 
land.^ As  was  the  custom  of  the  State,  whenever  a  new 
county  was  organized,  an  academy  for  the  proper  in- 
struction of  the  young  was  invariably  provided ;  and,  on 
Christmas  Day,  1821,  an  Act  was  approved,  chartering 
the  old  Hall  County  Academy,  with  the  following  trus- 
tees, to  wit :  Stephen  Reed,  David  H.  McClesky,  William 
Cobb,  John  McConnell,  Sr.,  and  Bartimeus  Reynolds.- 
In  1832,  the  towiii  was  re-incorporated,  witli  Messrs. 
James  W.  Jones,  James  Law,  Miner  W.  Brown,  Larkin 
Cleveland,  and  John  W.  McAfee,  as  commissioners." 
The  town  was  not  named  for  Gen.  Edmond  Gaines,  as 
some  have  supposed,  but  for  an  old  pioneer  family  resi- 
dent in  this  locality  when  the  county-site  was  first  chosen. 
Gainesville,  on  account  of  its  high  altitude,  has  al- 
ways enjoyed  a  splendid  health  record,  and  has  been  a 
favorite  resort  for  summer  tourists  and  for  invalids 
seeking  the  magic  balsam.  As  the  seat  of  Brenau  College 
and  Conservatory  of  Music,  it  is  also  widely  known 
throughout  educational  circles.  The  city  of  Gainesville 
is  located  on  the  line  of  the  Southern  Railway,  53  miles 
above  Atlanta;  and  of  late  years  its  growth  has  been 
substantial  and  rapid.  Some  of  Georgia's  most  distin- 
guished sons  have  been  residents  of  this  fine  old  town, 
including  Dr.  Richard  Banks,  for  whom  a  county  was 
named;  Gen.  James  Longstreet,  renowned  as  Lee's  Old 
War  Horse;  Gov.  Allen  D.  Candler,  Judge  John  B.  Estes, 
and  a  host  of  others.  It  is  also  the  home  of  the  present 
Congressman  from  this  district  Hon.  Thomas  M.  Bell. 
Though  never  a  resident  of  the  town.  Gov.  James  M. 
Smith  is  here  buried  beside  his  last  wife.  Two  of  the 
daughters  of  President  Woodrow  Wilson  were  born  in 
Gainesville,  where  an  aunt  was  then  living,  Mrs.  Brown, 
The  monumental  features  of  the  town  include  a  handsome 
Confederate  shaft,  on  the  town  square,  and  a  memorial 


*  Acts,   1821,   p.    6. 
2  Acts,    1821,    p.    125. 
5  Acts,    1832,   p.    201. 


Hall  787 

fountain,  near  the  post-office  building,  in  honor  of  the  late 
Col.  C.  C.  Saunders,  a  much  beloved  citizen. 


State  Rights:  During  the  administration  of  Governor  George  R. 

The  HanS'lnS'  Gilmer,  there  occurred  near  Gainesville  an  incident 

of  Georffe  Tassel.         "'"^'^   ^^*  ^*   defiance   the   power   of  the   United 
®  '         States  Government,   and  which  in  an  acute   issue 

between  State  and  Federal  authorities,  gave  the  victory  to  the  State 
of  Georgia.  This  was  the  execution  of  a  €herokde  Indian  named 
George  Tassel.  This  was  told  by  Professor  J.  Harris  Chappell.  The 
story  runs  thus:*  In  December,  1828,  the  Georgia  Legislature  passed 
a  bill  enacting  that  the  Cherokee  country  should  be  put  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  laws  of  Georgia.  •  The  Act  was'  passed  on  the  ground 
that,  as  the  Cherokee  country  was  part  and  parcel  of  the  State  of  Georgia, 
it  should  be  governed  by  the  laws  of  Georgia;  but  the  real  object  was  to 
move  the  Cherokees  from  the  State.  In  order  to  give  them  plenty  of 
time,  the  Act  was  not  to  go  into  effect  until  June  1,  1830.  The  Cherokees 
felt  deeply  outraged,  and  they  determined  at  the  first  opportunity  to  test 
the  validity  of  this  Act  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

An  opportunity  soon  occurred.  In  the  summer  of  1830,  a  half-breed 
Cherokee  by  the  name  of  George  Tassel  committed  a  murder  in  the  Chero- 
kee country.  He  was  arraigned  before  the  Superior  Court,  then  sitting  in 
Hall  County,  and  was  duly  tried,  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 
His  attorneys  appealed  the  case  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  asking 
that  the  verdict  be  set  aside,  on  the  ground  that  the  Act  of  the  Legislature 
giving  the  State  of  Georgia  jurisdiction  over  the  Cherokee  country  was  a 
violation  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  was  therefore  null  and  void. 
The  case  of  George  Tassel  versus  the  State  of  Georgia  was  duly  entered  on 
the  Supreme  Court  docket. 

Governor  Gilmer  was  officially  notified  of  the  action,  and  was  in- 
structed to  appear  before  the  court  for  Georgia,  as  defendant  in  the  case. 
But  the  Governor  replied  with  spirit  that  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
lacked  jurisdiction  in  the  case,  and  that  the  State  of  Georgia  would  scorn 
to  compromise  itself  by  appearing  before  that  tribunal  as  defendant,  under 
these  circumstances.  It  was  a  foregone  conclusion  that  the  case  would  be 
decided  against  Georgia.  To  prevent  this  he  resorted  to  the  extraordinary 
measure  of  dispatching  a  special  messenger  to  the  sheriff  of  Hall  County, 
with  instructions  to  hang  George  Tassel  immediately,  before  the  case 
could  be  reached  on  the  Supreme  Court  docket.  The  sheriff  obeyed  the 
order  promptly,  so  poor  George  Tassel  was  hanged  while  his  ease  was  pend- 
ing in  the  Federal  Supreme  Court.  Thus  ended  the  case,  an  end  which,  we 
must  admit,  was  brought  about  by  a  rather  high-handed  measure  on  the 
part  of  the  State.     Georgia's  action  was  severely  criticised  in  the  halls  of 


♦Georgia  History   Stories,   p.    294. 


788       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Congress;  it  was  furiously  condemned  by  the  Cherokees  themselves,  and  it 
was  violently  censured  by  a  large  part  of  the  people  of  the  North.  But 
these  protests  were  without  effect  upon  Georgia.  Tlie  Cherokees  struck 
no  blow  from  the  shoulder  out,  but  they  Avere  determined  at  the  first  op- 
portunity to  appeal  again  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 


Unveiling  of  the  On  June  3,  1913,  the  grave  of  Ex- 
Candler  Monument.  Governor  Allen  D.  Candler,  in  Alta 
Vista  Cemetery,  at  Gainesville,  was 
most  impressively  marked  by  a  handsome  shaft  of  marble, 
the  funds  for  which  were  contributed  by  the  members 
of  Governor  Candler's  official  household.  These  included 
the  various  appointees  commissioned  by  the  lame-nted 
former  chief -magistrate  during  his  term  of  office  as  Gov- 
ernor. The  Candler  lot  is  in  the  center  of  the  burial- 
ground.  Near  the  Governor,  sleeps  his  distinguished  fa- 
ther, Capt.  Daniel  G.  Candler;  while,  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood,  repose  Gen.  Longstreet,  Dr.  Richard 
Banks,  Gov.  James  Milton  Smith,  and  a  host  of  noted 
Georgians.  Overhead  a  blue  sky  beamed  upon  the  vast 
concourse  of  people  gathered  at  the  grave  of  Gov.  Cand- 
ler. The  official  of  the  city  of  Gainesville,  the  Candler 
Horse  Guards,  the  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy,  and 
distinguished  visitors  from  a  distance  jDarticipated  in  the 
program  of  exercises.  When  the  hour  arrived  for  the 
unveiling,  Col.  S.  C.  Dunlap  introduced  Pension  Com- 
missioner, Hon.  J.  W.  Lindsey,  marshal  of  the  day,  who, 
after  a  short  address,  called  upon  Rev.  Luke  Johnson  to 
make  the  opening  prayer.  Judge  Lindsey  then  intro- 
duced Hon.  Hamilton  McWhorter,  of  Athens,  who  form- 
ally presented  the  monument  to  Gov.  Candler's  family, 
to  the  city  of  Gainesville,  and  to  the  State  of  Georgia. 
Speeches  of  acceptance  were  then  made  as  follows:  by 
Judge  John  S.  Candler,  on  behalf  of  the  family;  by 
Mayor  P.  E.  B.  Robertson,  on  behalf  of  the  city;  and  by 
Compiler  of  Records,  Lucian  Lamar  Knight,  Esq.,  on  be- 
half of  the  State,  the  last-named  speaker  representing 
Governor  Joseph  M.  Brown,  who  was  unavoidably  ab- 


Hancock 


789 


sent.    The  inscription  on  Governor  Candler's  monument 
read  as  follows": 


"Placed  to  the  memory  of  ALLEN  DANIEL 
CANDLER  by  his  appointees  to  office  and  places  of 
honor   while   Governor   of   Georgia. 

"Nov.  4,   1834— Oct.   26„  1910." 

A  Graduate  of  Mercer  University  in  the  Class  of 
1859.  A  Soldier  and  Colonel  in  the  Army  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  1861-1865.  A  Member  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  Georgia,  1873-1878.  Senator,  1878- 
1880.  Member  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
1883-1891.  Secretary  of  State,  1894-1898.  Governor  of 
Georgia,  1898-1902.'  Compiler  of  State  Records,  1902- 
1910. 

He  was  an  upright  man,  a  patriotic  citizen,  a  true 
soldier,  and  a  faithful  public  servant,  who,  in  peace  and 
in  war,  exemplified  the  virtues  of  incorruptible  integrity, 
fearless  courage,  and  unselfish  devotion  to  the  welfare 
of  his  country. 


HANCOCK 

Sparta.  Sparta,  the  county-seat  of  Hancock  County,  was 
named  for  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Pelopones- 
sus.  Nor  was  the  name  an  inappropriate  one  for  this 
little  frontier  town  on  the  exposed  border,  where  the 
ever-present  dread  of  an  Indian  outbreak  called  for 
Spartan  virtues  of  the  most  pronounced  type.  As  soon 
as  Hancock  County  was  organized  out  of  lands  formerly 
included  in  Washington  and  Greene  counties,  Sparta 
was  made  the  new  seat  of  government.  The  town  was 
chartered  on  Decernber  3,  1805,  by  an  Act  providing  for 
its  better  regulation,  at  which  time  the  following  com- 
missioners were  appointed :  Thomas  Lancaster,  Archi- 
bald Martin,  James  H.  Jones,  Samuel  Hall,  and  Willie 
Abercrombie.^  The  Sparta  Academy  was  chartered  ori 
December  17,   1818,  with  trustees  as  follows:  AVm.   G. 


'  Clayton's   Compendium,    p.    232. 


790       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Springer,  John  Lucas,  Nicholas  Childers,  Charles  E. 
Haynes,  and  Thomas  Haynes.^  Two  of  the  most  noted 
academies  in  the  State  were  located  in  Hancock,  not  far 
from  the  town  of  Sparta,  viz.,  Powelton  and  Mount  Zion. 
The  Powelton  Academy  was  chartered  on  November  13', 
1815;  the  Mount  Zion  Academy  on  December  20,  1823. 
It  was  at  Powelton  that  the  Baptist  State  Convention  of 
Georgia  was  organized,  and  here  at  one  time  lived  Gov. 
Wm.  Rabun  and  Rev.  Jesse  Mercer.  The  Baptist  Church 
of  Powell's  Creek  was  chartered  November  20,  1801, 
with  Matthew  Rabun,  Henry  Graybill,  John  Veazy,  Wm. 
Lord  and  Jesse  Battle  as  trustees.^  Mount  Zion  was  a 
school  which  the  Bemans — Nathan  and  Carlisle — made 
famous  throughout  tlie  land ;  and  here  Wm.  J.  Northen, 
afterwards  Governor,  taught  school.  At  Rockeby,  near 
Sparta,  the  famous  Richard  Malcolm  Johnson,  author 
of  the  ''Dukesboro  Tales,"  opened  a  school  for  boys, 
which  he  afterwards  transferred  to  Baltimore,  Md. 
Shoulder  Bone  Creek,  in  the  western  part  of  Hancock, 
was  the  scene  on  November  3,  1786,  of  an  Indian  treaty 
which  promised  to  end  the  Oconee  war;  but  under  the 
powerful  leadership  of  the  none  too  scrupulous  McGilli- 
vray,  it  was  repudiated  by  the  Creeks.  Some  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  of  Georgia  have  been  residents  of 
Sparta,  but  since  these  have  been  given  in  Volume  I, 
they  will  not  be  repeated  here.  We  will  only  add,  in  this 
connection,  two  names:  Hon.  George  F.  Pierce,  Jr.,  a 
brilliant  legislator;  and  Hon.  Wm.  H.  Burwell,  Speaker 
of  the  Georgia  House  of  Representatives,  for  the  session 
just  closed. 


Sunshine:  The  Home    Four  miles  from  Sparta  stands  the 

of  Bishop  Pierce.  cosy  and  incturesque  little  cottage 

in  which  Bishop  Pierce   spent   the 

greater  part  of  his  life  and  to  which  he  gave  a  name 


'  Lamar's  Digest,  p.  22. 

*  Clayton's  Compendium,   p.    12. 


Hancock  791 

eloquent  of  the  liapi)iiiess  which  he  there  found:  Sun- 
shine. The  Bishop  bought  this  property  from  Hardy 
Culver,  an  old  friend.  It  was  an  old  plantation,  on  which 
originally  stood  a  building  with  three  rooms,  somewhat 
inconveniently  situated.  The  spot  which  he  chose  for  the 
site  of  his  dwelling  was  in  an  old  field,  near  the  road. 
Whether  from  the  fact  that  no  ray  of  light  was  inter- 
cepted by  a  shrub  or  tree,  or  from  the  fact  that  he  loved 
bright  and  cheery  names,  he  called  the  place  Sunshine,  a 
name  by  which  it  was  ever  afterwards  known;  and  here 
he  made  his  abode  for  over  forty  years. 

Across  the  way  was  Rockaby,  the  home  of  Richard 
Malcolm  Johnston,  the  distinguished  author  of  the 
''Dukesl)oro  Tales;"  also  an  editor  and  educator  of 
eminent  attainments.  In  a  letter  to  Bishop  Atticus  G. 
Haygood,  dated  February  12,  1885,  Col.  Johnston,  who 
was  then  living  in  Baltimore  wrote : 

' '  I  was  a  neighbor  to  Bishop  Pierce  for  twelve  years,  my  home  in 
Hancock,  Rockaby,  adjoining  Sunshine,  which  all  know  to  have  been  the 
name  of  his.  I  had  grown  already  to  feel  great  admiration  for  one  so  pre- 
eminently gifted,  and,  for  many  years,  had  heard  his  pulpit  eloquence  with 
continual  delight.  But  I  did  not  know  until  I  had  become  his  neighbor 
that,  great  as  he  was  in  public,  he  was  equally  so  in  private;  and  a  cordial 
friendship  grew  between  us,  notwithstanding  our  divergence  in  religious 
faith.  For  of  all  the  great  men  I  have  ever  known  he  seemed  to  me  the 
most  tolerant  toward  opinions  differing  from  his  own,  upon  whatever  plane 
of  iii(|uirv.  1  have  been  in  his  house  and  he  in  mine.  We  have  met  at  the 
little  creek,  the  dividing  Hue  between  our  plantations,  and  fished  for 
minnows  together ;  together  we  have  ridden,  in  his  or  my  buggy,  to  and 
from  Sjjarta.  He  was  ever  a  sweet  consoler  to  me  when  suffering  from  do- 
mestic affliction.  .  .  .  The  sense  of  liumor  in  h'un  was  exquisite  and 
abundant.  The  twinkling  of  his  beautiful  eyes  was  as  catching  as  fire; 
Up  was  one  eminently  sensitive  to  the  sweets  of  indivichial  friend- 
ships. Among  those  outside  of  Hancock,  mj^  impression  is  that  he  was 
most  fond  of  General  Toombs.  They  had  been  friends  from  boyhood. 
Tlie  very  last  time  I  saw  him,  except  one,  he  spoke  to  me  with 
regret,  amounting  almost  to  indignation,  of  the  rashness  with  which  the 
General  was  misjudged  by  persons  who  did  not  understand  his  character, 
his  opinions,  his  language,  and  his  habits.  .  .  .  He  was  the  most 
beautiful  of  mankind  without,  and  men  of  all  parties  believed  that  his 
external  beauty  was  the  best  expression  which  physical  form  and  feature 
could   give   of  the   more   exquisite   beauty   within.    ...      Of   the   orator- 


792       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ieal  excellence  of  George  F.  Pierce,  of  course,  the  thousands  who  heard 
him  known.  Yet  I  do  believe  that  his  greatest  endeavors  were  ex- 
pended in  the  little  Sparta  Methodist  Church.  Scores  of  times  I  have  heard 
him  there,  during  a  period  of  more  than  twenty  years;  there  and  at  the 
Methodist  camp-meeting,  a  few  miles  south  of  the  village,  in  the  which 
time  I  have  listened,  to  outbursts  of  words  which  I  do  not  believe  were 
surpassed  on  the  Bema  of  Athens  or  in  the  Forum  of  Rome. '  '* 


Dixon  H.  Lewis.  This  extraordinary  man  was  born  in 
Hancock  County,  Ga.,  August  10,  1802. 
He  afterw^ards  removed  ^vith  his  parents  to  Alabama, 
became  prominent  in  public  life,  represented  the  State 
in  Congress,  and,  in  1844,  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Fitzpat- 
rick  to  fill  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate,  made  va- 
cant by  the  appointment  of  Hon.  Wm.  R.  King  to  the 
Court  of  France.  On  the  return  of  Mr.  King,  in  1846,  he 
desired  his  old  seat  back,  and  entered  the  field  as  a  can- 
didate. It  was  a  battle  of  giants.  Both  men  were  de- 
servedly popular;  but  after  an  exciting  contest,  one  of 
the  most  stubborn  in  the  history  of  Alabama  politics, 
Mr.  King,  for  the  first  time  in  his  long  career,  suffered 
defeat.  However,  Mr.  Lewis  did  not  long  enjoy  the 
fruits  of  his  victory.  Ill-health  overtook  him ;  and  while 
on  a  visit  to  New  York,  soon  after  the  election,  he  died 
on  October  25,  1846.  On  receiving  the  news  of  his  death, 
the  mayor  of  New  Yiork  called  the  municipal  boards  to- 
gether and  it  was  resolved  to  give  his  remains  a  public 
burial.  The  body  lay  in  state  for  several  hours  in  the 
City  Hall,  whence  it  was  borne  to  Greenwood  Cemetery 
for  final  interment.  Mr.  Lewis  was  a  man  of  gigantic 
stature. 


Gov.  Rabun's  Family.  Gov.  William  Rabun,  who  lived  in 

this   county  near   Powelton,   left   a 

family  of  seven  children,  including  one  son,  Gen.  J.  W. 

Rabun,  of  Savannah,  and  six  daughters,  the  eldest  of 


♦George  G.  Smith,  in  Life  and  Times  of  George  F.  Pierce,  D.  D.,  L.L.  D. 


Haralson  793 

whom  married  Rev.  J.  W.  Battle,  one  of  the  eight  dis- 
tingiiished  Battles  of  Hancock.  The  other  daughters 
were:  Mrs.  William  Shivers,  Mrs.  Dr.  Bass,  Mrs.  Lowe, 
Mrs.  Cato,  and  Mrs.  Wooten.  Some  few  years  ago  the 
grave  of  Gov.  Rabun  was  located  on  a  plantation,  four 
miles  west  of  Mayfield.  It  will  probably  be  marked  with 
an  appropriate  monument  in  the  near  future  by  his  sur- 
viving relatives. 


HARALSON 

General  Remarks.  ^'^  February  5,  1856,  an  Act  was  approved  creating 
out  of  lands  formerly  embraced  in  Polk  and  Carroll 
Counties  a  new  county,  to  be  called  Haralson,  in  honor  of  a  distinguished 
soldier  and  statesman,  General  Hugh  A.  Haralson,  then  lately  deceased.  The 
same  Act  creating  the  new  county  provided  for  its  annexation  to  the  Blue 
Ridge  Judicial  Circuit,  to  the  Fifth  Congressional  District,  and  to  the 
First  Brigade  of  the  Eleventh  Division  of  the  Georgia  militia.*  Haralson  's 
representatives  in  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  since  the  organization 
of  the  county,  have  been  as  follows:  K.  Merchison,  1857-8;  W.  W.  Sock- 
well,  1859-60;  R.  F.  Speight,  1861-2;  Walter  Brock,  1863-4,  1865-6;  W. 
N.  Williams,  1868-9-70;  William  J.  Head,  1871-2;  R.  R.  Hutchinson, 
1873-4;  R.  A.  Reid,  1875;  J.  K.  Hamber,  1876;  A.  R.  Walton,  1877; 
Charles  Taliaferro,  1878-9;  J.  M.  McBride,  1880-1,  1882-3,  1892-3;  S.  M. 
Davenport,  1884-5;  R.  B.  Hutcheson,  1886-7;  T.  W.  M.  Tatum,  1888-9; 
1890-1;  J.  J.  Pope,  1894-5;  Price  Edwards,  1896-7;  E.  S.  Griffith, 
1898-9;  E.  B.  Hutchinson,  1900-1,  1902-3-4,  1905-6 ;W.  T.  Eaves,  1907-8; 
W.  J.  Waddell,  1909-10;  W.  W.  Summerlin,  1911-12;  and  C.  L.  Suggs, 
1913-14.  This  county  has  also  furnished  the  following  State  Senators: 
Walter  Brock,  1868-1872;  William  J.  Head,  1878-9;  J.  M.  McBride, 
1884-5;  W.  F.  Golden,  1890-1,  1896-7,  1902-3-4,  and  E.  S.  Griffith,  1909-10. 


Buchanan.  Buchanan,  the  county-seat  of  Haralson,  was 
named  for  President  James  Buchanan,  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  last  Democratic  President  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  before  the  Civil  War.  When  the  new  county 
was  organized,  in  185G,  the  Justices  of  the  Inferior  Court 
were  authorized  to  locate  a  site  for  public  buildings  and, 


►Acts,    1S55-1S5G,    p.    110. 


794       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

under  the  instructions  prescribed  in  this  Act,  tlie  town 
of  Buchanan  was  founded.  Its  charter  of  incorporation 
was  granted  on  December  22,  1857,  at  which  time  the 
following  commissioners  were  designated  to  hold  office, 
pending  an  election,  to  wit :  T.  C.  Moore,  W.  N.  Williams, 
Thomas  Farmer,  John  Duke,  and  Mr.  Coston.^  In  1881, 
the  old  charter  was  superseded  by  a  new  one,  in  which 
T.  H.  Riddlepurger,  T.  J.  Lovelace  and  D.  B.  Head,  as 
Councilmen.-  This  cliarter  was  repealed  in  1889  for  a 
still  later  one,  with  modifications  adapted  to  growing  con- 
ditions. 


Tallapoosa.  Tallapoosa,  the  chief  town  and  most  impor- 
tant commercial  center  of  Haralson,  dates 
its  existence  as  a  village,  almost  to  the  county's  organi- 
zation; but  its  charter  of  incorporation  w^as  not  granted 
until  December  20,  1860,  when  the  following  commission- 
ers were  named,  to  wit :  V.  A.  Brewster,  A.  M.  Robinson, 
T.  S.  Garner,  M.  G.  Harper,  and  Wm.  L.  Fell.-''  In  1880 
a  new  charter  was  granted,  in  which  Charles  Taliaferro 
was  named  as  Mayor,  with  J.  T.  Barnwell,  W.  T.  Surn- 
merlin,  H.  M.  Martin,  and  H.  A.  Kiker,  as  Councilmen.* 
New  charters  were  subsequently  granted  in  1888  and 
1896.  The  present  public  school  system  was  established 
in  1888.  The  Tallapoosa  Street  Railway  Comj^any  was 
chartered  in  1891,  with  Messrs.  C.  B.  Hitchcock,  R.  I. 
Spencer,  D.  C.  Scoville,  and  James  W.  Hyatt  as  incor- 
porators.^ Tallapoosa  suffered  from  the  collapse  of  a 
famous  real  estate  boom  in  1893,  but  for  several  years 
past  the  town  has  enjoyed  a  healthy  growth. 


1  Acts,   1857,   p.   17S. 

-Acts,    1880-1881,    p.    484. 

=  Acts,    1860,  p.   103. 

^  Acts,    1880,    p.    411. 

=>  Acts,   1890-1891,  p.    344. 


Hart  705 

HARRIS 

Hamilton.  Hamilton  was  made  the  county-seat  of  Harris 
County  by  an  Act  approved  December  20, 1828, 
at  wliicli  time  it  was  formally  incorporated  as  a  town 
with  the  following  commissioners:  Clark  Blanford,  Ja- 
cob M.  Guerry,  P.  T.  Beddell,  George  H.  Bryan,  and  Nor- 
ris  Lyon.^  Hamilton  Academy  was  chartered  December 
22, 1828,  with  the  following  trustees  :  Allen  Lawhorn,  Wm, 
C.  Osborn,  John  J.  Slatter,  George  W.  Rogers,  Daniel 
Hightower,  Thomas  Mahone,  John  J.  Harper,  H.  J.  Har- 
well, and  Samuel  A.  Billings.^  The  town  was  named 
for  George  W.  Hamilton,  a  high  tariff  Democrat  of 
South  Carolina.  The  county,  organized  from  lands  for- 
merly included  in  Troup  and  Muscogee,  was  named  for 
Hon.  Charles  Harris,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Savannah. 
Some  of  the  distinguished  former  residents  of  Hamil- 
ton are  mentioned  in  the  former  volume  of  this  work. 


HART 


Hartwell.  In  1853,  Hart  County  was  organized  out  of 
lands  formerly  included  in  three  adjacent 
counties:  Elbert,  Franklin,  and  Madison.  Hartwell.  the 
county-seat,  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  Feb 
ruary  26,  1856,  with  the  following  commissioners :  James 
T.  Jones,  John  G.  Justice,  F.  B.  Hodges,  J.  N.  Reeder, 
John  B.  Benson.2  Subsequently  a  new  charter  was 
granted  in  1885.  Hartwell  is  today  a  thriving  town  with 
strong  banks,  prosperous  mercantile  establishments,  and 
a  body  of  citizens  unsurpassed. 


'  Acts,    1828,    p.    149. 

-  Acts,    1828,    p.    If). 

=>  Acts,    ISSn-ls.-ili,    p.    3S2. 


796        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends. 

Nancy  Hart.  Volume  I,  Pages  671-673. 

The  Hart  Family.  Volume  I,  Pages  673-674. 

Who  Struck  Volume  I,  Pages  674-675. 

Billy  Patterson? 


HEARD 


Franklin.  Franklin  was  made  the  county-seat  of  Heard 
when  the  county  was  first  organized,  in  1830. 
It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  December  26,  1831, 
with  the  following  named  commissioners:  Chas.  R.  Pear- 
son, Wm.  Adkins,  Robert  M.  Richards,  Thomas  Erwin, 
and  John  C.  Webb.^  The  Franklin  Academy  was  char- 
tered at  the  same  time,  with  Messrs.  Nathaniel  Lipscomb, 
Wm.  B.  W.  Dent,  George  W.  Tarrentine,  Thos.  C.  Pink- 
ard,  and  Thos.  Anberg,  as  trustees. 


HENRY 


McDonough.  In  1822,  Henry  County  was  organized  out 
of  Creek  Indian  lands.  The  county-seat 
of  the  new  county  was  called  McDonough,  after  the  gal- 
lant hero  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  War  of  1812,  Cajjt. 
James  McDonough;  and  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  ap- 
proved December  17,  1823,  with  Messrs.  Tandy  W.  Key, 
Wm.  L.  Crayton,  James  Kimbrough,  Andrew  M.  Brown, 
and  Wm.  Hardin,  as  commissioners.-  Ten  years  later 
an  academy  was  chartered.  On  December  12,  1854,  the 
McDonough  Collegiate  Institute  was  founded,  with  the 


1  Acts,    1831,    p.    S3. 
=  ActS,    1823,    p.    189. 


Houston  797 

following  board  of  trustees :  Humphrey  Tomlinson,  Leon- 
ard, and  Thomas  Anberg,  as  trustees. 


Hampton.  Originally  there  was  a  settlement  at  this  place  known  as 
Bear  Creek;  but  on  August  23,  1872,  an  Act  was  approved 
granting  the  residents  of  this  community  a  town  charter  and  changing 
the  name  of  the  place  to  Hampton,  presumably  in  honor  of  the  great  Con- 
federate cavalry  officer,  General  Wade  Hampton,  of  South  Carolina.  The 
corporate  limits  were  fixed  at  one  mile  in  every  direction  from  the  depot 
of  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad.  Messrs.  W.  H.  Peebles,  S.  H.  Griffin, 
R.  A.  Henderson,  Levi  Turnipseed  and  J.  M.  Williams  were  designated  to 
act  as  commissioners  pending  an  election  of  town  officials.^ 


HOUSTON 

Perry.  Perry,  the  county-seat  of  Houston,  was  named 
for  the  hero  of  Lake  Erie,  in  the  War  of  1812 : 
Captain  Oliver  H.  Perry,  and  was  made  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment when  Houston  County  was  organized  in  1822, 
out  of  a  part  of  the  Creek  lands  ceded  under  the  first 
treaty  at  Indian  Springs.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
on  December  20,  1828,  with  Messrs.  Griles  B.  Taylor, 
James  M.  Kelly,  F.  W.  Jobson,  James  E.  Duncan,  and 
Allen  Chastain,  as  commissioners.-  The  Houston  County 
Academy  was  incorporated  in  1833.  But  Perry  was  not 
satisfied  with  one  school  and  proceeded  to  organize  a 
Baptist  College  for  young  ladies,  which  afterwards  grew 
into  the  Houston  Female  College,  under  which  name  it 
was  re-incorporated  on  February  18,  1854,  with  the  fol- 
lowing board  of  trustees :  Samuel  F'elder,  president ; 
John  Killen,  vice-president;  Hugh  L.  Denard,  vice-presi- 
dent; Wm.  T.  Swift,  treasurer;  Samuel  D.  Killen,  secre- 
tary; Benj.  F.  Tharp,  George  F.  Cooper,  Nicholas  Marsh- 
burn,  Laban  Segrist,  James  E.  Barrett,  Wm.  Summer- 
ford,  George  W.  Singleton,  and  John  T.  Cooper.^    Perry 


'  Acts,  18  72,  p.  2  09. 
-Acts,  1828,  p.  159. 
'Acts,    1.853-1854,    p.    123. 


798        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  tlie  liome  of  Hon.  James  M.  Kelly,  the  first  Supreme 
Court  Reporter  of  Georgia.  His  grave  is  in  tlie  front 
yard  of  the  old  home  place  where  Hon.  Thos.  S.  Felder, 
afterwards  Attorney  General  of  Georgia,  spent  his 
boyhood  days.  The  list  of  former  distinguished  -"resi- 
dents  of  the  town  includes  also:  Judge  Wm.  L.  Grice, 
Judge  A.  L.  Miller,  Judge  Warren  D.  Nottingham,  Col. 
Buford  M.  Davis,  and  others.  Houston  County  was 
named  for  an  honored  chief-executive  and  patriot  of  the 
Revolution:  Governor  John  Houstoun. 


Fort  Valley.  Fort  Valley,  one  of  the  famed  centers  of 
the  peach-growing  industry  in  Georgia,  oc- 
cupies a  site  of  historic  memories,  associated  with  In- 
dian warfare  in  pioneer  days.  The  town  was  chartered 
by  an  Act  approved  March  3,  1856,  with  Messrs.  C.  D. 
Anderson,  Wm.  H.  Hollingshead,  Wm.  J.  Greene,  A.  D. 
Kendrick,  and  D.  N.  Austin,  as  commissioners.^  But 
the  old  Port  Valley  Academy  was  chartered  twenty  years 
earlier,  on  December  24,  183'6,  at  which  time  the  follow- 
ing trustees  were  named :  James  Everett,  John  P.  Allen, 
Hardy  Hunter,  Henry  Kaigler,  and  John  Humphries. 
In  1852,  the  Port  Valley  Pemale  Seminary  was  granted 
a  charter,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees :  George 
W,  Persons,  John  J.  Hampton,  Wm.  A.  Matthews,  Adol- 
phus  D.  Kendrick,  Miles  L.  Green,  Wm.  J.  Anderson,  D. 
N.  Austin,  Judson  Kendrick,  Wm.  H.  Hollingshead,  Mat- 
thew Dawsey,  Benj.  Barnes,  Robt.  M.  Patterson,  and 
James  M.  Miller.-  At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  plans 
for  a  college  were  on  foot;  but  the  outbreak  of  hostilities 
prevented  a  consummation  of  this  project.  Since  Fort 
Valley  began  to  ship  her  wonderful  peaches  to  Northern 
and  Eastern  markets,  she  has  found  fame  and  fortune; 
and  with  fine  railway  facilities  the  future  of  the  town  is 
bright  with"  promise.     Port  Valley's  public  school  sys- 


1  Acts,    1855-1856,    p.    377. 

2  Acts.    1852-1853,    p.    326. 


Irwin  799 

tern  was  established  in  1886,  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
State,  and  is  under  the  supervision  of  a  most  accom- 
plished educator.  Prof.  Ralph  Newton. 


Some  additional  facts  in  regard  to  Fort  Valley  have 
been  supplied  by  a  well-informed  resident  of  the  town, 
as  follows : 

Very  little  is  now  known  of  the  early  history  of  Fort  Valley.  Matthew 
Dorsey  and  James  A.  Everett  donated  land  to  l>e  used  only  for  church 
and  school  purposes,  and  on  this  site  has  been  recently  erected  the  hand- 
some high  school  building,  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.00.  In  1849  there  were  three 
stores,  one  academy,  one  church  and  250  inhabitants.  There  was  a  gradual 
increase  in  the  size  and  business  of  the  place  until  1851,  when  the  South- 
western Eailroad  was  completed  to  this  point.  Tliis  was  followed  by  a 
very  rapid  growth ;  homes,  stores,  churches  and  hotels  were  built.  Fort 
Valley  suffered,  in  common' with  other  towns,  from  the  Civil  War.  The 
best  business  men  were  called  to  the  field  of  battle,  and  commercial  and 
industrial  pursuits  were  checked,  but  after  the  war  is  prosperity  exceeded 
the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  its  citizens.  On  the  night  of  October 
31,  1867,  nearly  all  of  the  principal  business  houses  were  consumed  by  a 
most  disastrous  fire,  but  these  were  soon  rei)laced  by  handsome  brick 
buildings. 

On  Church  Street  we  find  the  old  home  of  the  Hon.  Joe  Hill  Hall  but 
little  changed.  Fort  Valley  stands  today  in  the  midst  of  the  best  farming 
section  of  Middle  Georgia,  and  is  the  peach  center  of  the  world,  famous 
as  the  home  of  the  Elberta  and  Hiley  Belle  peach.  The  land  around  is 
level  and  especially  adapted  to  peach  culture.  The  enormous  increase  in 
yields  each  year  makes  it  impossible  to  estimate  what  the  land  is  really 
worth.  Fort  Valley  is  located  at  the  divergence  of  five  railroads.  The 
place  is  elevated  170  feet  above  College  Hill,  in  Macon,  Ga.,  and  is  the 
highest  point  across  the  country  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Gulf.  The  system 
of  water-works  is  furnished  by  artesian  wells,  and  school  advantages  are 
unsurpassed,  and  it  is  an  ideal  town  in  an  ideal  location,  with  an  ideal 
citizenship.* 


IRWIN 


Gov.  Irwin's  Governor    Jared    Irwin,    for    whom    this    county    was 

Family  Record       "fi'^ed,  will  always  be  revered  for  his  uncompromising 
opposition  to  the  Yazoo  Fraud.     It  was  while  he  occu- 
pied the  executive  chair  at  Louisville  that  the  records  of  this  colossal  iniquity 


•Authority:  Mrs.   S.    T.    Neil,   Fort  Valley,    Ga. 


800       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

were  by  his  order  committed  to  the  flames.  Governor  Irwin  came  of  a  long 
line  of  distinguished  Scotch  ancestors.  His  father,  Hugh  Lawson  Irwin, 
of  Mecklinburg,  N.  C,  married  Martha  Alexander,  and  five  children  were 
the  fruit  of  this  union,  to  wit :  Jared,  John  Lawson,  William,  Alexander  and 
Margaret.  With  his  three  brothers,  all  of  whom  were  soldiers  in  the  war 
for  independence,  Jared  Irwin  built  a  fort  near  Union  Hill,  his  home,  to 
protect  this  section  of  Georgia  from  the  Indians.  It  was  called  Fort  Irwin. 
The  Governor's  grandfather,  Thomas  Irwin,  married  Margaret  Lawson, 
daughter  of  Hugh  Lawson,  Gent.,  of  North  Carolina.  This  aristocratic 
old  pioneer  always  affixed  to  his  name  the  mark  of  his  gentle  birth.  He 
married  Mary  Moore,  daughter  of  Charles  Moore,  Sr.,  of  South  Carolina,  and 
sister  of  Gen.  Thomas  Moore,  of  Revolutionary  fame.  Thomas,  the  Gov- 
ernor 's  grandfather,  came  originally  from  Scotland,  settling  first  in  Penn- 
sylvania. Governor  Jared  Irwin  married  his  cousin,  Isabella  Erwin,  whose 
father  changed  the  spelling  of  his  name  on  account  of  family  differences  in 
matters  of  religion.  Governor  Irwin 's  daughter,  Elizabeth,  married  Simon 
Whitaker,  from  which  union  sprang  a  son,  Hon.  Jared  I.  Whitaker,  one  of 
Atlanta's  early  mayors  and  quite  a  noted  editor.  [His  younger  daughter, 
Jane,  remained  unmarried.  It  was  she  who  succeeded  in  obtaining  from 
Congress  a  large  sum  of  .money  to  cover  certain  expenditures  made  by  her 
father  in  equipping  troops  during  the  Revolution.  She  established  the  fact, 
in  her  papers  to  Congress,  that  Jared  Irwin  .entered  the  war  as  Captain, 
was  promoted  first  tor' Major  and  afterAvards  to  Colonel,  and  was  present 
with  his  command  in. the  sieges  of  Augusta  and  Savannah,  and  at  the  battles 
of  Camden,  Briar  Creek  and  Black  Swamp,  in  each  of  which  he  distin- 
guished himself  for  gallant  behavior.  John  Irwin,  .his  son,  was  a  captain 
in  the  War  of  1812,  but  died  a  bachelor.  Another  son,  Thomas,  and  a 
nephew,  Jared,  Jr.,. were  members  of  the  first  class  to  graduate  from  Frank- 
lin College,  in  1804,  on  which  occasion  both  were  speakers.  Governor  Irwin 
was  always  prominent  in  both  military  and  civil  affairs,  and  he  was  three 
times  elected  Governor  of  the  State.  His  brother,  John  Lawson  Irwin, 
was  a  general  in, the  War  of  1812,  and  was  buried  with  military  honors,  at 
his  home  in  Washington  County,  in  1822.  The  first  monument  ever  erected 
by  the  State  of  Georgia  was  erected  to  ,  the  memory  of  Governor  Jared 
Irwin,  in  the  town  of  Sandersville.* 


Irwinville.  Irwinville,  the  county-seat  of  Irwin  County, 
like  the  county  itself,  was  named  for  Gov- 
ernor Jared  Irwin,  whose  signature  was  affixed  to  the 
famous  Act  of  1796,  rescinding  the  Yazoo  Fraud.  It  was 
made  the  county-seat  in  1831,  prior  to  which  time  the 


"Authority:   Mrs.   James   S.   Wood,   of   Savannah. 


BLRNING    THE    YAZOO   ACT 


GovJaked  Irwin  signed  ths  Rescinding  Yazoo  Act  Feb  15'-"  1796 

AND  THE  Yazoo  Fraud  Paper5  were  burned  before  the  Capitol 

Feb  15''"  1796  Gov  Irwin  stands  just  behind  hie  nESSENCEE  who  holm  ihe  mpebj 


Reproduced  from  :iii  orit;inal  drawiiiii  presented  to  the  Savannah  Historical  Society 
bv  Mr.  I.awtnn  B.  Evans 


Jackson  801 

seat  of  government  was  for  a  brief  period  at  Ironville. 
Irwin  was  organized  in  1818,  out  of  treaty  lands  acquired 
from  the  Creeks.  On  the  outskirts  of  the  town  of  Irwin- 
ville,  President  Davis  was  arrested  at  the  close  of  the 
Civil  War,  while  en  route  to  his  home  in  Mississippi.* 


Ocilla.  Ocilla,  one  of  the  most  progressive  towns  in  the 
Southern  belt,  is  also  one  of  the  youngest.  It 
was  granted  a  charter  of  incorporation  on  November  24, 
1897,  with  the  following  named  officials  to  manage  its 
local  affairs:  John  C.  Luke,  as  mayor,  M.  J.  Paulk,  as 
recorder,  and  D.  H.  Paulk,  W.  M.  Harris,  and  G.  L. 
Stone,  as  aldermen.^  In  the  following  year  the  corporate 
limits  were  extended.  At  the  same  time  Ocilla  was  cre- 
ated, an  indeioendent  school  district  with  the  following 
trustees,  to  wit :  J.  L.  Paulk,  L.  R.  Tucker,  A.  L.  Hayes, 
J.  B.  Davis,  and  J.  R.  Goethe.-  The  town  officials  from 
1898  to  1901  were:  J.  A.  J.  Henderson,  mayor;  M.  J. 
Paulk,  town  attorney;  C.  H.  Martin,  recorder;  and  J.  C. 
Luke,  D.  H.  Paulk,  G.  L.  Stone,  L.  R.  Tucker,  and  C.  H. 
Martin,  aldermen.  Few  towns  in  Georgia  have  enjoyed 
such  a  phenomenal  growth  during  the  past  decade  as 
Ocilla.  It  is  located  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural 
belt ;  is  possessed  of  a  wideawake  body  of  citizens  whose 
ambition  is  to  make  Ocilla  a  metropolis;  is  enabled  by  its 
strong  banks  to  finance  a  constantly  increasing  volume  of 
business ;  and  is  a  town  fully  abreast  of  the  times  in  its 
up-to-date  public  utilities. 


JACKSON 

Historic  Jefferson.    This   famous    old   town,    the   seat   of 

Jackson  County,  celebrated  the     one 

hundredth  anniversary  of  its  incorporation  in  the  year 


•See  Vol.  I,  of  this  work,  Chapter  2. 
^Acts,   1897,   p.   283. 
2  Acts,    1898,   p.    241. 


802       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

1912.  Jefferson  is  not  a  large  town.  It  boasts  a  popu- 
lation of  only  about  1,600  souls;  and  many  wonder  why 
she  has  not  progressed — why  Atlanta,  Macon,  Columbus, 
and  other  communities  have  grown  so  much  faster  than 
the  old  settlement  at  Jefferson.  But  those  who  wonder 
look  only  at  material  things.  Jefferson  has  not  devel- 
oped very  great  commercial  success;  but  she  has  given 
to  the  world  men  who  are  credited  with  greater  things 
than  building  factories  and  railroads. 


Wm.  D.  Martin:     One  of  the  noblest  institutions  of  learn- 
His  Splendid  ing  in  America  is  old  Martin  Institute, 

Philanthropy.  located  in  the  town  of  Jefferson.  It  was 

first  known  as  the  Jackson  County 
Academy  when  established  in  1818,  at  which  time  it  was 
but  a  one-room  log  cabin  with  puncheon  seats.  But 
when  William  D.  Martin — than  whom  Jefferson  never 
boasted  a  better  citizen — donated  150  shares  of  Georgia 
Railroad  stock  to  the  school  in  1859,  the  name  was 
changed  to  Martin  Institute,  in  honor  of  this  generous 
benefactor. 

William  Duncan  Martin  was  born  on  Stone  Horse 
Creek,  in  Hanover  County,  Va.,  on  January  8,  1771,  and 
died  at  Jefferson,  Ga.,  on  May  21,  1852.  He  came  to 
Jefferson  when  well  past  the  meridian  of  life,  and  his 
sole  possessions  at  this  time  were  a  horse,  a  bridle  and 
saddle,  and  $100  in  money.  It  was  rather  late  for  laying 
the  foundations  of  a  fortune.  But  he  applied  himself  to 
business,  and  as  the  result  of  prudent  economy,  supple- 
mented by  wise  investment,  he  left  an  estate  valued  by 
his  executors  at  $80,000.  Wm.  D.  Martin  was  perhaps 
the  first  person  in  America  to  endow  a  public  school  from 
his  private  fortune.  If  this  statement  is  correct,  then 
Martin  Institute  is  the  oldest  endowed  educational  insti- 
tution in  the  United  States ;  and  too  much  honor  cannot 
be  accorded  this  noble  philanthropist  for  setting  a  pace 


Jackson  803 

which  has  since  been  followed  by  so  many  wealthy  citi- 
zens in  generous  gifts  to  education. 

Martin  Institute  has  shown  herself  worthy  of  this 
unique  distinction  by  giving  to  the  world  a  host  of  bright 
names.  Justice  Joseph  R.  Lamar,  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  who  just  a  few  days  ago  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Woodrow  Wilson  to  act  as  one  of 
the  mediators  to  settle  the  trouble  between  our  country 
and  Mexico,  was  taught  here.  Dr.  Henry  Stiles  Bradley, 
one  of  the  most  powerful  preachers  in  America,  was 
also  enrolled  as  a  student.  The  list  likewise  includes : 
Ex-Congressman  "Wm.  M.  Howard,  who  was  appointed  on 
the  Tariff  Board  by  President  Taft;  Rev.  David  J.  Scott, 
D.  D.,  of  Texas ;  Rev.  Joseph  J.  Bennett,  D.  D.,  of  Geor- 
gia ;  Hon.  John  N.  Holder,  of  Jefferson,  twice  Speaker  of 
the  Greorgia  House  of  Representatives  without  opposi- 
tion, and  now  a  candidate  for  Congress;  besides  men 
of  prominence  in  every  pursuit  and  occupation.  The 
shaft  erected  to  the  memory  of  Wm.  D.  Martin  stands 
in  the  Methodist  church-yard,  almost  under  the  eaves  of 
the  institution  which  he  endowed;  and,  as  directed  in  his 
will,  it  bears  the  following  quaint  epitaph: 

"Eemember,    man,    as  .you   pass   by, 
As  you  are  now  so  once  was  I; 
As  I  am  now,  so  you  shall  be. 
Prepare  for  death  and  follow  me. ' ' 


Dr.  Crawford  W.  The  typical  figure  by  which  Georgia 
Long:  The  Discov-  is  best  represented  before  the  world 
erer  of  Anaesthesia,  is  not  that  of  a  great  orator.  Mil- 
lions have  never  heard  or  read  the 
matchless  orations  of  Grady,  the  South 's  silver-tongued 
Cicero.  It  is  not  that  of  our  beloved  poet,  Sidney  Lanier, 
though  he  is  loved  wherever  he  is  known.  It  is  not  that 
of  our  great  statesman,  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  for  co- 
lossal though  his  services  were  they  benefitted  his  own 
country  alone.    High  above  these,  rises  the  figure  of  an 


804       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

unpretentious  country  doctor  who  made  the  town  of  Jef- 
ferson his  home  and  whose  right  to  the  highest  niche  in 
Georgia's  Temple  of  Fame  there  will  be  none  to  dispute: 
Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long.  The  gift  of  Sulphuric  Ether 
Anaesthesia  made  by  Dr.  Long  to  medical  science  not 
only  revolutionized  the  practice  of  medicine,  but  made 
surgery  a  profession  within  itself. 

On  March  30,  1842,  in  the  little  town  of  Jefferson,  Ga., 
Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long,  in  an  experimental  operation, 
discovered  that  anaesthesia  not  only  helped  to  make  an 
operation  successful,  but  rendered  it  painless.  The  dis- 
covery was  not  published  or  paraded  before  the  people ; 
perhaps  Dr.  Long  himself  did  not  realize  its  untold  value; 
perhaps  he  did  not  care  to  exploit  his  achievement.  But 
today  there  is  not  a  physician  of  any  recognized  prom- 
inence in  any  part  of  the  civilized  world  who  is  not  famil- 
iar with  the  name  of  Crawford  W.  Long,  The  little  of- 
fice in  which,  he  performed  his  experiments  has  been  torn 
away.  Until  two  years  ago,  a  gnarled  and  knotted  old 
mulberry  tree,  on  the  north  corner  of  the  public  square, 
marked  the  exact  spot  where  his  first  operation  was  per- 
formed, an  epoch-making  event;  but  this,  too,  has  now 
disappeared.  Its  sacrifice  was  demanded  by  a  commer- 
cial age.  Tell  it  not  in  Gath,  but  the  tree  was  given  by 
the  town  authorities  to  an  old  negro  for  fire-wood.  Fate 
intervened,  however;  and  it  was  bought  from  the  old 
negro  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  of  Jefferson,  who  had  a  part 
of  it  made  into  gavels,  pen  staffs,  and  other  articles  of 
use,  for  souvenirs.  On  a  marble  slab,  in  the  brick  wall 
of  a  building  adjacent  to  Dr.  Long's  little  office,  the  date 
of  his  wonderful  discovery  has  been  inscribed.  This 
slab  was  erected  by  Prof.  S.  P.  Orr,  of  Athens,  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  the  Long  family.  There  is  also  a  mag- 
nificent monument  to  his  memory  on  the  town  square. 
Dr.  Woods  Hutchison,  of  New  York,  and  Hon.  Pleasant 
A.  Stovall,  of  Savannah,  made  the  principal  addresses, 
when  the  monument  was  unveiled  by  the  Georgia  Medical 
Society,  on  April  21,  1910.     There  is  also  a  handsome 


Jackson  805 

brass  medallion,  on  the  walls  of  his  alma  mater,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  a  genuine  work  of  art,  moulded 
by  an  old  college  mate.* 


Harmony  Grove.  Long  before  the  days  of  railroads,  there  was  a 
famous  ' '  star  route ' '  through  this  section,  over 
which  the  stage, coach  made  daily  trips  from  the  classic  city  of  Athens  to 
the  little  town  of  Clarkesville,  nestling  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge  moun- 
tains. This  coach  stopped  at  what  was  then  known  as  the  village  of  Har- 
mony Grove,  where  it  daily  left  a  pouch  of  mail  for  the  small  group  of 
inhabitants.  At  this  time,  there  were  only  four  families  living  in  Harmony 
Grove :  the  Hardmans,  the  Shankles,  the  Hoods,  and  the  Bowdons. 

Mr.  Seaborn  M'.  Shankle  was  the  pioneer  merchant.  He  owned  and 
operated  the  first  store  in  what  was  ■  afterwards  the  town  of  Commerce. 
Subsequent  to  a  marriage  of  Mr.  Shankle  's  sister  to  Mr.  C.  W.  Hood,  the 
latter  became  a  member  of  the  firm.  By  mutual  consent  this  partnership 
was  dissolved  when  Mr.  Hood  opened  a  store  of  his  own,  while  Mr.  Shankle 
for  a  short  while  continued  to  merchandise  alone  at  the  old  place  of  business. 
Later,  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  W.  B.  J.  Hardman.  But,  after  a 
few  years,  the  firm  of  Hardman  &  Shankle  was  dissolved  also,  Dr.  Hard- 
man  withdrawing  from  active  mercantile  life  to  settle  with  his  family 
upon  a  large  farm  then  recently  purchased  by  him,  about  a  mile  from 
the  present  town  center;  and  from  this  time  on  he  gave  his  entire  time  to 
the  practice  of  medicine.  Mr.  Shankle  left  a  large  family  of  children, 
including  Eev.  Grogan  Shankle,  pastor  of  one  of  the  largest  Methodist 
churches  in  New  Orleans;  Mr.  Lovick  P.  Shankle,  a  well-to-do  planter  of 
Banks  County;  Mr.  Marvin  Shankle,  assistant  cashier  of  the  Northeastern 
Banking  Company ;  Mr.  Claude  Shankle,  connected  with  the  Coca-Cola 
works  in  Atlanta ;  Dr.  Olin  Shankle,  of  Commerce,  a  successful  practicing 
physician ;  Mrs.  Amelia  Perkins,  of  Atlanta,  and  Mrs.  W.  B.  Hardman, 
Mrs.  J.  L.  Sharp,  and  Mrs.  W.  D.  Sheppard,  all  of  Commerce.  Mr.  Shankle 
died,  on  August  22,  ]885,  leaving  to  his  widow,  formerly  Miss  Victoria 
Parks,  a  handsome  estate,  which,  by  judicious  investment,  was  afterwards 
largely  increased  under  her  management.  She  also  continued  the  mercan- 
tile establishment  for  a  number  of  years. 

Dr.  W.  B.  J.  Hardman  lived  here  until  his  death,  some  twelve  years  ago. 
At  the  time  of  his  removal  from  Oglethorpe  County  to  Harmony  Grove, 
he  was  the  only  practicing  physician  in  this  part  of  the  county,  and  his 
circuit  embraced  an  extensive  area.  He  reared  a  family  of  ten  children, 
to-wit. :  Rev.  Henry  E.  Hardman,  Dr.  L.  G.  Hardman  and  Dr.  W.  B.  Hard- 
man,    of    Commerce ;    Mr.    Robert    L.    Hardman,    of    Atlanta ;    Mr.    T.    C. 


•Authority:  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  of  Jefferson,  Ga. 


806       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Hardman,  of  Commerce;  Mr.  John  B.  Hardman,  of  Commerce;  and  Mrs. 
W.  L.  Williamson,  Mrs.  Gordon  T.  Jones,  Mrs.  C.  J.  Hood,  deceased,  and 
Miss  Sallie  Hardman,  deceased,  all  of  Commerce.  Mr.  C.  W.  Hood  left 
a  family,  four  members  of  which  survive:  Mr.  C.  J.  Hood,  formerly  Mayor 
of  Commerce  and  at  present  cashier  of  the  Northeastern  Banking  Company ; 
Miss  Mary  Hood,  Mr.  V.  W.  Hood,  Jr.,  and  Miss  Kuth  Hood,  besides  a 
widow,  formerly  Miss  Alice  Owens,  of  Toccoa. 

To  three  pioneer  citizens,  Messrs.  Hood,  Hardman  and  Shaukle,  Har- 
mony Grove  became  indebted  in  after  years  for  the  old  Northeastern  Rail- 
road, now  the  Lida  and  Athens  Branch  of  the  Southern.  When  the  pro- 
posed line  was  first  advocated,  there  was  quite  a  rivalry  between  Harmony 
GroA'e  and  Jefferson,  as  to  which  should  secure  it,  since  to  include  both 
towns  was  out  of  the  question.  At  the  time  set  for  a  final  decision, 
Jefferson  turned  up  with  a'  third  more  stock  subscribed  than  Harmony 
Grove.  But  Messrs.  Hood,  Shankle  and  Hardman,  representatives  from 
the  latter  town,  agreed  personally  to  endorse  every  dollar  of  the  stock, 
provided  the  road  was  built  by  way  of  Harmony  Grove.  This  action 
insured  success;  for  the  representatives  of  Jefferson,  failing  to  offer  a 
similar  endorsement,  the  road  was  lost. 


The  First  School     To  the  old  town  of  Harmony  Grove  l)e- 
for  Girls.  longs  the  honor  of  having-  lannched  suc- 

cessfully the  first  school  for  girls  ever 
established  in  the  State  of  Georgia.  It  was  known  as  the 
''Female  Academy  of  Harmony  Grove,"  and  was  chart- 
ered by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  approved  in  1824.  The 
following  trustees  were  named  in  the  Act  of  incorpora- 
tion :  Russell  Jones,  William  Potts,  Samuel  Barnett, 
Frederick  Stewart,  and  John  Rhea.*  On  account  of  the 
vast  number  of  schools  for  women  which  have  since 
leaped  into  existence,  on  both  sides  of  the  water,  this 
pioneer  charter  is  a  document  of  prime  importance  in 
the  history  of  modern  education. 


Commerce,      with  the  completion  of  the  Northeastern  Railroad  a  new  life 

began    to    quicken    in    the    old    town    of    Harmony    Grove. 

Visions  of  greater  things  were  caught,  and  even  at  this  early   date  there 

was    launched    a    movement,    the    ultimate    outcome    of    which    Avas    a    new 


*Dawson's  Compilation,    p.    24. 


Jackson  807 

name:  Commerce.  There  was  something  catchy  about  the  name  selected. 
It  registered  a  key-note  of  progress  and  made  a  distinct  bid  for  trade. 
The  caterpillar  had  merged  into  the  butterfly;  and  while  the  former  was 
doomed  to  creep,  at  a  slow  pace  upon  the  ground,  it  was  the  glory  of 
the  latter  to  soar  among  the  flowers'.  Two  splendid  young  men  from 
Franklin  County,  Messrs.  W.  T.  Harber  and  G.  W.  D.  Harber,  were  the 
first  new  merchants  to  settle  in  Commerce ;  but  the  Harbers  were  soon 
followed  by  Messrs  W.  A.  and  J.  T.  Quillian.  Thus  stimulated,  the 
growth  of  the  town  was  now  steady,  fresh  recruits  coming  from  most  of 
the  adjacent  counties.  At  present,  the  population  of  Commerce  is  4,000. 
It  is  now  a  recognized  competitor  of  Athens,  doing  a  business  of  several 
million  dollars  per  annum.  During  the  past  fall  season,  one  firm  alone 
in  a  single  day  bought  over  $25,000  worth  of  cotton. 

Paved  streets,  electric  lights,  an  excellent  water  works  system,  public 
schools  inferior  to  none  in  the  State,  palatial  homes,  superb  business  blocks 
— these  are  some  of  the  most  striking  features  of  present-day  Commerce. 
Three  solid  banks  furnish  ample  means  with  which  to  finance  local  enter- 
prises. The  oldest  of  these  is  the  Northeastern  Banking  Company,  of 
which  Dr.  L.  G.  Hardman  is  president,  Mr.  C.  J.  Hood,  cashier,  and  Mr, 
Marvin  Shankle,  assistant  cashier.  The  First  National  Bank,  organized 
some  twelve  years  ago,  is  now  a  close  competitor.  Its  officers  are  as 
follows :  Dr.  W.  B.  Hardman,  president ;  Mr.  George  L.  Hubbard,  cashier, 
and  Mr.  A.  H.  Shannon,  assistant  cashier.  Besides  these,  there  is'  a  private 
bank  owned  by  M!r.  Enoch  B.  Anderson,  one  of  the  best-known  financiers 
of  Commerce.  Five  churches  minister  to  the  town 's  religious  needs. 
The  late  Dr.  Henry  F.  Hoyt,  one  of  the  foremost  Presbyterian 
divines  of  the  State,  was  an  uncle  of  Mrs.  Woodrow  Wilson.  Commerce 
boasts  of  two  weekly  newspapers.  The  older  of  these  is  the  News,  owned 
and  edited  by  Hon.  John  F.  Shannon.  The  younger  is  the  Observer,  of 
which  Hon.  Paul  T.  Harber  is  editor  and  proprietor.  Two  better  news- 
jtapers  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  ranks  of  weekly  journalism  in  Georgia. 
It  was  due  largely  to  the  prestige  of  these  two  splendid  sheets  that  the 
Georgia  Weekly  Press  Association  met  in  Commerce  during  the  simimer 
of  1914. 

One  of  the  largest  cotton  factories'  in  the  State  is  located  at  Commerce, 
known  as  the  Harmony  Grove  Mills.  It  boasts  a  capital  stock  of  $450,000, 
all  of  which  is  paid  in.  Dr.  L.  G.  Hardman  is  president  and  Dr.  W.  B. 
Hardman,  secretary  and  treasurer,  of  this  mammoth  establishment.  There 
are  two  oil  mills  in  Commerce,  viz.,  the  Commerce  Branch  of  the  Southern 
Cotton  Oil  Company,  with  Mr.  T.  C.  Eobinson,  Jr.,  as  manager,  and  the 
Farmers '  Oil  Mill  Company,  of  which  Mr.  W.  H.  T.  Gillespie  is'  president 
and  Colonel  H.  O.  Williford,  lessee.  The  Hardman  Sanitorium,  noted  all 
over  Georgia,  is  located  at  Commerce,  with  a  corps  of  able  physicians  in 
charge,  including  Dr.  L.  G.  Hardman,  Dr.  W.  B.  Hardman,  Dr.  Olin  Shankle 
and  Dt.  M.  J.  Nelms.  The  town  has  its  own  telephone  system,  with 
splendid  local  exchange  in  most  of  the  surrounding  towns  and  villages. 


808        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But,  if  anything  was  still  needed  to  put  Commerce  upon  the  map  it 
was  supplied  a  few  years  ago  by  the  famous  Glidden  tourists,  who  passed 
through  the  town  in  making  their  first  tour  of  the  State.  Here  they  spent 
their  last  night  on  the  road  before  reaching  Atlanta,  and  such  w^as  the 
royal  reception  with  which  the  people  of  Commerce  greeted  these  visitors 
from  the  North  that  by  a  unanimous  vote  it  was  decided  to  include  Com- 
merce on  the  return  trip  back  to  New  York.  Stopping  over  for  luncheon 
they  were  most  charmingly  served  by  the  fair  maids  and  matrons  of  Com- 
merce, on  the  spacious  lawn  of  Dr.  Hardman. 

Commerce  obtained  its  charter  as  Harmony  Grove  in  ]883,  and  its  char- 
ter as  Commerce  in  1&03.  Hon.  William  A.  Quillian,  now  deceased,  was 
the  first  mayor  of  Harmony  Grove.  The  city  is  governed  today  by  an 
efficient  corps  of  public  officials,  consisting  of  Mr.  E.  B.  Anderson,  mayor; 
Mr.  C.  W.  Goodin,  clerk  of  council  and  city  treasurer,  and  Messrs..  Claude 
Montgomery,  Frank  Wright,  T.  C.  Hardman,  E.  B.  Crow,  L.  L.  Davis  and 
W.  D.  Sheppard,  as  aldermen ;  C.  C.  Bolton,  as  chief  of  police,  assisted 
by  Elmer  Bailey,  and  Colonels  E.  L.  J.  and  S.  J.  Smith,  Jr.,  as  city  at- 
torneys. There  is  not  an  abler  Bar  in  any  town  of  equal  population  in 
Georgia,  and  among  the  resident  lawyers  of  State-wide  note  are:  Judge 
W.  W.  Stark,  a  member  of  the  present  State  Senate,  and  Colonels  E.  L.  J. 
Smith,  S.  J.  Smith,  Jr.,  W.  A.  Stevenson,  E.  C.  Starks,  G.  P.  Martin  and 
W.  D.  Martin.  Dr.  L.  G.  Hardman,  perhaps  the  foremost  citizen  of 
Commerce,  was  a  strong  minority  candidate  in  the  recent  election  for 
Governor.  He  was  largely  instrumental  in  placing  the  present  State-wide 
prohil>ition   law   upon   the  statute  books. 


JASPER 

Old  Randolph.  Jasper  County  was  first  organized  as  Ran- 
dolph, under  an  Act  approved  December 
10,  1907,  by  Gov.  Jared  Irwin.*  But  John  Randolph,  the 
great  Virginian,  for  whom  this  county  was  first  named, 
having  become  unpopular  in  Georgia  by  reason  of  his 
views  on  certain  public  measures,  the  name  of  the  county 
was,  on  December  10,  1812,  changed  to  Jasper,  in  honor 
of  the  gallant  Sergeant  Jasper,  who  fell  mortally  wound- 
ed at  the  siege  of  Savannah.  The  Act  in  question  reads 
as  follows: 

"Whereas^   it   was   obviously  the   intention   of   the   Legislature  of  Geor- 
gia, in  designating  a  county  by  the  name  of  Eandolph,  to  perpetuate  the 


•Clayton's   Compendium,    p.    357. 


Jasper .  809 

name  of  John  Kandolph,  a  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia,  whose 
early  exertions  in  the  cause  of  democracy  claimed  the  approbation  and 
applause  of  every  good  citizen  of  these  United  States.  But  whereas  the 
conduct  of  the  said  John  Randolph,  in  his  official  capacity  as  a  member 
of  Congress  has  evinced  such  a  manifest  desertion  of  correct  principles 
and  such  a  decided  attachment  to  the  enemies  of  the  United  States  as  to 
render  his  name  odious  to  every  republican  citizen  of  this  State,  etc.  Be  it 
therefore  enacted  that  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  Act  the 
County  of  Randolph  shall  be  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  the  County 
of  Jasper,  any  law  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. '  '* 

But  the  public  mind  is  often  fickle.  Sixteen  years  la- 
ter, John  Randolph  was  again  in  high  favor  with  the 
people  of  Georgia ;  and,  in  1828,  a  new  county  was  formed, 
bordering  on  the  Chattahoochee  River,  to  which  was 
given  the  name  of  the  peppery  old  "School-master  of 
Congress." 


Monticello.  Most  of  the  early  settlers  of  Jasper  County, 
were  native  Virginians.  This  was  perhaps 
one  among  a  number  of  very  good  reasons  why  the  coun- 
ty was  first  called  Randolph.  It  also  throws  an  impor- 
tant side-light  upon  the  naming  of  the  county-seat:  Mon- 
ticello, for  the  old  home  of  Thomas  Jeiferson.  The  town 
was  incorporated  by  an  Act  providing  for  its  better  regu- 
lation, on  December  15,  1810,  when  the  following  com 
missioners  were  named :  Richard  Holmes,  Henry  Walker, 
Stokeley  Morgan,  James  Armour,  and  Francis  S.  Mar- 
tin.* The  old  Monticello  Academy  was  chartered  in 
1815;  but,  on  December  23,  1830,  the  Monticello  Union 
Academy,  a  more  pretentious  educational  plant,  was 
chartered  with  the  following  trustees:  David  A.  Reese, 
Fleming  Jordan,  Edward  Y.  Hill,  Moses  Champion,  John 
AV.  Burney,  Reuben  C.  Shorter,  and  Benj.  F.  Ward. 
Monticello  is  a  thriving  town,  progressive  and  Avidea- 
wake,  but  tempered  by  a  fine  conservatism  and  by  a 
splendid  loyalty  to  the  old  traditions. 


♦Lamar's   Digest,    p.    199. 
•Clayton's   Compendium,   p.    609. 


810        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Some  additional  facts  in  regard  to  M^onticello  liave  been  fuiiiislied 
by  a  distinguished  resident  of  the  town.*  Says  he:  In  1808  a  commis- 
sion was  appointed  by  the  Legislature  to  select  and  purchase  a  site  for 
the  public  buildings  of  the  county,  the  site  to  contain  two  acres.  This 
commission  found  a  very  peculiarly  formed  hill,  a  central  prominence, 
with  ridges  radiating  therefrom  on  all  sides  except  the  north  side,  on 
which  was  a  very  steep  bluff,  descending  into  a  ravine,  and  from  the 
base  of  the  bluff  sprang  several  bold  springs  of  fine  water.  The  commis- 
sion also  purchased  about  two  acres  of  this  ravine,  for  the  use  of  the 
county,  and  for  the  preservation  of  these  springs  for  the  public  use. 
Ground  for  the  county  buildings  was  laid  off  in  the  form  of  a  square,  and 
in  the  center  was  built  the  first  court-house,  a  small  log  structure.  Aroun<l 
this  soon  began  to  grow  a  village,  to  which  was  given  the  name  of  Monti- 
cello,  for  the  home  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  With  the  advent  of  the  Iron"  Horse 
Monticello  becam.e  isolated,  trade  going  to  towns  along  the  line  of  the 
Georgia  Eailroad  and  to  Macon  until  1887,  when  a  railroad  was  constructed 
through  Monticello.  At  once  the  little  village  took  on  new  life,  and  now 
has  a  population  of  2,500. 

The  business  people  of  the  city  of  today  are  the  descendants  of  the  early 
settlers  of  the  county  and  of  the  town.  Among  the  men  who  first  engaged 
in  the  mercantile  business  were  Jesse  Loyall,  Jeremiah  Pearson,  Manly  & 
Kellam,  Buchannan  &  Jordan,  William  Cooley,  John  Baldwin,  Samuel  Fulton, 
Sr.,  Samuel  Fulton,  Jr.,  and  Hurd  &  Hungerford,  which  last  named  were 
succeeded  by  N.  B.  &  L.  White.  This  firm  continued  until  the  death  of  Mt. 
L.  White,  after  which  it  became  N.  B.  White  and  N.  B.  White  &  Co., 
continuing  as  such  until  a  few  years  ago,  when  it  terminated  on  the  death 
of  Mr.  N.  B.  White. 

The  lawyers  of  Monticello  in  the  early  days  included  Alfred  Cuthbert 
and  Joshua  Hill,  botll  of  whom  became  United  States  Senators.  John  E. 
Dyer  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Monticello,  and  practiced  here  until  his 
death.  Of  the  early  physicians  were  Dr.  Moses  Champion  and  Dr.  Milton 
Anthony,  the  latter  of  whom  afterwards  founded  the  oldest  medical  college 
in  the  State,  at  Augusta.  Of  the  early  settlers  of  the  county  was  John 
Maddux,  whose  descendants  are  still  in  the  city  and  county,  all  good  citi- 
zens. Among  them  was  Dr.  W.  D.  Mad^lux,  a  noted  physician  in  the  sec- 
tion, who  died  eight  years  ago,  after  a  long  and  useful  life,  spent 
in  the  upbuilding  of  the  city  and  county. 

Captain  Eli  Glover,,  of  the  War  of  1812,  the  Mexican  War  and  Tnidan 
wars,  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  whose  descendants  are  still  here  hold- 
ing prominent  places  and  doing  much  for  the  advancement  of  the  city. 
The  Kelly  family  was  a  large  one,  and  while  at  first  they  lived  in  the 
country  they  later  came  into  town  and  have  been  influential  factors  in 
the  community  for  generations.  Several  of  them  are  now  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  business  on  a  large  scale.     William  Penn  settled  in  Monticello 


♦Judge  A.    S.   Thurman. 


Jasper  811 

soon  after  it  was  laid  out,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  development 
of  the  city,  as  well  as  in  farming.  He  also  owned  several  large  planta- 
tions in  the  County  of  Jasper. 

With  hardly  an  exception  the  business  men  of  the  city  are  descendants 
of  the  first  settlers.  As  Montieello  was  for  years  without  railway  connec- 
tions, the  people  mingled  but  little  with  the  outer  world.  For  this  reason 
there  has  been  but  little  new  blood  brought  into  the  county;  the  same 
names  that  we  find  in  the  early  days  are  the  same  of  today.  These  were 
a  hardy  race  and  shows  in  the  successful  lives  of  the  people.  But  the  original 
settlers  belonged  to  a  vigorous  and  virile  race  of  men,  and  from  the  loins 
of  these  pioneers  who  laid  the  foundations'  of  Montieello  have  come  the 
men  who  direct  its  affairs  today.  In  the  most  liberal  sense,  Montieello  is  a 
self -made  town. 


First  White  Child         Nathan  Fisli,  and  his  wife,  Naomi 
Born  in  Jasper.  Phillips,  were  the  parents  of  the  first 

white  child  born  in  Jasper.  This 
child,  a  son,  Calvin  Fish,  was  born  December  22,  1807, 
and  died  Augnst  1,  1861. 


Soldiers  of  Jasper:  Elijah  Cornwell,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
Supplemental  List,  dier,  is  bnried  in  the  Cornwell  family 
cemetery,  near  Alcovy  River,  about 
two  miles  west  of  Mechanicsville.  He  served  in  the  Vir- 
i^inia  army,  under  General  Greene.  The  Comwells  came 
originally  from  Cornwall,  Eng.  Wiley  Hood,  soldier  in 
the  War  of  1812,  and  in  the  Florida  Indian  War,  is  buried 
at  Murder  Creek  Baptist  Church.  William  Robertson,  sol- 
dier in  the  War  of  1812,  and  in  the  Florida  Indian  War,  is 
buried  in  Rocky  Creek  Cemetery,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Jasper.  William  G.  Smith,  born  in  Virginia,  in  1787,  a 
private  in  Captain  William  Owen's  Company,  2nd  (Jen- 
kins')  Regiment,  Georgia  Volunteers  and  Militia,  War 
of  1812,  is  buried  in  the  family  burial  ground,  near  old 
Murder  Creek  Ba])tist  church.  His  father,  Guy  Smith, 
one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Oglethorpe  County,  was  a 
Revolutionary^  soldier. 

John  Clark,  volunteer  soldier  in  War  of  1812,  served 
in  Capt.  N.  T.  Martin's  Company,  South  Carolina  Militia. 


812       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

With  his  family  he  settled  in  Jasper  County,  in  1830,  on 
the  Aleovy  Eiver,  a  few  miles  from  old  Bethlehem  Bap- 
tist church.  He  died  in  1870,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
ninety  years  and  is  buried  in  the  family  grave-yard  at 
the  family  homestead,  where  he  resided  for  forty  years. 
He  was  born  in  North  Carolina.  His  wife  was  Miss  Su- 
san Parks,  of  Laurens,  S.  C.  They  were  the  parents  of 
eighteen  children  and  many  descendants  now  live  in  this 
county  and  in  various  States  of  the  Union. 


The  Confederate     On  the  court-house  square,  in  Monticel- 
Monument.  lo,  stands  a  handsome  granite     shaft, 

erected  to  the  memory  of  the  South 's 
heroic  dead.  The  monument  was  unveiled  on  April  6, 
1910,  at  which  time  Gen.  Harrison,  who  commanded 
the  troops  from  Jasper  County  during  the  Civil  War, 
delivered  an  eloquent  address  as  the  chosen  orator  of 
the  day.  Hon.  Harvie  Jordan  acted  as  Master  of  Cere- 
monies ;  and  Rev.  W.  D.  Conwell  offered  the  prayer  of 
invocation.  Mrs.  H.  C.  Hill,  on  behalf  of  the  local  U.  D. 
C.  Chapter  formally  presented  the  monument  to  the  city 
of  Monticello  and  to  the  County  of  Jasper.  To  this  ad- 
dress Major  0.  Gr.  Roberts  responded  for  the  Confederate 
veterans ;  Hon,  E.  H.  Jordan,  for  the  county  and  Mayor 
Monroe  Phillips  for  the  town.  Master  Leland  Jordan 
feelingly  recited  a  selection  entitled  ''The  Daughter  of 
Dixie,  the  Preserver  of  the  Faith,"  while  Miss  Alice  Bax- 
ter, Georgia  State  President,  U.  D.  C,  made  a  most  de- 
lightful talk.  Thirteen  little  granddaughters  of  the  Con- 
federacy, at  a  given  signal,  drew  the  cord  which  unloosed 
the  veil.  To  Mrs.  Greene  P.  Johnson,  President  of  the 
Chapter,  was  largely  due  the  success  of  the  movement, 
culminating  in  this  splendid  shaft.  The  purchasing  com- 
mittee was  composed  of  the  following  members :  Mr.  J. 
J.  Pope,  Mr.  M.  Benton,  Mr.  Eugene  Benton,  Dr.  C.  L. 
Ridley,  Judge  J.  H.  Blackwell,  Mrs.  Monroe  Phil- 
lips, Mrs.  B.  Leverett,  Mrs.  T.  M.  Payne,  and  Miss  Maud 


Jeff  Davas 


813 


Clark  Penn.  The  monument  is  a  work  of  art.  It  stands 
thirty-two  feet  high,  and  is  built  of  finely  polished  gran- 
ite from  the  quarries  of  Elbert  County,  Ga.  On  the 
east  and  west  sides  there  are  imported  statues  of  Italian 
marble,  each  of  which  is  most  exquisitely  carved.  On 
the  south  side  of  the  pedestal  is  inscribed : 


' '  Crowns  of  roses  fade,  crowns  of  thorns  endure. 
Calvaries  and  crucifixions  take  deepest  hold  of  humanity; 
the  triumphs  of  might  are  transient ;  they  pass  and  are 
forgotten ;  the  sufferings  of  right  are  graven  deepest  on 
the   chronicles    of    nations. ' ' 


On  the  north  side  is  seen  a  Confederate  battle-flag 
with  the  inscription : 


"To  the  Confederate  soldiers  of  Jasper  County,  the 
record  of  whose  sublime  self-sacrifice  and  undying  devo- 
tion to  duty  in  the  service  of  their  country  is  the  proud 
heritage  of  a  loyal  i^osterity. ' ' 

' '  In  legend  and  lay  our  heroes  in  gray 
Shall  forever  live  over  again  for  us. ' ' 


JEFF  DAVIS 

Hazelhurst.  On  August  18,  1905,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  the  county  of  Jeff  Davis,  out  of 
lands  formerly  embraced  within  Appling  and  Coffee 
counties  and  designating  the  town  of  Hazelhurst  as  the 
new  county-seat.  For  additional  facts  in  regard  to  the 
creation  of  this  county,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Volume  I. 


Putting  Mr.  Davis  Dr.  John  J.  Craven,  a  disting-uished 
in  Irons:  The  Story  surgeon  in  the  Union  army,  was  the 
Told  by  His  i)rison  physician  at  Fortress  Monroe 

Prison  Physician.  during  the  first  six  months  which  fol- 
lowed the  incarceration  of  Mr.  Davis.  Though  at  first 
strongly  tinctured  with  the  prejudice  which  prevailed  at 


814       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  North  in  regard  to  the  illustrious  prisoner,  Dr.  Cra- 
ven, from  intimate  personal  contact  with  him  from  day 
to  day,  came  to  regard  his  patient  with  unfeigned  ad- 
miration. On  relinquishing  his  duties  at  the  famous  pri- 
son, Dr.  Craven  published  a  volume  entitled:  "The  Pris- 
on Life  of  Jefferson  Davis;"  and,  besides  containing 
what  in  the  main  was  accepted  at  the  South  as  a  truthful 
account  written  by  one  who  was  in  a  position  to  know  the 
facts,  it  sounded  the  first  distinct  note  of  friendliness 
which  was  raised  at  the  North  on  behalf  of  the  great 
Confederate  leader.  It  served  to  put  Mr.  Davis  in  an 
altogether  different  light  before  his  enemies,  and  it  doubt- 
less operated  in  some  measure,  as  a  check  upon  the  vin- 
dictive spirit  of  revenge  which  was  clamoring  for  his 
death.  Throughout  the  long  and  bitter  ordeal  of  impris- 
onment, there  was  no  hour  fraught  with  greater  humilia- 
tion to  Mr.  Davis  than  when  a  blacksmith  was  sent  to 
his  cell  to  manacle  this  proud  chieftain  of  a  vanquished, 
but  brave  people,  nor  can  there  be  found  in  the  transac- 
tions of  the  Federal  government  a  blot  which  so  impugns 
the  humanity  of  a  Christian  nation.  The  subsequent 
failure  of  the  government  to  bring  Mr.  Davis  to  trial,  on 
the  ground  that  he  could  not  legally  be  convicted  of 
treason,  only  shows  the  needlessness  of  such  indignity 
to  one  who  was  already  helpless  at  the  mercy  of  his  foes. 
After  narrating  the  pathetic  circumstances  incident  to 
the  formal  induction  of  Mr.  Davis  into  prison  life  at 
Fortress  Monroe,  Dr.  Craven  thus  tells  how  he  was  man- 
acled : 

' '  On  the  morning  of  the  23rd  of  May,  a  yet  bitterer  trial  ATas'  in  store 
for  the  proud  spirit — a  trial  severer  probably  than  has  ever  in  modern 
times  been  inflicted  upon  any  one  who  has  enjoyed  such  eminence.  This 
morning  Jefferson  Davis  was  shackled.  .  .  .  Captain  Jerome  E.  Tit- 
low,  of  the  Third  Pennsylvania  Artillery,  entered  the  prisoner 's  cell,  f  ol« 
lowed  by  the  blacksmith  of  the  fort  and  his  assistant,  carrying  in  his  hands 
some  heavy  and  harshly  rattling  shackles.  As  they  entered,  Mr.  Davis 
was  reclining  on  his  bed,  feverish  and  weary  after  a  sleepless  night,  the 
food  placed  near  him  on  the  preceding  day  still  lying  untouched  on  the 
tin  plate  at  his  bedside. 

"  'Well?'  said  Mr.  Davis,  as  they  entered,  slightly  raising  his  head. 


Jeff  Davis  815 

"  'I  have  an  unpleasant  duty  to  perform,  sir,'  said  Captain  Titlow, 
and  as  he  spoke  the  senior  blacksmith  took  the  shackles  from  his  assistant. 

"Davis  leaped  instantly  from  his  recumbent  attitude,  a  flush  passing 
over  his  face  for  a  moment,  and  then  his  countenance  growing  livid  and 
rigid  as  death.  He  gasped  for  breath,  clutching  his  throat  with  the  thin 
fingers  of  his  right  hand,  and  then  recovering  himself  slowly,  while  his 
wasted  figure  towered  up  to  its  full  height — now  appearing  to  swell  with 
indignation  and  then  to  shrink  with  terror,  as  he  glanced  from  the  captain 's' 
face  to  the  shackles — he  said  slowly  and  with  a  laboring  chest : 

' '  '  My  God !     You  cannot  have  been  sent  to  iron  me !  ' 

* '  '  Such  are  my  orders,  sir, '  replied  the  officer,  signalling  the  black- 
smith to  approach,  who  stepped  forward,  unlocking  the  padlock  and  pre- 
paring the  fetters  to  do  their  office.  These  fetters  were  of  heavy  iron, 
probably  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  connected  together  by  a 
chain  of  like  weight.  I  believe  they  are  now  in  possession  of  Major-General 
Miles,  and  will  form  an  interesting  relic. 

' '  '  This  is  too  monstrous, '  groaned  the  prisoner,  glaring  hurriedly 
round  the  room,  as  if  looking  for  some  weapon  or  other  means  of  self- 
destruction.  'I  demand.  Captain,  that  you  let  me  see  the  commanding  of- 
ficer. Can  he  pretend  that  such  shackles  ai"e  required  to  secure  the  safe 
custody  of  a  weak  old  man,  so  guarded,  and  in  such  a  fort  as  this?' 

"  'It  could  serve  no  purpose,'  replied  Captain  Titlow;  'his  orders  are 
from  Washington,  as  mine  are  from  him. ' 

' '  '  But  he  can  telegraph, '  interposed  Mr.  Davis,  eagerly.  '  There  must 
be  some  mistake.  No  such  outrage  as  you  threaten  me  with  is  on  record 
in  the  history  of  nations.  Beg  him  to  telegraph,  and  delay  until  he  an- 
swers. ' 

"  '  iiy  orders  are  peremptory,'  said  the  officer,  'and  admit  of  no 
delay.  For  your  own  sake,  let  me  advise  you  to  submit  with  patience. 
Asa  soldier,  Mr.  Davis,  you  know  I  must  execute  orders. ' 

' '  *  These  are  not  orders  for  a  soldier, '  shouted  the  prisoner,  losing  all 
control  of  himself.  'They  are  orders  for  a  jailer — for  a  hangman — which 
no  soldier  wearing  a  sword  should  accept.  I  tell  you  the  world  will  ring 
with  this  disgrace.  The  w^ar  is  over;  the  South  is  conquered;  I  have  no 
longer  any  country  but  America,  and  it  is  for  the  honor  of  America,  as 
well  as  for  my  own  honor  and  life,  that  I  plead  against  this  degradation. 
Kill  me!  Kill  me!  '  he  cried  passionately,  throwing  his  arms  wide  open 
and  exposing  his  breast,  rather  than  inflict  on  me,  and  on  my  people 
through   me,  this   insult,   worse   than   death. ' 

"  'Do  your  duty,  blacksmith,'  said  the  officer,  walking  toward  the 
embrasure  as  if  not  caring  to  witness  the  performance.  '  It  only  gives 
increased  pain  on  all  sides  to  protract  this  interview. ' 

"At  these  words  the  blacksmith  advanced  with  the  shackles  and,  see- 
ing that  the  prisoner  had  one  foot  upon  the  chair  near  his  bedside,  the 
right  hand  resting  on  the  back  of  it,  the  brawny  mechanic  made  an  at- 
tempt to  slip  one  of  the  shackles  over  the  ankle  so  raised ;  but,  as  if  with 


816       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  vehemence  and  strength  which  frenzy  can  impart,  even  to  the  weakest 
invalid,  Mr.  Davis  suddenly  seized  his  assilant  and  hurled  him  half  way 
across  the  room.  On  this,  Captain  Titlow  turned,  and,  seeing  that  Davis 
had  backed  against  the  wall  for  further  resistance,  began  to  remonstrate, 
pointing  out  in  brief,  clear  language,  that  this  course  was  madness,  and 
that  orders  must  be  enforced  at  any  cost. 

"  'Why  compel  me,'  he  said,  'to  add  the  further  indignity  of  personal 
violence  to  the  necessity  of  your  being  ironed?' 

"  '  I  am  a  prisoner  of  war, '  fiercely  retorted  Davis.  '  I  have  been  a 
soldier  in  the  armies  of  America,  and  know  how  to  die.  Only  kill  me,  and 
my  last  breath  shall  be  a  blessing  upon  your  head.  But  while  I  have  life 
and  strength  to  resist,  for  myself  and  for  my  people,  this  shall  not  be  done. 

"Hereupon  Captain  Titlow  called  in  a  sergeant  and  a  file  of  soldiers 
from  the  next  room,  and  the  sergeant  advanced  to  seize  the  prisoner.^  Im- 
mediately Mr.  Davis  flew  on  him,  seized  his  musket  and  attempted  to 
wrench  it  from  his  grasp.  Of  course,  such  a  scene  could  have  but  one 
issue.  There  was  a  short,  passionate  scuffle.  In  a  moment  Davis  was 
flung  upon  his  bed,  and  before  his  four  powerful  assailants  moved  their 
hands  from  him,  the  blacksmith  and  his  assistant  had  done  their  work — 
one  securing  the  rivet  on  the  right  ankle,  while  the  other  turned  the  key 
in  the  padlock  on  the  left.  This  done,  Mr.  Davis  lay  for  a  moment  as 
if  in  a  stupor.  Then  slowly  raising  himself  and  turning  around,  he 
dropped  his  shackled  foot  to  the  floor.  The  harsh  clank  of  the  striking 
chain  seems  first  to  have  recalled  him  to  the  situation,  and,  dropping  his 
face  into  his  hands,  he  burst  into  a  passionate  flood  of  sobbing,  rocking 
to  and  fro  and  muttering,  at  brief  intervals: 

' '  '  Oh,\  the   shame !    the  shame !  ' 

********* 

"On  the  morning  of  May  24th,  I  was  sent  for  about  half -past  8  A.  M., 
by  Major-General  Miles;  was  told  that  State  prisoner  Davis  complained  of 
being  ill,  and  that  I  had  been  assigned  as  his  medical  attendant.  Calling 
upon  the  prisoner — the  first  time  I  had  ever  seen  him  closely — he  presented 
a  very  miserable  aspect.  Stretched  upon  his  pallet  and  very  much  emaciated. 
Mr.  Davis  appeared  a  mere  fascine  of  raw  and  tremulous  nerves — his  eyes 
restless  and  fevered,  his  head  continually  shifting  from  side  to  side  for 
a  cool  spot  on  the  pillow,  and  his  case  clearly  one  in  which  intense  cerebral 
excitement  was  the  first  thing  needing  attention.  He  was  extremely  de- 
spondent, his  pulse  full  and  at  ninety,  tongue  thickly  coated,  extremities 
cold,  and  his  head  troubled  with  a  long  established  neuralgic  disorder.  He 
complained  of  his  thin  camp  mattress  and  pillow  stuffed  with  hair,  adding 
that  he  was  so  emaciated  his  skin  chafed  easily  against  the  slats;  and,  as 
these  complaints  were  wejl  founded,  I  ordered  an  additional  hospital  mat- 
tress and  a  softer  pillow,  for  which  he  thanked  me  courteously. 
On  quitting  Mr.  Davis,  I  at  once  .wrote  to  Major  Church,  Assistant  Adju- 
tai)t-Gencral,  advising  that  the  prisoner  be  allowed  to  use  tobacco,  to  the 
want  of  which;  after  a  lifetime  of  use,  he  referred  as  one  of  the  probable 


Jeff  Davis  817 

causes  of  his  illness — though  not  complainingly,  nor  with  any  request  that 
it  be  given.  This  recommendation  was  approved  in  the  course  of  the  day; 
and,  on  calling  in  the  evening,  I  brought  tobacco  with  me  and  Mr.  Davis 
filled  his  pipe,  the  sole  article  which  he  carried  with  him  from  the  Clyde, 
except  the  clothes  which  he  then  wore. 

"  'This  is  noble  medicine,'  he  said,  with  something  as  near  a  smile 
as  was  possible  for  his  haggard  and  shrunken  features.  '  I  hardly  ex- 
pected it  and  did  not  ask  for  it,  though  the  deprivation  has  been  severe. 
During  my  confinement  here  I  shall  ask  for  nothing. ' 

' '  He  was  now  much  calmer,  feverish  symptoms  steadily  decreasing,  pulsg 
already  down  to  seventy-five,  his  brain  less  excitable,  and  his  mind  becom- 
ing more  resigned  to  his  condition.  He  complained  that  the  foot-falls  of 
the  two  sentries  within  his  chamber  made  it  difficult  for  him  to  collect  his 
the  two  .sentri'es  within  his  chamber  made  it  di.  .cult  for  him  to  collect  his 
thoughts ;  but  added,  cheerfully,  that  with  this — touching  his  pipe — he 
hoped  ♦■'^  ^:.jome  tranquil.  This  pipe,  by  the  way,  was  a  large,  handsome 
one,  made  of  meerschaum,  with  an  amber  mouthpiece,  showing  by  its  color 
that  it  had  seen  active  service  for  some  time,  as  indeed  was  the  case, 
having  been  his  companion  during  the  stormiest  years  of  his  late  titular 
Presidency.  It  is  now  in  the  writer 's  possession.,  having  been  given  to 
him  by  Mr.  Davis  and  its  acceptance  insisted  upon  as  the  only  thing  he 
had  left  to  offer." 


As  a  medical  necessity,  Dr.  Craven  also  succeeded  in 
having-  removed  in  the  course  of  time,  the  cruel  shackles 
which  bound  his  prisoner.  He  knew  that  Mr.  Davis  could 
never  regain  his  normal  strength  while  the  humiliation 
of  such  indignity  rested  upon  him;  and  he  allowed  him- 
self no  rest  until  the  brutal  order  was  rescinded.  With- 
out going  into  further  details,  Dr.  Craven's  association 
with  the  prisoner  ended  at  the  expiration  of  six  months, 
but  Mr.  Davis  remained  an  inmate  of  Fortress  Monroe 
for  two  full  years.  Every  effort  was  made  by  politi- 
cians in  Washington  to  secure  his  execution:  complicity 
in  the  assassination  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  cruel  treatment  of 
Federal  prisoners  at  the  South,  and  others;  but  none  of 
these  trumped  up  charges  could  be  substantiated.  Fi- 
nally, it  was  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  headed  by  Chief-Justice  Chase,  that  the  charge 
of  treason  against  Mr.  Davis  could  not  be  sufcessfully 
maintained  in  the  American  courts.    He  was  thereupon 


818       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

admitted  to  bail ;  and,  though  anxious  for  a  trial  in  which 
to  vindicate  himself  at  the  bar  of  justice,  the  indictment 
against  him  was  quietly  dropped :  a  tacit  recognition  of 
the  iron  logic  on  which  the  South  grounded  her  rights 
under  the  Federal  Constitution. 


JEFFERSON 
Louisville.  Volume  I.  Pages  146-155. 


Galphinton  Fifty  miles   southwest  of  Augusta,  on 

or  "Old  Town."  the  upper  banks  of  the  Ogeechee  River, 
there  once  stood  an  old  trading  post, 
the  origin  of  which  j^robably  antedates  the  coming  of 
Oglethorpe  to  Georgia.  At  any  rate,  the  traditions  of 
the  locality  indicate  that  at  an  early  period  there  were 
Indian  traders  from  South  Carolina  in  this  immediate 
neighborhood,  and,  if  not  the  first  Europeans  to  establish 
themselves  upon  the  soil  of  the  future  colony,  they  at 
least  penetrated  further  into  the  interior.  George  Gal- 
phin  was  one  of  this  adventurous  band.  He  lived  at 
Silver  Bluff,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Savannah  River, 
where  he  owned  an  elegant  mansion,  conducted  an  ex- 
tensive trade  with  the  various  Indian  tribes,  and  became 
a  sort  of  potentate  upon  whom  the  dusky  natives  of  the 
forest  looked  with  awe  and  respect.  They  usually  brought 
to  him  for  settlement  the  issues  on  which  they  disagreed; 
and  whatever  he  advised  them  to  do  in  the  matter  was 
ordinarily  the  final  word  on  the  subject,  for  they  acqui- 
esced in  his  ruling  as  though  he  were  an  oracle  of 
wisdom.  The  trading-post  which  he  established  on  the 
Ogeechee  River  was  called  Galphinton.  It  was  also  known 
as  Ogeechee  Town;  and,  after  Louisville  was  settled, 
some  ten  miles  to  the  northwest,  it  was  commonly  des- 
ignated as  Old  Town  to  distinguish  it  from  New  Town, 
a  name  which  the  residents  of  the  locality  gave  to  the 


Jefferson  819 

future  capital  of  Georgia.  In  the  course  of  time,  there 
gathered  about  the  old  trading-post  quite  a  settlement, 
due  to  the  extensive  barter  with  the  Indians  which  here 
took  place  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year;  but  time  has 
spared  only  the  barest  remnants  of  the  old  fort.  The 
following  story  is  told  of  how  George  Galphin  acquired 
the  land  on  which  the  town  of  Louisville  was  afterwards 
built.  Attracted  by  the  red  coat  which  he  wore,  an  old 
Indian  chief,  whose  wits  had  been  somewhat  sharpened 
by  contact  with  the  traders,  thus  approached  him,  in  the 
hope  of  securing  the  coveted  garment.     Said  he: 

' '  Me  had  dream  last  night. ' ' 

"\ou  did?"  said  Galphin.     "What  did  you  dream  about?" 

' '  Me  dream  you  give  nie  dat  coat. ' ' 

' '  Then  you  shall  have  it, ' '  said  Galphin,  who  immediately  suited  the 
action  to  the  word  by  transferring  to  him  the  coat. 

"Quite  a  while  elapsed  before  the  old  chief  returned  to  the  post,  but 
when  he  again  appeared  in  the  settlement  Galphin  said: 

* '  Chief,  I  dreamed  about  you  last  night. ' ' 

' '  Ugh !  "  he   grunted,   ' '  what   did  you   dream  ? ' ' 

' '  I  dreamed  that  you  gave  me  all  the  land  in  the  fork  of  this  creek, 
pointing  to  one  of  the  tributary  streams  of  the  Ogeechee. 

"Well,"  said  the  old  chief,  "you  take  it,  but  we  no  more  dream." 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  old  trading- 
post  at  Galphinton  was  in  existence  when  the  State  was 
first  colonized.  The  settlement  which  gradually  devel- 
oped around  it  may  have  arisen  much  later,  but  the  his- 
torians are  not  in  accord  upon  this  point.  Says  Dr. 
Smith:*  ''There  may  have  been,  and  I  think  it  likely 
there  were,  sundry  settlers  who  were  scattered  among 
the  Indians  and  who  had  squatted  on  lands  belonging  to 
them;  and  it  is  probable  that  Mr.  Galphin  had  around 
his  settlement  at  Galphinton,  some  of  his  countrymen 
before  Oglethorpe  came,  but  I  find  no  positive  proof  of  it, 
and  Colonel  Jones  i^ut  the  emigration  of  the  Scotch- 
Irish  to  St.  George's  Parish  as  late  as  1868.  I  find  that 
certainly  as  early  as  the  time  of  Governor  Reynolds,  in 
1752,  there  were  grants  made  to  men  whom  I  know  were 


♦story  of  Georgia  and  the  Georgia  People,  p.   31,  Atlanta,  1900. 


820       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

in  Jefferson."  Be  this  as  it  may,  George  Galphin  him- 
self was  an  early  comer  into  this  region  and  beyond  any 
question  Galphinton  was  the  first  locality  in  Georgia 
established  by  white  men  for  purposes  of  commerce.  The 
site  of  the  old  trading-post  is  now  owned  by  heirs  of  the 
late  H.  M.  Comer,  Sr.,  of  Savannah. 


At  Galphinton,  in  1785,  a  treaty  was  made  between  the  State  of  Georgia 
and  the  Creek  Indians,  whereby  the  latter  agreed  to  surrender  to  the  State 
the  famous  "  Tallassee  Strip,"  between  the  Altamaha  and  the  St.  Mary's; 
but  the  comjiact  was  repudiated  by  the  Creeks  imder  the  artful  Alexander 
MeGillivray,  under  whose  leadership  was  fought  the  long-protracted  Oconee 
War.  Hostilities  were  not  concluded  until  1796,  when  a  treaty  of  friend- 
ship was  negotiated  at  Coleraine,  confirming  the  treaty  of  New  York,  irf 
1790,  under  which  the  "Tallassee  Strip"  was  confirmed  to  the  Indians. 
This  much-coveted  bone  of  contention  remained  in  possession  of  the  Creeks 
until  1814,  when,  as  a  penalty  for  siding  with  the  British,  in  the  War  of 
1812,  they  were  forced  to  relinquish  it  to  the  whites. 


The  Conven-  It  was  at  Louisville,  in  1798,  that  the  cele- 
tion  of  1798.  brated  convention  which  framed  the  State 
Constitution  under  which  Georgia  lived  for 
seventy  years,  met  for  deliberation.  Similar  gatherings 
had  been  held  in  1789  and  in  1795,  but  few  amend- 
ments were  made  to  the  original  Constitution  of  1777. 
On  both  of  these  former  occasions,  the  law-makers  had 
embedded  in  the  organic  law,  a  provision  debarring  min- 
isters of  the  gospel  from  membership  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  Georgia.  Another  resolution  to  the  same 
effect  was  proposed  at  this  time;  but  the  great  Baptist 
divine,  Jesse  Mercer,  was  on  hand  to  challenge  the  pro- 
priety of  such  an  action.  When  the  resolution  was  in- 
troduced, he  at  once  proposed  to  amend  by  excluding 
also  lawyers  and  doctors.  He  succeeded  in  making  the 
whole  affair  so  ridiculous  that  the  matter  was  finally 
dropped;  and  since  1798  the  legislative  doors  have  swung 
wide  open  to  representatives  of  the  cloth. 


Jenkins  821 

The  Convention  was  composed  of  the  following  dele- 
gates : 

Bryan — Joseph   Clay,  J.  B.  Maxwell,   John   Pray. 
Burke — Benjamin  Davis,  John  Morrison,  John  Milton. 
Bulloch — James  Bird,  Andrew. E.  Wells,  Charles  McCall. 
Camden — James  Seagrove,  Thomas  Stafford. 
Chatham — James  Jackson,  James  Jones,  George  Jones. 
Columbia — James  Simms,  W.  A.  Drang,  James  MeNeal. 
Effingham — John  King,  John  London,  Thomas  Polhill. 
Elbert — 'William   Barnett,   E.   Hunt,   Benjamin   Mosely. 
Franklin — A.  Franklin,  R.  Walters,  Thomas  Gilbert. 
Glynn — -John  Burnett,  John  Cowper,  Thomas  Spalding. 
Greene — George  W.  Foster,  Jonas  Fouehe,  James  Nisbit. 
Hancock — Charles  Abercrombie,  Thomas  Lamar,  Matthew  Rabun. 
Jefferson— Peter  Carnes,  William  Fleming,  E.  D.  Gray. 
Jackson — George  Wilson,  James  Pittman,  Joseph  Humphries'. 
Liberty — James  Cochran,  James  Powell,  James  Dunwody. 
Lincoln — Henry  Ware,  G.  Woodbridge,  Jared  Grace. 
McIntosh — John  H.  Mcintosh,  James  Gignilliat. 
Montgomery — ^Benjamin  Harrison,  John  Watts,  John  Jones. 
Oglethorpe — John  Lumpkin,  Thomas  Duke,  Burwell  Pope. 
Richmond — ^Robert  Watkins,  G.   Jones. 
Screven — Lewis  Lanier,  J.  H.  Rutherford,  James  Oliver. 
Washington — John  Watts,  George  Franklin,  Jared  Irwin. 
Warben — John  Dawson,  A.  Fort,  W.  Stith. 
Wilkes — Mktthew  Talbot,   Benjamin   Taliaferro,  Jesse   Mercer. 


JENKINS 

Millen.  Millen,  the  county-seat  of  Jenkins  County,  was 
named  for  HoiiT  John  Millen,  of  Savannah,  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer,  who,  after  an  unopposed  election  to 
Congress,  died  before  taking  his  seat,  leaving  unfulfilled 
a  career  of  brilliant  promise  in  the  councils  of  the  na- 
tion. The  origin  of  the  town  dates  back  to  the  building 
of  the  Central  Railroad,  but  it  was  not  incorporated  until 
September  30,  1881,  when  it  was  given  a  municipal  form 
of  government.  In  1905,  when  Jenkins  County  was  or- 
ganized, the  site  of  public  buildings  was  located  at  Mil- 
len, the  leading  business  men  of  which  town  were  a  unit 
for  the  bill.    On  the  court-house  square  in  Millen  stands 


822       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

a  handsome  monument  to  the  Confederate  dead,  erected 
under  the  auspices  of  the  local  U.  D.  C.  Millen  is  the 
center  of  important  railway  and  commercial  activities 
and  possesses  an  asset  unsurpassed  by  any  community 
in  Georgia  in  its  wideawake  and  progressive  hody  of 
citizens. 


JOHNSON 

Wrightsville,  On  December  11,  1858,  the  new  county  of 
Johnson  was  organized  out  of  lands  -for- 
merly embraced  within  Washington,  Laurens,  and  Eman- 
uel counties,  and  named  for  the  distinguished  statesman 
and  jurist,  Hon.  Herschel  V.  Johnson.  The  seat  of  gov- 
ernment was  called  Wrightsville,  in  honor  of  Mr,  John 
B.  Wright,  a  leading  pioneer  resident.  The  town  was 
incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  February  23',  1866,  at 
which  time  the  town  limits  were  fixed  at  three-eighths  of 
a  mile  in  every  direction  from  the  county  court-house. 
Messrs.  Jeremiah  Parker,  Morgan  A.  Outlaw,  N.  L.  Bos- 
tick,  Charles  W.  Linder,  and  Frederick  P.  Reins  were 
designated  to  serve  as  commissioners,  pending  an  elec- 
tion of  town  officials  as  prescribed.*  In  1884,  this  Act 
was  repealed,  and  in  lieu  thereof  a  municipal  form  of 
government  was  authorized  in  a  new  charter.  Wrights- 
ville is  one  of  the  terminal  points  of  the  Wrightsville 
and  Tennille  Railroad.  It  is  an  enterprising  town,  with 
wide-awake  merchants,  good  schools,  attractive  homes, 
solid  banks,  and  uj^-to-date  public  utilities. 


Herschel  V.  Johnson :      Both   intellectually  and  physically   Herschel   V. 

Some  Incidents  Johnson   was  one   of  the  giants   of  his  day  in 

-  TT-     rt  Georgia.      He    defeated    the    illustrious    Charles 

of  His  Career.  t    t    i  ■      ^     ^u    t  v,    «^-       *  r^ 

.J.  Jenkins  lor  the  high  olrice  or  Governor,  a 
position  which  he  filled  with  great  ability  for  a  period  of  four  years. 
His  devotion  to  the  Union  caused  him   to  l)e  nominated,   in   1860,  for  tlie 


•Acts,    1865-1860,   p.   290. 


Johnson  823 

second  place  on  the  national  ticket,  with  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  Though  he 
recognized  secession  as  a  right,  lie  opposed  it  as  remedy  for  existing  evils. 
In  the  secession  convention  at  Milledgeville  he  was  one  of  the  most  col- 
los-sal  figures,  and  allying  himself  with  the  anti-secessionists  he  made  the 
greatest  speech  of  his  life  in  an  effort  to  keep  Georgia  within  the  Union, 
liut  without  success.  The  forces  of  disruption  were  too  strong  to  be  over- 
come. Tiiere  is  a  story  told  to  the  effect  that  after  beginning  his  impas- 
sioned plea  for  conservatism  on  the  floor  of  the  secession  convention,  he 
]>aused  at  the  dinner  hour,  yielding  to  a  motion  for  temporary  adjournment. 
During  the  noon  recess,  he  either  took  of  his  own  accord  or  was  persuaded  by 
otiiers  to  take  a  stimulant,  in  order  to  restore  his  strength  after  the  ex- 
haustion of  his  great  effort  of  the  morning  session.  But  the  result  proved 
most  unfortunate.  It  is  said  that  the  conclusion  of  his  great  argument 
was  lacking  in  power  due  to  the  effects  of  the  stimulant,  and  that  Georgia 
was  lost  to  the  Union  largely  because  the  great  speech  of  Governor  Johnson 
lacked  at  the  close  of  it  the  splendid  amplitude  of  power  with  which  it 
began.  This  great  Georgian  was'  far-sighted.  The  disasters  which  were 
fated  to  follow  the  impulsive  action  of  the  Secession  Convention  were  dis- 
tinctly foreshadowed  upon  his  great  brain,  and  he  exerted  himself  to  the 
utmost  to  avert  the  impending  crisis.  But  the  doom  of  Georgia  was  sealed. 
He  afterwards  represented  the  State  in  the  Confederate  Senate,  at  Eich- 
mond,  and  for  years  after  the  war  he  wore  the  ermine  of  the  Superior 
Court  Bench. 

Judge  Eichard  H.  Clark,*  an  intimate  personal  acquaintance,  gives  us 
the  following  pen-picture  of  Governor  Johnson  as  he  appeared  in  the  ear- 
lier days.     Says  he : 

"The  first  political  campaign  which  brought  forth  the  powers  of  Gov- 
ernor Johnson  was  in  1840.  It  was  the  most  exciting  one  this  nation  has 
ever  experienced.  There  is  no  space  to  describe  it.  Suft'ice  it  to  say  that 
pai'ty  rancor  was  at  its  highest  pitch,  and  the  people,  including  women  and 
ciiiMren,  were  wild  with  excitement.  Governor  Johnson  was  then  but  twenty- 
eight  years  old.  His  form  as  large  and  bulky,  his  face  was  smooth  and 
Ijtardless,  and  his  entire  make-up  gave  you  the  appearance  of  an  overgrown 
boy.  Expecting  little  when  he  arose,  you  were  soon  to  enjoy  the  surprise  of 
listening  to  one  of  the  most  powerful  orators  in  the  State  or  the  Union.  His 
bulky  form  gave  yet  more  force  to  his  sledge-hammer  blows.  His  oratory, 
though  powerful,  was  without  seeming  design  or  knowledge  of  it  on  the 
part  of  the  speaker.  His  words  escaped  without  the  labor  of  utterance. 
His  style  was  animated,  but  the  speaker  himself  hardly  seemed  to  be  con- 
scious of  it,  so  intence  was  his  earnestness.  He  simply  discharged  his  duty 
to  the  best  of  his  ability,  and  left  the  effect  to  take  care  of  itself.  This 
campaign  gave  him  a  State  reputation." 

Governor  Johnson  embraced,  to  a  limited  extent,  in  later  life,  the  re- 
ligious philosophy  of   Emanuel   Swedenborg,  of  whose  writings   he  became 

♦Memoirs  of  Judge  Richard  H.   Clark,  pp.  292-293,  Atlanta,   1898. 


824       Georgia's  Landmarks,  MEMORniLS  and  Legends 

an  imUistrious  student.  He  married  Mrs.  Anna  Polk  Walker,  a  lady  of 
rare  personal  and  intellectual  charms.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Judge 
William  Polk,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Maryland,  a  niece  of  President 
James  K.  Polk,  of  Tenneseee,  and  a  cousin  of  Lieutenant-General  Leonidas 
Polk,  the  famous  Confederate  officer  who  was  both  soldier  and  bishop. 


JONES 


Clinton.  Clinton,  the  old  county-seat  of  Jones  County, 
was,  in  ante-bellum  days,  an  aristocratic  com- 
munity, surrounded  by  the  ample  estates  of  wealthy  plan- 
ters. It  was  also  an  industrial  center.  Here  was  bnilt 
one  of  the  first  iron  foundries  in  the  State,  a  plant  which 
flourished  down  to  1864,  when  the  hordes  of  Sherman  left 
it  a  mass  of  ruins,  never  to  be  revived.  Clinton  became 
the  county-seat  of  Jones  when  the  county  was  first  organ- 
ized in  1807,  out  of  a  part  of  Baldwin;  but  it  was  not 
incorporated  until  December  2,  1909,  when  an  Act  for  its 
better  regulation  was  approved,  with  the  following  named 
commissioners,  to  wit:  Reuben  Fitzgerald,  Drury  Spain, 
Wm.  Butler,  Jacob  Earnest,  and  Wm.  Allen. ^  It  was 
re-incorporated  on  December  4,  1816,  at  which  time  Mes- 
srs. James  Jones,  Zachariah  Pope,  James  Sapfold,  Eb- 
enezer  J.  Bowers,  John  Mitchell,  Bolar  Allen,  and  John 
Parrish,  were  named  commissioners.-  The  town  was 
named  for  Gov.  DeWitt  Clinton,  of  New  York,  and  the 
county  for  Hon.  James  Jones,  of  Savannah,  a  member  of 
Congress  and  a  distinguished  public  man  of  his  day. 
The  latter 's  name  heads  the  above  list  of  town  commis- 
sioners, a  circumstance  from  which  it  may  be  inferred 
that  he  owned  an  estate  in  this  vicinity,  and  perhaps  the 
naming  of  the  county  for  him  was  due  in  a  measure  to 
his  landed  interests.  The  Clinton  Academy  was  chart- 
ered on  December  15,  1821,  with  Messrs.  James  Smith, 
Gustavus  Hendrick,  Samuel  Lowther,  Chas.  J.  McDon- 
ald, and  Henry  J.  Lamar,  as  trustees.    Clinton  was  once 


^  Clayton's   Compendium,    p.    520. 
=  Lamar's  Digest,  p.  1026. 


Jones  825 

a.  prosperous  town,  but  it  failed  to  recover  from  the 
disastrous  results  of  the  Civil  War.  In  the  preceding- 
volume  of  this  work  w^ill  be  found  some  additional  facts 
in  regard  to  Clinton,  which  ne-ed  not  be  repeated  here; 
and  we  also  refer  the  reader  to  Volume  I  for  a  list  of 
distinguished  residents. 


Gray,  the  present  county-seat  of  Jones,  is  a  small 
village  located  only  a  few  miles  above  Clinton,  on  a 
branch  line  of  the  Central  of  Georgia.  The  town  was 
named  for  James  Gray,  Esq.,  and  was  incorporated  in 
1872. 


Blountsville.  Blountsville,  formerly  a  village  of  some 
pretentions,  but  now  one  of  the  lost  towns 
of  Georgia,  was  located  in  this  county,  at  a  point  where 
some  of  the  best  families  of  the  State  were  established. 
It  was  named  for  the  noted  Blount  family  of  Qeorgia, 
to  which  the  late  Hon.  James  H.  Blount,  of  Macon,  for 
twenty  years  a  member  of  Congress,  belonged;  and  of 
which  the  gifted  Mrs.  W.  D.  Lamar,  President  of  the 
State  U.  D.  C,  is  also  a  member.  The  old  Blountsville 
Academy  w^as  chartered  in  1834,  with  Messrs.  Allen 
Drury,  Wm.  E.  Etheridge,  John  W.  Stokes,  Francis 
Tufts,  and  John  W.  Gordon,  as  trustees.* 


Thomas  B.  Slade :  '^''"  years  before  Wesleyan  Female  College,  at 
Pioneer  Educator  Ma^c'0">  performed  its  hi^Jtoric  act  of  conferring 
upon  a  woman  her  first  college  diploma,  there  was 
a  distinguished  pioneer  educator  successfully  conducting  a  school  for  girls 
in  the  town  of  Clinton.  This  blazer  of  trails  in  an  educational  wilderness 
was  Thomas  B.  Slade.  Here,  on  the  frentier  bolt  of  Georgia,  while  the 
prints  of  the  Indian  's  moccasins  was  still  fresh  in  the  soil,  this  far-sighted 
scholar  who,  with  the  ken  of  a  prophet,  could  read  the  signs  of  the  future, 
here  opened  an  academy  in  the  year  1828  and  started  a  movement  for 
woman 's   intellectual   emancipation.      Professor   Slade   was   born   in    North 


♦Acts,    1834,    p.    6. 


826       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Carolina  in  1800.  For  a  while,  lie  practiced  law  with  his  father,  General 
Jeremiah  Slade,  in  the  Tar  Heel  State.  But  he  was  cast  in  the  molds  of  a 
great  educator,  and,  relinquishing  Blackstoue,  he  wended  his  way  to  Georgia, 
there  to  become  a  leader  in  one  of  the  forward  movements  of  the  age. 
Perhaps  the  first  pledge  and  token  of  Fortune  's  good-will  toward  him  was 
his  marriage  to  Miss  Ann  Jacquiline  Blount,  a  lady  of  kindred  intellectual 
tastes  and  of  fine  aristocratic  family  connections. 

In  1836,  what  was  then  known  as  the  Georgia  Female  College,  was 
founded  at  Macon ;  and  such  was  Professor  Slade  's  prestige  as  an  educator 
at  Clinton  that  we  find  him  in  this  year  removing  to  Macon,  to  be  installed 
as  the  first  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  the  new  institution,  with  the 
general  oversight  of  its  affairs.  He  brought  with  him  to  Macon  his  own 
chemical  apparatus  for  experiments'  and  his  own  geodus  for  astronomical 
studies.  Thirty  of  his  pupils  followed  him  from  Clinton  to  form  the  nucleus 
of  the  Georgia  Female  College;  also  two  of  his  music  teachers.  Miss  Maria 
Lord,  from  Boston,  and  Miss  Martha  Massey,  the  latter  a  beneficiary  pupil. 
Miss'  Lord  was  afterwards  well  known  in  Macon  as  Mrs.  Boardman. 

Two  classes  graduated  under  him  before  the  college  was  bought  by 
the  M.  E.  Church.  He  arranged  the  first  curriculum  and  prepared  the 
first  diploma  granted  by  the  college,  thus  marking  with  his  pen  a  new 
epoch  in  the  educational  history  of  the  world.  He  removed  to  Columbus 
in  1842,  where  for  thirty  years  as  principal  and  proprietor  of  a  female 
institute  of  high  grade  he  continued  his  great  work  until  advanced  years 
forced  him  to  resign  his  mantle  to  younger  shoulders.  He  died  in  1882 
crowned  with  the  benedictions  of  a  well-spent  life.  Professor  Slade  pre- 
scribed for  himself  a  high  standard  of  ethics.  He  was  never  known  to 
canvas  for  a  pupil  nor  to  reject  one  because  she  was  unable  to  pay.  It  is 
something  in  this  day  and  time  to  realize  the  distinction  due  this  man  who 
wrote  the  first  diploma  ever  delivered  to  a  woman  and  arranged  the  cur- 
riculum for  the  oldest  female  college  in  existence.  No  fitter  epitaph  for 
his  tomb  could  have  been  written  than  the  w^ords  of  prophecy  fulfilled  in 
Christianity's  great  forerunner:  "The  voice  of  one  crying  in  the  wilder- 
ness: Prepare  ye  the  way  of  the  Lord;  make  his  paths  straight.'"* 


The  Famous  Some  score  of  years  prior  to   the  Civil  War  there  oc- 

"Rii  Tiki  pv  Trial  curred  at  Clinton  one  of  the  most  famous  court-house 
trials  in  the  forensic  annals  of  Georgia.  Jesse  Bunkley, 
a  well-educated  youth  of  profligate  habits  and  a  scion  of  one  of  the  wealth- 
iest families  of  the  county,  disappeared  from  Jones  in  a  very  mysterious 
manner;  and,  though  every  effort  was  made  to  trace  the  young  man,  he 
could  never  be  found.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  the  widow  Bunkley 
married  a  man  named  Lother,  but  $20,000  was  left  to  Jessee,  provided  he 
should^  return  home,   give  evidence  of  improved   habits,   and  establish   his 


♦Authority:  Mrs.   Edgar  A.  Ross,   of  Macon. 


Laurens  827 

identity  beyond  question.  Time  brought  no  solution  to  fhe  riddle.  The 
belief  at  last  became  fixed  in  the  popular  mind  that  he  was  no  longer  in 
life,  and  accordingly  his  property  was  divided  among  his'  relatives.  Sub- 
sequent* to  this  division — perhaps  five  years  thereafter — a  man  who  bore 
some  slight  resemblance  to  Jesse  Bunkley  appeared  upon  the  scene  in  Clinton 
anu  made  a  demand  for  the  property,  to  which  he  claimed  to  be  entitled. 

But  the  parties  in  possession  demanded,  in  turn,  proof  most  positive 
of  the  claimant's  real  identity  before  relinquishing  such  substantial  holdings. 
On  this  point,  he  failed  to  satisfy  them,  and  not  long  thereafter  the  alleged 
Bunkley  was  arrestsed  on  the  charge  of  cheating  and  swindling.  It  waS 
averred  in  the  bill  of  indictment  that  the  defendant 's  real  name  was  Barber. 
On  the  trial  of  the  case,  not  less  than  130  witnesses  were  examined,  98  of 
whom  were  for  the  prosecution.  Four  of  the  former  college  mates  at 
Athens  of  the  true  Jesse  Bunkley  were  put  upon  the  witness'  stand.  Tliese 
were  Robert  Dougherty,  Hugh  A.  Haralson,  Henry  G.  Lamar  and  Charles 
J.  McDonald — all  of  them  men  of  distinction.  But  they  could  not  recognize 
in  Barber  the  features  of  an  early  schoolmate.  Even  his  mother  failed  to 
find  in  his  face  any  familiar  lineaments.  Barber  knew  just  enough  con- 
cerning the  local  environment  to  suggest  that  possibly  he  might  have 
learned  the  story  from  the  rightful  heir.  He  was  utterly  at  sea  in  regard 
to  a  number  of  matters  concerning  which  the  real  Jesse  Bunkley  could  not 
have  been  ignorant.  He  was,  therefore,  sentenced  to  prison  But  there  are 
people  who  believe  to  this  day  that  he  was  the  real  Jesse  Bunkley,  whose 
only  offence  was  that  he  demanded  the  restitution  of  property  which  was 
rightfully  his  own  under  the  laws  of  Georgia.  Judge  John  G.  Polhill  pre- 
sided at  the  trial;  and,  in  the,  prosecution  of  the  defendant,  Walter  T. 
Colquitt,  Eobert  "V.  Hardeman  and  William  S.  C.  Eeid — three  of  the  strong- 
est advocates  in  the  State — were  associated. 


LAURENS 

Dublin.  The  original  county-seat  of  Laurens  was  Sum- 
terville,  a  small  hamlet  between  Rocky  and  Tur- 
key Creeks,  in  the  north-west  part  of  the  county,  where 
the  population  was  chiefly  centered.  But  before  any 
public  buildings  were  erected  a  large  body  of  land  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river  was  acquired  from  Mont- 
gomery and  Washington,  which  called  for  the  selection 
of  a  new  county-site,  at  some  point  on  the  Oconee  River, 
central  to  the  enlarged  boundaries.  Where  the  city  of 
Dublin  now  stands  there  lived  at  this  time  an  Irishman 
who  agreed  to  donate  a  site  for  the  public  buildings,  pro- 


828       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

vided  he  was  allowed  to  name  the  town  for  Erin's  re- 
nowned capital. 

This  ot¥er  was  accepted;  On  December  13,  1810,  an 
Act  was  approved  appointing  a  board  of  commissioners 
to  Ijacate  the  new  county-site  and  to  dispose  of  the  hold- 
ings at  Smnterville.  The  board  was  constituted  as  fol- 
lows: John  C.  Underwood,  Jethro  Spivey,  Benjamin 
Adams,  John  Thomas,  and  AVm.  H,  Matthews.^  In  the 
year  following,  Dnblin  was  made  the  new  connty-site ;  and 
on  December  9,  1812,  the  town  was  incorporated  with 
Messrs.  Neill  Munroe,  Lewis  Kennon,  Wm.  Tolbert,  Eli 
S.  Shorter,  and  Henry  Shepherd  as  commissioners. - 

Dublin  is  located  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural 
belt;  and  with  splendid  railway  connections  it  is  one  of 
the  most  important  commercial  towns  of  Georgia,  with 
an  outlook  for  the  future  rivalled  by  few  older  commu- 
nities. Gov.  George  M.  Troup  owned  two  large  planta- 
tions in  Laurens  County,  which  he  called  Valdosta  and 
Vallombrosa;  and,  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  of 
his  life,  he  was  often  a  familiar  figure  on  the  streets  of 
Dublin.  Gen.  Blackshear,  whose  famous  country-seat 
''Springfield,"  was  further  down  the  river,  made  fre- 
quent visits  to  the  county-seat.  Here  also  lived  at  one 
time  a  noted  jurist,  Judge  Eli  S.  Shorter,  who  after- 
wards removed  to  Columbus.  Georgia's  present  Com- 
missioner of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Hon.  Henry  M.  Stan- 
ley, was  a  former  resident  of  Dublin;  from  which  town 
hails  also  a  member  of  our  present  Cou-rt  of  Appeals, 
Judge  Peyton  L.  Wade.  Gen.  Eli  Warren,  Hon.  Lott 
Warren,  Eev.  Kit  Warren,  D'r.  Peter  E.  Love,  Hon.  John 
T.  Boifeuillet,  and  Hon.  Warren  Grice,  may  likewise  be 
included  among  the  former  residents  of  Laurens. 

Cotton  Seed        Mr.  James  Callaway,  of  Macon,  one  of  the 

as  a  Fertilizer,    best  informed  historians  and  writers  in 

■^  the  State,  is  authority  for  the  statement 

that  Henry  C.  Fuqua,  of  Laurens  County,  Ga.,  was  the 

'  Clayton's    Compendium,    p.    642. 
"^  Lamar's  Digest,   p.    950. 


Laurens  829 

first  person  of  record  to  discover  the  value  of  cotton 
seed  as  a  fertilizer.  The  discovery  was  made  by  acci- 
dent. 


Springfield:  The     Major  Stephen  H.  Miller,  in  his  Bench 
Home  of  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  gives  the  following 

Gen.  Blackshear.     picture  of  General  David  Blackshear's 
plantation  life,  at  Springfield,   on  the 
Ocmulgee.    Says  he:* 

"Besides  his  grapery  of  several  acres,  General  Blackshear  oAvned  large 
orchards,  from  which  he  distilled  apple  and  peach  brandies  of  the  purest 
kind.  Nothing  was  neglected  in  the  manufacture,  from  the  gathering  of 
the  fruit  to  the  dropping  of  the  rectified  spirits  from  the  tube.  He  usually 
gave  morning  drams  to  his  slaves;  and  whenever,  from  exposure  to  cold 
or  water,  they  required  a  tonic,  he  ordered  them  to  receive  it  from  his 
cellar.  It  was  often  the  case  that,  in  heavy  work — raising  houses,  building 
mill-dams,  and  adjusting  timbers — they  were  in  condition  to  receive  it;  but 
he  never  permitted  them  to  have  it  in  such  quantity  as  to  produce  intoxica- 
tion, and  he  saw  nothing  to  regret  from  the  custom. 

"He  also  cultivated  the  cane,  making  more  than  enough  sugar  and 
syrup  for  his  own  use.  It  was  his  rule  to  let  his  neighbors  have  whatever 
he  could  spare  from  his  farm.  He  never  profited  by  scarcity  and  high  prices 
in  the  market.  His  rates  were  just  fairly  remunerative.  He  never  specu- 
lated on  the  necessities  of  the  people.  Being  a  first-rate  judge  of  human 
nature,  he  was  not  often  deceived.  To  the  honest  and  industrious,  he  was 
ever  a  friend;  to  the  idle  and  dissolute  he  showed  no  favor.  Though  oblig- 
ing in  his  disposition,  he  adhered  to  certain  rules  which  he  adopted  early 
in  life: 

' '  1.     Never  spend  any  money  before  you  get  it. 

' '  2.     Never  pay  other  people  's  debts. 

' '  3.     Never  pay  interest. 

"Much  is  comprehended  in  these  words.  Tiiey  reveal  the  secret  of  pros- 
perity, in  violence  often  to  the  best  sympathies.  General  Blackshear  was 
governed  by  principle — not  by  impulse.  Hence  his  great  influence  and 
success. 


"It  was  customary  for  the  court,  including  both  the  judges  and  the 
bar,  while  journeying  on  the  circuit,  to  stop  with  General  Blackshear,  at 
leisure  intervals.  The  dignified  Early,  the  jovial  Strong,  and  other  high 
functionaries,  who  enjoined  silence  in  court  and  held  the  multitude  in  awe, 
laid  aside  official  consequence,  and  shot  duck  and  angled  for  fish  with  as 


830       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

much  glee  as  the  boys  who  for  the  time  being  furnished  them  guides  and 
companions.  The  judges  would  go  to  the  mill  and  made  upon  the  sheeting, 
orl  creep  softly  upon  the  dam,  spearing  the  finny  tribe  or  harpooning  a 
turtle,  with  perfect  relish  for  the  sport.  After  such  achievements,  the  side- 
board was  called  upon  for  its  quota  of  refreshment.  It  was  all  right  then, 
but  a  very  decided  change  has  since  taken  place;  and  sideboards,  wine, 
brandy,  and  such  old-fashioned  luxuries  have  been  dispensed  with — certainly 
an  improvement  on  the  virtues  of  our  predecessors."* 


Gov.  Troup's  Will.  On  file,  in  the  Ordinary's  office,  at 
the  court  house,  in  Dublin,  is  the  last 
will  and  testament  of  Governor  George  M.  Troup.  It  is 
a  model  of  brevity,  containing  less  than  two  hundred 
words,  but  it  disposes  of  what  was  supposed  to  be,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  one  of  the  largest  estates  in  Georgia. 
The  document  reads  as  follows : 

'  *  Georgia,  Laurens'  County.  I  wish  my  executors  to  keep  together,  as 
I  leave  it,  all  my  property,  real  and  personal,  for  three  years  after  my 
decease,  endeavoring  to  improve  it  as  they  would  their  own.  1st.  Giving 
from  the  proceeds  to  the  heirs,  a  decent  and  becoming'  support,  as  they 
had  been  accustomed  to,  and  2nd.  appropriating  any  surplus  to  investment 
in  lands  and  negroes,  Savannah  Town  property,  Savannah  Bank  Stock,  or 
other  subject  as  they  should  deem  best  for  the  interest  of  such  heirs,  the 
children  of  Florida  Troup  late  Florida  Bryan  or  Foreman,  Oralie  Troup 
and  George  M!.  Troup  are  my  only  heirs,  at  the  expiration  of  the  three  years 
and  on  the  1st  day  of  January  next  thereafter  I  desire  all  the  said  property 
of  which  I  may  die  possessed  with  the  increasements  both  real  and  per- 
sonal to  be  divided  as  nearly  as  possible  into  three  equal  shares  I  mean 
specifically,  one  share  for  the  children  Florida,  one  share  for  Oralie  and 
one  for  G.  M.  Troup,  who  are  to  have  and  to  hold  the  same  to  them  re- 
spectively their  heirs  and  assigns  forever  with  these  exceptions.  Viz:  If 
Oralie  should  die  without  legal  lineal  heir  or  heirs  then  shall  her  share 
go  to  the  children  of  Florida  to  be  equally  divided  among  them  or  the 
survivors  and  if  George  should  die  without  legal  heir  or  heirs  then  shall 
descend  to  the  children  of  Florida  likewise  or  the  survivors  and  I  hereby 
constitute  and  appoint  G.  B.  Cummings,  James  Screven,  Thomas  M.  Fore- 
man, and  George  M.  Troup  my  executors. 

' '  Signed  and  sealed  this  20th.  day  of  September  1851. 

G.  M.  TEOUP     (Seal) 


♦Stephen  H.  Miller,  in  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,   Vol.  I. 


GOV.    TROUP'S    OLD    HOME: 


Remains   of   the    Valdosta    Mansion    in    Laurens   County,    Showing   the 
Sandstone    Chimney,    in    the    Midst    of    a    Deserted    Ruin. 


Lee  831 

Witness. 

WILLIAM  WINHAM. 

ALEXANDER  ADAIR  GILTMAN 

his 
THOMPSON     X     SMITH. ' ' 
mark 
"The  above  will  was  probated  and  recorded  at  the  June  Term   of  the 
Court   or   Ordinary   in   and   for   Laurens   County   in   the  year    18.56.      Tliis 
April  28th,  1911. 

W.  A.  WOOD. 
Lauerns  County,  Georgia. 


LEE 


Leesburg.  The  original  county-seat  of  Lee  County  was 
Starksville;  but  in  1872,  the  site  of  public 
buildings  was  changed  to  Leesburg,  the  present  seat  of 
government.  The  latter  place  was  chosen  by  the  follow- 
ing named  commissioners,  to  wit:  Isaac  P.  Tison,  Henry 
L.  Long,  Fred  H.  West,  Wm.  T.  Saddler,  and  Virginius 
G.  Hill,  who  were  instructed  to  choose  a  site  on  the  line 
of  the  South-western  Railroad,  preferal)ly  at  or  near 
Wooten  Station;  otherwise  at  or  near  Adam  Station. 
Messrs.  Willis  A.  Jones,  Chas.  M.  Irwin,  Wm.  C.  Gill,  and 
John  Paley,  were  at  the  same  time  appointed  commis- 
sioners to  assess  damages  sustained  by  the  owners  of 
real  estate  at  Starksville,  in  consequence  of  such  re- 
moval.* The  site  selected  was  at  Wooten  Station,  the 
name  of  which  was  changed  to  Leesburg,  by  legislative 
Act,  in  1874.  The  town  has  grown  considerably  in  re- 
cent years,  sharing  in  the  development  which  has  brought 
this  section  of  Georgia  to  the  front.  Near  Leesburg, 
Gen.  Philip  Cook  owned  an  extensive  plantation,  today 
the  property  of  his  grandson,  Hon.  Philip  Cook,  Jr., 
Georgia's  present  Secretary  of  State. 


♦-Acts,    1872,    p.    264. 


832       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
Chehaw.  Volume  I. 


The  particulars  in  regard  to  the  destruction,  of  Che- 
raw  have  been  carefully  gathered  and  presented  by 
White.    Says  he:* 

"In  Mkrch,  1818,  Governor  Eabun  requested  General  Jackson  to  station 
a  sufficient  military  force  on  the  frontier,  to  protect  the  most  exposed 
parts  against  the  incursions  of  the  Indians.  To  this  'application  no  answer 
was  given.  Governor  Eabun,  believing  it  to  be  his  duty  to  provide  for 
the  safety  of  the  frontier  inhabitants,  ordered  Captain  Obed  Wright,  with 
a  sufficient  force,  to  proceed  immediately  against  the  Felemma  and  Ho- 
paunee  towns,  the  inhabitants  of  which  were  known  to  be  decidedly  hostile, 
having  committed  many  murders.  The  orders  of  Governor  Eabun  confined 
Captain  Wright  specially  to  this'  object. 

* '  Captain  Wright  took  up  the  line  of  march  from  Hartford,  in  Pu- 
laski County,  with  two  companies  of  mounted  men,  under  Captains  Eobinson 
and  Eogers,  and  with  an  infantry  force  under  Captains  Dean  and  Childs, 
besides  two  detachments  under  Lieutenants  Cooper  and  Jones — in  all  about 
two  hundred  and  seventy  effective  men.  When  the  detachment  reached  the 
neighborhood  of  Fort  Early,  information  came  that  a  celebrated  old  chief, 
Hopaunee,  whose  town  had  joined  the  hostile  party,  had  removed ;  that 
he  was  then  living  in  the  A'illage  upon  which  the  attack  was  subsequently 
made;  that  he  was  the  principal  leader  of  the  hostile  lud.ians;  and  that  a 
great  portion  of  them  were  under  his  immediate  direction.  Captain  Wright 
considered  himself  authorized  to  attack  it,  as  one  of  the  Hopaunee  towns. 

"Accordingly  the  attack  was  made  on  April  23,  1818,  and  in  the  course 
of  two  hours  the  whole  was  in  flames.  About  ten  of  the  inhabitants  were 
killed.  General  Glascock,  of  the  Georgia  Militia,  in  a  letter  to  General 
Jackson,  dated  April  30,  1818,  in  detailing  this'  transaction  says:  'When 
the  detachment  arrived  at  Cheraw  an  Indian  was  discovered  grazing  some 
cattle.  He  proposed  to ,  go  with  the  interpreter  and  to  bring  one  of  the 
chiefs  with  whom  the  captain  could  talk.  It  was  not  to  be.  An  advance 
was  ordered.  The  cavalry  rushed  forward  and  commenced  the  massacre.  Even 
after  the  firing  and  murder  commenced.  Major  Howard,  who  furnished  you 
with  corn,  came  out  of  his  house  with  a  white  flag,  in  front  of  the  line.  It 
was  not  respected.  An  order  was  given  for  a  general  fire,  and  nearly  four 
hundred  guns  were  discharged  at  him  before  one  took  effect.  He  fell  and 
was  bayoneted.     His  son  also  was  killed. ' 

' '  Governor  Eabun  regretted  very  much  this  occurrence.  Captain  Wright 
was  arrested  by  order  of  General  Jackson,  but  was  released  by  the  civil 
authorities.      Gov.    Eabun    afterwards   had   him    arrested   again.      And    the 


*Historical    Collections    of    Georgia,    Lee   County,   Savannah,    1S54. 


Liberty 


833 


President  of  the  United  States  ordered  him  to  be  placed  in  the  custody  of 
the  marshal,  but  he  made  his  escape. ' ' 


Palmyra. 


Volume  I. 


Starksville.  in  1826,  Lee  County  was  organized  out  of  a  part  of  the 
Creek  Indian  lands  acquired  under  the  second  treaty  of 
Indian  Springs — the  treaty  which  cost  General  Mcintosh  his  life.  But  it 
was  not  until  1832  that  a  site  was  fixed  for  public  buildings.  Starksville 
was  the  name  given  at  this'  time  to  the  new  county-seat.  In  1847,  due  to 
some  dissatisfaction,  this  Act  was  repealed.  But  Starksville  remained  the 
seat  of  government — though  apparently  without  public  buildings,  for  in  1851 
an  Act  w^as- passed  authorizing  a  court-house  and  a  jail,  only  to  be  re- 
pealed n  1853.  Eented  quarters  were  no  doubt  occupied.  On  December  26, 
1851,  Starksville  was  incorporated  as  a  town,  with  the  following  named 
commissioners,  to-wit. :  George  G.  Tickner,  Willis  A.  Hawkins,  Samuel  Lind- 
sey,  Philip  M.  Monroe,  and  Edward  V.  Monroe.*  The  Starksville  Academy 
was  chartered  in  1833.  So  far  as  appears  from  the  records'  neither  a 
court-house  nor  a  jail  was  ever  built  at  Starksville. 


Historic  Old  Mid- 
way: A  Shrine 
of  Patriotism. 


LIBERTY 

Volume  L  Pages  135-138;  726-743. 


One  Hundred  Years 
of  Usefulness:  The 
Midway  Centennial. 


Beginning  on  December  5,  1852, 
and  lasting  for  three  days,  there 
was  held  at  Midway  Church,  a 
season  of  rejoicing,  the  memory 
of  which  still  abide  in  the  traditions  of  the  settlement.  It 
marked  the  completion  of  the  first  one  hundred  years  of 
existence  in  the  history  of  the  Midway  congregation ;  and, 
besides  drawing  a  multitude  of  visitors  to  the  locality,  it 
riveted  the  attention  of  the  whole  nation  upon  the  marve- 
lous record  of  the  little  church,  whose  religious  and  pa- 


•Acts,    1851,    p.    45. 


834       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

triotic  achievements  became  everyAvliere  the  topic  of  the 
hour.  Newspapers  devoted  columns  to  it.  Ministers  of 
the  gospel  preached  sermons  upon  it.  Thousands  who 
possessed  no  church  connection  were  enthusiastic  in 
praise  of  the  little  district  in  Georgia;  which  was  the 
proud  possessor  of  so  much  well-deserved  renown. 

The  centennial  observance  began  on  the  Sabbath.  Dr. 
I.  S.  K.  Axson,  who  was  then  the  senior  pastor,  preached 
a  sermon  appropriate  to  the  occasion.  On  Monday  morn- 
ing, early,  the  festivities  of  the  day  were  inaugurated  by 
the  firing  of  cannon.  Among  the  invited  guests  of  the 
occasion  was  the  Chatham  Artillery,  of  Savannah,  whose 
iron  mortars  awoke  the  echoes  of  the  settlement.  Be- 
fore the  sun  was  well  up,  the  people  commenced  to  gather 
from  every  direction.  They  came  in  family  carriages, 
in  farm  wagons,  and  on  horseback.  The  roads  leading 
to  Midway  were  crowded  for  miles  with  travelers;  and 
by  10  o'clock  there  was  gathered  about  the  Liberty  pole 
in  front  of  the  historic  church,  a  crowd,  the  like  of  which 
no  one  had  ever  seen  in  the  settlement.  At  a  point  on 
the  Sunbury  road  the  procession  formed  and  to  the  ac- 
compaiment  of  music  furnished  by  the  German  band  from 
Savannah,  marched  to  the  church.  Colonel  William  Max- 
well, though  somewhat  of  a  veteran,  was  the  president 
of  the  day ;  and,  bedecked  with  blue  rosettes,  made  an  im- 
pressive figTire.  Assisting  him,  in  the  capacity  of  grand 
marshals,  were  Captain  Abiel  Winn  and  Captain  Peter 
W.  Fleming.  One  of  the  features  of  the  parade  was  a 
broad  banner,  on  which  was  inscribed  this  legend:  ''Our 
Country,  Our  Whole  Country,  the  Land  of  the  Free  and 
the  Home  of  the  Brave,  1852."  It  was  borne  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Q.  Cassels,  the  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
arrangements,  supported  by  Captain  Cyrus  Mallard.  As 
soon  as  the  congregation  was  assembled  within  the 
church  and  the  prayer  of  invocation  was  concluded,  an 
ode,  written  for  the  occasion,  by  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Cassels, 
was  sung.  Then  followed  an  address  by  Prof.  John  B. 
Mallard,     setting    forth    incidents     and    circumstances 


Liberty  835 

connected  with  the  early  days  of  the  settlement,  the  part 
which  it  played  in  the  struggle  for  independence,  and 
its  varying  vicissitudes  of  fortune  both  good  and  ill.  Fol- 
lowing the  address,  there  was  given  a  selection  by  the 
band,  after  which  the  congregation  repaired  to  the  spot 
selected,  directly  in  front  of  the  building  for  the  laying 
of  the  corner  stone  to  the  proposed  monument  to  the 
forefathers  of  the  settlement.  Here  an  address  was  de- 
livered by  Rev.  John  Winn,  and  a  prayer  offered  by  Eev. 
Charles  C.  Jones,  after  which  a  number  of  interesting 
relics  and  mementoes  were  placed  in  the  receptacle.  Then' 
came  a  salute  from  the  guns,  and  the  multitude  repaired 
to  the  tables  near-by,  where  they  partook  of  an  elegant 
out-door  banquet  upon  the  lawn,  and  numerous  toasts 
were  proposed.  On  this  occasion.  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Cas- 
sels,  who  was  an  invalid  confined  to  his  home  in  Savannah, 
sent  this  toast,  which  became  quite  celebrated:  ''Liberty 
County — the  place  of  my  first  and  second  birth,  and  yet 
to  be  the  place  of  my  third. ' ' 

On  the  following  day,  nothwithstanding  a  downpour 
of  rain,  another  splendid  crowd  was  present  to  hear  an 
eloquent  address  from  the  special  orator  of  the  occasion. 
Judge  William  Law,  of  Savannah,  who  pronounced  an 
oration  the  echoes  of  which  have  not  ceased  to  vibrate 
amons:  the  sacred  timbers. 


Religions  Work  I'o   our   good   friends   at   the   North   it   will   be   a 

Amon^  the  Slaves  *      i^Eitter  of  some  interest  to  know  that  the  largest 
m-L      -n/r-     •  ^  slave-holders    in    Georgia    during    the    prosperous 

The  Mission  of  .,         .  ^,      ,  ■,       •  ^,     -,       I  -r,    -^ 

days  01  the  old  regime  were  the  devout  Puritans 
Dr.  Chas.  C.  Jones.      ^^,1^0   i^^ed  in  the  Midway  settllement.     Most   of 

them  were  rice  planters,  who  cultivated  the  rich 
alluvial  bottoms,  and  they  were  compelled  in  the  nature  of  things  to  em- 
ploy slave  labor.  As  they  enlarged  the  fertile  acres  which  they  tilled,  they 
naturally  increased  the  number  of  slaves  which  they  employed,  and,  on  the 
eve  of  hostilities  with  England,  in  1776,  it  is  estimated  that  one-third  of  the 
entire  wealth  of  the  Colony  of  Georgia  was  concentrated  in  the  Parish  of 
St.  John.  According  to  Dr.  Stacy,  whose  observations  are  based  upon  the 
Midway  records,  the  Dorchester  colonists  brought  to  Georgia  five  hundred 


836       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  thirty-six  slaves,  &nd  these  were  divided  between  seventy-one  families. 
At  a  period  somewhat  later,  when  the  community  was  Avell  established  in 
Georgia,  he  estimates  that  it  numbered  three  hundred  and  fifty  whites  and 
fifteen  hundred  blacks,  the  average  increase  of  population  being  in  favor 
of  the  latter  class.  With  these  figures  Colonel  Jones  is  in  perfect  agree- 
ment. It  was  by  means  of  slave  labor  that  the  residents  of  Bermuda  Island 
built  Fort  Morris.  It  was  also  by  means  of  slave  labor  that  the  inhabitants 
of  the  district  usually  built  the  homes  in  which  they  lived,  but,  of  course, 
under  intelligent  supervision.  And  the  extent  to  which  the  Puritan  settlers 
of  Midway  employed  slave  labor  only  tends  to  prove  that  the  burning  issue 
of  American  politics  during  the  ante-bellum  decade  was  purely  an  economic 
one,  the  attitude  of  the  individual  mind  toward  which  was  determined 
largely  by  environment.  ' 

The  rice  which  was  forwarded  to  Boston  to  relieve  the  distress  incident 
to  the  closing  of  the  harbor  to  commerce,  in  1774,  was  grown  enl;irely  by 
slave  labor  on  plantations  owned  by  the  Dorchester  Puritans  in  the  Parish 
of  St.  John. 

But  the  care  of  the  slaves  was  always  an  object  of  the  utmost  solicitude 
to  the  residents  of  the  Midway  settlement.  Between  master  and  servant 
there  was  always  the  closest  tie  of  attachment,  and  nowhere  in  Georgia 
was  the  feudal  relationship  characterized  by  greater  tenderness.  The  re- 
ligious welfare  of  the  slaves  was  taken  into  account  from  the  very  start. 
In  the  house  of  worship,  which  was  built  by  the  whites,  there  were  galleries 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  colored  members,  who  were  never  organized 
into  separate  religious  bodies,  but  continued  to  worship  with  the  whites 
throughout  the  entire  existence  of  the  Midway  Church.  On  Sacramental 
Sunday  both  races  communed  together,  the  blacks  in  the  galleries 
above,  the  whites  in  the  pews  below;  and  in  like  manner  both  races  were 
admitted  to  the  ordinance  of  baptism,  beneath  the  same  shelter,  and  at  the 
hands  of  the  same  man  of  God.  However,  it  was  not  until  the  distinguished 
Dr.  Charles'  C.  Jones  began  his  useful  labors  on  the  plantations  of  Liberty 
County  that  the  work  of  religious  instruction  assumed  definite  and  sys- 
tematic proportions.  His  field  of  labor  embraced  an  area  of  twenty  miles 
square.  Besides  holding  religious  services  at  stated  times  and  places,  he 
compiled  catechisms,  trained  teachers,  and  in  other  ways  sought  to  accom- 
plish the  religious  uplift  of  the  slave.  He  afterwards  wrote  a  book  in 
which  he  outlined  his  methods  of  work  for  the  benefit  of  the  religious 
public.  Like  the  noted  Dr.  John  L.  Girardeau,  of  Columbia,  S.  C,  with 
whom  he  was  afterwards  associated,  it  was  his  chief  delight  to  preach  to 
the  negroes,  though  a  man  of  marvelous  intellect  and  power;  and  even 
after  becoming  a  professor  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia  he 
spent  his  vacations  in  evangelistic  work  among  the  slaves.  Altogether,  he 
was  the  means  of  converting  not  less  than  1,.500  negroes,  whose  names  were 
duly  added  to  the  church  rolls. 


Liberty  837 

Laurel    View :    The       Overlooking  the  Midway  Kiver,  at  Hester 's  Bluff, 
Home   of  Sena-  stood    the    old    Colonial    home    of    United    States 

.        "PIT   ff  Senator  John  Elliott,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 

members  of  the  Midway  settlement.  His  grand- 
father, who  bore  the  same  name,  was  one  of  the  original  settlers,  who 
moved  into  the  district  from  Dorchester,  S.  C.  His  father,  by  marriage  to 
Eebeeca  Maxwell,  acquired  the  handsome  estate  at  Hester 's  Bluff,  to 
which,  because  of  the  superb  prospect  which  it  commanded,  through  vistas 
of  the  most  luxuriant  foliage,  was  given  the  name,  "Laurel  View."  Sen- 
ator Elliott  married  Martha  Stewart,  a  daughter  of  General  Daniel  Stewart, 
an  officer  of  distinction  in  the  Eevolution.  His  wife  accompanied  him 
to  Washington,  D.  C,  to  take  her  place  in  the  brilliant  social  circle  at  the 
nation 's  capital.  The  trip  was  made  overland  in  a  carriage  drawn  by 
four  horses,  and  occupied  more  than  a  week,  but  was  broken  by  easy  stages 
and  attended  by  no  serious  mishap.  Senator  Elliott  wore  the  toga  of  the 
nation's  highest  legislative  forum,  from  1819  to  1825.  He  died  at  his  home 
in  Liberty  some  two  years  after  relinquishing  office,  in  his  fifty-fourth  year. 
His  widow  afterwards'  married  Major  James  Stephen  Bulloch,  a  grandson 
of  old  Governor  Archibald  Bulloch;  and  from  this  union  sprang  Martha 
Bulloch,  whose  marriage  to  Theodore  Koosevelt,  Sr.,  of  New  York,  made 
her  the  mother  of  the  future  President  of  the  United  States. 

Fragrant  associations  cluster  about  the  site  of  the  old  Elliott  home  at 
Hester 's  Bluff.  It  was  one  of  the  stately  mansions  of  the  old  regime, 
and  though  the  rigid  Puritan  code  of  the  Midway  settlement  outlawed 
the  frivolities  typical  of  cavalier  life,  it  was  the  abode  of  generous  hos- 
pitality and  of  good  cheer.  The  old  home  place  has  long  since  fallen  into 
ruins;  but  near  the  spot  on  which  it  once  stood  there  rises  today  upon  the 
bluff  an  attractive  and  up-to-date  club-house,  the  property  of  an  organiza- 
tion, composed  of  certain  members  of  the  Savannah  Bar.  Judge  Paul  E. 
Seabrook,  the  present  lessee  of  the  property,  has  permitted  this'  organiza- 
tion, as  an  act  of  courtesy,  to  enjoy  the  privileges  of  fishing  and  hunting 
over  the  entire  estate,  and  the  name  Liberty  Hall  which  has  been  given  to 
the  club-house  suggests  that  the  traditions  of  the  locality  are  Avell  pre- 
served.* 


Liberty's   Oldest     Before    the   first    emigrant   from   the   Puritan   settle- 
Familv  ment  at  Dorchester,   S.   C,  located   in  this  beautiful 

TVi      M  n  region   of  live  oaks,  the  Midway  district  was  repre- 

sented by  Audley  Maxwell,  in  the  first  General  As- 
sembly of  the  Province,  in  Savannah,  in  1751,  and  to  this  very  day,  in 
the  County  of  Liberty,  the  descendants  of  Audley  Maxwell  are  still  living 


•Consult  the  author's  former  work:  Reminiscences  of  Famous  Georgians, 
Vol.  I,  p.  20.  Additional  authorities:  Judge  Paul  E.  Seabrook,  of  Savannah; 
Miss  Julia  King,  of  Dunham,  etc. 


838       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

upon  the  ancestral  acres.  Mark  Carr,  who  owned  the  ground  on  which  the 
town  of  Sunbury  was  built,  may  have  been  an  earlier  comer  into  the  .dis- 
trict, but  his  name  has  long  since  disappeared  from  the  region.  The  Max- 
well family  is  of  Scotch-Irish  extraction.  Without  a  break  in  the  chain 
of  connection  its  members  trace  lineal  descent  to  the  old  homestead  on  the 
Nith,  in  IXimfries,  Scotland,  the  inspirational  fountain-source  of  the  famous 
air: 

' '  Maxwelton  's  braes  are  bonnie 
^Vhere  early  falls  the  dew. ' ' 

"It  is  said  that  the  family  is  descended  from  the  earls  of  Nithdale; 
but  the  Georgia  M'axwells  have  always  been  too  democratic  to  lay  any 
stress  upon  the  claim.  Besides,  there  has  been  little  need  for  them  to  go 
beyond  the  Eevolution  for  deeds  of  prowess  with  which  to  brighten  the 
fiamily  crest.  From  the  south  of  Scotland,  the  Maxwells  first  migrated 
to  the  north  of  Ireland,  where  they  must  have  lived  for  some  time  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Belfast,  and  where  they  continued  in  steadfast  and  un- 
broken allegiance  to  the  kirk.  The  exact  time  when  the  family  escutcheon 
was  planted  in  America  is  unknown;  but  there  were  M'axwells  living  in 
South  Carolina  before  the  settlement  of  Georgia.  Audley  Maxwell  came  to 
St.  John's  Parish  in  1748.  He  did  not  come  from  South  Carolina,  however, 
but  from  Pennsylvania ;  and  he  seems  to  have  married  in  Boston,  Mass.  His 
wife  was  Hannah  Powell.  Locating  on  a  tract  of  500  acres  at  the  head  of 
Midway  Kiver,  he  called  his  home  place  Limerick,  a  name  which  is  still  to  be 
found  on  the  map,  though  an  old  stone  well  is  said  to  be  the  sole  memorial 
which  today  marks  the  site  on  which  his  residence  once  stood.  He  was  one 
of  the  commissioners,  of  which  there  were  three  in  number,  to  lay  out  the 
important  military  road  between  Sunbury  and  Darien.  Two  brothers,  James 
and  Thomas',  obtained  land  grants  at  or  near  the  same  time  and  located — 
the  former  at  Belfast,  the  latter  at  Hester's  Bluff,  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  Midway  River.  James  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Sunbury.  The 
daughter  of  Thomas  married  an  Elliott  and  became  the  mother  of  United 
States  Senator  John  Elliott. 

Colonel  James'  Maxwell,  a  son  of  Audley  Maxwell,  was  an  officer  of 
some  prominence  in  the  Eevolution.  He  was  also  closely  associated  with 
Dr.  Abiel  Holmes,  in  bettering  the  conditions  of  life  for  the  new  settlers; 
and  in  this  connection  it  may  be  said  that  while  the  Maxwells  anticipated 
the  Dorchester  colonists  by  several  years  in  occupying  the  Midway  district 
they  joined  them  in  religious  worship  and  became  zealous  supporters  of  the 
historic  old  organization.  Colonel  Audley  Maxwell,  his  son,  was  another 
man  of  mark.  He  located  on  Colonel's  Island,  where  he  cultivated  an  ex- 
tensive plantation,  and  the  old  home  place,  M^axwell  Point,  on  the  south 
end  of  the  island,  is  still  the  property  of  his  descendants.  Eebecca  Max- 
well, a  sister,  married  the  famous  John  Cooper,  and  lived  at  Cannon 's' 
Point,  on  St.  Simon 's  Island,  where  they  kept  open  house  and  entertained 
English  and  Scotch  lords.     The  Maxwells  have  always  been  handsome  in 


Liberty  839 

feature,  erect  and  patrician  in,  carriage,  and  have  splendidly  exemplified 
the  old  school  of  Southern  manners.  They  have  also  represented  the  cul- 
ture of  the  Georgia  coast.  The  family  of  Mr.  J.  A.  M.  King,  of  Colonel 's 
Island,  is  descended  from  the  first  Audley  Maxwell  and  from  the  noted 
Roswell  King,  who  founded  the  town  of  Eoswell.* 


John  Quarterman :     One  of  the  very  earliest  settlers  in 
A  Patriarch  the  Midway  district  was  John  Quar- 

in  Israel.  terman.    Concerning  this  devout  pio- 

neer, who  was  a  man  eminent  for  pi- 
ety, there  are  only  meagre  entries  in  the  church  records ; 
but  he  holds  an  exalted  place  in  the  traditions  of  the  set- 
tlement. He  is  today  revered  as  the  progenitor  of  a  dis- 
tinguished multitude  of  descendants.  Embraced  among 
his  offspring  are  eight  eminent  educators,  including  the 
LeContes,  seven  foreign  missionaries,  and  twenty-three 
ministers  of  the  gospel.  Robert  Quarterman,  his  grand- 
son, was  the  first  native  born  pastor  of  the  Midway  flock 
and  he  served  the  congregation  for  a  period  of  twenty- 
four  years. 


Dr.  McWhir:  His  On  the  importance  of  an  education,  the 
Academy  Once  a  early  Puritans  of  Georgia  laid  great 
Noted  Institution,  stress.  It  was  not  long  after  the  Revo- 
lution that  the  foundations  of  the  fa- 
mous Sunbury  Academy  were  laid,  in  1788;  and,  under 
the  management  of  Dr.  William  McWhir,  a  Scotch-Irish- 
man of  rare  attainments,  it  became  an  institution  of  liigh 
rank  and  of  wide  favor.  The  following  brief  sketch  is 
condensed  from  an  account  by  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones, 
Jr.,*  a  scion  of  the  Midway  settlement.    Says  he : 

* '  The  most  famous  institution  of  learning  in  southern  Georgia,  for  many 
years,  was  the  Sunbury  Academy.  It  was  established  by  an  Act  of  the 
Legislature,  passed  February  1,  1788,  in  which  Abiel  Holmes,  James  Dun- 


♦Authorities:   Colonial  Records  of  Georgia;   old  residents  of  Liberty;   an 
article  by  Miss   Julia  King,   of  Dunham,   Ga. 

♦Dead   Towns   of   Georgia,   pp.   212-215,   Savannah,    1878. 


840       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

wody,  John  Elliott,  Gideon  Dowse,  and  Peter  Winn  were  named  commis- 
sioners'. With  the  sum  of  1,000  pounds  Stirling  realized  from  the  sale  of 
confiscated  property,  these  well-known  citizens,  after  giving  bond,  pro- 
ceeded to  provide  an  adequate  building  in  which  to  house  the  school;  and 
in  due  time  the  institution  was  opened.  The  teacher,  whose  name  was  for 
the  longest  period  most  notably  associated  with  the  management  of  the 
Academy  and  who  did  more  than  all  others  to  establish  a  standard  of  schol- 
arship and  discipline  was  the  Eev.  Dr.  William  McWhir.  He  was  a  thor- 
ough Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  a  strict  observer  of  prescribed  regulations, 
and  a  firm  believer  in  the  virtue  of  the  birch.  To  the  studious  and  ambi- 
tious he  always  proved  himself  a  generous  instructor,  full  of  suggestion  and 
encouragement.  The  evening  of  his  days  was  spent  chiefly  in  the  homes' 
of  his  old  scholars,  by  whom  he  was  always  cordially  greeted,  and  the  "wel- 
come in  turn  was  peculiarly  relished  by  him  when  accompanied  by  a  generous 
supply  of  buttermilk  and  by  a  good  glass  of  wine.  The  latter  might  be 
omitted;  but  a  failure  to  provide  the  former  was  a  breach  of  hospitality 
which  impaired  the  comfort  of  his  sojourn.  The  building — a  large  two  story 
and  a  half  wooden  structure,  located  in  King  's  Square — was  razed  to  the 
ground  about  the  year  1842." 

Two  very  interesting  old  heir-looms,  formerly  the 
property  of  Dr.  McWhir,  are  now  in  the  possession  of  his 
step-greatgrandson,  Hon.  William  Harden,  of  Savannah, 
viz.,  a  gold-headed  walking  cane  and  a  silver  drinking 
cup,  the  latter  of  which  was  presented  to  Dr.  McWhir 
by  his  devoted  friend,  Rev.  Murdock  Murphy.  The  silver 
cup  is  shaped  like  a  tumbler,  and  near  the  top  is  en- 
graved the  date,  1815.  At  equal  distances  apart,  there 
are  three  inscriptions  engraved  upon  the  sides :  * '  Charity 
in  Thought,"  "Liberality  in  Word,"  "Oenerosity  in 
Action."  On  the  bottom  is  inscribed:  ''Peace  and  Plen- 
ty." The  gold-headed  cane  is  made  of  Irish  black-thorn, 
and  is  very  substantial.  On  the  top  is  engraved  "W.  Mc- 
W."  Not  far  below  the  knob  is  a  hole  cut  through  the 
stick,  on  either  side  of  which  there  is  a  silver  guard, 
somewhat  like  the  guards  to  key-holes.  Dr.  McWhir 
reached  the  ripe  old  age  of  ninety-two  years.  He  sleeps 
beside  his  wife  in  the  deserted  little  graveyard  at  Sun- 
bury,  where  there  is  much  to  suggest  the  pathetic  pic- 
ture which  Oliver  Goldsmith 'has  drawn  of  the  Village 
Schoolmaster.    On  the  marble  slab  which  marks  the  grave 


Liberty 


841 


of  this  pioneer  teacher  of  Georgia  may  be  deciphered 
this  inscription,  now  blurred  and  indistinct : 


' '  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  Kev.  WILLIAM  McWHIR, 
D.  D.,  who  was  born  in  the  County  of  Down,  Ireland, 
September  9,  1759,  and  died  in  Liberty  County,  Geor- 
gia, January  31,  1851.  In  1783  he  came  to  the  United 
States  and  settled  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Georgia  about  the  year  1793.  His  long  and 
eventful  life  was  devoted  to  the  cause  of  Christianity 
and  Education,  and  his  labors  to  promote  these  objects 
were  eminently   successful. ' ' 


Midway:  The  In  the  center  of  the  historic  old  chiirch- 

Stewart-Screven     yard  at  Midway,  ready  to  be  unveiled 
Monument.  in  the  fall  of  this  year,  stands  a  magnif- 

icent obelisk  of  marble,  erected  by  the 
United  States  government,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,  to  two 
distinguished  Revolutionary  patriots,  both  residents  of 
Midway:  Gen.  James  Screven,  and  Gen.  Daniel  Stewart. 
President  Woodrow  Wilson,  who  married  a  claug'hter  of 
Midway,  and  ex-president  Roosevelt,  a  descendant  of 
Gen.  Stewart,  have  both  promised  to  be  present  at  the 
unveiling,  and  to  take  part  in  the  ceremonies. .  The  shaft 
is  fifty  feet  in  height  and  thirty  feet  square  at  the  base, 
with  the  following  inscriptions  splendidly  cast,  in  re- 
lief, on  beautiful  copper  plates,  and  set  into  the  pure 
white  marble: 


(North  Face.) 
1750  1778 

Sacred  to  the  Memory  of  BRIGADIER-GENERAL 
•TAM'ES  SCREVEN,  who  Fell,  Covered  with  Wounds, 
at  Sunbury,  Near  this  Spot,  on  the  22nd  Day  of  Novem- 
ber, 1778.  He  Died  on  the  24th  Day  of  November,  1778, 
from  the  Effects  of  his  Wounds.* 


*Gen.  Screven  fell  mortally  wounded  about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of 
Midway  Church.  This  point  is  fully  ten  miles  distant  from  Sunbury.  Con- 
sequently, it  is  difficult  to  understand  this  variation  on  the  monument.  We 
are  indebted  to  Hon.  H.  B.  Folsom,  of  Montgomery,  Ga.,  for  a  description 
of  this  obelisk,   together  with  the  inscriptions. 


842       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


(Continued) 

(East  Face.) 

Eeared  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  as  a 
Nation's  Tribute  to  BRIGADIEE-GENERALS  JAMES 
SCRE^ni:N  and  DANIEL  STEWAET. 

(South  Face.) 
1759.  1829. 

Sacred  to  the  Memory  of  BEIGADIEE-GENEEAL 
DANIEL  STEWART,  a  Gallant  Soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tion and  an  Officer  Brevetted  for  Bravery  in  the  Indian 
Wars.  1 

(West  Face.) 

(The  west  face  is  fittingly  adorned  by  a  copper  re- 
lief representation  of  Midway  Church,  as  perfect  as  skill 
and  enduring  copper  can  make  it.  No  inscription  what- 
ever.) 


Seven  of  Georgia's  Perhaps  the  most  eloquent  attesta- 
Counties  Named  for  tion  of  the  part  played  by  the  Mid- 
Liberty's  Sons.  way  settlement  in  the  drama  of  the 
Eevolution  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact 
that  seven  counties  of  Georgia  bear  names  which  can  be 
traced  to  this  fountain-head  of  patriotism. 

1.  Liberty.  This  name  was  conferred  b}^  the  Consti- 
tution of  1777,  upon  the  newly  created  county  which  was 
formed  from  the  old  Parish  of  St.  John.  It  was  bestowed 
in  recognition  of  the  fact  that  the  earliest  stand  for  inde- 
pendence was  here  taken  by  the  patriots  of  the  Midway 
settlement,  whose  flag  at  Fort  Morris  was  the  last  to 
be  lowered  when  Georgia  was  overrun  by  the  British,  and 
whose  contributions  to  the  official  lists  of  the  Eevolution 
were  manifold  and  distinguished. 

2.  Screven,  formed  December  14,  1793,  was  named 
for  General  James  Screven,  a  resident  of  Sunbury,  who 
fell  mortally  wounded,  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  Midway 
church,  on  November  22,  1778,  and  who  lies  buried  in 
Midway  graveyard. 

3".  Hall,  created  December  15,  1818,  and  named  after 
'Ly^an  Hall,  a  resident  of  the  Midway  district,  who  was 


Lincoln  843 

the  first  delegate  sent  from  Georgia  to  the  Continental 
Congress  and  who  was  afterwards  a  Signer  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  and  a  Governor  of  Georgia. 

4.  Gwinnett,  established  December  15, 1818,  was  called 
after  Button  Gwinnett,  whose  home  was  on  St.  Cather- 
ine's Island,  but  business  affairs  connected  him  with 
Sunbury,  who  was  also  a  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and  a  Governor  of  Georgia. 

5.  Baker,  constituted,  December  12,  1825,  was  named 
for  Colonel  John  Baker,  of  the  Revolution,  one  of  the 
early  pioneer  settlers  of  St.  John's  Parish. 

6.  Stewart,  organized  December  30,  1830,  was  named 
for  General  Daniel  Stewart,  an  eminent  soldier  both  of 
the  Revolution  and  of  the  Indian  wars.  He  was  a  native 
of  the  district,  a  member  of  Midway  church,  and  an  an- 
cestor of  ex-President  Theodore  Roosevelt.  He  sleeps 
in  Midway  burial-ground. 

7.  Bacon,  created  by  Legislative  Act,  during  the  ses- 
sion of  1914,  in  honor  of  the  late  United  States  Senator 
Augustus  0.  Bacon,  whose  parents  repose,  in  the  little 
cemetery  adjacent  to  Midway  Church. 


LINCOLN 

Lincolnton.  Zachariah  Lamar,  of  "Wilkes,  was  author- 
ized by  an  Act  approved  February  8,  1786, 
to  lay  out  a  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Broad  River,  on 
the  south  side,  to  be  called  Lincoln.  It  does  not  appear 
from  the  records  what  was  ever  done  in  pursuance  of 
this  Act;  but,  in  1796,  a  part  of  Wilkes  County  was  or- 
ganized into  Lincoln,  with  Lincolnton  as  the  new  county- 
seat.  Both  the  town  and  the  county  Avere  named  for  Gen. 
Benj.  Lincoln,  of  the  Revolution,  at  one  time  in  command 
of  military  operations  in  Georgia.  Lincolnton  was  in- 
corporated by  an  Act  approved  December  19,  1817,  with 
the  following  town  commissioners,  to  wit :  Peter  Lamar, 


844       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Rem  Remsen,  and  Lewis  StovalL*  The  Lincolnton  Fe- 
male Academy  was  chartered  in  1836,  and  was  an  excel- 
lent school  for  the  times.  Near  Lincolnton  lived  the 
noted  wit,  Judge  John  M.  Dooly,  and  the  distinguished 
pioneer  legislator,  Thomas  W.  Murray.  Just  six  miles 
above  the  town  is  Tory  Pond,  where,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, six  Tories  were  hanged.  Without  railway  facili- 
ties, the  growth  of  Lincolnton  has  been  retarded;  but 
whenever  the  iron  horse  arrives  a  new  era  will  begin 
for  this  fine  old  ante-bellum  town,  once  the  home  of  such 
noted  Georgia  families  as  the  Lamars,  the  Currys,  the 
D'allases,  the  Crawfords,  the  Remsens,  the  Simmonses, 
the  Flemings,  and  the  Lockharts.  Here  was  born  the  dis- 
tinguished Dr.  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  statesman,  diplomat,  and 
educator,  whose  statue  has  recently  been  placed  in  the 
nation's  Hall  of  Fame  by  Alabama,  his  adopted  State 
for  many  years. 


Skeletons  of  the  To  discover,  after  a  lapse  of  a  century 
Six  Tories  Found,  and  a  half,  the  well-preserved  skele- 
tons of  six  men  who  were  buried  with- 
out coffins,  during  the  Revolution,  only  six  feet  below 
the  earth,  in  a  climate  which  possesses  little  of  the  art 
preservative,  is  to  say  the  least,  a  modern  miracle.  In 
the  absence  of  scientific  verification,  the  following  story, 
which  appeared  in  the  Atlanta  Constitution  of  December 
22,  1912,  is  subject  to  the  usual  newspaper  discount,  but 
it  nevertheless  constitutes  an  item  of  some  interest  in  this 
connection.     The  article  reads: 

' '  Skeletons  of  the  six  Tories  captured  at  her  dinner  table  and  after- 
wards hanged  to  trees  near  her  home  by  Nancy  Hart  more  than  a  century 
and  a  half  ago  were  unearthed  last  Aveek  by  a  squad  of  hands  at  work 
grading  the  Elberton  and  Eastern  Eailroad.  They  were  buried  about  three 
feet  under  the  ground,  in  what  is  known  as  the  Heard  field,  near  the  mouth 
of  Wahatehie  Creek,  some  half  a  mile  from  where  it  empties  into  Broad 
River.     The  bones  are   all  there,   in   a  splendid  state   of  preservation,   but 


•Lamar's   Digest,   p.    1044. 


Lowndes  845 

have  become  disjointed.  The  skulls,  in  fact,  all  the  bones  of  the  heads  and 
under  jaws,  are  especially  well  preserved,  and  the  teeth  are  perfect.  The 
place  where  the  skeltons  were  unearthed,  together  with  the  fact  that  they 
were  so  close  together,  near  the  surface,  with  no  sign  or  trace  of  anything 
like  a  coffin  anywhere  around,  makes  the  evidence  convincing  that  these  are 
the  bones  of  the  Tories  captured  by  the  Kevolutionary  heroine.  The  house 
in  which  Nancy  Hart  lived  was  located  on  Wahatchie  Creek  near  a  spring 
some  half  to  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  where  the  skeletons  were 
found.  The  place  is  now  owned  by  the  local  chapter  of  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Kevolution.  This  place  is  about  thirteen  miles  from  El- 
berton. ' ' 


State  Senators.  Lincoln  during  the  early  pioneer  days  was  represented 
in  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia  by  the  following 
State  Senators:  Thomas  W.  Murray,  Eobert  Walton,  Eem  Eemsen,  John 
M.  Dooly,  John  Fleming,  William  Harper,  Mica j  ah  Hanley,  John  Fraser, 
Peter  Lamar,  Benning  B.  Moore  and  N.  G.  Barksdale.  Some  of  the  early 
Eepresentatives  were:  John  M.  Dooly,  Philip  Zimmerman,  James  Espey, 
Elijah  Clarke,  Jr.,  Samuel  Fleming,  Wheeler  Gresham,  Gibson  Clarke,  Peter 
Lamar,  Thomas  Lamar,  John  Fleming,  Thomas  W.  Murray,  John  Lamkin, 
William  Jones,  William  Curry,  Nicholas  G.  Barksdale  and  John  McDowell. 
William  Curry  was  the  father  of  Dr.  Jabez  Lamar  Monroe  Curry,  diplomat, 
statesman,  educator  and  divine,  whose  statue  has  been  placed  in  the  nation 's 
Hall  of  Fame  by  the  State   of  Alabama.* 


LOWNDES. 


Old  County  Sites.  In  1826  Lowndes  County  was  organ- 
ized out  of  a  part  of  Irwin  and  named 
for  Hon.  William  Lowndes,  a  distinguished  statesman 
of  South  Carolina.  Franklin ville  was  the  original  county- 
seat  of  Lowndes ;  but  in  1833  the  site  of  public  buildings 
was  changed  to  Lowndesville.^  Still  later,  it  was  changed 
to  Troupville,  a  town  located  in  an  angle  between  the  Wil- 
lacoochee  and  the  Little  Rivers.  On  December  14,  1837, 
Troupville  was  incorporated  with  the  following-named 
commissioners,  to-wit. :  Jonathan  Knight,  Sr.,  Jared 
Johnson,    K.    Jameson,    Francis    McCall,    and   William 

»ActS,    1828,   p.    151;   Acts,    1S33,   p.    317. 


846       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Smith.-  Finally,  when  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Railway- 
was  built,  an  Act  was  approved  November  21,  1859,  ap- 
pointing Messrs.  James  Harrell,  Dennis  Worthington, 
John  E.  Stapler  and  William  H.  Goldwire  as  commis- 
sioners to  chose  a  new  county-site  on  the  above-mentioned 
line,  and  out  of  this  Act  grew  the  present  city  of  Val- 
dosta,  named  for  one  of  Governor  Troup's  plantations. 


Valdosta.  Volume  I. 


LUMPKIN 

Dahlonega;    Early      Acconliug  to  the  testimony  of  uot  a  few  residents 

Gold  Minine"  ^^  ^^^^  neighborhood,  some  of  whom  have  passed 

-,  .  the  patriarchal  limit  of  four-score  years,  gold  was 

in  CT60i'2!'ia  •/       j  o 

°     '  found  in  Lumpkin  County  prior  to  the  date  given  for 

its  discovery  in  White  County,  on  Duke 's  Creek,  in  1828.  Mr.  Eeese  Crisson, 
one  of  the  best-known  of  the  practical  miners  who  came  to  Dahlonega  in  the 
early  day,  was  heard  to  say  on  more  than  one  occasion  that  when  he  came  to 
Dahlonega,  in  the  above-named  year,  it  was  some  time  after  the  discovery 
of  gold  in  this  neighborhood.  Mr.  Joseph  Edwards,  a  man  of  solid  worth, 
still  living  at  a  ripe  old  age  near  Dahlonega,  corroborates  this  statement. 
He  also  was'  one  of  the  early  miners;  and,  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Edwards, 
gold  had  been  discovered  in  Lumpkin  for  some  time  when  he  came  to  Dah- 
lonega in  1828.  At  any  rate,  the  discovery  of  gold  brought  an  influx  of 
white  population  into  Cherokee  Georgia,  some  mere  adventurers,  some  pos- 
sessed of  the  restless  spirit  of  discontent,  ever  on  the  lookout  for  something 
strange  and  new,  but  most  of  them  men  of  high  character,  anxious  to 
develop  the  rich  treasures  hidden  in  the  hills  of  this  beautiful  section  of 
Georgia.  The  Indians  were  still  here  and  must  have  known  of  the  gold 
deposits,  though  perhaps  ignorant  of  their  value;  hence  the  name  "Tal- 
oneka, "  signifying  "yellow  metal." 

In  1836  the  United  States  Mint  was  established  at  Dahlonega.  Skill  eel 
workmen  were  brought  from  Philadelphia  to  put  the  mint  into  operation; 
and  among  the  number  who  came  at  this  time  was  the  Eev.  David  Hast- 
ings, a  Presbyterian  minister,  whose  cultured  family  imparted  a  tone^  of 
refinement  to  the  rough  mining  camp  and  formed  the  beginning  of  Dah- 
lonega's  social  and  intelleetvial  life.  His  grand-daughter.  Miss  Lida 
Fields,  was  a  noted  eduactor,  whose  popular  history  of  the  United  States 
is  .still  a  standard  text-book  in  the  public  schools.  Governor  Allen  D. 
Candler,  one  of  Georgia's  most  distinguished  sons,  was  born  near  the  old 
mint.     Dr.  Benjamin  Smith,  with  his  good  wife,  came  from  Vermont  and 


"Acts,    1837,    p.    265. 


LowisTDEs  847 

settled  near  Leather 's  Ford.  He  built  a  school-house  across  the  highway 
from  his  residence,  furnished  it  with  maps,  black-boards,  globes  and  so  forth, 
and  here  his  own  children,  together  with  others  in  the  neighborhood,  were 
taught  by  Mrs.  Smith  until  the  cares  of  her  growing  family  deprived  the 
community  of  her  splendid  services,  after  which  a  lady  from  Athens,  Ga., 
was  employed  to  take  up  her  work. 

Here  lived  the  Gartrells,  the  Singletons,  the  Mangums,  the  Kennons, 
and,  last  but  not  least.  Colonel  E.  H.  Moore.  Who  does  not  delight  to  dwell 
upon  his  memory — the  handsome,  courtly  gentleman  of  the  old  South,  the 
brave  and  chivalrous  commander  of  the  gallant  Sixty-fifth  Georgia  Eegi- 
ment?_  The  father  of  Henry  W.  Grady,  the  South 's  great  orator- journalist, 
came  here  to  marry  Miss  Anne  Eliza  Gartrell.  His  uncle  then  lived  in  the 
house  now  occupied  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Meaders.  Dr.  James  Thomas,  later  presi- 
dent of  Emory  College,  was  once  a  resident  of  Lumpkin.  He  came  seeking 
health  from  mountain  air  and  pure  water.  Miss  Adeline  Thomas,  after- 
wards Mrs.  Spriggs,  was  a  noted  school  teacher  in  her  day.  Nineteen  miles 
west  of  Dahloneg,  in  the  upper  part  of  Dawson  County,  bordering  on 
Lumpkin,  are  the  falls  of  the  Amicalola,  renowned  for  beauty.  The  peace- 
ful quiet  of  this  lovely  region  is  broken  only  by  the  murmur  of  the  water 
as  it  leaps  from  rock  to  rock,  forming  a  beautiful  cascade,  792.  feet  in 
height,  which  fully  justifies  the  meaning  of  its  Indian  name,  "Soothing 
Water. ' ' 

Dr.  Matthew  Stej^henson,  one  of  the  best-known  men  of  science  in  ante- 
bellum days,  especially  in  the  field  of  geological  research,  came  to  Dah- 
lonega  with  his  gifted  wife,  a  lady  educated  in  the  schools  of  Nashville, 
under  the  celebrated  Dr.  Hume.  Three  families  of  the  Quillians  were  for- 
merly residents  of  this  town.  Dr.  Benjamin  Hamilton,  an  eloquent  pulpit 
orator,  with  his  interesting  family,  once  resided  here.  Dr.  H.  M.  VanDyke, 
a  noted  physician  from  New  York,  joined  hand  and  fortune  with  the  little 
village.  The  Burnside  brothers,  James  and  William,  whose  father  was 
challenged  to  fight  a  fatal  duel  because  he  would  not  give  the  authorship 
of  a  certain  communication  in  his  paper,  came  from  Augusta  with  their 
widowed  mother,  who  was  anxious  to  spend  the  remainder  of  her  days  away 
from  the  scenes  of  political  strife,  which  had  been  the  cause  of  her  great 
sorrow.  They  made  good  citizens  of  the  place,  and  now  rest  in  peace  in 
Mt.  Hope  Cemetery. 

At  Auraria  sleep  the  remains  of  a  noted  woman  of  this  section,  Mrs. 
Agnes  Paschal.  Gifted  in  many  ways,  her  strong  point  was  her  knowledge 
of  the  healing  art.  Her  services  in  this  capacity  were  in  demand  far  and 
wide,  and  she  was  wonderfully  successful  in  her  practice.  Tliis  elect  woman 
lived  to  be  ninety-four  years  of  age,  and  of  her  it  can  truly  be  said  that 
she  lived  not  for  herself,  but  for  others.  She  was  the  mother  of  Judge  G. 
W.  Paschal  so  distinguished  in  the  legal  profession.  He  removed  to  Ar- 
kansas and  became  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State. 
Later  he  went  to  Washington,  D.  C,  where  he  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing the  Law  'Department  of  Georgetown  University,  and  became  the  first 


848       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

professor  of  jurisprudence  in  that  institution.  Here,  too,  by  the  side 
of  her  husband  rests  Mrs.  James  Wood,  so  long  a  resident,  known  far  and 
wife  for  her  hospitality  and  practical  business  qualities,  and  truly  remark- 
able woman.  One  mile  this  side  is  a  heap  of  stones  in  a  cornfield  that 
marks  the  place  where  stood  General  Winfield  Scott 's  headquarters  when 
he  was  sent  to  remove  the  Cherokees  to  the  West.  It  was  called  the  "Sta- 
tion," and  stood  there  until  recent  years. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Etowah,  near  the  home  of  Mr.  John  Hutcheson,  is 
"Guy  Eivers '  Cave,"  made  famous  by  William  Gilmore  Sims  in  his  novel 
of  that  name.  The  interpreter  for  the  noted  Indian  Chief,  Gunauluskee, 
was  connected  with  a  family  in  Dahlonega,  and  through  them  comes  this 
story  of  how  it  was  arranged  that  he  should  not  be  carried  to  the  West. 
He  could  speak  English,  but  in  a  business  transaction,  a  white  man  had 
been  guilty  of  an  unprincipled  act,  and  thereafter  Gunauluskee  would  never 
speak  a  word  of  English,  hence  the  necessity  for  an  interpreter.  He  was 
on  the  staff  of  General  Andrew  Jackson,  and  had  rendered  signal  service 
to  that  intrepid  warrior  at  the  battle  of  Horseshoe  Bend,  and  when  the 
chief  gave  notice  that  he  would  not  be  taken  from  his  home,  a  man  was 
found  who  was  willing  to  undertake  the  long  journey  on  horseback  to 
Washington,  D.  C,  to  interview  General  Jackson  as  to  what  must  be  done 
with  the  brave  old  man,  and  he  replied  in  language  more  forcible  than 
elegant:   "Let  Guanuluskee  stay  in  any  d — d  place  he  wants  to." 

Space  cannot  be  allowed  to  tell  of  all  who  combined  to  make  Dahlonega 
and  its  vicinity  a  center  of  learning  and  culture  in  those  early  days.  The 
political  horizon  soon  became  clouded,  and  the  storm  in  all  its  fury  broke 
at  length  over  the  country,  and  there  was  a  general  scattering  abroad  of 
the  families  who  had  lent  a  charm  to  this  immediate  section.  The  young 
men  hastened  to  take  up  arms  in  defence  of  the  South,  and  nowhere  in 
all  the  armies  that  were  marshalled  could  be  found  braver,  truer  soldiers . 
than  those  from  Lumpkin.  After  the  long  hard  struggle,  then  came  the 
trying  days.  Volume  I  tells  of  the  establishment  of  the  N.  G.  A.  C.  College, 
and  Colonel  Price  's  connection  with  it,  but  it  would  be  incomplete  without 
mention  of  others  who  have  made  their  impress  on  their  great  Common- 
wealth. Wier  Boyd,  the  "Grand  Old  Eoman  from  Lumpkin,"  as  he  was 
styled,  was  a  prominent  figure  in  the  conventions  of  1865  and  1877.  His 
record  as  an  able  and  wise  statesman  is  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  two 
branches  of  the  Legislature  of  Georgia.  Marion  G.  Boyd,  the  elder  son,  led 
the  fight  in  the  Senate  of  Georgia  in  1878  against  the  abuses  of  the  convict 
system,  and  won  for  himself  national  fame  as  an  orator.  His  last  ap- 
pearance in  public  was  at  the  convention  which  nominated  Governor  A.  D. 
Candler  in  1898.  He  was  chosen  to  make  the  nominating  speech,  and 
those  who  heard  him  say  that  it  was  a.  marvellous  effort  from  this  won- 
derfully gifted  man.  J.  W.  Boyd,  the  younger  son,  who  is  now  a  citizen 
of  Fairmount,  Ga.,  a  lawyer  and  an  accomplished  mathematician,  as  a 
member  of  the  Senate,  was  prominently  connected  with  the  "Good  Eoads" 
legislation   in  the  sessions   of  the   Georgia  Legislature   in   1907   and   1908. 


Lowndes  849 

The  compauion  of  his  father,  as  well  as  of  a  scholarly  uncle,  B.  F.  Sitton, 
both  of  whom  took  great  interest  in  whatever  would  improve  the  roads  of 
the  country,  it  was  to  have  been  expected  that  he  would  have  been  an 
enthusiastic  worker  in  the  cause.  Indeed,  the  whole  family  lived  in  the 
belief  that  this  immediate  section  would  one  day  become  the  garden  spot 
of  Georgia.  Pure  and  incorruptible,  unselfish  and  patriotic,  Lumpkin 
lost  one  of  her  best  citizens  in  his  removal  from  her.  A.  G.  Wimpy,  an- 
other citizen,  around  whose  name  clusters  precious  memories,  was  for 
forty  years  superintendent  of  the  Methodist  Sunday  School.  Goodman 
Hughes  was  a  benediction  to  this  section.  B.  K.  Headers  still  lives  to  bless 
the  community.  In  his  long  life  he  has  never  sworn  an  oath  or  touched 
one  drop  of  whiskey.  William  J.  Worley,  whose  long  useful  life  has  recently 
closed,  was  one  of  four  brothers  who  were  born  and  reared  in  Dahlonega, 
and  who  went  nobly  forward  in  defence  of  their  country  in  time  of  its 
peril.  "Service"  was  the  keynote  of  his  character,  and  he  gave  it  without 
stint  to  every  good  cause  for  the  advancement  of  his  native  town. 

Hon.  W.  H.  McAfee,  now  in  Atlanta,  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  was  a 
citizen  of  this  place  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  Doctors  Hills,  Moody, 
Howard  and  Chapman  were  men  noted  in  their  profession.  Judge  Amzi 
Rudolph,  late  of  Gainesville,  was  for  years  an  honored  citizen  of  Lumpkin. 
Mrs'.  Josephine  Whelchel,  one  of  the  few  remaining  residents  who  was  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  nearly  all  those  who  have  been  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  Dahlonega 's  early  history,  is  still  an  ornament  to  the  place, 
with  her  rare  knowledge  of  so  much  that  is  beautiful  in  nature  and  art. 
She  is  a  niece  of  Harrison  Riley  and  often  presided  at  the  table  of 
his  splendidly  appointed  hotel  when  there  were  distinguished  guests  to 
be  ententaind.  Among  the  frequent  visitors  to  this  part  of  the  country 
were  United  States  Senators,  judges  and  other  high  dignitaries  of  both  State 
and  Nation,  and  the  Riley  hotel  was  their  stopping  place.  Later  it  was  known 
as  the  Besser  House,  and  many  amusing  anecdotes  are  related  by  the  citi- 
zens of  this  dear  old  German  proprietor.  This  same  building  is  now 
known  as  "Hall's  Villa,"  having  been  purchased  by  F.  W.  Hall,  and 
is  a  part  of  his  estate,  but  is  no  longer  used  as  a  hotel,  having  been  super- 
seded by  the  "Mountain  Club  House,"  so  favorably  known  to  the  travelling 
public. 

This  is  written  to  prove  that  now,  as  always,  the  good  is  far  in  ad- 
vance of  the  bad,  and  while  it  must  be  admitted  that  there  were  open 
bar-rooms  and  too  much  drinking,  fighting  and  gambling  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  place,  such  was-  likewise  true  of  other  sections  of  Georgia ;  nor 
was  it  altogether  fair  to  have  given  this  place  a  name  which  attached  to 
it  so  long  in  the  minds  of  those  unacquainted  with  the  facts. 

One  thing  more,  and  this  article  closes.  Dahlonega  furnished  three 
colonels  for  the  Southern  Army  from  '61  to  '6.5.  They  were  Colonel  William 
Mlartin,  First  Georgia  Regulars;  Colonel  Wier  Boyd,  Fifty -second  Regiment, 
Georgia  Volunteers;  Colonel  R.  H.  Moore,  Sixty-fifth  Regiment,  Georgia 
Volunteers.     The  young  men  who  have  gone  from  the  halls  of  the  N.  G.  A. 


850       Georgia's  Landmabks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

College  since  its  opening  have  almost,  without  an  exception,  reflected  honor 
upon  the  old  school  in  which  they  were  made  strong  to  fight  the  battles  of 
life. 


McDUFFIE. 

Thomson.  Thomson,  the  county-seat  of  McDuffie,  dates 
its  origin  as  a  village  from  the  building  of  the 
Georgia  Eailroad  in  the  early  forties.  It  was  named  for 
Mr.  J.  Edgar  Thomson,  of  Philadelphia,  the  chief  en- 
gineer who  surveyed  the  line.  Thomson  was  incorpo- 
rated as  a  town  on  February  15,  1854,  with  the  following- 
named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Wiliam  P.  Steed,  Leonard 
G.  Steed,  F.  F.  Reynolds,  William  M.  Pitts,  Francis  T. 
Allen,  William  J.  Langston,  Adam  J.  Smith,  Joseph  H. 
Stockton,  Richard  A.  Sullivan,  Anson  W.  Stanford,  James 
L,  Zachary  and  Richard  P.  Thurmond.*  The  Thomson 
Male  and  Female  High  School  was  granted  a  charter  of 
incorporation  on  the  same  date,  but  in  a  different  Act. 
When  the  new  County  of  McDuffie  was  formed  in  1870 
from  Warren  and  Columbia,  the  site  of  public  buildings 
was  fixed  at  Thomson.  The  growth  of  the  town  of  late 
has  been  rapid.  Its  best-known  citizen  is  the  brilliant 
historian,  editor  and  party  leader,  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Wat- 
son, but  such  eminent  Georgians  as  Judge  Henry  C. 
Roney,  Hon.  John  T.  West  and  others  have  likewise  been 
identified  with  Thomson. 


McINTOSH. 

Darien.  Darien,  the  county-seat  of  Mcintosh  County,  is 
one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  Georgia.  It  was 
founded  by  General  Oglethorpe,  who  here  planted  a  col- 
ony of  Scotchmen  for  the  defence  of  the  exposed  southern 
frontier.  In  1793,  when  Mcintosh  County  was  formed 
out  of  Liberty,  the  site  of  public  buildings  was  fixed  at 


•Acts,    1853-1854,   p.    223, 


McIntosh  851 

Darien.  The  town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved 
December  2,  1805,  providing  for  its  better  regulation, 
and  Messrs.  William  A.  Dunham,  Virgil  H.  Vivian,  John 
K.  Holzendorf,  George  Street  and  Scott  G-ray  were  named 
at  this  time  as  commissioners.  In  1818  the  town  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city,  with  a  municipal  form  of  govern- 
ment. Elsewheer  will  be  found  a  more  extended  sketch 
of  Darien. 


The  Mclntoshes :   A    Since   the   days   of   Oglethorpe,   the   distinguished 
Clan    Noted    in  family  of  this  name  has  been  conspicuous  in  the 

_  •      A         1  public  life  of  Georgia.     It  has  produced  fighters, 

®  '  some  of  whom  have  achieved  high  eminence,  both 

on  land  and  on  sea.  It  has  produced  statesmen,  one  of  whom.  Governor 
George  M.  Troup,  held  nearly  every  important  office  in  the  gift  •  of  the 
people  and  defied  successfully  the  power  of  the  United  States  government 
in  the  celebrated  clash  over  State  Eights.  The  family  is  of  Scotch  origin. 
It  was  planted  in  Georgia  by  John  Mohr  Mcintosh,*  a  Highlander,  whose 
name  was  a  power  in  Scotland,  but  whose  support  of  the  Pretender  cost 
him  the  forfeiture  of  his  estate.  The  invitation  of  Oglethorpe,  who  was 
seeking  for  colonists  of  hardy  timber  to  settle  the  frontier  outposts  of 
Georgia,  seems  to  have  reached  him  at  his  home  near  Inverness  about  the 
time  of  his  disastrous  reverses,  and  the  well-known  Jacobite  leanings  of 
Oglethorpe  only  served  to  re-enforce  an  appeal  which  was  not  unattractive 
in  itself.  He  resolved  to  seize  this  opportunity  to  recoup  his  fortunes  in 
the  new  world.  As  the  head  of  the  Borlam  branch  of  the  powerful  Mc- 
intosh clan,  he  induced  a  number  of  his  followers  to  accompany  him  to 
Georgia.  The  emigrants  settled  on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Darien. 
In  the  frequent  wars  with  the  Spaniards,  the  brave  little  Scotch  colony 
was  almost  completely  obliterated,  and  in  the  assault  upon  St.  Augustine, 
John  Mohr  Mcintosh  was  himself  made  a  prisoner;  and,  being  transported, 
to  Spain  he  was  immured  for  months'  within  dungeon  walls.  He  was  at 
first  the  civil  commandant  in  charge  of  the  settlement,  but  was  later  in- 
structed to  enroll  one  hundred  Highlanders  to  serve  under  him  as  light 
infantrymen  in  General  Oglethorpe 's  regiment.  Thus  he  came  to  par- 
ticipate in  most  of  the  hard  fighting.  Broken  in  health  by  his  long  im- 
prisonment in  Spain,  he  returned  home  only  to  die  soon  after  his  arrival  in 
Georgia. 

General  Lachlan  Mcintosh,  his  son,  was,  like  himself,  a  native  of 
Borlam,  in  Scotland,  and  a  man  of  strong  martial  instincts.  He  became 
perhaps  the  foremost  military  officer  which  the  State  gave  to  the  struggle 


*^Vhite's  Statistics  of  Georgia,  pp.  416-4  21;  Stacy's  History  of  the  Mid- 
way Congregational  Church,  pp.  280-281;  Men  of  Mark  in  Georgia,  pp.  244- 
256,  etc. 


852       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

for  independence.  Due  to  an  unfortunate  quarrel  with  Button  Gwinnett, 
which  led  to  fatal  results  on  the  field  of  honor,  the  latter  falling  a  victim 
in  the  encounter.  General  Mcintosh  relinquished  the  command  of  the  Geor- 
gia troops  and  accepted  an  appointment  under  Washington.  Though  not 
the  aggressor  in  this  unfortunate  affair,  there  was  naturally  a  division  of 
public  sentment,  Gwinnett  having  been  a  Signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, for  which  service  he  was  held  in  grateful  esteem,  notwithstand- 
ing certain  grave  faults.  In  his  new  field  of  operations,  General  Mcintosh 
won  rapid  advancement  and  received  the  encomiums  of  Washington.  He 
returned  to  take  active  part  in  the  siege  of  Savannah,  but  the  theatre  of 
his  activities  was  principally  in  Virginia,  under  the  great  commander-in- 
chief. 

It  was  his  nephew.  Colonel  John  Mcintosh,  whose  gallant  defence  tof 
Fort  Morris,  at  Sunbury,  Ga.,  received  the  recognition  of  the  State  Leg- 
islature, in  the  gift  of  a  sword,  on  which  was  engraved  his  famous  mes- 
sage of  defiance  to  the  British  officer:  "Come  and  take  it!"  He  par- 
ticipated in  numerous  engagements,  and,  at  the  battle  of  Brier  Creek,  where 
he  was  made  a  prisoner,  his  life  was  narrowly  saved  by  the  timely  inter- 
vention of  Sir  Aeneas  Mcintosh,  a  kinsman,  in  the  opposite  ranks.  Colo-> 
nel  John  S.  Mcintosh,  his  son,  was  another  herpic  representative  of  this 
martial  race.  He  won  his  spurs  in  the  War  of  1812;  and,  when  hostilities 
with  Mexico  began  in  1845,  he  was  one  of  the  first  to  enlist.  He  bore 
himself  with  conspicuous  gallantry  in  several  of  the  fiercest  engagements,, 
but  in  the  battle  of  Molina  del  Eey  he  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  head 
of  his  columns.  He  died  in  the  City  ofMexico,  where  his  remains  were 
buried;  but  subsequently,  by  vote  of  the  State  Legislature,  his  ashes 
were  exhumed,  brought  back  to  Georgia,  and  laid  to  rest  in  the  Colonial 
Cemetery  at  Savannah.  They  repose  in  the  vault  of  his  illustrious  grand- 
uncle.  General  Lachlan  Mcintosh. 

But  the  list  is  not  yet  exhausted.  Commodore  James  McKay  Mcintosh, 
a  cousin  of  the  above-named  officer,  arose  to  eminence  in  the  United 
States  Navy  and  died  on  the  eve  of  the  Civil  War,  at  Pensacola,  Fla., 
where  he  was  in  command  of  the  navy  yard.  His  sister,  Maria  J.  Mc- 
intosh, became  distinguished  as  a  novelist.  Another  sister,  Mrs.  Ann 
Ward,  became  the  mother  of  the  accomplished  diplomat  and  lawyer,  Hon. 
John  E.  Ward,  who  was  the  first  United  States  Minister  to  China.  Major 
Lachlan  Mcintosh,  the  father  of  this  brilliant  group,  was  also  a  man 
of  note  in  the  line  of  military  attainments.  Captain  John  Mcintosh  Kell, 
who  achieved  an  immortality  of  fame,  in  association  with  Admiral  Semmes, 
on  the  decks  of  the  Alabama,  was  a  grand-nephew  of  Colonel  John  Mc- 
intosh, of  Sunbury  fame,  whose  name  he  bore. 

General  William  Mcintosh,  the  brave  chief  of  the  Cowetas,  whose 
friendship  for  Georgia  cost  him  the  sacrifice  of  his  gallant  life,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  treaty  at  Indian  Springs,  ceding  the  remainder  of  the  Creek 
lands  in  Georgia  to  the  whites,  was  likewise  a  member  of  this  same  Mc- 
intosh family,  and  a  kinsman,  if  not  a  descendant,  of  John  Mohr  Mcintosh. 


McIntosh  853 

of  Darien.  His  father  was  Captain  John  Mcintosh,  and  his  uncle,  Captain 
Eoderick  Mcintosh,  an  eccentric  character  of  the  Eevolution,  who  espoused 
the  British  side  of  the  struggle,  but  possessed  none  of  the  typical  vindic- 
tiveness  of  the  Tories'.  Catharine  Mcintosh,  his  aunt,  married  an  English 
army  officer  by  the  name  of  Troup,  from  which  union  came  the  distin- 
guished statesman,  Governor  George  M.  Troup,  who  was  one  of  the  fore- 
most public  men  of  his  time:  an  apostle  of  State  Rights  and  an  enemy 
without  compromise  to  Federal  encroachments.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that 
the  Mcintosh  family  has  been  notably  identified  with  the  fortunes  of 
Georgia,  from  the  earliest  colonial  days  down  to  the  present  era.  Nor  has 
the  State  failed  to  give  substantial  recognition  to  the  claims  of  this  dis- 
tinguished household;  for  not  only  does  one  of  the  oldest  counties  of 
Georgia  bear  the  proud  name  of  Mtlntosh ;  but  the  counties  of  Troup  and 
Coweta  may  likewise   be  counted  among   its   enduring  memorials. 


Joseph  Woodruff !  Beginning   with    the    late    Colonial    period    and 

Patriot  and  Pioneer  c-oming  on  down  through  the  period  of  the  Rev- 
olution, there  are  few  names  more  frequently 
found  in  the  early  records  of  this  State  than  the  name  of  a  staunch  old 
patriot  who  spent  his  last  days  on  Broro  Neck,  in  the  County  of  Mcintosh: 
Colonel  Joseph  Woodruff.  This  distinguished  officer  of  the  .Continental 
Army  was  born  in  London,  Eng.  On  a  visit  to  Bermuda  Island,  he  met 
and  married  Mary  Forrester;  and,  after  a  temporary  sojourn  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  he  came  to  Georgia,  in  1788,  settling  eventually  in  what  was 
then  the  Parish  of  St.  John — the  Georgia  cradle  of  independence.  When 
Liberty  County  was  organized  out  of  this  parish,  in  1777,  he  became  one 
of  its  stalwart  representatives ;  and  later  when  Mcintosh  County  was 
formed  out  of  a  part  of  Liberty,  in  1793,  we  find  him  in  that  part  of 
the  county  which  was  then  erected  into  Mcintosh.  He  was  a  large  land 
owner,  with  plantations  on  various  parts  of  the  coast,  but  was'  not  afraid 
to  jeopardize  his  holdings  in  the  cause  of  freedom.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution,  while  in  command  of  a  galley,  he  was  captured  by  the 
British  and  thrown  into  prison ;  but  no  sooner  was  he  released  through 
the  intervention  of  Tory  friends  than  he  hastened  to  join  the  Continental 
Army,  in  which  he  served  until  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown. 

Just  before  the  siege  of  Savannah,  Colonel  Woodruff  was  dangerously 
wounded  in  the  thigh,  at  Ogeechee  Bridge,  in  1778.  He  afterwards  served 
as  Deputy  Quartermaster-General  and  sat  both  in  the  House  of  Assembly 
and  in  the  Executive  Council.  One  of  his  sons,  Joseph  Woodruff,  Jr.,  a 
major  in  the  United  States  Army,  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  war  of 
1812.  His  only  daughter,  Mary,  married  the  gallant  Captain  Ferdinand 
O'Neill  (O'Neal),  a  Frenchman  who  came  to  America  to  fight  the  British. 
Joining  Lee 's  Legion  of  Cavalry,  young  O  'Neill  accompanied  this  dashing 


854       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

commander  to  Georgia  and  subsequent  to  the  Eevolution  acquired  a  plan- 
tation on  Broro  Neck,  became  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Georgia  Cincin- 
nati, served  in  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  and  took  an  active  leadership 
in  public  affairs.  Two  of  his  comrades  in  arms  settled  near  him  on 
Broro  Neck,  Captain  Armstrong  and  Captain  Eudolph,  the  latter  of  whom 
died  in  Captain  O'Neill's  home,  on  June  28,  1800.  Colonel  Woodruff  was 
at  one  time  Collector  of  the  Port  at  Savannah,  probably  the  last  public 
office  which  this  distinguished  patriot  ever  filled  in  Georgia.  His  death 
occurred  in  1799,  and  he  probably  lies  buried  on  his  plantation  at  Broro 
Neck.  The  burial  ground  of  the  0  'Neill  's  has  recently  been  located  in 
the  upper  part  of  Mcintosh. 


MACON. 

General  Remarks.*  The  county  of  Macon  was  laid  out  in  1830  from 
Houston  and  Marion,  and  the  first  court  was  held 
at  the  house  of  Walter  L.  Campbell,  Judge  King  presiding.  This  was  on 
a  plantation  owned  in  1854  by  one  A.  Wiley,  and  was  formerly  known 
as  "Barnett's  Reserve."  Barnett  was  an  Indian,  and  his  Reserve  included 
many  hundreds  of  acres  extending  from  Montezuma  toward  Marshallville 
and  covering  the  high  table  land  on  the  east  side  of  the  Flint  River.  Lanier 
was  made  the  county-seat  in  1838.  Oglethorpe  in  1854.  When  the  seat 
of  government  was  changed,  there  were  679  buildings  in  the  county;  total 
number  of  free  persons,  4,191;  total  slaves,  2,961. 

Flint  River,  running  north  to  south  through  the  county,  was  crossed  en- 
tirely by  ferry-boats  until  1888,  when  a  bridge  was  built  above  Oglethorpe 
by  the  town  of  Montezinna,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing  trade.  This  bridge 
is  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long  and  a'  fine  piece  of  constructive  work.  There 
have  been  five  ferries.  The  upi^er  ferry,  known  as  "Bryan's,"  has  been 
discarded.  The  second,  or  "Hollingshed's'  Ferry,"  is  still  in  use.  The 
third,  or  "Lanier  Ferry,"  was  discarded  after  the  war.  The  ferry  be- 
tween Montezuma  and  Oglethorpe  was  discarded  when  the  county  built  an 
iron  bridge  in  1902.  The  lower  ferry  connected  Traveler 's  Rest  with 
Oglethorpe,  but  when  Travelers'  Rest  was  deserted  the  ferry  was  aban- 
dond.  Two  railroads  now  traverse  Macon.  The  Central  of  Georgia  reached 
Oglethorpe  in  the  summer  of  1852,  at  a  cost  of  $13,342  per  mile.  The 
Atlanta,  Birmingham  and  Atlantic  was'  built  through  Macon  in  1903. 

There  are  two  "Deserted  Villages"  in  the  county — Travelers'  Rest 
and  Lanier.  There  is  also  one  resort,  Miona,  Springs.  These  are  two 
miles  from  the  site  ul  old  Lanier.  For  years  the. mineral  waters  of  this 
locality  have  been  widely  known.     The  tradition  in  regard  to  the  springs 


*For  the  full  and  comprehensive  treatment  of  Macon  County  in  this  tec 
tion,  we  are  indebted  to  Archibald  Bulloch  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.,  of  which  Mrs. 
J.   E.  Hays,  of  Montezuma,  is  Regent. 


Macon  855 

is  that  an  Indian  girl  by  the  name  of  Miona  was  killed  t»y  her  white 
lover  near  the  springs,  and  buried  in  the  surrounding  woods.  As  far  back 
as  the  days  of  the  Bed  Men,  the  Magical  power  of  these  waters  was  recog- 
nized. In  the  eighteen-nineties,  Mr.  William  Minor,  of  Montezuma,  built 
a  hotel  here,  with  outlying  cottages,  and  for  several  years  it  enjoyed 
quite  a  vogue  as'  a  summer  resort.  The  cottages  are  still  occupied  in 
summer,  and  the  place  is  a  great  picnic  ground. 

During  the  war  between  the  States,  Macon  County  was  not  lacking  in 
patriotism.  The  Davis  Rifles,  with  Captain  John  McMillan,  were  the  first 
to  respond  to  the  call,  going  from  the  vicinity  of  Marshallville.  Captain 
S.  M'.  Prather,  from  Oglethorpe,  carried  a  company,  including  Phil  Cook, 
Joel  Griffin,  Colonel  Willis  and  others.  Major  J,  D.  Frederick  went  as 
captain  of  a  company  from  old  Lanier.  Captain  McMullan,  of  Oglethorpe, 
mustered  in  a  company  of  boys,  and  Major  W.  H.  Eobinson  organized  a 
company  of  old  men,  verifying  the  truth  of  what  has  often  been  said  that 
the  war  toward  the  last  ' '  robbed  both  the  cradle  and  the  grave. ' '  When 
peace  came  Union  soldiers  were  encamped  at  White  Water  Creek. 


Travelers  Rest:  A      I^   t^^^   early   twenties   two   travelers   were   making 
ForffOtten  Town  their  way   South,  and  at   sun-down  they  sought  a 

place  where  they  might  find  shelter  and  rest  for 
the  night.  They  found  such  a  place  under  a  friendly  clump  of  trees  on 
a  little  mound  near  the  road-side.  After  a  refreshing  sleep  they  awoke, 
and  looking  around  at  the  beauties  of  nature,  they  exclaimed,  "This  is 
truly  a  place  of  rest,"  so  the  spot  was  called  "Travelers  Rest."  At  that 
time  only  one  house  was  standing  nearby,  but  Travelers  Rest  soon  became 
a  thriving  village.  A  dozen  or  more  houses  were  built  by  John  Shines, 
Daniel  Harrison,  '  William  Yarbrough  and  others.  Two  churches,  one 
hotel,  or  tavern  as  it  was  then  called,  a  Masonic  lodge,  work  shop,  grist 
mill  and  a  very  good  school  were  soon  erected. 

In  those  days  the  only  means  of  transportation  was  horseback  and 
stage-coach,  but  the  little  village  prospered,  and  several  large  stores  were 
built,  the  people  going  through  the  country  to  Savannah  and  Augusta  for 
goods,  but  in  1850  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  was  extended  to  the 
new  town  of  Montezuma,  Ga.,  and  the  little  village  of  Travelers  Rest 
began  to  fall  into  decay.  The  stores  were  moved  to  M'ontezuma,  and  today 
only  the  huge  sign  post  where  the  sundial  stood  and  the  quiet  cemeteries 
with  their  sleeping  dead  marks'  the  spot  where  old  Travelers  Rest  once 
flourished.    The  site  of  the  old  town  is  two  miles  south  of  Montezuma. 


856       GeorgIxV's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Old  Lanier:  A  For-  Lanier,  located  so  miles  from  iMilledgeville,  22 
ffotten  Countv  Site  ""les  from  Perry,  25  miles  from  Americus,  and 
near  the  center  of  the  county,  was  made  the 
county-site  in  1838.  During  the  years  from  thirty-eight  to  fifty-two,  Lanier 
was  a  thriving  town  of  several  thousand  population.  There  were  two  hotels 
and  two  livery  stables.  Forsyth  Ansley  owned  a  brick  store,  Si  Hill  a 
grocery,  L.  L.  Snow  a  grocery,  Enoch  Wilson  a  tailor  shop.  Among  other 
names  connected  with  its  earliest  history  were  Dt.  Dennis,  Mrs.  Mahon, 
Mrs.  Hays,  the  Corbetts,  Dr.  Dawson,  John  M.  Giles  and  a  little  later 
W.  H.  Eobinson,  Aaron  Lowe,  the  Greers  (who  afterwards  moved  to 
Oglethorpe),  Major  J.  D.  Frederick,  the  Laws,  the  LTnderwoods,  the 
Lockwoods  and  Dr.  McKellar.  Mrs.  W.  H.  Felton  lived  a  short  dista,nce 
away.  The  Gileses  moved  to  Perry,  the  Mahons  to  Waynessboro  or  Swaines- 
boro,  the  Eobinsons  to  Montezuma,  the  Fredericks  and  the  Feltons  to 
Marshallville.  When  the  court-house  was  removed  to  the  railroad  at  Ogle- 
thorpe in  fifty-two,  Lanier  saw  the  beginning  of  her  downfall.  Families 
dispersed  houses  were  torn  away,  and  now  on  the  site  of  the  village.  Crepe 
Myrtle  trees  mark  the  location  of  old  walls,  once  happy  homesteads.  The 
ancient  grave-yard  only  remains  to  tell  its  tale  of  the  once  thrifty  past. 

' '  No  more  the  farmer 's  news,  the  barber  's  tale, 
No  more  the  woodman  's  ballad  shall  prevail ; 
No  more  the  smith  his  dusky  brow  shall  clear. 
Relax  his  pondrous  strength  and  learn  to  hear; 
The  host  himself  no  longer  shall  be  found, 
Careful  to  see  the  mounting  bliss  go  round ; 
Nor  the  coy  maid,  half  willing  to  be  prest, 
Shall  kiss  the  cup  to  pass  it  to  the  rest. 
But  now  the  sound  of  population  fail, 
No  cheerful  murmurs  fluctuate  in  the  gale ; 
No  busy  steps  the  gras.s-grown  footway  tread, 
But  all  the  bloomy  flush  of  life  is  dead. ' ' 


Og-lethorpe.  As  far  back  as  1840,  there  was  a  settlement 
on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Ogle- 
tliorpe,  named  for  Georgia's  illustrious  foundei^  In 
1850  the  local  population  numbered  268  whites  and  18(? 
blacks.  It  was  a  regular  stopping  place  for  the  stage 
coach.  Mr.  E.  G.  Cabaniss  owned  600  acres  of  land  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  and  when  the  work  of  construc- 
tion along  the  line  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  began  to  ap- 
proach the  settlement,  Mr.  Cabaniss  laid  out  town  lots  and 


Macon  857 

advertised  an  auction  sale,  from  the  proceds  of  which  he 
realized  a  handsome  profit.  Thus  were  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  the  town  of  Oglethorpe.  During  the  summer  of 
1852,  the  Central  Railway's  southwestern  branch  was 
completed  to  this  point,  and  instantly  the  town  began 
to  bristle  with  renewed  life.  Thousands  of  wagons  be- 
gan to  haul  cotton  into  Oglethorpe,  some  of  them  coming 
from  as  far  south  as  Dothan,  Ala.,  and  these  wagons 
always  returned  loaded  with  merchandise.  There  were 
eiglity  business  houses  on  Baker  Street  alone,  besides 
eight  hotels,  and  the  population  of  Oglethorpe  before  the 
war  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from  12,000  to  20,000 
inhabitants. 

Lanier  began  to  decline  in  prestige  with  the  advent 
of  the  iron  horse.  It  lacked  railway  facilities,  and.  in 
1854  the  county-site  was  changed  to  Oglethorpe.  The 
first  court-house  was  built  where  the  high  school  now 
stands,  but  was  burned  in  1857.  Thirteen  years  later  the 
jail  also  was  destroyed  by  fire.  The  first  newspaper 
was  the  Southwest  Georgian,  issued  by  Simri  Rose,  in 
1851.  IXiring  the  same  year  the  first  Masonic  Lodge  was 
organized.  Mr.  Posy  Stanfield,  now  of  Americus,  was 
one  of  the  charter  members. 

Among  the  first  settlers  were  Dr.  T.  B.  Oliver,  P.  L. 
J.  May,  Dr.  Black,  Major  Black,  Dr.  Head,  Henry  John- 
son, Joel  B.  Griffin,  Colonel  A.  S  Cutts,  Major  Hansel, 
General  Phil  Cook,  John  M.  Greer,  Warren  Lee,  W.  J. 
Collins,  Dan  Kleckley,  Major  Miller,  Sam  Hall,  Dr.  Will- 
iam Ellis,  George  Williams,  Egbert  Alen,  Aaron  Lowe, 
Elbert  Lewis  and  Dr.  Prottuo.  John  and  Allen  Greer 
came  from  Lanier  in  sixty-three. 

After  a  few  years  of  marked  prosperity  the  railroad 
was  extended,  but  about  this  time  an  epidemic  of  small- 
pox raged.  Numbers  of  citizens  died  of  the  disease.  All 
houses  in  which  there  were  cases  were  burned.  Houses 
were  moved  to  Marshallville,  Dawson,  Americus,  Monte- 
zuma, Lanier  and  other  places.  Oglethorpe  never 
recovered  from  the  smallpox  epidemic,  but  soon  adjusted 


858       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

herself  to  changed  conditions.  In  1893  there  was  a  long 
and  hard  fight  for  the  possession  of  the  court-honse,  Mon- 
tezuma trying  to  move  it.  After  a  successful  fight  the 
•third  court-house  was  built  in  Oglethorpe.  Artesian  wells 
were  bored  in  July,  1884.  Among  the  most  prominent 
citizens  who  aided  in  the  upbuilding  of  Oglethorpe  were 
Colonel  W.  H.  Willis,  Captain  Sneed,  Mr.  Charles  Keen 
and  Colonel  William  Fish,  father  of  Chief  Justice  Fish. 
The  prominent  doctors  of  the  fifties  were  Doctors  Cotton, 
Hall,  Ainger,  Herring,  Colzey,  Oliver,  Head  and  Woods. 
Three  of  the  best  dwellings  in  Oglethorpe  were  built  in 
fifty-one  by  Dr.  Head,  Dr.  Black  and  Major  Black. 


Geii.  Philip  Cook:  General  Philip  Cook,  soldier,  legislator  and  Secre- 
An  Ante-Bellum  ^^^^  ^^  state,  was  for  several  years  prior  to  the 
T,      .  J       .  Civil  War  a   resident   of  Maeon.     He  lived  for  a 

while  at  Lanier,  but  later  removed  to  Oglethorpe, 
where  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861  found  him  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law.  From  Oglethorpe  he  went  to  the  front  as  a  sergeant  in  the 
IMacon  Volunteers.  The  close  of  the  war  found  him  wearing  the  stars 
of  a  brigadier-general,  though  he  was'  not  a  West  Pointer.  General  Cook's 
father  was  the  famous  commandant  at  Fort  Hawkins,  during  the  War  of 
1812,  Major  Philip  Cook,  noted  in  pioneer  days  as  an  Indian  fighter.  His 
grandfather.  Captain  John  Cook,  was  an  officer  in  Colonel  William  Wash- 
ington's Legion  of  Cavalry;  while  his  mother  was  a  daughter  ofi  Miajor 
John  Wooten,  who  was  killed  at  Fort  Wilkinson.  He  was  also  lineally 
descended  from  the  Pearsons,  an  aristocratic  Virginia  family  distinguished 
in  the  Eevolution.  General  Cook 's  first  acquaintance  with  military  life 
was  during  the  Seminole  War,  when  he  volunteered  at  the  age  of  eighteen. 
Locating  in  Americus  in  1869  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Hon. 
Charles  F.  Crisp,  afterwards  Speaker  of  the  national  House  of  Eepre- 
sentatives.  While  still  a  resident  of  Macon  in  1865  General  Cook  was 
elected  to  Congress',  but  he  did  not  take  his  seat  at  this  time,  because  of 
political  disabilities.  He  rendered  the  State  an  important  service  in  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1865  and  later  represented  his  district  in 
Congress  for  three  conseciitive  terms.  He  also  served  in  both  branches 
of  the  State  Legislature.  Governor  McDaniel,  in  1883,  appointed  him  one 
of  the  five  commissioners'  to  supervise  the  erection  of  the  present  State 
Capitol  in  Atlanta;  and  this  magnificent  structure — built  within  the  orig- 
inal appropriation— is  a  superb  monument  to  the  official  integrity  of  this 
board.     In   1890   General   Cook  was   tendered  the   office   of   Secretary   of 


Macon  859 

state,  a  position  to  which  he  was  twice  re-elected.  At  his  death,  he  was 
succeeded  iu  office  by  his  son,  Hon.  Philip  Cook,  Jr.,  who  for  more  than 
sixteen  years  has  worthily  worn  the  mantle  of  his'  distinguished  father. 
General  Cook  received  his  collegiate  education  at  Oglethorpe  University 
and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Forsyth,  Ga.,  as  a  partner  of  the  late 
Zach  Harman.  For  a  number  of  years  after  the  war,  he  conducted  ex- 
tensive farming  operations  in  Lee  County,  where  his  plantation  became  an 
arena  for  advanced  scientific  experiments.  Gifted  with  a  masterful  Intel- ' 
lect,  General  Cook  was  a  born  leader  of  men— courageous,  upright,  patri- 
otic, inflexibly  true  to  his  convictions.  At  the  same  time,  he  was  governed 
throughout  his  whole  life  by  the  law  of  gentleness,  and  to  know  him  was 
to  love  him.  The  Montezuma  Chapter,  U.  D.  C,  bears  the  name  of  this 
gallant  Confederate  soldier  and  peerless  gentleman  of  the  old  school. 


Marshallville.  At  what  is  still  kno^Ti  as  the  cross-roads, 
on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Mar- 
shallville, Isaac  Johnson,  in  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century,  built  a  house  partly  of  brick.  On  the  opposite 
side  of  the  street  he  erected  a  blacksmith  shop ;  and  from 
this  modest  beginning  arose  the  town.  There  was  also 
a  blacksmith  shop  run  by  a  man  named  Briggs,  Soon 
a  hard-shell  church  was  built,  in  which  three  denomina- 
tions worshipped — the  hard-shell  Baptists,  the  Mission- 
ary Baptists  and  the  Methodists.  This  church  occupied 
the  site  where  Henry  Taylor's  house  now  stands,  and  was 
used  until  the  fifties.  In  1825  Needham  Massee  brought 
his  family  from  North  Carolina  to  Fort  Hawkins,  and, 
two  years  later,  coming  to  this  county,  he  bought  the 
place  on  the  edge  of  Marshallville,  still  owned  by  his 
grandsons.  In  1832  Daniel  Frederick  came  from  Orange- 
burg, S.  C,  and  settled  on  a  farm  just  across  the  county 
line  in  Houston;  but  after  a  short  while  he  removed  to 
Marshallville,  where  he  bought  a  farm,  which  is  still 
owned  by  the  Fredericks. 


During  the  early  thirties  a  number  of  families  came  from  the  same 
section  of  South  Carolina  and  settled  near  the  border  line  between  Hous- 
ton and  Macon.  In  the  course  of  time,  these  families  became  strong  fac- 
tors in  the  development  of  Marshallville.     They  included  the  Fudges,  who 


860       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

settled  on  a  place  now  owned  by  John  Pharr;  Conrad  Murph,  who  bought 
the  plantation  now  owned  by  Nash  Murph,  his  son;  Nathan  Bryant,  who 
settled  near  the  Flint  River  on  land  still  owned  by  his  sons;  Dr.  D.  F. 
Wade,  who  lived  on  a  place  owned  by  the  late  D.  B.  Frederick;  Dr.  Hol- 
linshed,  with  his  brother  Jim,  who  lived  not  far  from  the  river;  Frank 
Baldwin,  who  settled  close  to  Winchester;  William  Haslani,  who  lived 
.in  Houston  County  and  moved  to  Marshallville  after  the  war;  George 
Slappy,  who  bought  the  Mulberry  place  from  Mr.  Lowman,  now  owned 
by  his'  son  Jake ;  Mr.  Wells,  who  lived  where  Taylor  Williams  noAv  lives ; 
Mr.  Hiley,  who  settled  between  here  and  Fort  Valley;  Dr.  Crocker,  who 
settled  on  the  river;  Mr.  Harman  Staplers,  and  Lewis  Rumph,  who  settled 
in  Houston  County,  where  his  home  is  still  owned  by  his  son  Lewis,    i 

Billy  Felton  settled  at  Winchester;  his  son  Ham  (W.  H.)  lived  at 
Lanier  until  after  the  war,  then  came  to  Marshallville ;  another  son,  Mon- 
roe, settled  in  Marshallville  in  1859. 

Major  James  Belvin  and  Dr.  McGehee  settled  first  in  Houston  County, 
but  came  to  Marshallville  after  the  war;  George  Plant  came  some  time  in 
the  thirties.  During  the  early  forties  Murdock  and  John  McCaskill  came 
from  South  Carolina,  living  close  to  the  place  where,  in  the  early  seventies, 
they  built  the  beautiful  brick  colonial  home  now  owned  by  Lewis  Eumph ; 
D.  B.  Frederick  came  from  South  Carolina  in  fifty-three,  and  bought  a 
farm  from  Dr.  Wade ;  Dave  Gammage  came  from  Jones  County  early  in 
the  forties  and  settled  here.  Others  coming  in  the  forties  were  the  Nixons', 
Joseph  Day,  who  bought  out  the  Edgeworts  family,  into  which  Dr.  J.  W. 
Roberts,  of  Atlanta,  afterwards  married.  Seaborn  Bryan  came  in  the 
forties;  John  C.  Sperry  came  from  Twiggs  County  in  the  forties  and 
bought  out  Isaac  Johnson;  Rev.  Joe  Edwards,  from  Prince  George  County, 
Va.,  came  in  the  forties;  Dr.  Wm.  Hafer  came  from  Pennsylvania  in  the 
fifties;  Billy  Martin  came  from  Ireland  in  the  fifties;  Shadrock  Ware  came 
from  Twiggs  County  in  1855,  bought  an  estate  from  Dick  Orr,  which  is 
still  owned  by  his  sons;  Dr.  Cook,  brother  of  General  Phil  Cook,  came  from 
Winnsboro,  N.  C,  at  the  close  of  the  war;  L.  O.  Niles,  a  teacher  and 
merchant,  came  from  Massacluisetts ;  Major  James  D.  Frederick  moved 
here  from  Lanier,  and  for  forty  years  was  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Roads  and  Revenues ;  Colonel  Reese,  a  lawyer,  came  in  sixty-eight  from 
Jasper  County.  He  is  the  father  of  Ifrs.  S.  H.  Rumph  and  of  Mrs.  Nash 
Murph,  Henry  Taylor,  merchant  and  planter,  came  soon  after  the  war; 
Mary  Slappy — afterwards  Mrs.  Bell  Lee — mother  of  Mrs.  Oscar  Williams, 
a  woman  of  unquestioned  veracity  and  memory,  who  died  within  the  last 
month  at  the  age  of  86,  gave  the  following  account  of  how  the  county 's 
name  originated:  A  group  of  young  people  were  together  discussing  a 
name  for  the  new  nameless  town,  when  some  one  suggested  that  it  be  named 
for  Rev.  John  Marshall,  a  preacher  who  lived  close  to  town,  and  who  was 
greatly  beloved;   thereupon  the  name  of  Mlarshallville  was  adopted.     Rev. 


Macon  861 

John   Marshall   was   son-in-law    of   Dr.    D.    F.   Wade   and   father-in-law    of 
Marcus   Sperry. 


Soon  after  Daniel  Frederick  moved  into  Marsliall- 
ville  he  laid  off  the  long  main  street,  gave  two  acres  for 
a  Methodist  Church,  and  began  selling  oif  lots  for  build- 
ing purposes.  He  erected  the  homestead  in  1845,  which 
is  still  in  possession  of  his  family.  In  the  early  fifties, 
about  fifty-five,  a  Methodist  Church  was  built  on  this  lot, 
and  D.  B.  Frederick  for  the  Methodists,  with  William 
Rice  for  Baptists,  organized  the  first  union  Sunday 
school.  D.  B.  Frederick  continued  as  superintendent  of 
this  Sunday  School  until  his  death,  in  1911 — an  unusual 
record.  Miss  Kate  Edwards,  sister  of  Joe  Edwards, 
was  one  of  the  teachers  in  this  first  Sunday  School. 
Major  J.  D.  Frederick,  son  of  Daniel  Frederick,  gave  the 
land  for  a  school,  which  place  is  still  the  site  of  the  school 
building.  Walter  Frederick  and  Mrs.  Joe  Edwards 
taught  in  this  school  for  thirty  years  giving  perfect  sat- 
isfaction. The  first  store  was  built  by  John  C.  Sperry 
and  the  first  warehouse  was  run  by  Hatcher  &  Baldwin. 
The  railroad  came  through  in  fifty-two,  but  it  was  not 
until  after  the  war  that  the  town  was  incorporated,  and 
Dave  Gammage  was  the  first  Mayor. 

In  the  early  sixties  Dr.  G.  L.  D.  Rice  gave  four  acres 
of  land  for  a  Baptist  Church,  on  which  a  substantial  edi- 
fice was  subsequently  built. 


In  the  seventies  Sam  Rumph,  at  Willow  Lake,  began 
to  experiment  with  peaches.  Some  questioned  the  wis- 
dom of  the  venture,  but  a  new  era  had  come  for  Mar- 
shallville.  His  son,  Sam  Henry  Rumph,  a  practical 
planter,  continued  his  experiments,  and  after  years  of 
waiting  developed  his  long-desired  and  perfect-shipping 
peach,  which  he  named  for  his  wife,  ''Elberta."  It  was 
some  time  before  the  people  could  grasp  the  idea  of  an- 


862       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

other  product  besides  cotton.  Now  this  is  the  greatest 
peach  section  in  the  world,  and  the  Elberta  is  still  the 
standard. 

There  are  several  homes  in  and  around  Marshallville 
worthy  of  especial  note.  About  one  mile  from  and  over- 
looking Flint  River  is  the  old  Crocker  home,  built  by 
Dr.  Crocker  in  1840.  His  daughter  Mary,  who  Avas  born 
on  this  place  the  night  the  stars  fell,  married  Ham  Felton 
in  this  house  at  the  age  of  fifteen.  The  house  is  in  per- 
fect preservation,  and  Dr.  Crocker's  granddaughter,  Mrs. 
Walter  Walker,  occupies  the  place. 

Three  buildings  were  moved  from  Oglethorpe  when 
the  smallpox  began  to  frighten  people  away.  One  was 
a  hotel  moved  by  Tom  SlapjDy  and  later  bought  by  Need- 
ham  Massee.  It  is  about  one  mile  from  town,  and  is  still 
owned  by  the  Massee  family.  Mr.  Nixon  moved  a  house 
in  which  Mr.  Shadrick  Ware  lived,  but  the  house  was 
burned  in  the  last  few  years.  The  third  house  moved 
from  Oglethorpe  was  the  William  Haslam  house,  in  which 
John  Lee  lives  now.  Mr.  George  Slappy  built  his  Colo- 
nial home  in  sixty-eight,  and  his  family  still  occupies  it. 
Mr.  W.  H.  Felton  built  his  home  soon  after  the  war,  and 
his  family,  still  own  it.  One  of  the  oldest  homesteads  is 
the  Lewis  Rumj)h  house,  about  six  miles  from  town, 
built  in  the  fifties  and  still  owned  by  Lewis  Rumph  the 
second.  Marshallville  installed  water-works  and  electric 
lights  in  1914.  One  distinction  of  Marshallville  is  that 
most  of  the  plantations  around  the  town  have  been  handed 
down  from  father  to  son  for  a  period  ranging  from  fifty 
to  seventy-five  years. 


Montezuma.  As  late  as  1850  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
city  of  Montezuma — one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  Georgia  towns  and  a  wide-awake  center  of  trade 
and  commerce — was  a  low  swamp  in  the  midst  of  a  dense 
thicket  of  woods,  whose  solitudes  were  broken  only  by 
the  clutter  of  wild  game  and  by  an  occasional  shot  from 


Macon  BM 

some  hunter's  rifle.  Wild  ducks  and  turkeys,  antlered 
deer,  opossums,  coons,  and  squirrels  were  found  in  large 
numbers.  It  was  a  favorite  locality  for  the  sportsman — 
this  typical  bit  of  Arcadia;  and  such,  indeed,  were  its 
surroundings  that  even  a  poet's  imagination  would  have 
been  taxed  to  evolve  a  town  from  this  particular  spot 
where — it  must  be  confessed — the  hooting  of  the  owl 
sometimes  rendered  the  night  hideous.  But  a  town 
began  to  arise  on  this  very  spot.  Luckily  for  Montezuma, 
she  possessed  the  fighting  spirit.  Mars  became  her  pa- 
tron deity  among  the  gods.  There  was  also  something 
about  her  name  suggestive  of  war.  In  a  grapple  with 
Travelers  Rest  for  railway  honors  Montezuma  won. 
Population  began  steadily  to  increase.  Almost  in  a  day 
a  new  metropolis  was  born.  Some  of  the  more  enter- 
prising merchants  from  Travelers  Rest  came  to  Monte- 
zuma. In  fact,  the  first  business  house  in  the  new  town 
was  erected  by  Messrs.  Holton  and  Orliff,  who  came  from 
Travelers  Rest,  and  it  stood  where  the  establishment 
of  Hicks  and  Black  is  now  located.  After  plucking  the 
laurels  from  Travelers  Rest,  it  was  necessary  to  start  a 
prolonged  and  bitter  struggle  for  existence  with  Ogle- 
thorpe, but  Montezuma  began  to  lay  her  plans  for  secur- 
ing the  wagon  trade  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Flint 
River,  access  to  which  was  made  easy  by  a  splendid 
bridge  across  the  stream  at  Travelers  Rest. 


Shadrick  R.  Felton,  father  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Felton,  was 
the  founder  of  Montezuma.  He  owned  all  the  land  upon 
which  the  town  now  stands,  and  as  an  inducement  for 
people  to  locate  here  the  town  was  laid  off  into  lots,  and 
placed  upon  the  market  at  a  very  low  price.  To  facilitate 
the  sale  of  lots,  Mr.  Felton  gave  John  T.  Brown  half 
interest  in  all  town  lots  to  sell  them.  Mr.  Brown  was 
first  railroad  agent.  The  depot  was  situated  where  the 
stand-pipe  in  front  of  the  Minor  Hotel  is  now.  The  first 
hotel  was  built  by  S.  R.  Felton  and  C.  H.  Young,  and 


864       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  run  by  Mrs.  Ritley;  the  second  hotel  was  built  by  Dr. 
Manly.  The  first  warehouse  was  erected  by  S.  R.  Felton 
and  John  T.  Brown ;  the  second  by  J.  0.  Jelks  and  C.  H. 
Young,  and  managed  by  Captain  W.  T.  Westbrook.  The 
first  dwelling  was  built  by  Messrs.  Holton  &  Orlitf.  The 
second  business  house  was  put  up  by  W.  S.  Truluck,  and 
the  third  by  D.  L.  Harrison;  the  first  livery  stable  by 
C.  H.  Young,  the  first  drug  store  by  Dr.  S.  D.  Everett. 
In  1871  Montezuma  elected  its  first  Mayor  and  Council, 
with  Dr.  A.  D.  Smith  as  Mayor,  and  at  his  death  Judge 
A.  J.  Hamilton  was  made  Mayor  in  1872.  He  and  'his 
wife  lived  here  to  celebrate  their  sixtieth  wedding  anni- 
versary. In  1860  there  were  a  number  of  fine  families 
living  in  Montezuma,  among  them  Mrs.  Ann  Roach,  Dr. 
Everett,  Mrs.  Bottome,  L.  A.  Brantley,  Norris  Brothers 
and  William  McLendon.  One  of  Mr.  McLendon's  daugh- 
ters married  J.  E.  DeVaughn  and  another  married  J.  W. 
McKenzie.  The  McKenzie  family  has  been  very  prom- 
inent in  the  upbuilding  of  Montezuma  ancl  Macon  County. 
J.  W.,  T.  R.  and  W.  L.  McKenzie  came  here  from  Dray- 
ton in  Dooly  County  as  very  young  men  and  have  since 
then  been  prominent  merchants,  planters  and  factors  in 
the  upbuilding  of  Macon.  In  1871  Jno.  F.  Lewis  estab- 
lished a  mercantile  and  banking  business,  and  put  his 
son,  E.  B.  Lewis,  then  seventeen  years  old,  in  charge 
of  it.  Subsequently  E.  B.  Lewis  ably  represented  this 
district  in  Congress  for  twelve  years,  and  has  always 
contributed  liberally  of  his  time  and  means  to  any  and 
every  enterprise  intended  for  the  promotion  of  the  town. 
The  Lewis  Banking  Company,  organized  in  1871,  is  still 
the  largest  bank  in  this  section.  Mr.  Lewis  organized 
the  First  National  Bank  in  1903,  an  institution  of  which 
he  is  president. 

Mr.  J.  E.  DeVaughn,  prominent  planter  and  merchant, 
moved  to  Montezuma  in  1868  from  Jonesboro.  Dr.  I.  X. 
Cheves  and  family  moved  here  from  Crawford  County, 
and  his  sons.  Rev.  A.  J.  Cheves  and  0.  C.  Cheves,  were 
prominent  in  religious  and  educational  movements.    Mr. 


Macon  &6a 

Ham  Felder  was  one  of  the  first  preachers.  The  Car- 
negie Library  was  built  in  1906.  Montezuma  was  con- 
sidered an  unhealthy  locality  until  the  first  artesian  well 
was  boredjin  1883.  Subsequently,  fifteen  wells  have  been 
bored,  and  the  town  has  enjoyed  unusual  health-giving 
facilities.  The  deepest  well  is  500  feet;  the  shallowest 
45  feet;  the  largest  flow  100  gallons  per  minute,  th'ti' 
smallest  6.  The  A.,  B.  &  A.  Railroad  came  into  MontC- 
zuma  in  1903.  Montezuma  and  Oglethorpe  were  con 
nected  by  a  ferry-boat  until  1902,  when  an  iron  bridge 
was  built.  Montezuma's  business  was  enhanced  by  the 
building  of  a  bridge  by  the  town  connecting  with  the 
upper  part  of  the  county  in  1888. 

Among  the  old  homes  in  this  neighborhood  is  the  Har- 
rison home,  moved  from  Spaulding.  Until  a  few  years 
ago,  on  the  site  of  the  Library,  stood  an  old  hotel,  the 
Eoach  House,  which  was  moved  from  Oglethorpe.  There 
are  four  old  plantation  homes  within  a  radius  of  five 
miles :  the  Adams  place,  the  Hooks  homestead,  the  Bar- 
ron home  and  the  Dykes  home.  Electric  lights  and  water- 
works were  installed  in  1902.  The  first  fire  engine  was 
bought  in  1885.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  in  the 
State.  The  Montezuma  Manufacturing  Company  and 
Oil  Mill  was  established  in  1901,  the  knitting  mill  in 
1903  and  the  fertilizer  plant  in  1910.  The  first  steamer, 
^'The  Montezuma,"  was  run  between  Montezuma  and 
Warwick,  in  1885,  the  steamer  ''Ada"  in  1886. 

The  old  Montezuma  Record,  now  The  Georgian,  was 
established  in  1883.  It  is  one  of  the  pioneer  weeklies  of 
this  section.  In  1911  the  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy 
erected  a  handsome  monument  to  the  heroic  men  in  gray 
who  went  from  Macon  County  into  the  Civil  War. 


Spaulding.  in  the  year  1868  Dr.  W.  C.  Wilkes,  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
Church  at  Travelers  Rest,  conceived  the  iJea  of  establishing 
a  seminary,  and  chose  as  its  location  a  spot  close  to  the  home  of  his 
friend,  Mr.  Isaac  Cheves,  some  two  miles  distant.  At  once,  in  order  to 
educate  their  children,  and  for  the  sake  of  the  religious  and  educational 


866       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

atmosphere,  many  families'  moved  there  and  built  homes.  It  was  named 
Spaulding,  for  Dr.  A.  T.  Spaulding,  a  Baptist  minister.  Among  the 
residents  were  Sam  Turner,  Tom  Sutton,  Judge  J.  H.  McClung,  John 
Henry  McKenzie,  Lee  Veal,  Mr.  Spencer,  who  built  the  home  afterwards 
bought  by  the  Maxwells,  Shadrick  Felton,  Warren  Davis  who  built  the  home 
later  sold  to  Mr.  Veal,  J.  M.  DuPree,  Mr.  Battle,  who  built  the  home  now 
owned  by  Morgan  Chastain  and  Mr.  Tfuluck,  who  had  the  only  store. 
The  seminary  prospered  for  six  or  eight  years,  but  gradually  the  families 
moved  away,  and  the  seminary  lost  its  prestige.  Mrs.  Lee  Veal  taught 
the  first  music  class.  Many  Montezuma  citizens  received  early  training  in 
the  Spaulding  Seminary,  which  was  about  two  miles  from  Montezuma. 


MADISON 

Danielsville.  Danielsville,  the  county-seat  of  Madison 
County,  was  named  for  General  Allen  Dan- 
iel, a  soldier  of  the  Revolution  and  an  officer  of  some 
note  in  the  State  militia.  When  the  new  County  of  Mad- 
ison was  organized  in  1811,  General  Daniel,  wlio  owned 
large  interests  in  the  neighborhood,  donated  the  site  for 
public  buildings  and  helped  to  organize  the  first  court. 
The  town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  Novem- 
ber 27,  1817,  with  Messrs.  James  Long,  Willis  Towns  and 
Joseph  Vincent  as  commissioners.*  The  Madison  County 
Academy  was  chartered  in  1811,  when  the  county  was 
first  organized.  Near  Danielsville  stands  a  famous  land- 
mark of  Presbyterianism  in  upper  Georgia,  known  as 
New  Hope  Church,  considerably  more  than  a  hundred 
years  old.  Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long,  the  discoverer  of 
sulphuric  ether  anaesthesia,  was  born  in  Danielsville,  a 
fact  in  itself  sufficient  to  give  the  town  a  deservedly  high 
rank  among  the  historic  shrines  of  the  world.  Dr.  Long's 
wonderful  achievement  marked  a  new  epoch  in  the  annals 
of  medicine  and  made  humanity  his  debtor  until  the  end 
of  time. 


♦Lamar's  Digest,   p.   1040. 


Marion  867 

MAEIONi 


Tazewell:  A  Eight    miles    northeast    of    Buena 

Former  County-Seat.  Vista,  is  the  charming  little  town  of 
Tazewell,  once  the  county-seat  of 
Marion.  It  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  a  small  stream 
called  Buck  Creek.  For  several  years  after  the  county 
was  organized,  in  1827,  the  public  buildings  were  at 
Horry;  but,  on  December  27,  1838,  an  Act  was  approved 
making  Tazewell  the  seat  of  government,  with  the  fol- 
lowing town  commissioners :  Arthur  W.  Battle,  David 
N.  Burkhalter,  Randell  W.  Mesten,  Zachariah  Wallace 
and  Seaborn  L.  Collins.-  Just  one  year  preceding,  on 
Christmas  day,  1837,  the  old  Tazewell  Academy  was 
chartered,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees :  Burton 
W.  Dowd,  James  Powers,  Joseph  J.  Battle,  Robert  S. 
Burch  and  C.  B.  Strange.^  The  handsome  school-house 
at  Tazewell  occupies  the  original  plot  of  ground  donated 
for  this  purpose  by  the  State.  Visitors  are  always  in- 
terested in  the  old  parade  ground,  where  the  militia  drills 
took  place  before  the  war,  and  where  many  an  incident 
occurred,  such  as  Judge  Longstreet  describes  in  '' Geor- 
gia Scenes."  The  first  clerk  of  the  court  at  Tazewell 
was  Burton  W.  Dowd.  Tony  Carroll,  an  early  bailiff, 
was  one  of  the  famous  Carroll  triplets,  all  of  whom  lived 
to  be  very  old  men.  John  Burkhalter,  Benjamin  Halley, 
Jordan  Wilcher  and  Solomon  Wall  were  also  prominent 
among  the  early  pioneers. 

Captain  :John  E.  Sheppard,  a  former  resident  of 
Tazewell,  but  now  of  Buena  Vista,  achieved  a  record  for 
gallantry  during  the  Civil  War  which  few,  if  any,  sur- 
passed. Like  his  Highland  ancestors,  he  was  a  grim 
fighter,  though  withal  a  most  genial  gentleman.    On  ac- 


>  Much  of  the  Information  contained  in  this  chapter  has  been  furnished 
by  the  following  residents  of  Marion:  Mr.  Benjamin  Powell,  Mrs.  Sallie 
Mitchell   Green,   Mrs.   W.    B.   Short,  and  Mrs.   Annie  M.   Munro. 

-Acts,    1838,    p.    127. 

'Acts,    1837,    p.    12. 


868       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

count  of  a  bullet  wound  in  the  head,  his  life  hung  in  the 
balance  for  months,  but  as  soon  as  he  could  shoulder  his 
musket  he  was  back  again  at  the  front.  Not  long  there- 
after, in  a  fierce  battle,  his  ranking  officers  were  all  either 
killed  or  wounded,  making  it  necessary  for  him  to  assume 
command  of  his  regiment.  On  this  occasion,  it  is  amus- 
ingly told  of  him  that  he  was  not  exactly  on  a  war  footing, 
since  in  lieu  of  shoes  his  feet  were  wrapped  in  pieces  of 
an  old  croker  sack.  Hon.  J.  E.  Sheppard,  of  Americus, 
a  distinguished  lawyer  and  legislator,  is  Captain  Shep- 
pard's  son.  One  of  the  oldest  residents  of  Tazewell  is 
William  Stewart.  His  gifted  son-in-law,  Hon.  E.  H. 
McMichael,  has  frequently  represented  Marion  in  the 
General  Assembly  of  Georgia  and  was  Speaker  pro  tem. 
of  the  last  House.  There  are  many  attractive  homes  in 
Tazewell — ^a  conservative  and  cultured  old  town,  famed 
for  the  hospitality  of  its  citizens. 


Horry :  A  ^^^  original  county-seat  of  Marion  was  Horry,  a  town 
Dead  Town  located  some  three  miles  to  the  northeast  of  Tazewell,  in 
what  is  now  the  County  of  Schley.  The  exact  size  of  the 
town  is  today  unidentified  by  any  existing  landmarks.  But  it  was'  the 
seat  of  government  from  the  time  when  the  county  was  organized,  in 
1827,  until  Tazewell  was  made  the  county-seat,  in  1838. 


Pea  Ridge.  Before  1830,  the  site  occupied  by  the  present  town  of 
Buena  Vista  was  a  primaeval  forest.  When  a  settlement  at 
last  bloomed  amid  the  solitudes  it  was  called  Pea  Ridge.  The  nucleus  for 
this  settlement  is  said  to  have  been  a  cake  stand,  at  which  an  occasional 
traveler  now  and  then  stopped  to  appease  his  hunger;  and  near  this  stand, 
Mr.  H.'  K.  Lamb,  the  pioneer  merchant  of  Pea  Ridge,  afterwards  built 
a  store.  This  was  followed  by  three  grog-shops,  each  of  which  flourished 
like  a  green  bay-tree,  afteV  the  manner  of  the  wicked,  until  a  great  revival 
broke  out  at  a  camp-meeting  conducted  by  Blakely  Smith.  As  a  result 
the  taverns  were  closed. 

Proofs  of  a  former  occupancy  of  this  region  by  the  Indians  still 
abound  in  numerous  flints,  arrow  heads  and  fragments  of  pottery;  and 
likewise  in  the  names'  bestowed  upon  running  waters.  Many  citizens  of 
the  county  recall  a  number  of  Indians  who  remained  in  Marion  until  death 


Marion  869 

removed  them;  and,  among  these  was  a  famous  coujurer  and  medicine  man 
called  "Old  Chofe, "  ■who  held  despotic  sway  over  the  negroes,  due  to  his 
supposed  extraordinary  powers. 

Over  on  Kinchafoonee  Creek,  the  Butts  family  was  established  when 
the  county  was  first  organized.  Later  on,  other  staunch  pioneer  settlers 
began  to  drift  into  this  region,  bringing  with  them  the  following  fine  old 
Marion  County  names:  Powell,  Wallace,  Mitchell,  Green,  Wells,  Blanton, 
James,  Burkhalter,  McSIichael,  Miller,  Munro,  Stevens,  Webb,  McCall, 
McCorkle,  Drane,  M^atthews,  Brown,  Melton,  Lowe,  Herndon,  Mathis,  Gill, 
Rogers,  Sheppard,  Dunham,  Crawford,  Harvey  and  Merrell.  Prof.  James 
Monegan,  an  Irishman,  was  the  first  teacher  at  Pea  Eidge.  He  is  still 
vividly  recalled  by  a  former  pupil,  Mr.  Benjamin  Powell,  who  resides  within 
a  stone's  throw  of  where  he  lived  when  a  boy.  Prof.  Tom  Peter  Ashmore, 
of  Greer 's  Almanac  fame,  was  also  an  early  educator.  Hardy  Mitchell  came 
from  North  Carolina  in  1840;  and,  during  the  first  year,  lived  in  what  is  now 
the  court-yard  of  Buena  Vista. 


But  the  most  dominant  figure  among  the   early   settlers  of  Pea;  Ridge 
was  David  N.  Burkhalter,  who  removed  to  Pea  Ridge  from  Tazewell  in 
1845.     Mr.  Burkhalter  was  a  Methodist  preacher,  a  large 
David  N.  property   owner,   and   a   man   of   wide   influence   in   public 

Burkhalter  affairs.  He  was  one  of  the  first  citizens  of  the  county  to 
rei^resent  Mariou  in  the  State  Legislature.  It  was  long 
before  any  railroad  penetrated  this  section,  and  he  usually  made  the  trip 
to  Milledgeville  behind  two  mules.  While  a  resident  of  Tazewell,  he 
built  a  church  for  the  Methodists;  but,  on  changing  his  residence  to  Pea 
Ridge,  he  moved  the  church,  too. 


John  Burkhalter,  the  latter 's  father,  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  whose 
grave  on  a  plantation,  some  few  miles  out  from  Buena  Vista  is  soon  to  be 

marked  by  Lanahassee  Chapter  of  the  D.  A.  E.  Mr. 
John   Burkhalter.     Burkhalter  was  one  of  the   earliest  pioneer  settlers 

of  the  county  of  Marion,  and  a  man  from  whose 
loins  have  sprung  a  host  of  descendants,  including  the  present  distinguished 
chief  magistrate  of  Texas:   Governor  O.  B.  Colquitt. 


Buena  Vista.      But  Pea  Ridge  was  not  a  name  with  which 
to  woo  the  fickle  goddess;  and,  in  1847,  it 
was  changed  to  Buena  Vista,  following  the  famous  vic- 
tory achieved  by  General  Zachary  Taylor  over  the  Mex- 


870       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

icans.  Two  years  later  the  county-seat  was  wrested 
from  Tazewell;  and,  on  January  26,  1850,  an  Act  was 
approved  making  permanent  the  site  of  public  buildings 
at  Buena  Vista.*  Mr.  David  N.  Burkhalter,  to  whose 
vigorous  initiative  the  removal  of  the  county-seat  was 
due,  donated  the  land  on  which  the  court-house,  the  Meth- 
odist Church  and  other  buildings  were  located.  New 
vistas  of  opportunity  were  now  opened.  Soon  a  railway 
line  was  built,  while  stores,  schools,  churches  and  homes 
began  to  multiply.  Toda}^,  in  the  most  progressive  seijse 
of  the  word,  Buena  Vista  is  a  modern  town,  equipped 
with  an  electric-light  plant,  with  a  water-works  system, 
and  with  other  public  utilities.  It  is  on  the  automobile 
highway  between  Columbus  and  Americus,  and  commands 
a  wide  territory  rich  in  agricultural  products.  The  Hoke 
Smith  Institute,  named  for  Georgia's  senior  Senator,  is 
the  pride  of  this  entire  section,  having  twice  in  succession 
won  the  silver  trophy  for  this  district.  Two  gif ten  women 
of  Buena  Vista  enjoy  wide  note  as  educators :  Miss  Ida 
Munro  and  Miss  Nettie  Powell. 


Fort  Perry.  Near  Buena  Vista,  at  Fort  Perry,  can  still 
be  seen  the  breast-works  thrown  up  by  the 
United  States  infantry,  when  they  occupied  this  place 
as  a  stronghold  during  the  Creek  Indian  wars.  Just  a 
short  distance  beyond,  at  Poplar  Springs,  quite  a  band 
of  United  States  cavalry  encamped  after  fording  the 
Chattahoochee  River.  Both  sites  will  probably  be 
marked  in  time  with  appropriate  memorials. 


Some  of  the  Noted     Governor  0.  B.   Colquitt,  of  Texas, 

Sons  of  Marion;         the  present  chief  magistrate  of  the 

"Lone    Star    State,"    spent    several 

years   of   his    early  boyhood   in   Buena  Vista,   a   town 


•Acts,    18491850,    p.    102. 


Meriwether  871 

founded  by  his  grandfather,  David  N.  Burkhalter.  Judge 
Mark  H.  Blandford,  an  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Georgia,  opened  an  ojffiice  at  one  time  in  Buena 
Vista  for  the  practice  of  law,  Hon.  J.  E.  Sheppard,  of 
Americus,  and  Hon.  B.  S.  Miller,  of  Columbus,  two  of 
Georgia's  most  brilliant  lawmakers,  were  reared  in 
Buena  Vista.  Former  State  School  Commissioner  W.  B. 
Merritt  was  a  native  of  Marion.  Hon.  William  S.  West, 
of  Valdosta,  who,  on  the  death  of  United  States  Senator 
A.  0.  Bacon,  in  1914,  was  given  an  ad  interim  appoint- 
ment to  fill  this  vacancy,  was  born  on  a  plantation  in 
Marion.  Judge  William  B.  Butt  was  a  native  of  Buena 
Vista,  where  he  practiced  law  until  just  a  short  while  be- 
fore Lis  election  to  the  Bench  of  the  Chattahoochee  Cir- 
cuit. Marion  County  furnished  three  companies  of  in- 
fantry to  the  Southern  army,  Colonel  Edgar  M.  Butt, 
Captain  Taylor  and  Captain  Blandford  commanding;  in 
addition  to  which  a  large  number  of  volunteers  went  to 
Gritfin  and  joined  a  cavalry  company,  led,  during  many 
fierce  battles,  by  the  gallant  Captain  T.  M.  Merritt.  Some 
of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the  State  have  practiced  at  the 
Buena  Vista  Bar.  It  is  still  ably  represented  by  a  group 
of  strong  men,  among  whom  are  Hon.  William  D.  Craw- 
ford, Hon.  William  B.  Short,  Hon.  George  P.  Munro, 
Judge  John  Butt,  Colonel  Noah  Butt  and  Colonel  T.  B. 
Rainey. 


MERIWETHER 

Greenville.  In  1827,  Meriwether  County  was  formed  out 
of  a  part  of  Troup,  and  named  for  General 
Meriwether,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the  State  militia, 
prominent  in  treaty  negotiations  with  the  Indians.  The 
county-seat,  fixed  in  the  year  following,  was  named  for 
General  Nathaniel  Greene,  of  the  Revolution.  Green- 
ville's charter  of  incorporation  was  granted  December 
20,  1828,  with  the  following  residents  of  the  town  named 
as  commissioners :     Abner  Durham,  Joseph  Cone,  Levi 


872       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Adams,  Matthew  Leverett  and  Abraham  Ragan.^  The 
Meriwether  County  Academy  was  chartered  on  Decem- 
ber 22,  1828,  with  the  following  trustees,  to-wit. :  Alfred 
Wellborn,  John  L.  Jones,  Abraham  Eagan,  and  James 

A.  Perdue.-  In  1836  the  Greenville  Female  Academy 
was  chartered  with  trustees  named  as  follows:    Walton 

B.  Harris,  Joseph  W.  Harris,  Joseph  W.  Amhoy,  Robert 
A.  Jones,  Gibson  F.  Hill  and  Wiley  P.  Burks.^  Some  of 
the  most  distinguished  men  of  Georgia  have  been  former 
residents  of  Greenville,  among  them  Judge  Hiram  War- 
ner, one  of  Georgia's  ablest  jurists;  Judge  Obadi'ah 
Warren,  his  younger  brother;  Hon.  Henry  R.  Harris, 
a  former  member  of  Congress,  Hon.  Joseph  M.  Terrell, 
a  former  Governor  and  United  States  Senator ;  Hon. 
William  T.  Revill,  a  noted  educator,  and  Judge  Hiram 
Warner  Hill,  a  member  of  the  present  Supreme  Court  of 
Georgia.  Governor  John  M.  Slaton  was  born  in  Green- 
ville, but  removed  with  his  parents  to  Atlanta,  where  he 
grew  to  manhood  and  entered  the  practice  of  law. 


Memories  of  Before  the  Civic  Club  of  Greenville,  dur- 

the  Early  Days,  ing  the  month  of  January,  1914,  Mrs. 
Mary  Jane  Hill,  then  in  her  eighty- 
fourth  year,  read  a  most  delightful  paper  on  the  town  of 
Greenville  as  she  knew  it  when  a  girl.  Mrs.  Hill  is  the 
only  child  of  the  late  Judge  Hiram  Warner,  and  notwith- 
standing her  age,  is  still  in  splendid  health,  with  a  mind 
vigorous  in  its  grasp  of  things,  both  past  and  present. 
From  this  charming  paper,  a  few  paragraphs  are  culled. 
Says  Mrs.  Hill : 

"Greenville  is  an  old  town  whose  history  dates  back  to  the  first  settle- 
ment of  the  county.  General  Hugh  Ector  owned  the  land  upon  which  the 
town  of  Greenville  was  built.  I  was'  four  years  old  when  my  parents  came 
to  make  their  home  here  in  1834.  We  spent  the  first  year  in  a  rented 
house  on  the  lot  where  Mrs.  Jno.  L.  Strozier  now  lives.  This  place  was 
owned  by  Major  Alex.  Hall,  the  grandfather  of  Mr.  A.  C.  Faver,  Mrs.  J.  R. 


^Acts,    1828,   p.    149. 
*ActS,   1828,   p.    15. 
8  Acts,    1836,    p.    8. 


Meriwether  873 

Render,  Mr.  James  Hall  and  other  grandchildren  now  living  in  the  county. 
Our  next-door  neighbor  was  Dr.  William  Tinsley,  a  leading  physician  of 
the  town,  and  the  grandfather  of  Mrs.  E.  D.  Eender,  of  LaGrange. 

"Among  the  historic  houses  of  Greenville  is  the  one  now  owned  by  Mr. 
Arthur  Pinkston.  This'  house  was  built  by  a  Mr.  Hobbs  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  in  the  town.  It  was  for  many  years  owned  by  Mr.  Nathan  Truitt, 
whose  wife  was  sister  of  Judge  James  Eender.  A  beautiful  daughter, 
whose  name  was  Elizabeth,  was  their  only  child.  I  attended  her  wedding 
when  she  became  the  wife  of  Stephen  Willis,  of  Greene  County.  Three 
children  came  to  bless  thi.s  union,  two  sons,  who  are  now  living  in  LaGrange, 
and  one  daughter,  who  married  Jack  Thompson  and  also  lives  in  LaGrange. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Willis,  his  widow  married  again,  Mr.  Rachels.  She 
lived  to  a  good  old  age,  and  passed  away  about  one  year  ago.  Opposite 
the  Truitt  home  was  that  of  Mr.  Eobert  Adonis  Jones.  His  family  was' 
of  the  best.  His  wife,  a  Miss  Macon,  descended  from  that  distinguished 
family  for  which  the  city  of  Macon  was  named.  M'r.  Jones  died  in  Green- 
ville and  his  grave  in  the  cemetery  is  marked  by  a  slab. 

' '  The  building  now  occupied  by  the  Civic  Club  and  library  was  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Isaac  C.  Bell.  Mr.  Bell  was  a  tailor  with  shop  in  the 
north  side  of  the  square.  Mrs.  Bell  was  a  woman  of  beautiful  Christian 
character,  whose  religiou.s  life  so  influenced  her  husband  as  to  cause  a 
reformation  in  him  after  she  passed  away.  They  now  sleep  side  by  side  in 
the  little  cemetery.  The  next  house  was  the  law  office  of  Colonel  W.  D. 
Alexander,  who  came  to  Greenville  from  Virginia,  and  from  tradition 
he  rode  horseback  the  whole  distance.  The  lot  on  the  north,  where  the  at- 
tractive home  of  Mrs.  W.  T.  Eevill  now  is,  was  purchased,  according  to 
"old  times,"  by  Mr.  Levy  M.  Adams  from  the  Inferior  Court,  and  he 
erected  the  first  building  there.  ]\Ir.  Adams  was  clerk  of  the  Superior 
Court.  He  was  also  County  Treasurer,  lawyer  and  merchant.  His  home 
was  noted  for  its  hospitality  and  he  is  well  remembered  by  many  of  the 
early  settlers.  The  Gresham  home,  a  little  to  the  northwest,  which  has  so 
long  been  in  possession  of  the  family,  was  originally  owned  by  Abram 
Eagan. 

"Where  the  Presbyterian  Church  now  stands,  to  the  west  of  our  home, 
lived  two  dear  old  ladies,  the  grandmother  and  great-aunt  of  Mrs.  J.  L. 
Strozier,  M"rs.  Martha  Eobertson  and  Mrs.  Judith  Mitchell.  The  friend- 
ship formed  between  these  ladies  and  my  mother  lasted  through  hei  lifetime. 
Across  the  street,  where  now  is  the  Methodist  parsonage,  lived  the  faoiily 
of  W.  B.  Ector. 

"Two  other  houses  were  in  the  course  of  construction  on  this  street, 
now  known  as  Griffin  Street.  One  of  these  was  bought  and  has  long  been 
occupied  by  the  family  of  the  late  Mr.  Myron  Ellis.  The  other  to  the  east 
was  built  by  Mr.  Elerby.  He  lived  only  a  short  time  in  this  house  which 
he  himself  built.  He  died  and  now  occupies  an  unmarked  grave  in  the 
cemetery.  My  memory  does  not  recall  whether  there  was  a  house  in  the 
corner  of  this'  street,  now  occupied  by  the  Methodist  Church.     Later,  I  re- 


874       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

member  there  was  a  grocery  there,  made  memorable  by  a  bear  ami  dog 
fight  having  occurred  in  the  rear  of  it,  and  a  drunken  man  sitting  on  the 
porch  singing  a  song  beginning: — ■ 

"On  the  wings  of  love  I  fly 
From  the  grocerie  to  groce-ry. ' ' 

"This  bear  fight  was  an  event  in  the  town,  but  it  ended  disastrously. 
So  many  were  attracted  to  the  scene  that  numbers  of  them  climbed  on 
the  roof  of  the  shed  attached'  to  the  store  in  order  to  get  a  better  view, 
but  alas!  too  many  sought  this  point  of  vantage,  and  the  roof  gave  way, 
hurting  several  badly.  One  interested  spectator,  seated  on  a  barrel  under 
the  shed  when  the  roof  collapsed,  was  crushed  into  the  barrel."  , 


Judge  Warner's  Judge  Warner  was  a  man  of  unique 
Narrow  Escape.  character.  He  was  veritably  a  Roman 
cast  in  the  molds  of  the  great  Cato. 
One  of  Georgia's  purest  sons,  he  Avas  also  one  of  her 
bravest — a  man  to  whom  the  instinct  of  moral  fear  was 
unknown.  For  the  sake  of  principle  he  was  ready  to 
suffer  the  stake  or  the  gibbet ;  but  he  was  never  inclined 
to  turbulance.  On  the  contrary,  he  was  slow  to  anger, 
even-tempered  and  calm.  The  judicial  poise  of  his  great 
mind  was  seldom  disturbed.  The  following  incident  of 
Wilson's  raid,  in  1865,  is  narrated  by  Governor  Northen. 
It  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  character  of  the  old  jurist. 
Says  Governor  Northen: 

"In  186.5,  just  after  Johnston's  surrender — but  before  it  was  generally 
known — Wilson  's  Federal  raiders  were  abroad  in  Middle  Georgia,  bent  on 
plunder.  Vandalism  is  too  weak  a  work  to  describe  the  petty  meanness 
which  marked  the  paths  made  by  bands  of  Federal  soldiers  through  certain 
portions  of  the  South ;  and  General  Wilson  was'  such  an  offender  in  this 
respect  that  succeeding  generations  have  used  his  name  to  describe  rapine 
and  slaughter.  Some  of  Wilson 's  raiders,  visiting  Meriwether  County, 
headed  for  Judge  Warner 's  home.  As  they  approached  all  the  whites  on 
the  place  fled  except  Judge  Warner  and  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Hill.  The 
latter,  with  an  infant  two  weeks  old,  could  not  be  moved.  Her  father 
remained  with  her.  During  the  morning  some  cavalry  detachments  pass- 
ing by  stole  what  they  could  carry  off.  About  noon  another  party  ar- 
rived and  stopping,  fed  their  horses,  stole  the  silverware  and  robbed  the 
smokehouse.  .Judge  Warner  stood  by  in  silence.  But  suddenly  the  leader, 
putting  a  pistol  to  his  head,  ordered  him  to  accompany  them.  Between 
the  house  and  the  negro  quarters  was  a  small  woodland.  To  this  grove  his 
captors  conducted  Warner,  and  there  the  leader  of  the  baud,  wearing  the 


Miller  875 

uniform  of  a  Federal  captain,  took  out  his  watch  and  said:  "I'll  give 
you  just  three  minutes  to  tell  where  your  gold  is  hidden."  "Warner  pro- 
tested that  he  had  no  gold.  They  replied  that  they  had  been  told  that  he 
did  have  it  and  that  he  must  give  it  up.  He  again  denied  it.  They  searched 
him  and  found  five  thousand  dollars  in  Confederate  money  and  fifteen 
thousand  dollars  in  Central  Eailroad  bills,  which  they  appropriated.  Kt 
the  end  of  three  minutes  the  captain  gave  a  signal.  One  of  the  men  took 
from  his  horse  a  long  leather  strap  with  a  noose  at  one  end.  The  other 
extemporized  a  gallows  by  bending  down  the  end  of  a  stout  sapling,  "With 
an  oath  the  officer  made  him  select  a  larger  and  stouter  tree.  Judge 
"Warner  remained  silent.  One  end  of  the  strap  was  adjusted  around  his 
neck  and  the  other  fastened  securely  to  the  tree.  The  sapling  was  gradually 
released  until  the  line  became  taut,  when  it  was  turned  loose  and  the 
Judge  's  body  dangled  in  the  air.  On  reviving,  he  found  himself  upon  the 
ground,  but  with  the  noose  still  around  his  neck.  The  soldiers  still  sur- 
rounded him.  Once  more  he  was  ordered  to  give  up  his  gold  under  penalty 
of  death.  He  replied  as  before.  Again  he  was  strung  up  and  the  sapling 
released.  This  was  about  two  o  'clock  in  the  day.  "When  he  recovered  con- 
sciousness the  sun  was  nearly  down.  He  lay  at  the  foot  of  the  sapling.  The 
noose  had  been  removed  from  his'  neck.  The  dry  leaves  of  the  preceding 
autumn  had  been  fired,  and  these  were  burning  within  a  foot  or  two  of  his 
head.  He  always  thought  that  the  heat  of  the  flames  brought  him  back  to 
consciousness  and  to  life.  The  soldiers  had  left  him  for  dead  and  had  set 
fire  to  the  woods.  He  was  barely  able  to  make  his  way  back  to  the  house, 
where  he  lay  ill  for  many  days." 

Woodbury.  Woodbury  is  a  rapidly  growing  town,  with  splendid  rail- 
way connections.  It  was  chartered  by  an  Act  approved 
August  23,  1872,  with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  John  E. 
Jones,  David  Muse,  Henry  "Worthy,  John  E.  Buchanan  and  "William  "Wheeler, 
but  the  charter  was  subsequently  amended  so  as  to  provide  for  a  municipal 
form  of  government.*  The  present  public  school  system  was  established 
in  1900,  at  which  time  the  "Woodbury  School  District  was  incorporated 
with  the  following  board  of  trustees:  Dr.  J.  M.  Hooten,  B.  T.  Baker, 
Dr.  H.  W.  Clements,  W.  J.  Smith  and  Dr.  J.  D.  Sutton.* 


MILLER 

Colquitt.  In  1856,  Miller  County  was  formed  from  Baker 
and  Early  Counties,  and  named  for  Hon.  An- 
drew J.  Miller,  of  Augusta,  a  distinguished  legislator, 
whose  then  recent  death  suggested  the  propriety  of  some 
memorial.  At  the  same  time,  the  county-seat  was  named 
for  Judge  Walter  T.  Colquitt,  jurist  and  statesman,  of 


876       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

whose  Brilliant  services  tlie  State  was  during  this  year 
bereaved.  The  town  was  incorporated  on  December  19, 
1860,  with  Messrs.  Isaac  Bush,  J.  S.  Vann,  D.  P.  Gunn, 
Thomas  S.  Floyd  and  F.  M.  Hopkins,  as  commissioners.^ 
Situated  on  the  Georgia,  Florida  and  Alabama  Railway, 
Colquitt  occupies  the  center  of  a  rich  territory,  which  has 
just  commenced  to  develop,  and  the  future  of  the  town 
is  bright  with  splendid  possibilities. 


Recollections  of  He    was    several    times    elected    President    of    the 

Andrew  J  Miller  Senate,  in  which  position  he  evinced  the  highest 
administrative  ability;  and  when,  from  political 
majorities  in  the  Senate,  adverse  to  him  for  the  time  being,  he  was  passed 
over  in  the  choice  of  presiding  officer,  his  accurate  knowledge  of  parlia- 
mentary law  always  caused  him  to  be  appealed  to,  in  open  Senate,  when 
difficulties  arose,  on  points  of  order.  During  his  service  of  twenty  years, 
he  was  the  coolest,  safest,  and  most  practical  mind  in  the  Senate. 

Frank  H.  Miller,  Esq.,  in  a  letter  to  Major  Stephen  H.  Miller,  thus 
writes  of  his  father.  "He  was  plain  and  unaffected  in  manner  of  speech, 
suiting  the  word  to  the  thought  and  expressing  it  as  plainly  as  possible. 
He  rarely,  if  ever  used  a  metaphor.  His  memory  was  his  most  wonderful 
gift.  He  never  forgot.  He  could  remember  the  minutest  details  years 
after  the  event  occurred.  He  was  small  of  statue  and  a  man  of  pleasant 
address,  had  blue  eyes,  which  wore  the  appearance  of  gray  as  he  grew 
older,  his  mouth  and  nose  were  large,  and  his  lofty  forehead  expanded  and 
grew  broader  the  longer  he  lived.  He  had  an  amiable  expression  of  coun- 
tenance, though  there  ever  appeared  around  his  mouth  those  small  lines 
which  indicated  decision  of  character. '  '* 


MILTON 

Alpharetta.  In  1857  Milton  was  organized  out  of  Cobb 
and  Cherokee,  and  named  for  Hon.  Jolm 
Milton,  who  saved  the  records  of  the  State  during  the 
Revolution.  Alpharetta  was  made  the  county-seat.  The 
town  was  incorporated  December  11,  1858,  with  the  fol- 
lowing-named commissioners,  to-wit. :  Oliver  P.  Skelton, 
P.  F.  Rainwater,  J.  J.  Stewart,  Thomas  J.  Harris  and 


'  Acts,    1860,   p.    86. 

•Stephen  H.  Miller,  in  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georg-ia,  Vol.   2. 


Mitchell — Monroe  877 

Oliver  P.  Childers.*     Though  without  railway  connec- 
tions, Al2>haretta  is  a  thriving  town. 


MITCHELL 

Camilla.  When  a  new  county  was  made  from  Baker,  in 
1857,  it  was  given  the  name  of  Mitchell,  in 
honor  of  Governor  David  B.  Mitchell,  a  distinguished 
former  chief  executive,  while  the  county-seat  was  named 
for  the  old  Governor's  daughter.  Miss  Camilla  Mitchell. 
The  town  was  first  incorporated  in  1858.  It  possesses  a 
splendid  public-school  teystem,  established  in  1889,  a 
number  of  up-to-date  public  utilities,  and  is  commercially 
a  prosperous  town,  with  a  most  encouraging  outlook. 


Pelham.  One  of  the  most  enterprising  towns  of  South  Georgia  is  located 
in  this  county:  Pelham,  The  town  was  named  for  Mkjor  John 
Pelham,  an  Alabama  youth,  whose  gallantry  on  the  field  of  battle  immor- 
talized him  before  he  was  twenty-one.  His  heroic  death  has  been  the  in- 
spiration of  poems  almost  without  number.  General  Lee  once  wrote  of 
him :  "  It  is  glorious  to  see  such  valor  in  one  so  young, ' '  and  to  Stone- 
wall Jackson  at  Fredericksburg  he  remarked:  "General  Jackson,  you 
ought  to  have  a  Pelham  on  each  flank."  The  town  was  incorporated  on 
September  14,  1881,  with  Hon.  J.  L.  Hand  as  Mayor,  and  with  Messrs. 
Cornelius  Lightfoot,  G.  F.  Green,  J.  C.  Rhodes  and  J.  L.  Glozier  Council- 
men.  The  corporate  limits  were  fixed  at  one-half  a  mile  in  every  direction 
from  the  Georgia,  Florida  and  Western  depot.  To  meet  the  demands  of 
growth  the  town  charter  was  amended  in  1887  and  the  corporate  limits 
extended. 


MONROE 

Historic  Forsyth.    On  the  highest  ridge  between  Atlanta 
and  Macon,  in  almost  the  exact  center 
of  the  State,  stands  the  old  historic  town  of  Forsyth, 
named  for  the  illustrious  diplomat  and  statesman,  John 


♦Acts,    1858,    p.    148. 


878       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Forsyth.  As  United  States  Minister  to  Spain,  Mr.  For- 
syth negotiated  the  purchase  of  Florida  from  Ferdinand 
VII.  He  was  also  Governor  of  Georgia  from  1827  to 
1829,  and  afterwards  a  United  States  Senator.  The 
town  of  Forsyth  came  into  existence  in  1822  when  the 
new  Comity  of  Monroe  was  created  out  of  lands  then  re- 
cently acquired  from  the  Creek  Indians,  at  which  time  it 
became  the  new  county-seat.  On  December  10,  1823,  it 
was  incorporated  as  a  town,  with  the  following  pioneer 
residents  named  as  commissioners:  James  S.  Phillips, 
Henry  H.  Lumpkin,  John  E.  Bailey,  Anderson  Baldwin 
and  Samuel  Drewry.*  The  town  was  originally  laid  off 
into  lots  of  two  and  one-half  acres  each,  affording  ample 
room  for  garden  plots  and  spacious  green  lawns.  In 
1855  the  town  limits  were  extended  one-half  mile.  The 
following  names  of  pioneer  settlers  frequently  appear  in 
the  early  records:  Sharp,  Roddy,  Cabaniss,  Thomas, 
Lumpkin,  Sanford,  Dunn,  Martin,  Johnson,  Winship, 
Harman,  Purifoy,  Bean,  Stephens,  Litman,  O'Neal, 
Banks,  Coleman,  Phelps,  Ttirner  and  Wilkes. 

Cyrus  Sharp  built  the  first  brick  store  in  Forsyth. 
This  pioneer  citizen  lived  to  be  well  past  'ninety  years 
of  age,  and  embodied  in  a  clear  memory  most  of  the 
chronicles  of  the  town.  The  first  court  was  held  at  the 
residence  of  Henry  H.  Lumpkin,  a  brother  of  the  great 
chief  justice  of  Georgia,  In  the  year  following,  a  court- 
house built  of  logs  rose  on  the  town  square.  But  a 
stately  temple  of  justice  has  long  since  replaced  the 
original  structure.  On  the  court-house  square  stands  a 
handsome  bronze  memorial  to  the  Confederate  dead.     , 

In  matters  of  politics,  the  early  residents  of  Forsyth 
were  either  Whigs  or  Democrats.  Judge  E.  G.  Cabaniss 
was  the  leading  Whig;  Dr.  E.  L.  Roddy  the  most  promi- 
nent Democrat.  Both  belonged  to  the  Masonic  order. 
Judge  Cabaniss  was  worshipful  master  of  the  local  lodge 
and  Dr.  Roddy  was  the  high  priest.  The  representative 
lawyers  were:  R.  P.  Trippe,  Zach.  E.  Harman  and  Cap- 


*Acts,   1823,   p.   197. 


Monroe  "  879 

tain  James  S.  Pinckard.  The  first  town  paper  was  The 
Bee,  founded  by  Joe  Goran.  It  afterwards  merged  into 
The  Educational  Journal,  and  later  into  The  Monroe 
Advertiser.  At  one  time  it  was  owned  by  James  P.  Har- 
rison, who  employed  as  a  printer's  devil  the  afterwards 
renowned  Joel  Chandler  Harris.  Mr.  Harris  boarded 
at  the  home  of  Mr.  Harrison.  The  paper  is  now  owned 
by  Captain  0.  H.  B.  Bloodworth,  Jr.  Besides  Dr.  Eoddy, 
the  leading  ante-bellum  physicians  were  Drs.  Stephens, 
Bean  and  Purifoy.  The  pioneer  inns  at  which  travelers 
stopped  were  the  Lumpkin  Hotel  and  the  Thomas  Hotel. 
There  were  three  religious  denominations :  Baptists, 
Methodists  and  Presbyterians.  But  the  immersionists 
outnumbered  the  others,  making  Forsyth  a  distinctly 
Baptist  stronghold. 


Forsyth  was  early  recognized  as  an  educational  cen- 
ter. First  the  Male  Academy  was  organized.  Its  charter 
dates  back  to  February  20,  1854,  at  which  time  the  fol- 
lowing trustees  were  named :  Zach.  E.  Harman,  John 
H.  Thomas,  Addison  Bean,  Benjamin  Watkins,  Elbridge 
G.  Cabaniss,  Dickie  W.  Collier,  William  Sims,  Sidney  M. 
Smith  and  Joseph  R.  Banks. ^  This  school  afterwards 
grew  into  the  Hilliard  Institute,  named  for  the  noted  ora- 
tor and  diplomat,  Henry  W.  Hilliard,  and  finally  into  what 
is  known  today  as  the  Banks-Stephens  Institute,  a  flour- 
ishing co-educational  high  school.  The  Female  Academy, 
taught  by  Frances  Sturgis,  developed  into  the  Monroe 
Female  College,  said  to  be  the  second  oldest  in  the  world. 
It  is  now  Bessie  Tift  College,  named  for  Mrs.  H.  H.  Tift, 
of  Tifton,  Ga.,  formerly  Bessie  Willingham,  and  is  one 
of  the  best-known  institutions  of  the  South. - 

On  December  23,  1833,  the  old  Monroe  Railroad,  which 
ran  from  Macon  to  Forsyth,  was  chartered  by  an  Act 
of  the  Legislature,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $200,000,  half 


'  Acts,    1S55-1S56,  p.    142. 

■  See  Vol.  I,  pp.  791-793,  of  this  work  for  a  sketch  of  Bessie  Tift. 


880       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  which  was  subscribed  in  the  town  of  Forsyth.  It 
was  completed  early  in  the  fall,  and  by  means  of  this 
steel  highway  the  ambitious  little  county-seat  of  Monroe 
became  the  first  interior  town  of  Georgia  to  connect 
with  a  stream  open  to  navigation.  There  was  much  de- 
struction of  property  in  the  town  of  Forsyth  during  the 
last  days  of  the  Civil  War,  but  the  old  soldiers  of  the 
town,  returning  home,  gave  themselves  with  a  will  to 
the  work  of  rehabilitation.  Some  of  the  new  names 
which  became  prominent  at  this  time  were  Lawton,  Will- 
ingham,  Rhodes  and  others.  The  first  military  company 
of  Forsyth  was  organized  under  Major  Black  and  went 
to  the  Creek  Indian  War  of  1836  as  the  Monroe  Mus- 
keteers. This  company  afterwards  disbanded,  but  in 
1859  was  reorganized  as  the  Quitman  Guards,  under 
Captain  James  Pinckard.  It  was  named  for  Governor 
Qnit:p>an,  of  Mississippi,  a  distinguished  soldier  of  the 
Me^Hfetn  War  and  a  strong  advocate  of  State  rights.  The 
company  is  now  commanded  by  Captain  0.  H.  B.  Blood- 
worth,  Jr.  Forsyth  has  grown  slowly,  but  steadily.  It 
has  always  stood  for  conservatism,  and  for  the  safe  busi- 
ness methods  of  the  old  school.  It  has  shaped  much'  of 
Georgia's  history,  and  has  been  the  home  of  some  of 
her  most  noted  men. 


Distinguished    From  the  earliest  days,  Forsyth  was  noted 
Residents.  as  a   seat  of  culture,  in   consequence  of 

which  scores  of  the  best  families  in  the 
State  were  attracted  to  the  town.  Included  among  the 
Georgians  of  note  who  have  resided  here  may  be  men- 
tioned: Judge  Robert  P.  Trippe,  a  former  member  of 
Congress,  afterwards  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Georgia;  Judge  Elbridge  G.  Cabaniss,  a  noted  jurist; 
his  son.  Judge  Thomas  B.  Cabaniss,  a  former  member  of 
Congress,  and  now  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court ;  Judge 
Cincinnatus  Peeples,  who  afterwards  went  to  Atlanta, 
one  of  the  strongest  judges  and  one  of  the  best  lawyers 


Monroe  881 

in  the  State;  Judge  Alexander  M.  Speer,  an  occupant 
of  the.  Supreme  Court  Bench ;  General  L.  L.  Griffin,  the 
first  i^resident  of  the  Monroe  Eailroad,  for  whom  the 
town  of  Griffin  was  named;  Colonel  A.  D.  Hammond, 
Colonel  E.  L.  Berner,  Hon.  W.  H.  Head,  a  distinguished 
financier  and  legislator,  also  a  veteran  of  two  wars ;  Dr. 
H.  H.  Tucker  and  Dr.  Shaler  G.  Hillyer,  two  renowned 
Baptist  theologians  and  educators;  General  Gilbert  J. 
Wright,  a  noted  Confederate  brigadier;  General  Philip 
Cook,  soldier.  Congressman  and  Secretary  of  State,  who 
once  practiced  law  in  Forsyth;  Hon.  Zach.  E.  Harman; 
Hon.  0.  H.  B.  Bloodworth,  Sr.,  Hon.  B.  S.  Willinghara, 
widely  known  as  the  author  of  the  famous  Willingham 
Prohibition  bill,  besides  a  host  of  others  whose  names 
are  familiar  at  almost  every  Georgia  fireside. 

Many  important  political  meetings  have  been  held  in 
the  grove  surrounding  the  historic  home  of  Judge  T.  B. 
Cabaniss,  and  among  the  eloquent  Georgians  who  here 
once  thrilled  the  mul'titudes  in  joint  debate  were  Robert 
Toombs  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens.  But  there  are  other 
historic  homes  in  Forsyth.  The  fine  old  residence  of  Dr. 
J.  0.  Elrod  is  associated  with  memories  of  four  distin- 
guished former  occupants :  Dr.  H.  H.  Tucker,  Judge 
R.  P.  Trippe,  Judge  Alexander  M.  Speer  and  Colonel 
A.  D.  Hammond.  Another  historic  home  was  the  one 
built  by  Captain  James  S.  Pinckard,  now  the  residence 
of  Mrs.  Richard  P.  Brooks,  former  regent  of  the  Pied- 
mont Continental  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.,  of  Atlanta,  anc] 
founder  of  the  James  Monroe  Chapter,  D.  A.  "R.,  of  For- 
syth. This  home  was  headquarters  for  doctors  and  of- 
ficers during  the  Civil  War. 


Revolutionary     Over  the  grave  of  William  Ogletree,   a 

Soldiers.  Revolutionary  soldier  buried  near  Cog- 

gans,  the  Piedmont  Continental  Chapter, 

D.  A.  R.,  of  Atlanta,  has  unveiled  during  the  present  year 

a  handsome  marker.    Impressive  exercises  were  held  in 


882       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

connection  with  tlie  unveiling,  at  which  time  a  large 
number  of  the  old  hero's  lineal  descendants  gathered  with 
the  Daughters  of  the  Revolution  to  honor  the  memory 
of  a  revered  ancestor.  The  James  Monroe  Chapter,  of 
Forsyth,  was  also  present  by  special  invitation.  Mr. 
John  Mott  made  a  brief  speech,  introducing  Mrs.  Richard 
P.  Brooks,  regent  of  the  Piedmont  Continental  Chapter, 
who  made  a  fine  address.  She  was  followed  by  the  orator 
of  the  occasion.  Professor  J.  P.  Mott,  of  Brunswick. 
Mrs.  J.  0.  Ponder,  of  Forsyth,  regent  of  the  James  Mon- 
roe Chapter,  made  a  short  address  on  behalf  of  her 
chapter,  after  which  the  exercises  were  concluded  with  a 
few  eloquent  remarks  by  Mr.  C.  0.  Goodwyne,  of  For- 
syth. Four  great-great-granddaughters  of  the  old  sol- 
dier unveiled  the  marker:  Misses  Ora  Evans,  Christine 
Goodwyne,  Nellie  Goodwyne  and  Louise  Sutton,  all  of 
Monroe. 


Brittain  Rogers,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  is  buried 
in  the  lower  part  of  Monroe,  near  Rogers  Methodist 
Church.  He  was  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Elijah 
Clarke.  He  drew  a  bounty  of  2871/2  acres  of  land,  located 
in  what  was  then  Washington  County,  now  Hancock,  on 
Shoulderbone  Creek,  as  appears  of  record  in  the  Secre- 
tary of  State's  office,  at  the  Capitol.  Mr.  Rogers  after- 
wards removed  from  Hancock  and  became  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Monroe,  where  he  died.  On  the  monument 
erected  over  his  grave  is  the  following  inscription : 


Sacred  to  the  memory  of  BRITAIN  EOGERS.  Born 
Oct.  11,  17<31.  Soldier  of  the  Revolution.  Member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  32  years.  Eied  April  22, 
1835,   in   expectation   of   rest    in   heaven. 


Historic   Colloden.      O-"^   of   the  most  noted   little   towns   in   the   State 

is    situated   some    sixteen    miles    from   Forsyth,   in 

the  extreme  southei-n  part  of  the  county — Colloden.     It  was  named  for  a 


Morgan  883 

wealthy  Scotch  geutleman  by  the  name  of  William  Colloden,  an  early 
settler.  On  account  of  the  health  fulness  of  the  climate,  it  began  at  an 
early  date  to  attract  some  of  the  best  people  of  the  State,  who  established 
and  maintained  excellent  schools  here,  and  who  acquired  a  degree  of  culture 
which  was  not  to  be  surpassed,  even  in  old  settled  communities  like 
Savannah.  The  Colloden  Female  Seminary  was  a  pioneer  school  founded 
here  by  the  Methodists;  and,  under  Dr.  John  Darby,  it  became  quite  a 
celebrated  institution.  Here  the  distinguished  United  States  Senator,  jurist, 
and  writer  of  books.  Judge  Thomas  M.  Norwood,  spent  his  boyhood  days. 
Here  the  gifted  Alexander  Speer,  formerly  Secretary  of  State  of  South 
Carolina,  noted  as  an  orator,  both  in  the  pulpit  and  on  the  hustings,  brought 
his  children  to  be  educated.  These  became  famous  men  in  Georgia :  Judge 
Alexander  M.  Speer,  an  occupant  of  the  Supreme  Bench,  and  Dr.  Eustace 
W.  Speer,  an  eloquent  Methodist  divine  and  a  ripe  scholar.  The  latter 
was'  the  father  of  the  brilliant  Federal  jurist.  Judge  Emory  Speer,  of 
Macon.  Governor  James  M.  Smith  was  educated  in  the  Colloden  High 
School.  Colonel  N.  J.  Hammond,  a  former  member  of  Congress  and  a 
lawyer  with  few  equals  at  the  bar  of  Georgia,  spent  the  youhtf ul  period 
of  his  life  in  the  town  of  Colloden ;  and  here  two  consecrated  brothers, 
Dr.  W.  F.  Cook  and  Dr.  J.  O.  A.  Cook,  both  of  them  ministers  of  note 
in  the  Methodist  Church,  were  equipped  for  useful  careers.  It  will  be  diffi- 
cult to  find  a  community  of  equal  size  in  the  United  States  which  can  par- 
allel this  list.  For  a  number  of  years  after  the  war,  the  little  town  lan- 
guished; but  with  the  building  of  a  railway  line  through  this  part  of 
the  county,  it  has  commenced  to  exhibit  distinct  signs  of  revival. 


MORaAN 

Madison.  On  December  7,  1807,  the  County  of  Morgan 
was  created  out  of  a  part  of  Baldwin,  and 
named  for  General  Daniel  Morgan,  of  the  Revolution. 
Madison  was  made  the  county-seat  of  Morgan  by  an  Act 
approved  December  12,  1809,  and  was  at  the  same  time 
incorporated  as  a  town,  with  the  following-named  com- 
missioners, to-wit. :  James  Matthews,  William  Mitchell, 
James  Mitchell,  Abner  Tanner  and  John  B.  Whiteley.^ 
There  were  no  better  people  in  Georgia  than  the  pioneer 
settlers  who  first  came  to  Morgan,  and  to  judge  from  the 
number  of  charters  granted  by  the  Legislature  for  acade- 
mies in  various  parts  of  the  county,  there  was  no  failure 


*  Clayton's  Compendium,  p.  555. 


884       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

to  appreciate  tlie  value  of  learning.  Due  to  unsettled 
conditions,  the  growth  of  Madison  was  at  first  slow ;  but 
when  the  Georgia  Eailway  was  completed  to  this  place 
in  the  eighteen-forties  a  new  era  of  development  began. 
As  editor  of  a  local  newspaper,  Colonel  William  T. 
Thompson  wrote  his  renowned  letters  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  Major  Jones.  These  gave  him  a  national  rep- 
utation as  a  humorist.  At  a  later  period,  he  established 
the  Savanah  Morning  News,  which  he  edited  for  nearly 
forty  years. 

In  1850,  two  schools  of  wide  note  were  founded.  The 
first  of  these  was  chartered  as  the  Madison  Collegiate 
Institute,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees :  Elijah 
E.  Jones,  John  B.  "Walker,  Zachariah  Fears,  Thomas  J. 
Burney,  Edmund  Walker,  Charles  M.  Irvin,  William  S. 
Stokes,  James  F.  Swanson,  J.  W,  Fears,  Benjamin  Har- 
ris, Benjamin  M.  Peeples,  Nathan  Massey,  R.  P.  Zim- 
merman, Nathaniel  Gf.  Foster  and  William  W.  B.  Craw- 
ford,- The  other  school  was  chartered  as  the  Madison 
Female  College,  with  trustees  named  as  follows:  Adam 
G.  Saffold,  Wilde  Kolb,  John  Robson,  William  V.  Barn- 
ley,  Lucius  L.  Wittich,  Gay  Smith,  Alfred  Shaw,  Thomas 
P.  Baldwin,  Hugh  J.  Ogilby,  Thaddeus  B.  Reese,  Dawson 
B.  Lane,  Samuel  Pennington,  William  J.  Parks,  Caleb 
W.  Key,  M.  H.  Hebbard,  Isaac  Boring,  John  W.  Glenn 
and  J.  G.  Pearce.^  Madison  has  been  the  home  of  some 
of  Georgia's  most  distinguished  sons,  including  United 
States  Senator  Joshua  Hill,  Colonel  David  E.  Butler, 
Judge  Alexander  M.  Speer,  Judge  Augustus  Reese,  the 
Saffolds,  Adam  and  Reuben;  Nathaniel  G.  Foster,  Dr. 
J.  C,  C.  Blackburn  and  a  host  of  others.  Some  of  the 
stately  homes  of  the  old  regime  are  still  standing  in 
Madison;  but  while  the  past  is  reverenced  for  its  ideals, 
the  progressive  enterprise  of  the  town  is  typical  of  the 
new  South. 


=2  Acts,    1849-1850,    p.    112. 
3  Acts,    1849-1850,    p.    108. 


Morgan  885 

Launcelot  John-    On  a  Morgan  County  plantation  origi- 
tone's  Great  natecl  an  economic  process  wliicli  today 

Invention.  underlies  one  of  the  greatest  industrial 

activities  of  the  world — the  manufacture 
of  cotton-seed  oil.  As  the  result  of  this  marvelous  in- 
vention an  industry  of  vast  proportions  has  been  created 
and  what  was  formerly  considered  a  waste  product  has 
been  the  means  of  putting  millions  of  dollars  into  the 
pockets  of  the  Southern  farmer.  The  first  successful 
effort  ever  made  to  extract  oil  from  cotton  seed  was  made 
by  Launcelot  Johnstone,  Esq.,  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
from  the  court-house  in  Madison.  Mr.  Johnstone  was 
an  extensive  ante-belluni  planter,  whose  scientific  experi- 
ments in  practical  agriculture  placed  him  at  least  half 
a  century  in  advance  of  his  times.  The  records  of  the 
Patent  Office  in  Washington,  D.  C,  will  show  that  be- 
tween 1830  and  183'2  Mr.  Johnston  was  granted. an  ex- 
clusive patent  for  a  cotton-seed  huller,  the  first  device 
of  its  kind  ever  constructed ;  and,  in  operating  his  patent 
he  made  large  quantities  of  cotton-seed  oil,  some  of  which 
he  used  with  white  lead  for  house  painting.  Shingles 
which  he  saturated  in  cotton-seed  oil  remained  on  his 
house  for  more  than  sixty  years.  Mr.  Johnstone  is 
buried  just  in  the  rear  of  the  old  homestead,  where,  in 
a  modest  way,  he  began  to  lay  the  foundations  of  what 
has  since  developed  into  one  of  the  most  colossal  indus- 
tries of  our  age.  His  crude  experiments  marked  an 
epoch  in  the  history  of  manufacture  by  wresting  from 
nature  a  secret  worth  untold  millions ;  and  though  he  has 
long  slept  the  deep  sleep  from  which  no  pean  of  earthly 
praise  can  ever  wake  him,  it  is  not  too  late  to  accord  him 
the  distinction  to  which  he  is  rightfully  entitled  as  the 
real  father  of  the  cotton-seed  oil  industry  of  the  United 
States. 


Madison's  His-     White's  statistics  of  Georgia,  published   in  1845,  con- 
toric  Homes  tains  this  statement:  "Madison,  Georgia,  is  the  wealth- 

iest and  most   aristocratic  village   on  the   stage-coach 
route  between  Charleston  and  New  Orleans. ' '    One  still  finds'  here  much 


886       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memortat.s  and  Legendr 

of  this  ancient  prestige.  The  old-fashioned  homes  contain  their  handsome 
mahogany,  silver,  cut-glass,  libraries  of  rare  old  volumes,  paintings,  and 
many  of  their  old  jewels  and  laces.  A  few  of  these  splendid  places  have 
passed  into  the  hands  of  strangers,  but  most  of  them  are  still  owned  and 
loved  and  lived  in  by  the  descendants  of  their  original  builders,  some  occu- 
pied by  the  fourth    and  a  few  by  even  the  fifth  generation. 

Well,  indeed,  might  the  Author  Wliite  have  been  impressed  as  he  jour- 
neyed in  the  old  stage-coach,  past  the  plantation  home  of  Judge  Joseph 
Lumpkin,  now  owned  by  Miss  Emma  High,  with  its  mantels  ten  feet  wide 
and  eight-feet  high  framing,  even  on  summer  days  great  blazing  logs  of 
wood  eight  feet  long  (fires  were  counted  healthful  every  day  in  the  year), 
swiftly  drawing  near  with  crack  of  whip  and  blowing  horn  to  the  little 
tavern  (now  owned  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hilsman)  on  the  edge  of  the  town.  They 
doubtless  here  tarried,  where  an  abundant  dinner  with  much  Kquid  refresh- 
ment awaited  the  travelers.  Then  with  four  fresh  prancing  horses  in  the 
harness  and  more  cracking  of  whip  and  blowing  of  horn  majestically  they 
swept  down  what  as  then  the  "Old  Indian  Trail"  (now  West  Avenue)  'past 
the  June  Smith  House  (now  occupied  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Hilsman),  the  Killian 
Cottage  (former  home  of  Mrs.  Grant,  who  with  her  husband  gave  Grant 
Park  to  Atlanta,  now  the  home  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Butts),  the  Ike  Walton 
place  (now  closed),  the  beautiful  John  B.  Walker  estate  (Mr.  P.  W. 
Bearden),  the  old  Butler  homestead  (Misses  Daisy  and  Bessie  Butler), 
the  Peter  Walton,  Sr.,  house  (Mrs.  Godfrey-Walton-Trammell),  .the  Hill 
house  (Mrs.  Bowles  Hill  Obear),  the  Stokes-McHenry  place  (Mr.  J.  G.  Mc- 
Henry),.  the  Kolb  house  (Hon.  John  T.  Newton),  the  Jones  place  (Mr. 
S.  A.  Turnell),  "the  old  house  built  by  the  Northern  man,  who  had  on 
his  walls  tapestry  covered  with  scenes  from  Lalla  Rhook  and  South 
American  forests"  (Mr.  M.  L.  Richter),  the  dozen  one-story  stores,  the 
old  court-house  with  it  gray  monument  on  the  left,  erected  in  honor  of 
Benjamin  Braswell,  who  left  his  fortune  to  educate  and  clothe  indigent 
orphans  of  the  county. 

With  many  a  flourish  up  to  the  little  wooden  post-office  building,  they 
were  soon  off  again  on  the  same  "Old  Indian  Trail"  (now  North  Main 
Street),  past  other  splendid  residences,  the  Douglass'  home  (Mr.  J.  W. 
and  Miss  Gertrude  Douglas),  the  Cohen  house  (Mrs.  Rebecca  Cohen  Pou), 
the  Campbell  place  (Mr.  Mason  Williams),  the  Martin  Home  (Judge  H.  W. 
Baldwin),  the  Billiups  residence  (Mts.  Cone-Daniels-Billups),  the  Saf- 
fold  mansion  (Mr.  D.  P.  Few)  with  its  many  splendid  columns  and  large 
grounds;  having  caught  glimpses  on  cross  streets  and  parallel  ones  of 
other  stately  well  kept  places,  the  old  Georgia  Female  College,  whose 
charter  dated  only  a  few  weeks  later  than  Wesleyan  's ;  its  president 's  home. 
Rev.  George  Y.  Browne  (Mr.  Q.  L.  Williford),  the  Wade-Langston  home 
(Mr.  H.  H.  Fitzpatrick),  the  old  Porter  place  (Mjs.  Louise  Turnbull),  the 
Judge  Stewart  Floyd  house  (Judge  Frederick  Floyd  Foster),  the  A.  G. 
Foster  house  (recently  burned),  the  Judge  Augustus  Reese  house  (Mrs. 
Elizabeth   Speers),  the   A.   G.   Johnson    (Mrs.   Sallie   Johnson   Penn),   the 


Montgomery  887 

famous  "Mrs.  Cook's  house"  (Mrs.  J.  B.  Childs),  a  Northeru  woman, 
whose  only  son  was  the  first  Confederate  soldier  from  M'organ  County- 
killed  in  batttle  and  whose  mother  taught  in  the  little  school-house  in 
her  back-yard  every  child  in  the  town  from  1845  until  1888,  leaving  a 
part  of  her  little  fortune  for  a  town  clock,  and  whose  memorial  is  a 
beautiful  fountain  on  the  city  square;  then  the  solid  old  Academy,  where 
Hon.  Alex.  Stephens  began  his  career  as  a  school  teacher,  as  well  as 
many  other  buildings  noted  for  their  beauty  and  fame.  Leaving  the 
town  behind,  and  approaching  the  cottage  of  one  who  afterwards  became 
the  famous  guide  of  General  Lee,  "Eed-Headed  Hume"  of  Virginia  (his 
childhood  home) ,  and  rolling  away  amid  fertile  plantations,  the  picture  left 
in  the  mind  might  well  be  described  in  the  words  of  the  author  of  "White's 
Statistics":  "The  wealthiest  and  most  artistocratic  village  on  the  stage- 
coach route. '  '* 


MONTGOMEEY 

This  charmingly  written  sketch  is  from  the  pen  of  Hon.  H.  B.  Folsom, 
owner  and  editor  of  the  "Montgomery  Monitor,"  published  at  Mount  Vernon, 
Ga.,  one  o'f  the  best-known  weekly  newspapers  in  the  State.  Over  200  miles 
were  traversed  by  Mr.  Folsom  in  gathering  his  materials  for  the  above 
sketch.  With  an  up-to-date  photographic  outfit,  he  also  took  the  splendid 
views  which  accompany  this  article,  and  to  say  that  he  has  made  a  most 
important  contribution  to  the  State's  historical  literature  is  to  assert  what 
every  one  who  reads  this  luminous  account  of  Gov.  Troup's  last  days  must 
admit.  Mr.  Folsom  prepared  this  sketch  while  engaged  in  an  arduous  but 
successful  fight  before  the  Legislature  to  prevent  a  further  partition  of 
Montgomery  County's  territory  by  a  land-grabbing  mania  to  form  new  coun- 
ties in  Georgia. — L.   L..   K. 

Gov.  Troup's  Studied  words  of  praise  or  deep-cliiseled 
Last  Days.  marble  cannot  recall  the  acts  of  yesterday. 
Neither  can  the  future  replace  the  losses 
of  the  past;  and  to  touch  chords  that  have  ceased  to 
vibrate  is  but  to  wait  before  a  fountain  whose  waters 
have  wasted  away.  It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  brief 
sketch  to  deal  with  the  public  life  and  achievements  of 
one  so  illustrious  in  Georgia  histoiy,  but  in  limited  meas- 
ure recall  the  latter-day  surroundings  of  Governor 
George  Michael  Troup.  His  useful  life  has  been  and 
will  continue  to  be  a  theme  for  the  mature  historian:  his 
brilliant  career  is  fixed  in  history — ''A  Eoman  in  feature, 
and  a  Roman  in  soul." 


•Authority:    Miss    Bessie    Butler,    Madison,    Ga. 


Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

New  Facts  Definite  record  of  his  closing  days  has 

Brought  to  Light,  seldom,  if  ever,  been  given  to  public 
print;  errors  concerning  his  resting 
place  are  plentiful,  though  apparently  innocent.  First- 
hand information  for  this  sketch  comes  largely  from 
aged  citizens  of  Montgomery  County,  who,  in  their  youth, 
knew  the  statesman  and  saw  his  lifeless  body  laid  away. 
Permanent  evidence  of  his  burial  place  is  had  in  the 
native  sand-stone  wall  surrounding  his  grave  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Montgomery  County,  where  he  has 
rested  for  more  than  half  a  century.  Old  age  and  in- 
firmity having  overtaken  this  distingniished  figure,  he 
sought  the  quietude  and  comfort  of  numerous  homes, 
visiting  them  in  methodical  rotation. 


Valdosta:  His  The  Valdosta  plantation,  in  Laurens 

Favorite  Mansion.  County,  was  distinctly  the  bower  of 
his  retirement — his  retreat  after  the 
cares  of  State,  and  the  home  of  his  friends.  From  this 
abode  came  some  of  his  strongest  documents,  dating  to 
within  a  few  days  of  his  death.  The  Valdosta  mansion, 
for  such  it  was  in  ante-bellum  days,  was  a  large  six-room 
log  structure,  triple-pen  style,  divided  with  halls  and 
nearly  surrounded  with  broad  verandas  and  fitted  with 
chimneys  of  clay.  To  this  was  annexed  in  1852  a  large 
room,  used  as  a  reception  chamber.  This  was  substan- 
tially built  of  6  X  10-inch  dressed  timbers,  laid  edgewise 
and  intricately  dovetailed  and  spiked  with  hand-forged 
nails,  something  of  the  workmanship  being  shown  by  one 
of  the  accompanying  cuts.  The  interior  was  plastered, 
making  it  a  most  durable  structure.  It  was  by  far  the 
most  palatial  of  the  Troup  homes,  but  is  now  in  ruins. 
The  sand-stone  chimney,  with  its  liberal  fireplace,  has 
to  some  extent  stood  the  ravages  of  time.  Carved  in  the 
upper  portion  of  this  chimney,  outside,  may  be  seen  the 
Grovernor's  name  and  the  date  of  construction.  This 
home  graced  a  beautiful  eminence,  from  which,  even  now. 


Montgomery  889 

may  be  seen  the  splendid  little  city  of  Dublin,  seven  miles 
to  the  north. 

The  Vallombrosa  and  Turkey  Creek  plantations,  in 
Laurens  County,  formed  a  part  of  the  Troup  holdings, 
but  our  research  being  limited  and  the  intent  of  this 
sketch  not  demanding  it,  reference  to  them  cannot  be  ac- 
curately made.  The  other  plantations,  extending  south- 
ward on  the  Oconee  River,  were  the  Horseshoe  place,  in 
Montgomery  (now  Wlieeler)  County;  Rosemont,  east  of 
the  river,  in  Montgomery  County;  the  Mitchell  place, 
west  of  the  river  (originally  settled  by  Hartwell  Mitch- 
ell, 1814),  in  Montgomery  (now  Wheeler)  County,  oppo- 
site Mount  Vernon  and  south  of  Greenwood.  Each  home- 
stead has  its  special  interest,  for,  under  his  regular  plan 
of  visiting,  an  open  and  well-ordered  home  awaited  its 
landlord's  coming.  Each  estate  was  supervised  by  an 
overseer,  and  each  slave  had  a  task  assigned  for  the  day. 
Perfect  svstem  regulated  all  labors. 


Dies  on  the  Mit-  Shortly  before  the  Governor's  death  a 
chell  Plantation,  message  from  the  overseer  on  the 
Mitchell  place,  William  Bridges,  an- 
nounced an  unruly  disposition  on  the  part  of  a  certain 
negro  slave.  With  his  faithful  coachman,  the  aged  Gov- 
ernor was  soon  at  the  lower  plantation,  thirty-iive  miles 
from  Valdosta.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  proper  chas- 
tisement broke  the  unruly  spirit;  however,  cruel  treat- 
ment of  slaves  was  unknown  on  the  Troup  plantations. 
On  reaching  the  Mitchell  place,  fatigued  by  the  hurried 
trip,  the  Governor  became  ill,  and  five  days  brought  the 
end.  He  was  removed  from  his  residence,  nearby,  long 
since  decayed,  and  tenderly  cared  for  at  the  home  of 
Overseer  Bridges,  where  he  died  April  26,  1856.  Smart 
Roberson,  a  colored  slave,  was  mounted  on  a  spirited 
young  horse  and  dispatched  to  Glynn  County  to  bear  Ihe 
sad  tidings  to  Colonel  Thomas  M.  Eorman,  his  son-in- 
law  (husband  of  the  eldest  daughter,  Florida,  who  died 


890       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

two  years  before).  Before  reacriinj?  his  destination,  the 
steed  was  overtaxed  by  his  rider's  haste  and  fell  by  the 
wayside.  Faithful  Smart,  undaunted,  pressed  on  on  foot 
and  delivered  his  message.  Madison  Moore,  the  coach- 
man, with  a  vacant  seat,  returned  post-haste  to  Val- 
dosta  for  the  younger  daughter,  Oralie,  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  family. 


How  the  Old  Gov-  With  few  members  of  the  family 
ernor  was  Buried,  present,  preparations  were  made  for 
the  burial.  A  coffin  w^as  made  from 
wide  boards  taken  from  the  porch  of  a  new  home  of 
Peter  Morrison.  The  plank  having  been  laid  but  tm- 
nailed,  were  easily  removed  by  willing  'hands.  This 
enclosure  was  constructed  at  the  workshop  of  John  Morri- 
son, two  miles  from  the  Troup  residence.  His  handiwork 
was  aided  by  his  son,  Daniel,  together  with  the  assist- 
ance of  Duncan  Buchanan.  The  nails  were  wrought  by 
Peter  Morrison,  the  blacksmith.  The  Colonel  was  a  reg- 
ular patron  of  this  little  shop.  On  the  lid  of  the  box  brass 
tacks  formed  this  humble  tribute:  "An  Honest  Heart." 
The  venerable  statesman  was  enshrouded  in  a  winding 
sheet  (the  custom  of  the  day)  prepared  by  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Morrison,  whose  skill,  like  that  of  Dorcas  of  old, 
should  be  told  as  a  memorial.  She  was  the  wife  of  the 
old  woodworker.  Material  for  the  shroud  was  taken 
from  a  bolt  of  white  linen,  a  portion  of  which  also  lent 
comfort  to  the  rude  coffin. 


Gov.  Troup's  Tomb.  The  statesman  was  laid  to  rest  at 
Rosemont,  beside  the  body  of  his 
brother,  Robert  Lachlan  Troup,  to  whose  memory  a  shaft 
had  been  erected  by  the  Governor  and  his  son,  Gr.  M., 
Jr.  (the  latter  having  died  two  years  after  his  father). 
The  marble  shaft,  about  ten  feet  tall,  was  finished  in 


Montgomery 


891 


Augusta,  and  stands  in  tlie  center  of  the  enclosure.    On 
the  front  face  will  be  seen  the  inscription: 


Erected  by  G.  M.  Troup,  the  Brother,  and  G. 
M.  Troup,  Jun.,  the  Nephew,  as  atribute  of 
affection  to  the  memory  of  R.  L.  Troup,  who 
died  September  23,  1848,  aged  64  years.  An 
honest  man  with  a  good  mind  and  a  good  heart. 


After  the  Governor's  burial  there  was  recessed  into 
the  front  of  the  base  a  marble  slab,  2x3  feet,  and  seen 
through  the  open  door  of  the  enclosure,  bearing  this 
inscription : 


GEOEGE    MICHAEL    TROUP. 

Born  Septr.  8th  1780. 

Died  April  26th  1856. 

No  epitaph  can  tell  his  worth. 

The  History  of  Georgia  must  perpetuate 

His  virtues  and  commemorate 

his   Patriotism. 

There  he  teaches  us 

the  argument  being  exhausted, 
to  Stand  by  our  Arms." 


The  enclosure,  a  most  creditable  affair,  about  17  x  25 
feet,  is  made  of  sand-stone,  quarried  from  Berryhill  Bluff, 
on  the  Oconee  River,  near  by,  and  fragments  left  by 
workmen  may  now  be  seen  strewn  in  the  rear  of  the  tomb, 
the  splendid  iron  door,  oft-times  ajar,  whose  lock 
has  long  since  been  removed,  was  cast  by  D.  &  W.  Rose, 
of  Savannah.  Governor  Troup  rests  (according  to  the 
best  information)  on  the  right  of  the  shaft,  the  single 
box  coffin  being  used  to  avoid  excavation  too  near  the 
pedestal.  There,  among  the  wildwood,  may  be  seen  a 
rose  bush,  still  blooming,  the  tribute  of  a  faithful  slave 
woman,  long  since  in  her  lowly  grave,  among  those  of 
her  kind.  Near  the  tomb,  which  is  now  surrounded  by 
a  friendly  little  clump  or  trees  (reduced  in  size,  contrary 
to  wishes  of  its  owner),  stood  the  Rosemont  homestead, 
owned  at  the  time  of  his  death  by  R.  L.  Troup;  but  in 


892       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

liis  will,  dated  only  two  days  before  death  overtook  Mm, 
Rosemont,  with  all  personal  property,  was  consigned 
to  his  brother,  the  Grovernor,  and  nephew,  G.  M.  Troup, 
Jr.  As  exceptions,  a  15-year-old  colored  girl  was  given 
to  a  friend,  and  the  sum  of  3',000  in  cash  assigned  to 
Robert  T.,  son  of  Dr.  James  McGrillivray  Troup,  the 
youngest  of  the  six  Troup  brothers,  then  residing  in 
Glynn  County.  One  of  our  illustrations  shows  half  a 
section  of  the  Rosemont  dwelling,  a  double-pen  log  af- 
fair, many  years  ago  cut  from  its  mate  and  removed  to 
a  distant  part  of  the  field,  but  still  well  preserved.  A 
deserted  and  lonely  old  barn  now  stands  vigil  over  the 
site  of  this  once  happy  retreat.  Broad  fields  of  cotton 
and  corn  have  displaced  the  luxuriant  forests  of  bygone 
days,  the  sound  of  the  hunter's  horn  and  the  bay  of  the 
hounds  is  hushed  forever,  for  during  his  earlier  man- 
hood the  field  and  stream  were  resorted  to  by  Governor 
Troup  and  his  brothers. 

Of  the  Horseshoe  place  nothing  remains  of  former 
days,  and  it,  too,  is  forgotten  by  the  tiller  of  the  precious 
soil  as  he  sows  and  reaps  on  historic  ground.  Allowing 
a  reference  to  the  Turkey  Creek  plantation,  and  to  fur- 
ther show  the  indomitable  will  power  of  the  beloved 
statesman,  it  may  be  said  that,  just  prior  to  his  last 
journey  to  the  Mitchell  place,  he  wrote  his  overseer  on 
the  Turkey  Creek  farm,  concerning  a  dispute  with  a 
neighbor  of  that  community:  ''If  I  have  not  right  on 
my  side,  I  will  surrender,  but  not  compromise."  Doubt- 
less  his  last  message. 


Gov.  Troup's  Life     But  back  to  old  Valdosta!     There  re- 
as  a  Planter.  mains   on   this   massive  plantation   a 

number  of  the  Troup  slaves  and  their 
descendants,  and  their  accounts  of  former  (possibly  hap- 
pier) days  would  fill  a  volume.  Here,  as  on  his  jour- 
neys, the  celebrated  executive  was  surrounded  by  a  full 
retinue  of  servants,  who  responded  to  his  every  beck 


Grove  of  Trees  Surrounding  Gov.  Troup's  Tomb  on  the  Rosemont 
Plantation,  near  Soperton,  Ga. 

01(1  Barn  on  the  Rosemont  Plantation,  Appurteinent  to 
the  Former  Homestead 


TWO    INTERESTING    VIEWS    OF    ROSEMONT. 


Montgomery  893 

and  call.  Some  of  these  were:  George  Baker,  body  serv- 
ant; Timothy  Baker,  footman;  Madison  Moore,  coach- 
man; Richard  Baker,  horseman;  George  Hester,  car- 
,  penter  and  all-around  man.  He,  it  is  said,  built  the  Val- 
dosta  annex  referred  to,  being  at  the  time,  also  a  licensed 
pilot  on  the  Governor's  river  steamer.  A  special  pair 
of  carriage  horses,  three  single  buggy  horses  and  three 
saddle  horses  were  kept  groomed  for  the  master's  use. 
Space  will  forbid  a  further  reference  to  the  home  life. 
Betsy  Hester,  of  continued  memory,  was  the  house  serv- 
ant, and,  with  many  others,  lived  to  a  ripe  old  age.  The 
servants  are  buried  in  a  plat  set  aside  for  the  slaves,  and 
many  of  their  graves  are  well'  marked.  George  Baker 
was  well  educated,  and  was  allowed  to  assist  the  Colonel 
with  his  reading  and  writing.  The  Governor  retired  at 
four  in  the  afternoon,  invariably,  and  arose  at  seven  in 
the  morning — ready  for  all  contingencies. 

Sad,  and  as  voices  from  the  past,  come  the  stories 
told  by  these  trembling  lips,  and  dimmed  eyes  that  seem 
to  review  the  days  filled  with  happiness  to  them.  Now 
and  then  a  tear  is  shed  in  memory  of  the  past.  Time,  in 
its  eternal  passage,  has  dealt  gently  with  some  of  them, 
now  ready  for  the  grave — willing  to  follow  their  master 
to  the  ground  made  sacred  to  them  by  his  habitation  and 
kindness  to  them.  These  human  landmarks,  modest  in 
form  and  bowed  with  age,  are  still  beautiful  reminders 
of  the  past  and  preservers  of  memories  which  di6  not, 
though  the  years  come  and  go.  But  the  departed  mas- 
ter! Sadly  lingering  thought:  He  sleeps  in  a  tomb  his 
loving  hands  built  for  another,  and  their  dust  is  min- 
gled together  'neath  the  shades  of  Eosemont,  where  the 
soft-moving  waters  of  the  Oconee  murmur  an  eternal 
requiem  of  peace. 

Mount  Vernon.      One  of  the  oldest  counties  in  the  State, 

Montgomery,    was    organized    in    1793 

from  Washington  and  Wilkinson  Counties,  and  named 

for  Major-General  Richard  Montgomery,  who  fell  at  the 


894       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

siege  of  Quebec  in  1775.  Due  to  unsettled  conditions 
along  the  border,  growing  chiefly  out  of  the  Oconee  War, 
it  was  fully  twenty  years  before  a  permanent  site  for 
public  buildings  was  finally  made.  At  last,  on  November 
30, 1813,  an  Act  was  approved  by  Governor  Early,  making 
the  county-seat  permanent  at  a  place  to  be  given  the 
name  of  Washington's  home  on  the  Potomac  River.  The 
Mount  Vernon  Academy  was  chartered  in  1810,  and  later, 
on  December  11,  1841,  the  Montgomery  County  Academy 
was  granted  a  charter  with  the  following  board  of  trus- 
tees, to-wit. :  John  McRae,  Sr.,  AViley  Adams,  John  Pat- 
erson,  William  Joice,  Anthony  Phillips,  Joseph  Ryals, 
Andrew  Williamson,  William  Clark  and  James  Chaney.* 
Brewton-Parker  Institute,  located  between  Mount  Ver- 
non and  Ailey,  on  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  is  one  of  the 
flourishing  high  schools  of  the  State,  founded  by  Rev. 
J.  C.  Brewton,  D.  D.  Rather  a  seat  of  culture  than  a 
center  of  trade,  the  capital  of  Montgomery  County  has 
entered  upon  a  new  era  of  growth  since  the  completion 
of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  and  the  prospects  of  the  town, 
from  a  commercial  point  of  view,  are  bright  with  promise. 
There  is  not  a  richer  agricultural  belt  in  Georgia  than 
the  one  which  immediately  surrounds  Mount  Vernon. 
This  section  of  Georgia  was  largely  settled  by  Scotch- 
Irish  immigrants  from  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and 
there  are  scores  of  families  living  in  the  county  whos^ 
representatives  still  bear  the  names  of  Highland  clans. 

Much  of  the  original  territory  of  Montgomery  has 
been  taken  to  fonti  other  counties  in  Georgia. 


Richard  Montgomery      We    are    indebted    to    the   pen    of    Dr.    William 
B.  Burroughs,  of  Brunswick,  for  the  following 
sketch   of   Major-General  Montgomery,   for  whom   this   county  was   named. 
Says  he: 

"Richard   Montgomery   was   born   in    the   north    of    Ireland    1737.      At 
the  age   of   22   we   find,  him   with   Wolfe   at  the  storming   of   Quebec;    he 


♦Acts,    1841,   p.    4. 


Murray 


895 


was  in  the  campaign  against  the  Spanish  West  Indies,  and  shortly  after 
quit  his  regiment  and  returned  home.  In  1772  he  returned  to  America, 
bought  an  estate  on  the  Hudson,  and  married  a  daughter  of  Eobert  E. 
Livingston.  When  the  Revolution  broke  out  he  joined  the  Colonists  and 
■•was  made  second  in  command  in  1775  under  General  Schuyler.  In  the 
expedition  against  Canada  General  Schuyler  being  sick,  he  took  command 
and  was  was  commissioned  Major-General  before  he  reached  Quebec.  He 
had  every  difficulty  to  contend  with — mutinous  troops,  scarcity  of  pro- 
visions and  ammunition,  want  of  clothing,  deserters,  etc.  The  eloquence  of 
a  Chatham  and  a  Burke  lauded  his  merit  in  the  British  Parliament.  The 
('olonial  Congress  passed  resolutions  of  grateful  remembrance,  profound 
respect,  high  veneration,  and  voted  to  erect  a  monument  in  front  of  St. 
Paul's  Church,  in  New  York  City.  The  monument  is  still  standing,  ami 
bears  the  following  inscription: 


'  This 
monument  is  erected  by  order  of  Congress 
25   of  January  1776 
to  transmit  to  Posterity  a  grateful  retnembrance  of  the 
patriotic  Conduct,  enterprise  and  perseverance  of  Major- 
General  EICHARD  MONTGOMERY,  who  after  a  series 
of  success,  amid  the  most  discouraging  difficulties  Fell 
in    the    attack   on    Quebec,    31    December    1775,    age    37 
years. ' 


"In  1818  his  widow  made  a  request  to  the  Governor  of  Canada,  Sir 
John  Sherbroke,  to  allow  his  remains  to  be  disinterred  and  brought  to 
New  York.  The  request  was  granted  and  the  State  of  New  York  caused 
the  remains  of  this  distinguished  hero  to  be  brought  from  Quebec  and  placed 
in  St.   Paul 's   Church  in   New  York. ' ' 


MURRAY 


Spring  Place.  Spring  Place,  the  historic  old  country-seat 
of  Murray,  is  redolent  with  time-honored 
memories.  Early  in  the  last  century  a  mission  was 
planted  here  among  the  Cohutta  Mountains  hy  the  pious 
Moravians.  It  flourished  for  years,  but  with  the  removal 
of  the  Cherokee  Indians  to  the  West  it  was  discontinued. 
In  1832,  when  Murray  County  was  organized  out  of  a 
part  of  the  Cherokee  lands  and  named  for  Hon.  Thomas 


896       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

W.  Murray,  of  Lincoln,  Spring  Place  was  made  the 
county-seat,  a  distinction  wliicli  it  retained  until  1912; 
when  the  countj^-seat  was  removed  to  Chattsworth.  As 
yet  no  public  buildings  have  been  erected  in  the  latter 
town,  and  the  question  of  a  permanent  site  is  involved 
in  some  dispute.  Spring  Place  was  the  home  of  a  noted 
Indian  chief,  Vann,  whose  residence  is  still  standing,  one 
of  the  few  landmarks  of  a  vanished  race.  John  Howard 
Payne,  the  famous  author  of  ''Home,  Sweet  Home,"  was 
here  detained  as  a  prisoner  in  1S36,  on  the  eve  of  the 
Cherokee  removal.  Spring  Place  was  chartered  as  a 
town  in  1834,  with  the  following  commissioners :  William 
N.  Bishop,  John  J.  Humphries,  John  S.  Bell,  Seaborn 
Lenter  and  Burton  McGee.*  • 


Fort  Mountain.  Six  miles  and  a  lialf  to  the  northeast  of  Spring  Place 
looms  a  peak  of  the  Cohutta  Mountains,  near  the  sum- 
mit of  which  can  still  be  seen  the  ruins  of  an  old  fort,  the  origin  of  which 
is  shrouded  in  a  thick  veil  of  traditions.  This  ancient  landmark  of  a  region 
famed  for  its  great  natural  beauty  is  known  as  Fort  Mountain,  so  called 
from  the  remnants  of  this  old  fort,  some  of  the  legends  connected  with 
which  reach  back  over  a  stretch  of  four  centuries  to  the  romantic  days 
of  De  Soto.  But  no  one  who  thoughtfully  examines  what  is  left  of  the  old 
fort  can  accept  readily  the  account  which  credits  its  erection  to  the  Span- 
iards. There  were  originally  not  less  than  twelve  walls  in  this  defensive 
stronghold.  Its  erection  required  time;  and,  according  to  the  Spanish  nar- 
ratives, less  than  two  weeks  were  spent  in  this  region,  after  which  the 
gold  seekers  proceeded  to  what  is  now  the  city  of  Eome.  Two  stopping- 
places  of  De  Soto  have  been  identified  as  towns  included  within  the  original 
limits  of  Murray  County,  viz.,  Gauxule  and  Conasauga;  but  since  in  both 
of  these  towns  he  was  accorded  friendly  receptions  there  existed  no  occa- 
sion for  hostile  maneuvers,  such  as  the  building  of  a  fort  would  lead  us 
to  infer.  The  rules  of  historical  criticism  forbid  an  assumption  that  the 
ruins  on  Fort  Mountain  date  back  to  DeSoto,  but  a  former  occupancy  of 
this  region  by  Europeans  is  strongly  intimated,  if  not  unmistakably  proven, 
by  these  remains.  We  are  indebted  to  Professor  S.  W.  McCalHe,  State 
Geologist,  for  a  table  of  measurements,  showing  how  each  of  the  twelve 
walls  of  the  old  fort  ran.     This  table  is  given  below,  as  follows: 


♦Acts,  1834,   p.   248. 


Murray  897 

SE.  40  feet  to  pit ;   160*  to  gate  at  spring. 

N.  60  ' ' 

,                                   E.  70  '' 

N.  20  " 

S.  80°  E.  60  "                    (2  towers) 

NE.  100  " 

S.  80°  E.  70  " 

E.  20  " 

N.  120  '' 

NE.  90  " 

N.  10°  E.  30  " 

NE.  80  '' 

Says  Prof.  MeCallie:  "The  old  fort  is  located  just  a  short  distance 
from  the  highest  point  of  the  mountain.  Some  250  yards  from  the  main 
gateway  to  the  fort  is  a  spring.  The  walls  are  nowhere  more  than  two 
feet  high,  but  have  a  base  of  more  than  twelve  feet.  The  masoni-y  about 
the  gateway  is  somewhat  massive.  All  the  stones  in  the  wall  can  be  re- 
moved by  two  men,  except  for  a  few  boulders  in  a  section  over  which 
the  wall  passes.  There  are  many  loose  fragments  on  top  of  the  mountain, 
from  which  the  fort  was  no  doubt  constructed. ' ' 

But,  while  DeSoto  may  not  have  built  the  stronghold  on  Fort  Mountain, 
the  antiquarians  are  for  the  most  part  agreed  that  he  visited  what  is 
now  Murray  County,  during  his'  famous  quest  for  gold  in  1540.  In  sup- 
port of  this  tradition,  we  quote  from  an  original  source  "The  Travels 
of  a  Portuguese  Gentleman, '  *  translated  by  Richard  Haklupt : 

Says  this  account:  "As  the  Governor  (DeSoto)  came  to  a  town 
called  Conasauga  there  met  him  on  the  way  twenty  Indians,  every  one 
loaded  with  baskets  of  mulberries  and  butter  and  honey  in  calabashes. 
From  the  time  the  Governor  departed  from  Conasauga  he  jour- 
neyed through  a  desert  to  Chiaha  (where  the  town  of  Rome  now  stands). 
This  town  was  on  an  island  between  two  arms  of  a  river  and  was  seated 
high  upon  one  of  them.  The  river  divideth  itself  into  those  two  branches. 
DeSoto  rested  there  thirty  days,  and  the  Indians  told  him  of  a  rich  coun- 
try toward  the  North  where  there  was'  to  be  found  copper  and  another 
metal  of  the  same  color,  save  that  it  was  finer  and  a  far  more  perfect 
color,  which  they  called  talla-nuca,  or  yellow  earth. "  It  is  a  well-established 
fact  that  from  the  earliest  times  copper  was  dug  from  the  hills  of  Murray 
County  by  the  Cherokee  Indians.  The  hinges  on  the  doors  of  the  old 
Mission  at  Spring  Place  are  of  beaten  copper,  and  are  said  to  have  been 
made  by  the  red  men.  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  our  foremost  his- 
torical scholar,  identifies  Gauxule,  the  town  mentioned  in  the  Spanish  nar- 
ratives, as  Coosawattee  Old  Town,  in  which  is  now  Murray  County;  and 
Conasauga  he  identifies  as  a  town  on  what  was  afterwards  the  site  of 
New  Echota,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Conasauga  and  Coosawattee  Rivers, 
in  what  is'  now  Gordon  County,  Ga.     En  route  from  Nacoochee  Valley  to 


898       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  axd  Legends 

Gauxule  only  five  days  were  spent  by  the  Spaniards;  between  ??  ?  ?? 
Gauxule  and  Conasauga  they  consumed  only  two  days;  and  between  Cona- 
sauga  and  Eome  they  occupied  only  twelve  days;  so  it  hardly  seems  prob- 
able that  the  stronghold  on  Fort  Mountain  was  built  by  DeSoto,  though 
it  may  have  been  constructed  by  Eureopeans,  and  possibly  by  Spaniards 
at  a  later  period. 


Indian  House :  The  Outlined  against  the  blue  Cohutta  M'ountains,  at 

Home  of  Chief  Vann  Spring  Place,  is  a  famous  old  red  brick  man- 
sion, known  as  the  ' '  Indian  House. ' '  It  was 
built  by  Chief  Vann  and  today  stands  strong  and  unwrecked  by  time.  The 
brick  used  in  construction  was  hauled  from  Savannah,  while  the  quaintly 
constructed  stairway,  which  has  no  visible  support,  and  high  hand-carved 
mantels  were  brought  from  beyond  the  seas. 

Dark  and  fearsome  tales  are  told  of  its  early  days,  blood-stainsi  still 
to  be  seen  on  attic  walls,  and  mysterious  hints  of  secret  places  containing 
hidden  treasure,  known  only  to  the  Indian,  and  never  divulged  to  the  w-hite 
man.  Vann  was  one  of  the  two  chiefs  who  befriended  the  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries who,  in  1901,  established  the  Moravian  mission  at  Spring  Place, 
the  first  mission  to  the  Cherokee  Indians.  This  mission  was  built  near  the 
large  spring  from  which  Spring  Place  had  its  name,  and  was  an  unpreten- 
tious log  house. 

In  1865  the  structure  was  demolished,  and  no  trace  now  remains,  but 
a  few  rocks  mark  the  spot  where  Eev.  Abraham  Steiner  and  G.  Byhan 
labored  so  faithfully.  Later  many  other  missionaries  Avere  employed  to 
teach  the  people  the  arts  of  civilized  life.  Mr.  Steiner  is  authority  for 
the  statement  that  Chief  Vann  built  the  first  wagon  in  the  Cherokee  Na- 
tion, for  which  he  was  severely  censured  by  the  Council,  and  forbidden 
the  use  of  such  a  vehicle.  The  objection  was,  "If  you  have  wagons, 
there  must  be  wagon  roads;  and  if  wagon  roads,  the  whites  will  be  among 
us. ' ' 

Just  where  Chief  Eidge  lived  has  been  the  subject  of  much  discussion. 
He  was  born  about  1771  at  Hiawassee,  his  father  a  full-blooded  Cherokee 
and  his  mother  a  Cherokee  half-breed.  By  the  Indians  he  was  called 
Kah-ming-da-ha-geh  ("man  who  walks  on  the  mountain  top").  He  be- 
came at  the  age  of  twenty-one  a  member  of  the  Cherokee  Council,  and 
when  he  rode  to  the  Cherokee  Council  Ground  on  an  old  white  horse,  poorly 
clothed  and  with  few  ornaments,  he  was  ridiculed,  and  some  of  the  chiefs 
proposed  to  exclude  him  from  their  council.  He  soon  won  their  confidence 
and  became  one  of  the  chiefs  of  their  nation.  His  son,  John  Eidge,  at- 
tended the  missionary  school  at  Spring  Place,  and  later  an  Eastern  school. 
Tradition  asserts  that  either  Major  Eidge  or  his  son  John  Eidge  built 
the  old  Indian  House  south  of  Spring  Place  which  at  the  Indian  e.Kile 
passed   into  the   possession   of  Farrish   Carter,   and   is   still   owned   by   the 


Murray  899 

"barter  family,  members  of  which,  down  to  the  fourth  generation,  gather 
yearly  at  the  quaint  old  house,  which  still  claims  its  narrow  stairway,  tiny 
windows  and  hand-carved  mantels.*' 


Traditions  of  it  is  not  known  with  certainty  when  the  first  settle- 
the  CherokeeS  ment  of  whites  was  made  within  the  limits  of  what 
is  now  Murray  County,  but  there  is  a  tradition  to  the 
effect  that  white  traders  from  this  section  participated  in  the  battle  of 
King's  Mountain,  during  the  Eevolution,  none  of  whom  ever  returned  to 
their  cabin  homes.  Toward  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  a 
number  of  white  "  families  from  the  Carolinas  and  from  lower  Georgia 
settled  at  what  was  then  called  A^'ann's  Station,  on  the  site  of  the  present 
town  of  Spring  Place.  The  Cherokees  had  at  this  time  become  fairly 
civilized.  They  occupied  fixed  places  of  abode,  some  of  them  owning  negro 
slaves,  with  whom  they  cultivated  extensive  tracts  of  land  in  the  fertile 
valleys.  The  most  conspicuous  among  the  leaders  of  the  nation  at  this 
time  were  half-breeds  like  Eidge,  Vann,  Hicks,  Boudinot,  and  Eoss. 

Chief  Vann 's  father  was  a  full-blooded  white.  His  name  was  James 
Vann;  and,  to  escape  the  consequences  of  a  homicide  committed  by  him 
in  South  Carolina,  it  is  .said  that  he  fled  to  the  Indians  for  protection. 
The  exact  time  of  his  appearance  upon  the  scene  is  unknown.  He  married 
an  Indian  girl,  acquired  a  large  tract  of  land  on  Mill  Creek,  and  owned 
a  number  of  slaves.  His  property  at  his  death  was  inherited  by  his  sons, 
of  whom  there  were  several.  In  an  old  court  record  (1834)  may  be  found 
aji  injunction  against  one  William  M.  Bishop,  forbidding  him  to  trespass 
on  twenty-three  specified  lots  of  land  belonging  to  Joseph  Vann.  Dr. 
George  M'ellen,  in  an  article  on  the  old  Federal  road,  refers  to  the  owner 
of  the  famous  Vann  House  as  David  Vann;  but  Bev.  W.  J.  Cotter,  a  dis- 
tinguished octogenarian,  who  spent  his  boyhood  in  Murray  County,  speaks 
of  him  as  Chief  Joseph  Vann,  adding  that  he  knew  this  noted  old  Indian 
chief  well.  Mr.  Cotter's  exact  words  may  be  found  in  an  article  published 
in  the  Wesleyan  Christian  Advocate  during  the  year  1910.  He  describes 
the  chief  as  over  six  feet  in  height.  He  says  that  he  was  possessed  of  very 
large  means ;  that  he  employed  skilled  workman  in  building  his  house . 
and  that  when  completed  and  furnished  it  was  one  of  the  handsomest  homes 
in  the  State.  We  have  no  record  a.s  to  when  this  house  was  built.  But  iii 
Eamsey's  Annals  it  is  stated  that  the  Moravian  missionaries  were  given 
land  by  Chief  Vann  near  his  own  house  on  which  to  erect  their  mission 
house  in  1801.  Although  the  mission  house  was  not  finished  until  1817, 
the  first  missionaries,  Eev.  George  Byhon  and  Eev.  Abraham  Steiner,  were 


♦Miss  Willie  S.  White,  of  Dalton,  contributes  this  sketch.  The  author- 
ities consulted  by  her  are  as  follows:  White's  Statistics,  Rev.  A.  P..  T. 
Hambright  and   Mr.   F.   T.   ]Iarclwlck. 


900       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

here  long  before  this  date.     The  old  mission  house  ■v\as  torn  down  by  Mr. 
Lem  Jones  about  1865. 


Chief  Boss  lived  where  the  city  of  Eome  now  stands,  and  dated  his 
letters  ' '  Head  of  the  Coosa, ' '  but  he  later  moved  into  Tennessee  to  Eoss  's 
Landing,  now  Chattanooga.  He  was  a  man  of  splendid  talents,  had  a 
well-selected  library,  and  had  much  to  do  with  the  litigation  between  the 
Cherokees  and  the  State  of  Georgia,  appearing  for  them  in  various  courts, 
and  finally  carrying  his  contention,  which  was  that  the  State  of  Georgia 
had  no  jurisdiction  over  the  Cherokee  country,  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,  aud  there  gained  it  before  the  nation 's  highest  tribunal. 
In  this  case  he  exhibited  so  much  statesmanship  that  Henry  A.  Wise,  of 
Virginia,  on  the  floor  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives,  declared  in  answer 
to  a  speech  of  Forsyth,  of  Georgia,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  men  of  his 
time,  that  Eoss  was  in  nothing  inferior  to  Forsyth. 

Chief  Eidge  was  a  full-blood  Cherokee,  a  man  of  much  intelligence, 
but  of  little  education.  His  home  was  at  the  Carter  Place.  He  was 
friendly  to  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  by  every  means  within  his  power 
sought  to  persuade  the  Indians  to  accept  the  government 's  proposition 
for  a  removal  to  the  West. 

Spring  Place  was  incorporated  in  1834,  and  was  made  the  county-seat 
of  Murray.  It  was'  first  called  Poinset,  but  the  people  disliked  the  name 
and  called  it  Spring  Place.  The  records  show  that  on  September  19,  1834, 
Abner  E.  HoUiday  and  Matthew  Jones  deeded  forty  acres,  lot  No.  245, 
to  the  county,  ' '  for  the  purpose  of  placing  a  county-site  upon. ' '  The 
first  court,  presided  over  by  Judge  John  W.  Hooper,  was  held  in  the  old 
mission  house.  There  is  a  record  of  the  names  of  the  first  grand  jury. 
The  first  true  bill  was  against  George  Took  for  murder.  It  is  said  that 
Judge  O.  H.  Kenan  was  the  first  judge  who  succeeded  in  enforcing  respect 
for  the  law. 

As  early  as  1833  a  stage  route  was  operated  between  Spring  Place 
and  Athens,  Tenn.  Horses  were  changed  every  eighteen  miles.  There 
were  post-offices  along  the  route,  one  of  which  was  located  at  what  is 
now  Eton.  The  Federal  road  was  the  great  highway  of  the  time.  The 
first  representative  as  William  N.  Bishop. 

About  thi^  time  a  Moravian  mission  was  established  at  New  Echota, 
which  was  then  the  capitol  of  the  Cherokee  nation,  situated  four  miles 
north  of  the  present  site  of  the  town  of  Calhoun,  Ga.  The  first  Moravian 
missionary  to  New  Echota  was  the  Eev.  Samuel  Worcester.  Through  his 
influence  a  Cherokee  youth,  who  attended  his  school,  was  sent  North  to  a 
Moravian  mission  school,  at  Cornwall,  Conn.  While  there  he  came  under 
the  notice  of  the  distinguished  Congressman,  Elias  Boudinot,  whose  por- 
trait now  hangs  in  the  hall   of   Independence  in  Philadelphia. 

Congressman  Boudinot  was  so  pleased  with  the  Indian  youth  that 
he  adopted  him  and  gave  him  his  name.     It  was  through  this  relationship 


SEQUOYA: 
Inventor    of   the    Cherokee   Alphabet. 


Murray  901 

that  the  young  chief  became  acquainted  with  the  lovely  young  girl, 
Harriet  Gould,  who  later  became  his  wife.  Her  father.  Captain  Benjamin 
Gould,  was  an  officer  in  the  United  States  army.  The  young  chief  and  his 
wife  went  to  New  Echota  to  live  among  the  Cherokees'.  She  soon  became 
the  idol  of  the  tribe,  and  during  the  twelve  years  which  she  spent  in  New 
Echota  she  labored  faithfully  for  the  uplift  of  her  adopted  people.  She 
taught  the  young  Indians  to  read  and  write  in  their  native  tongue  by 
means  of  the  syllabary,  which  the  Cherokee  Indian,  Sequoyah,  had  just  in- 
vented. Her  husband,  a  leader  in  all  the  affairs  of  the  tribe,  was  editor 
of  the  Cherokee  Phoenix,  a  paper  which  was  j  rinted  in  the  Cherokee  lan- 
guage at  New  Echota,  and  was  published  from  1828  until  1834,  when  it 
Avas  suppressed  by  the  Georgia  authorities. 


With  these  splendid  influences  at  work  the  Cherokees  were  rapidly 
moving  toward  a  high  type  of  civilization.  But  dark  days  were  ahead; 
for  the  treaty  of  New  Echota  was  soon  to  be  signed.  Under  the  terlns  of 
this  treaty,  though  obnoxious  to  ninety  per  cent,  of  them,  the  entire 
nation  was  forced  to  move  West  and  leave  forever  the  land  of  their 
fathers.  But  Chief  Boudinot  's  wife  was  not  to  live  through  the  heart- 
rending scenes  of  the  removal.  After  a  short  illness  she  passed  away, 
and  her  grave  is  the  only  one  distinctly  marked  among  the  many  hundreds 
of  New  Echota.  Her  name  is  carved  on  a  tombstone  erected  by  Chief 
Boudinot  before  the  removal  of  the  Indians,  and  is  made  of  marble 
brought  from  Connecticut,   her  native   State. 

To  show  how  the  Cherokees  were  progressing  at  this  time  the  files' 
of  an  old  paper  contains  the  following:  "At  a  meeting  of  the  National 
Council  of  the  Cherokees,  the  following  resolution  was  adopted:  'Eesolved 
by  the  National  Committee  and  Council  that  an  agent  shall  be  appointed 
to  solicit  donations  in  money  from  individuals,  or  societies,  in  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  National  Academy  or  College  for 
the  Cherokees. '  ' '  The  resolutions  were  signed  by  John  Eoss,  president  of 
the  National  Committee;  by  Major  Eidge  (his  mark),  Speaker  of  the 
National  Council;  Pathkiller  (his  mark).  Principal  Chief  of  the  Cherokee 
Nation;  by  Charles  E.  Hicks,  virtual  Head  Chief  and  Treasurer;  Alexander 
McCoy  and  Elias  Boudinot,  respectively,  clerks  of  the  two  branches  of  the 
Legislative  Department  of  the  Government. 

It  was  finally  the  assumption  of  national  sovereignty  and  plenary 
powers  which  incited  the  Georgians  to  take  measures  which  iiltimately  re- 
sulted in  deportation.  The  removal  by  force  of  fourteen  thousand  people 
from  their  homes  caused  great  commotion  throughout  the  whole  world.  The 
papers  of  the  day  were  full  of  it,  a  great  many  taking  the  part  of  the 
Indians.  It  is  said  that  General  John  E.  Wool,  an  officer  under  General 
Scott,  commanding  the  regulars,  and  General  Eichard  G.  Dunlap,  command- 
ing the  Tennessee  Volunteers,  had  their  sympathies  so  enlisted  on  the  side 


902       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  axd  Legends 

of  those  doomed  to  exile  that  they  recoiled  before  the  task  which  cou- 
fronted  them.  Even  some  of  the  civil  officers  looked  upon  the  movement 
as  brutal  and  outrageous,  and  so'  expressed  themselves.  Consequently  we 
cannot  wonder  that  a  man  of  poetic  temperament,  like  John  Howard 
Paj'ne,  should  have  been  moved  to  compassion  for  these  poor  savages; 
so  much  so,  indeed,  that  while  on  a  visit  to  Georgia  he  openly  expressed 
his  sentiments  in  regard  to  them.  Hearing  this,  and  fearing  the  effect 
on  the  Indians,  Captain  A.  B.  Bishop,  who  commanded  the  soldiers  sta- 
tioned at  Spring  Place,  sent  an  armed  guard  to  Chief  Eoss's  home, 
where  the  poet  was  stopping,  to  arrest  the  poet  and  to  bring  him  to 
Spring  Place  for  imprisonment.  One  of  the  guards  was  John  Gates,  a 
man  well-known  to  the  people  of  this  section.  Payne  was  arrested  at- 
the  home  of  John  Boss,  in  Bradley  County,  Tenn.,  only  a  few  miles  from 
the  State  line.  On  the  positive  testimony  of  John  Oates,  it  was  not  in 
the  jail  at  Spring  Place  that  Payne  was  imprisoned,  but  in  the  Vann 
House.  Said  he  to  one  who  heard  the  statement  from  his  own  lips.  '  "I 
knew  him  well.  He  was  at  the  old  brick  house — never  in  jail  for  a  single 
moment. ' '  The  guard  stationed  there  was  known  as  the  Georgia  Guard, 
commanded  by  Captain  A.  B.  Bishop.  He  was  released  without  an  hour 's 
delay  when  the  fact  was  ascertained  that  he  was  innocent.* 


MUSCOGEE 
Columbus.  Volume  I,  Pages  816-822. 


Girard :  Where  the  On  Sunday  afternoon,  April  16, 
Last  Fighting-  of  the  1865,  the  last  engagement  of  thei 
War,  East  of  the  Mis-  Civil  War,  east  of  the  Mississippi 
sissippi,  Occurred.  Eiver,  was  fought  at  Girard,  on  the 
slopes  of  the  Chattahoochee,  opposite 
the  city  of  Columbus.  It  was  incident  to  the  celebrated 
cavalry  raid  into  Georgia  of  General  James  H.  Wilson. 
West  Point  was  captured  on  the  same  day,  but  at  an 
earlier  hour.    We  quote  the  following  brief  account  of 


♦Much  of  the  material  for  this  article  was  furnished  by  Mrs.  Warren 
Davis,  of  Dalton,  Ga.  The  authorities  consulted  by  her  were  as  follows: 
Rev.  W.  J.  Cotter,  Mr.  Jesse  Jackson,  Dr.  George  Melien,  White's  Historical 
Collections,    etc. 


Muscogee  903 

the  engagement  at  Columbus  from  Professor  Joseph  T. 
Derry's  Military  History  of  Georgia.* 

"At  Columbus,  on  the  same  day,  April  16 — a  week  after  General  Lee's 
surrender — Howell  Cobb  made  a  gallant  attempt  to  defend  the  bridges 
over  the  Chattahoochee,  fighting  on  the  Alabama  side,  but  was  over- 
whelmed by  the  Federal  forces,  who  took  possession  of  the  city,  capturing 
1,200  prisoners  and  52  field  guns.  Colonel  C.  A.  L.  Lamar,  of  General 
Cobb's  staff,  was  among  the  killed.  The  ram  Jackson,  which  had  just 
been  built  for  the  defence  of  the  Chattahoochee,  was  an  armament  of  six 
seven-inch  guns,  was  destroyed,  as  were  also  the  navy  yai-d,  foundries, 
arsenal,  armory,  sword  and  pistol  factory,  shop,  paper  mill,  cotton  fac- 
tories,  15  locomotives,   200  cars  and  a  large  amount  of  cotton. ' ' 

Upwards  of  twenty  companies  were  organized  and 
equipped  in  Columbus  for  Georgia's  defence  during  the 
Civil  War,  and  some  of  the  officers  who  went  from  (^oi- 
umbus  achieved  high  distinction,  among  them  General 
Paul  J.  Semmes,  General  Henry  L.  Benning,  the  Iver- 
sons,  father  and  son;  Colonel  John  A.  Jones,  Colonel 
James  N.  Ramsey,  Major  Raphael  J.  Moses,  and  several 
others.  General  Semmes  and  Colonel  Jones  were  both 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  while  Major  Moses,  as 
Confederate  Commissary  for  the  State  of  Georgia,  exe- 
cuted the  last  order  of  the  Confederacy,  in  a  transaction 
relating  to  the  disposition  of  $10,000  in  silver  bullion. 


The  Killing  There   occurred   at   Columbus   during 

of  Ashburn:  the  period  of  reconstruction   an   epi- 

An  Episode  of  sode  which  plunged  the  whole  nation 

Reconstruction.  into  a  fever  of  excitement,  and  which 
evinced  a  fixed  purpose  on  the  part  of 
the  people  of  the  South  to  maintain  the  integrity  of  an 
Anglo-Saxon  icivilization.  It  was  the  killing,  by  un- 
known parties,  of  G.  AV.  Ashburn,  an  offensive  partisan, 
who  represented  the  most  extreme  type  of  radicalism. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1865,  in  which  body  he  made  himself  peculiarly  odious 
to  the  white  people  of  Georgia.  The  feeling  of  revulsion 
naturally  reached  a  climax  in  Columbus,  where  he  lived 


904       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

with  the  negro  element  of  the  population— an  object  of 
great  loathsomeness  to  the  Caucasian  race.  The  follow- 
ing account  of  the  trial  is  condensed  from  various 
sources : 

The  killing  of  Ashburu  occurred  on  the  night  of  March  31,  1868.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  from  which  State  he 
came  to  Georgia  some  thirty  years  prior  to  his  death.  There  is  very 
little  known  concerning  him  prior  to  the  era  of  military  usurpation,  which, 
in  addition  to  unloosing  upon  Georgia  a  swarm  of  vultures  from  other 
sections,  developed  the  baser  instincts  of  men  who  were  already  residents 
of  the  State  and  who  identified  themselves  for  vicious  purposes  with  these 
ignoble  birds  of  prey.  There  were  undoubtedly  some  good  and  true 
men  who,  from  conviction,  advocated  a  policy  of  non-resistance ;  but  they 
were  few  in  number.  Ashburn's  mysterious  taking  off,  therefore,  at  a 
time  when  passion  was  inflamed,  when  civil  courts  were  suppressed,  when 
Georgia 's  sovereign  Statehood  was  outraged  in  the  most  flagrant  manner, 
and  when  there  was  no  redress  for  the  whites  except  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  the  Ku-Klux,  was  a  matter  little  calculated  to  produce  sur- 
prise, though  it  created  a  tremendous  sensation.  The  military  authorities 
took  the  matter  in  hand  and  caused  arrest  on  suspicion  of  the  following 
parties:  William  E.  Bedell,  Columbus  C.  Bedell,  James  W.  Barber,  Alva 
C.  Roper,  William  D.  Chipley,  Eobert  A.  Ennis,  William  L.  Cash,  Elisha 
J.  Kirkscey,  Thomas  N.  Grimes,  Wade  H.  Stephens,  E.  Hudson,  W.  A. 
Duke,  J.  S.  Wiggins,  and  E.  A.  Wood.  Besides  these,  there  were  sev- 
eral negroes  implicated.  It  seems  that  even  the  blacks  entertained  toward 
Ashburn  a  feeling  of  mingled  fear  and  disgust. 

For  the  purpose  of  trying  these  alleged  offenders,  a  military  court  was 
organized  at  McPherson  Barracks,  in  Atlanta.  The  counsel  for  the  pris- 
oners included  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  Martin  J.  Crawford,  James  M. 
Smith,  Lucius  J.  Gartrell,  Henry  L.  Benning,  James  X.  Eamsey  and 
Baphael  J.  Moses.  On  the  side  of  the  prosecution.  General  Dnnn,  the 
judge  advocate,  was  assisted  by  ex-Governor  Joseph  E.  Brown  and  Majo* 
William  M.  Smythe.  While  in  prison  the  defendants  were  subjected  to 
great  indignities.  They  were  eventually  admitted  to  bail,  however,  in 
the  sum  of  32,500  each,  and  not  less  than  four  hundred  citizens  of  Columbus, 
representing  both  races,  signed  the  required  bonds. 

It  was  on  June  29,  1868,  that  the  court  was  duly  constituted,  but,  at  the 
request  of  M'r.  Stephens,  a  postponement  was  granted  until,  the  day  fol- 
lowing. The  trial  then  began  with  the  filing  by  Mr.  Stephens  of  an  answer 
in  plea  to  the  specific  charges,  in  which,  on  behalf  of  the  several  prisoners, 
he  entered  a  plea  of  not  guilty  to  the  crimes  set  forth.  At  the  same  time, 
the  rightful  jurisdiction  of  the  court  was  was  traversed.  With  slow 
progress  the  case  proceeded  until  the  twentieth  day,  when  orders  were 
received   from   General   Meade   suspending  the   investigation   until   further 


Muscogee  905 

notice  from  headquarters.  On  July  25,  1868,  the  prisoners  were  taken 
to  Columbus,  under  guard.  It  was  at  this  stage  of  the  proceedings  that 
they  were  finally  admitted  to  bail;  and,  for  reasons  best  known  perhaps  to 
'tjie  military  authorities,  the  trial  of  the  alleged  murderers  was  never  re- 
sumed. 


Grovernor  Brown's  part  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
Columbus  prisoners  charged  with  the  murder  of  Ashburn 
only  served  to  increase  the  obloquy  in  which  he  was  held  at 
this  time  by  Georgians,  due  to  his  course  in  supporting 
the  election  of  General  Grant  and  in  upholding  the  policy 
of  Eeconstruction.  The  following  explanation  of  his 
course  in  the  Columbus  affair  has  been  given  by  Colonel 
Isaac  W.  Avery,  his  accredited  biographer.    Says  he : 

"Weighing  the  evidence  in  the  matter  fairly  and  dispassionately,  it 
may  be!  shown  that  Governor  Brown,  in  taking  part  in  this  prosecution, 
was  governed  by  proper  motives  and  rendered  a  service,  both  to  the  State 
and  to  the  prisoners.  He  alleges  that  General  Meade  employed  him,  on 
the  condition  which  he  insisted  upon  making,  that  he — Governor  Brown — 
should  control  the  case,  and  that,  upon  the  restoration  of  civil  law,  the 
case  should  be  surrendered  by  the  military  authorities.  His'  employment 
prevented  the  retention  of  very  extreme  men.  The  corroboration  of  Gov- 
ernor Brown,  in  this  statement,  has  been  very  striking.  It  has  been  argued 
against  its  credibility  that  during  General  Meade 's  life,  when  the  latter 
could  either  have  verified  or  denied  it,  no  explanation  was  made  by  Gov- 
ernor Brown  of  his  conduct  in  the  matter.  Major  A.  Leyden,  of  Atlanta, 
who  talked  with  General  Meade  several  times  about  the  affair,  says  that  he 
was  assured  by  General  Meade  that  his  fears  for  the  prisoners  would  not 
be  realized.  Mr.  John  C.  Whitner,  of  Atlanta,  states  that  Detective  White- 
ley,  who  worked  up  the  evidence  for  the  prosecution,  told  him  that  the 
understanding  when  Brown  was  employed  was  that  the  military  trial  was 
to  be  remanded  to  the  State  authorities,  on  the  reorganization  of  the  civil 
government.  General  William  Phillips,  of  Marietta,  testifies  that  Governor 
Brown  consulted  with  him  at  the  time  on  the  subject  and  explained  to 
him  his  attitude  of  mind.  Major  Campbell  Wallace,  in  an  interview  at  the 
time  with  General  Meade,  confirms  Governor  Brown's  statement.  Many 
years  ago  Governor  Brown  gave  his  version  of  the  affair  to  Hon.  Alexander 
H.  Stephens  and  Dr.  J.  S.  Lawton. ' ' 


906       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 
Coweta  Town.  Volume  I,  Pages  69-73. 


Orig-in  of  the 

Muscogees.  Volume  I,  Page  813. 


De  Soto's  Visit.  Volume  I,  Page  813 


Where  Oglethorpe 

Crossed  the 

Chattahoochee.  A^olume  I,  Pages  814-815. 


Recollections  There  are  few  persons  who  remember 

of  General  Mir-  General  Mirabeau  Lamar.  It  was 
abeau  B.  Lamar,  nearly  eighty  years  ago  that  he  left 
Columbus  to  achieve  renown  in  the 
war  for  Texan  independence;  and  barring  only  an  occa- 
sional visit  home  he  remained  an  exile  throughout  life 
from  the  land  of  his  birth.  But  Judge  Alexander  W. 
Terrell,  of  Texas,*  an  eminent  jurist  and  diplomat,  who 
is  still  living  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty-four  years, 
enjoyed  the  personal  acquaintanec  of  this  extraordinary 
man  who,  next  to  Sam  Houston,  was  the  most  illustrious 
of  Texans.    Says  he : 

"The  career  of  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar — patriot,  soldier,  statesman,  poet — 
was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  history.  He  was  descended  from  a 
French  Huguenot,  who,  after  the  destruction  of  La  Rochelle,  in  1628,  found 
refuge  in  America.  Lamar  was  born  in  Georgia,  in  1798,  and  there  he 
^ew  to  manhood.  He  acquired  only  a  common  school  education,  for  he 
preferred  hunting,  fencing,  and  horseback  exercise  to  the  confinement  of 
the  class-room.  But  he  delighted  in  reading  the  ancient  classics'  and 
the  standard  English  authors,  and  thus  acquired  so  correct  a  knowledge 
of  the  structure  of  his  own  language  that  few  excelled  him  as  a  forceful 
and   eloquent  speaker. ' ' 

"I  first  saw  General  Lamar  in  1853,  when  his  long,  jet  black  hair  was 
tinged  with  gray.  He  was  of  dark  complexion  aud  about  five  feet  ten 
inches  tall,  with  broad  shoulders,  deep  chest  and  symmetrical  limits.     From 


♦Sketch  of  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar,  Vol.  VII,  Library  of  Southern  Literature. 
Atlanta,    1909. 


Muscogee  907 

under  his  high  forehead  blue  eyes  looked  out  in  calm  repose ;  while  his  clean- 
cut,  handsome  features  bespoke  an  iron  resolution. 

"When  twenty-eight  years  old  he  married  Miss  Tabitha  Jourdan,  to 
whom  he  was  tenderly  devoted,  for  he  had  loved  and  courted  her  for  years, 
and  her  death,  while  yet  in  the  bloom  of  youth  and  beauty,  so  overwhelmed 
him  with  grief  that  he  left  Georgia — a  homeless  wanderer.  In  1835 
Lamar  was  next  heard  from  on  the  frontier  of  Texas  where,  like  Sam 
Houston,  he  appealed  to  the  settlers  with  impassioned  eloquence  to  revolt 
against  the  tyranny  of  Mexico.  There  was  a  strange  parallel  in  the  lives 
of  these  two  great  men.  Each  of  them,  when  crushed  by  domestic  af- 
fliction, fled  from  home  and  friends.  Each  emerged  from  self-imposed 
exile  to  advocate  on  a  foreign  soil  the  cause  of  civil  freedom;  each  be- 
came commander  of  a  revolutionary  army,  and  then  president  of  a  new 
republic ;  each  remained  unmarried  during  all  the  fierce  years  of  the 
Texan  Eevolution,  and  each  found  at  last  in  married  life  his  supreme 
happiness  with  wife  and  children. ' ' 


"On  March  6,  1836,  the  Alamo  at  San  Antouia  was  stormed  by  an 
invading  army  under  Santa  Anna,  the  president  of  Mexico,  all  its  de- 
fenders were  massacred ;  while  a  few  days  afterward  one  hundred  and 
seventy-five  volunteers  were  butchered  in  cold  blood  at  Goliad  by  his 
orders,  and  after  having  surrendered.  Two  weeks  afterward  Lamar  ap- 
peared again  on  the  coast  of  Texas,  at  the  abandoned  town  of  Velaseo, 
and  started  on  foot  to  join  the  Texan  army.  Colonel  Fannin,  who  was 
butchered  at  Goliad,  had  been  the  bosom  friend  of  Lamar,  and  the  latter 
was  eager  to  revenge  his  murdered  friend.  On  April  20,  1836,  Houston's 
army,  after  a  forced  march  of  two  days  and  a  night,  with  no  other  food 
than  parched  corn,  confronted  on  the  smooth  prairie  of  San  Jacinto  the 
army  of  Santa  Anna,  which  outnumbered  them  two  to  one.  That  after- 
noon Walter  P.  Lane,  while  skirmishing,  was  attacked  by  three  Mexican 
lacers,  w-ho  wounded  him  as  his  horse  fell.  Lamar  rushed  to  his  rescue,  and 
killing  one  of  the  enemy,  put  the  others  to  flight,  though  wounded  himself. 
The  Texan  infantry  saw  the  heroic  act,  and  shouted  in  admiration.  He 
had  won  his  spurs,  and  Houston  at  once  put  him  in  command  of  the 
cavalry,  with  the  approval  of  all  its  officers.  The  next  afternoon,  at  4 
0  'clock,  the  Texan  infantry  advanced  toward  the  Mexican  line  to  the 
tune  of  an  old  love-song;  but  when  finally  within  forty  paces  of  the  Mex- 
icans the  band  struck  up  "Yankee  Dooodle. "  With  clubbed  rifles  and 
knives  they  rushed  upon  the  foe,  hewing  them  down  in  the  fierce  onset. 
Lamar,  though  wounded,  led  the  Texan  cavalry  on  the  right  wing  like  an 
avenging  fury.  He  remained  in  the  pursuit  until  sunset,  and  with  his 
cavalry  captured  Santa  Anna.  The  battle  was  over  in  eighteen  minutes, 
and  the  Mexicans  slain  or  made  prisoners  outnumbered  the  Texans  two 
to  one.     The  latter  lost  only  three  men  killed  and  twenty-seven  wounded. 


908        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

"Never  before  iior  since  in  the  annals  of  war  was  such  a  victory  won 
by  volunteers  in  an  open  field  over  such  a  superior  force  of  disciplined 
troops,  and  never  ^vas  a  victor}^  more  far-reaching;  for  it  secured  inde- 
pendence, resulting  in  the  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  Union,  which  pro- 
voked the  war  of  1846  with  Mexico.  Under  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe 
Hidalgo  our  flag  was  carried  across  the  continent,  while  the  area  of  the 
Union  was  doubled.  Within  ten  days  Lamar  was  made  Secretary  of  War; 
in  four  weeks  the  Cabinet  appointed  him  commander-in-chief  of  the  army; 
in  four  mouths  he  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  Eepublic,  and  in 
three  years  President  without  opposition.  No  private  soldier  ever  rose  so 
rapidly  from  the  ranks  to  supreme  authority  through  so  many  important 
offices,  militay  and  civil.  His  style  as  a  writer  was  not  unlike  his 
nephew's,  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  the  United  States  Senator." 

"During  Lamar's  term  as  President  the  frontier  was  extended  and  pro- 
tected, Mexican  invasions  were  repelled,  Texan  independence  was  recognized, 
treaties  were  made  with  great  European  powers,  immense  tracts  of  Ikud 
were  surveyed  and  dedicated  to  higher  education,  and  a  free  school  system 
was  established — the  second  on  the  Continent.  France  sent  her  minister  to 
the  Republic  of  Texas,  and  his  residence,  built  with  the  gold  of  Louis 
Philippe,  may  still  be  seen  in  Austin.  Time  and  official  station  had  not  yet 
soothed  Lamar's  domestic  grief,  and  it  was  not  until  after  seventeen  years 
of  loneliness  that  he  met  and  married,  in  1851,  Miss  Henrietta  Maffitt,  the 
beautiful  and  accomplished  daughter  of  John  Newland  Maffitt,  the  great 
Methodist  revivalist  and  orator  of  the  South.  Wlien  afterwards,  in  18.57, 
he  was  United  States  Minister  to  the  Argentine  Eepublic,  a  beautiful  Indian 
girl  inspired  his  heart  to  compose  ' '  The  Daughter  of  Mendoza, ' '  his  best- 
known  poem.  After  the  end  of  his  term  as  President,  he  kept  severely 
aloof  from  partisan  strife,  and  found  his  chief  pleasure  in  the  endearments 
of  home,  where  he  died,  at  Richmond,  Texas,  December  19,  1859.  No 
suspicion  ever  tarnished  his  reputation. ' ' 


General  Lamar*  is  'buried  at  Riclimoncl,  Texas,  his  old 
home.  The  grave  is  covered  by  a  horizontal  slab  of 
rough  granite,  about  six  feet  and  a  half  long  by  four  in 
width.  It  was  quarried  from  the  hillsides  of  his  adopted 
State.  At  the  end  of  this  slab,  there  rises  a  splendid 
shaft  of  Italian  marble,  twelve  feet  high,  which  rests 


*Tombs  and  Monuments  of  Noted  Texans,  by  Mrs.  M.  Lcoscan  in  Woot- 
«n's  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas,   Vol.   I,   p.   702,   Dallas,   1S9S. 


Newton  909 

upon  a  pedestal  four  feet  square.  On  the  west  side  of 
the  shaft,  in  bold  relief,  is  chiselled  a  shield  bearino-  the 
name,  Lamab,  encircled  by  a  beautiful  wreath.  Just  a 
little  below  the  point  of  the  shield,  on  either  side,  project 
the  muzzles  of  two  cannon  from  among  the  leaves  and 
flowers.  On  the  east  side  of  the  shaft  is  the  simple  in- 
scription : 


EX-PRESIDENT   OF  TEXAS 
DIED 
D«c.   19,   1859. 
Aged  61  years,  4  mos.  &  2  days. 


NEWTON 

Early  Times  I^^  1^22  Xewton  County  was  well-nigh  an  unbroken 
in  Newton  *  forest.  There  were  no  cleared  lands  except  Indian  maize 
and  bean  patches.  There  were  no  public  roads;  simply 
Indian  trails.  As  soon  as  the  lands  were  surveyed  settlers  began  to  occupy 
them  at  once.  They  cleared  and  cultivated  fields  of  corn,  wheat  and  other 
cereals.  The  men  had  patches  of  tobacco;  the  women  had  patches'  of  in- 
digo. No  cotton  was  raised,  except  enough  to  make  necessary  clothing. 
The  cotton  was  seeded  by  hand,  for  there  were  no  gins;  before  carding  it 
was  first  washed  and  then  carded  by  hand,  spun  on  spinning  wheels,  and 
finally  woven  on  looms  into  cloth.  The  cotton,  or  spun  thread,  or  woven 
cloth,  was  dyed  blue  by  means  of  indigo,  yellow  with  copperas,  or  whatever 
color  was  desired,  with  other  coloring  materials.  The  cloth  thus  made,  white 
or  colored,  was  then  cut  and  sewed  by  hand  into  such  garment.?  as  would 
hide  human  forms.  Foreign  fashion  had  not  then  invented  Balkan  blouses 
or  hobble  skirts. 

At  this'  early  date,  the  forests  were  made  up  of  oaks  of  different 
kinds,  hickories,  symmetrical  pines  and  other  growths.  Among  them 
were  interspersed  chestnut  trees,  from  two  to  three  or  more  feet  in 
diameter,  loaded  with  burrs  containing  sweet,  palatable  nuts.    In  September 


*To  Mrs.  Wm.  C.  Clark,  of  Covington,  we  are  indebted  for  most  of  the 
materials  contained  in  this  chapter.  She  was  greatly  assisted  in  the  work 
of  gathering  data  by  Rev.  A.  C  Mixon,  to  whom  grateful  acknowledgments 
are   likewise   made. 


910       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

or  October  the  burrs  generously  opened,  and  after  a  rain  or  a  brisk  wind, 
nuts  could  be  gathered  by  the  bushel.  ^lany  of  these  the  children  treasured 
up  for  -winter  enjoyment.  On  what  remained,  the  frisky  squirrels  feasted 
and  the  grunting  swine  fattened.  Chinkapins  were  scattered  all  along 
up  and  down  the  little  streams.  Their  little  burrs,  too,  opened  and  dis- 
closed little  round  fruit,  large  as  a  bullet  and  black  as  the  eyes  of  a 
pretty  girl.  These  were  good  to  eat,  and,  besides,  furnished  materials  for 
such  innocent  games  as  ' '  Hull  Gull, "  "  Even  or  Odd ' '  and  ' '  Jack  in  the 
Bush,  Cut  Him  Down."  Children  have  no  such  pleasure  nowadays.  Chest- 
nut trees  and  chinkapin  bushes  are  now  as  scarce  as  hen  teeth  in  Newton. 
Another  feature  of  former  times  in  Newton  was  the  abundance  of  various 
kinds  of  birds.  Pigeons  came  in  immense  flocks  in  fall  and  winter,  to 
gather  up  the  acorns.  Millions  of  blackbirds,  in  gangs  half  a  mile  long, 
came  in  winter  and  spring  to  pick  up  the  uncovered  grain  in  the  farmers ' 
fields.  Of  other  birds,  some  have  disappeared,  others  are  scarce,  none  are 
abundant. 


Covington:  Its  Covington,  the  county-seat  of  Newton, 
Indian  Legend,  is  situated  on  the  Georgia  Eailroad,  41 
miles  from  Atlanta  and  130  miles  from 
Augusta.  There  is  a  creek  which  bounds  the  north  and 
south  of  the  town  bearing  the  name  of  Dried  Indian; 
and  the  legend  which  tells  us  of  the  naming  of  this  stream 
comes  from  the  long  ago.  "When  the  earliest  settlers 
came  into  this  sectioi;,  the  red  men  dwelt  upon  the  banks 
of  this  stream.  Many  were  the  attempts,  often  unsuc- 
cessful, made  by  the  brave  pioneers  to  rout  these  war- 
like inhabitants.  At  last  they  were  all  put  to  death  and 
to  flight  save  one  old  chieftain,  who,  single-handed  and 
alone,  still  breathed  the  defiant  spirit  of  his  race.  But 
one  day,  while  asleep,  he,  too,  was  overtaken  and  cap- 
tured. To  prevent  his  escape,  the  old  Indian  was  bound 
hand  and  foot  with  white  oak  Utiles.  He  was  then  tied 
to  a  tree  and  pierced  with  many  arrows.  Death  ensued, 
but  still  the  settlers  were  unappeased,  and,  after  cutting 
his  body  with  deep  gashes,  they  took  hira  to  a  rocky 
steep  on  the  banks  of  the  stream,  and  there  left  him  to 
dry  in  the  sun.  The  creek  was  named  Dried  Indian  from 
this  incident. 


Newton  911 

The  first  church  in  Covington  was  a  Methodist  Church, 
and  was  built  on  the  banks  of  this  creek.  When  the  town 
began  to  grow,  the  oid  church  building  was  sold  to  the 
negroes,  who  have  since  transformed  it  into  an  up-to-date 
church,  with  handsome  leaded  windows  and  electric 
lights.  Just  west  of  this  old  church,  in  a  very  large 
grove,  stood  the  old  manual  training  school  established 
in  Covington  some  time  in  the  early  thirties  by  Dr.  Olin. 
It  was  the  property  of  the  Methodists  of  Georgia.  But 
the  school  was  not  a  success,  and  through  the  efforts 
of  Dr.  Ignatius  Few,  the  first  president  of  Emory,  this 
school  was  sold  and  some  of  the  buildings  were  removed 
to  Oxford  as  a  beginning  for  the  school  known  later  as 
Emory  College.  Colonel  W.  W.  Clark  bought  the  site 
and  the  main  building  of  the  Manual  School,  converting- 
it  into  an  elegant  Colonial  home,  which  stands  today 
as  the  home  of  Colonel  Clark's  daughter. 

Covington  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1822  and  as 
a  city  in  1854.  The  earliest  settler  on  the  site  of  the 
present  town  was  Mr.  Carey  Wood,  a  pioneer  citizen, 
who  in  after  years  became  its  most  conspicuous  land- 
mark. Prom  a  list  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  old 
Southern  Female  College,  at  Covington,  may  be  obtained 
the  names  of  some  of  the  prominent  residents  of  the  town 
in  1851,  when  the  college  was  chartered,  to-wit. :  Joseph 

A.  Anderson,  "William  L.  Conyers,  John  P.  Carr,  John 

B.  Hendrick,  Joseph  H.  Murrell,  Robert  0.  Usher, 
Thomas  F.  Jones,  William  P.  Anderson,  Columbus  L. 
Pace,  John  Harris  and  John  J.  Floyd.  The  present 
public  school  system  of  Covington  was  established  in 
1887.  Some  of  the  early  representatives  of  Newton 
County  in  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  most  of 
whom  resided  in  or  near  Covington,  were :  Luke  Robin- 
son, Josiah  Perry,  Martin  Kolb,  McCormick  Neal,  John 
Bass,  Richard  L.  Simms,  A.  F.  Luckie,  John  Harris, 
Parmedus  Reynolds,  John  Loyall,  Richard  Loyall,  Felix 
Hardman,  Isaac  P.  Henderson  and  Alfred  Livingston. 


•Acts,    1851-1852,    p.    313. 


912       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Covinffton's  Ante-  I*  "^^^  ^^  ^'^'^'^  o^  contrast  let  him  ride  from  Atlan- 
Bellum  Homes  *  ^^  *°  Covington  and  back  again  the  same  afternoon. 
Atlanta,  our  young  and  marvelous  city  of  magic; 
our  farewell  to  the  past,  our  card  to  the  future.  Covington,  of  the  ancient 
regime;  far,  far  older;  a  fine  old  lady,  sitting  serenely  in  her,  old  bro- 
cade, with  a  smile  of  contentment,  viewing  unmoved  the  passings  years. 
Some  clever  analyst  once  said  that  the  architecture  of  a  section  is  the  only 
perfect  and  accurate  history  of  its  past;  it  cannot  lie.  The  splendid  old 
homes  of  Covington,  which  have  been  so  perfectly  preserved,  tell  the  story 
of  the  refined  and  advanced  civilization  that  once  obtained  there,  making 
it  one  of  the  most  aristocratic  social  and  political  centers  of  Georgia.  Ox- 
ford College  is  only  two  miles  away,  and  the  proximity  of  this  seat  of 
learning  naturally  gave  Covington  an  atmosphere  of  culture.  Crossing 
the  square  and  passing  out  Floyd  Street  you  come  to  the  home  of  Carey 
Wood,  who,  in  company  with  three  other  adventurous  pioneers,  was  the  first 
settler  of  Covington,  then  backwoods,  or  a  mere  crossroads  on  the  public 
highway  leading  to  Augusta.  This  house,  so  perfectly  preserved  with  its 
dignified  white  columns,  and  fine  air  of  conservative  dignity,  so  simple  yet  so 
suitable,  was,  as  originally  built,  the  first  frame  house  erected  in  Coving- 
ton. The  first  four  rooms  of  this  pioneer  house,  two  above  and  two  below, 
are  still  a  part  of  this  old  dwelling  as  it  now  stands.  They  were  added  to 
from  time  to  time  until  long  before  the  war  the  domicile  achieved  its  present 
form,  since  when  it  has  remained  unaltered. 

Carey  "Wood  and  his  descendants  were  a  large  part  of  old  Covington. 
His  two  daughters,  Laura  and  Pauline,  married  two  brothers,  Colonel 
Eobert  Henderson,  who  was  made  a  general  on  the  battlefield  as  he  was 
dying,  and  Colonel  Jack  Henderson,  both  of  the  Confederate  army.  An- 
other of  his  daughters,  Mary  Jane,  married  Ozborn  T.  Eogers  and  resided 
in  a  splendid  old  Georgia  mansion.  General  Eobert  Henderson  lived  subse- 
quently in  the  old  Gary  Wood  homestead,  which  is'  now  the  residence  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  S.  Swann.  Two  of  General  Henderson's  daughters  reared 
in  this  old  house,  Mrs.  Lod  Hill,  of  Atlanta,  and  Mrs.  E.  Y.  Hill,  of 
Washington,  Wilkes  County,  are  prominent  women  well  known  throughout 
the  State.  Eobert  E.  Wood,  of  Atlanta,  is  a  grandson  of  Carey  Wood. 
Mrs.  Louise  Green,  the  well-known  artist  of  Atlanta,  is  his  grandda.ughter, 
and  his  daughter,  Mrs'.  Ozborn  T.  Eogers,  of  the  famous  old  Eogers  house, 
now  lives  in  Decatur.  Carey  Wood  married  a  Miss  Billups,  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  coming  to  her  husband's  home  in  Georgia,  she  brought  the  nurse 
of  her  childhood  with  her  as  a  body  servant.  At  the  time  of  this  old 
negro's  death,  fifty  of  her  descendants,  none  of  whom  had  ever  been  sold, 
were  owned  by  Carey  Wood,  and  maintained  either  in  his  or  his  children's 
home,  in  addition  to  which  he  had  many  other  slaves. 

Further  out  Floyd  Street,  adjoining  the  old  Wood  pla.^e,  is  the  former 
home  of  Judge  John  Floyd,  one  of  the  foremost  citizens  of  Covington.    This 

♦Articlfe  written  by  Mrs.  Thad  Horton,  of  Atlanta. 


Newton  913 

beautiful  old  house  has  its  colonnade  at  the  very  edge  of  the  sidewalk,  and 
a  view  looking  towards  the  square  with  the  fluted  columns  of  this  old  home 
on  one  side  and  the  green  odur  hanging  trees  on  the  other  is  so  pictur- 
esque that  it  deserves  to  be  perpetuated.  Just  across  from  the  Floyd  house 
is  the  old  Usher  residence,  now  the  home  of  Jack  Henderson,  a  son  of 
Robert  Henderson.  Jack  Henderson  married  Miss  Usher,  whose  father 
built  this  beautiful  old  residence. 

The  best  built  and  the  most  archtectural  of  the  many  old  homes  of 
Covington  is'  the  old  Eogers'  mansion,  now  the  residence  of  Mrs.  Joseph 
Wright,  formerly  the  well-known  Miss  Corrie  Carr.  This  splendid  old  brick 
house,  which  would  be  a  credit  to  any  city,  was  built  by  Colonel  Thomas 
Jones,  the  father  of  Colonel  Thomas  Floyd  Jones,  of  South  Georgia. 
Originally  the  tract  comprised  fifty-five  acres.  A  spacious  lawn  surrounded 
the  house,  there  being  no  neighbors  on  either  side,  as  there  are  now.  . 
The  picturesque  old  English-looking  residence  stood  on  a  noble  eminence 
with  its  well  designed  loggia,  overlooking  the  town.  A  high  open  brick 
wall  surrounded  the  house  garden,  which  was  laid  out  in  formal  flower 
beds.  These  beds  were  surrounded  by  a  boxwood  hedge,  planted  by  Mrs. 
Eogers  herself,  now  a  venerable  lady  of  82,  who  tells  me  that  some  forty 
years  ago  this  hedge  had  grown  to  be  waist  high.  The  old  walls  and  box- 
wood hedges  have  all  been  moved  away;  neighbors'  have  established  them^ 
selves  to  the  right  and  left,  but  the  fine  old  house  still  overlooks  the  city 
from  its  splendid  eminence.  The  brick  used  in  its  building  are  said  to 
have  cost  $10,000,  for  all  the  interior  walls  are  of  solid  masonry.  But 
shortly  after  the  war,  the  old  house  with  its  surrounding  acres  were  sold 
for  the  meager  sum  of  $3,800. 

The  most  picturesque  home  in  Covington  is  decidedly  the  old  Neal 
homestead.  It  was  sold  many  years  ago  to  David  Spence,  whose  daughter, 
Mrs.  Sheppard,  inherited  the  place,  and  whose  family  now  resides  there. 
This  most  typical  and  picturesque  old  home,  with  its  outside  chimneys 
and  noble  Grecian  portico,  was  built  by  McCormick  Neal,  the  brother  of 
the  late  T.  B.  Neal,  of  Atlanta,  the  brother,  also,  of  the  late  MIrs.  Pitt- 
man,  the  late  Mr.  Keely  and  of  Mrs.  E.  H.  Thornton.  The  beautiful  old 
cedar  trees  and  boxwood  hedges  were  planted  by  Mrs.  Neal  herself  many 
years  ago.  She  has  many  descendants  and  relatives  in  Atlanta,  among 
them  ISljs.  Emma  Neal  Douglas,  whose  recent  work  among  the  convicts  of 
the  Federal  prison  have  endeared  her  to  all  benevolent  people. 

On  ringing  the  doorbell  to  ask  permission  to  take  a  pnotograph  of  the 
old  place,  I  was  invited  to  enter,  which  gave  me  an  opportunity  to  study 
the  plan  of  the  house  and  see  the  woodwork,  which  is  always  a  most 
interesting  feature  of  old  ante-bellum  houses.  The  woodwork  is  of  white 
and  gold,  the  mantel  in  the  quaint  old  drawing  room  one  of  the  most 
charming  colonial  designs  I  have  ever  seen,  and  worthy  of  reproduction  in 
the  finest  latter-day  mansions. 

Most  of  the  old  homes  in  Covington  are  in  a  state  of  splendid  preser- 
vation and  in  perfect  repair.    Indeed  the  spirit  of  repair  pervades  the  town ; 


914       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  'old  Bob  Wood  place  was  being  done  over  inside  and  out,  and  the  old 
Eogers  or  Wight  home  was  in  the  hands  of  interior  decorators.  But  every 
now  and  then  I  came  upon  some  beautiful  old  welling  gray  with  time,  and 
these  were  by  far  the  most  interesting  and  romantic  of  all.  One  of 
these  was  on  the  corner  just  above  the  old  Neal  residence.  A  mass  of 
crimson  crepe  myrtle  flaunted  itself  against  a  background  of  antique 
white  clapboards.  The  gardens  to  the  front  and  to  the  side  and  the 
rear  were  mellow  with  age,  and  seemed  to  have  been  undisturbed  for 
years  by  a  single  footfall.  Moss  and  lichens  and  pretty  tender  weeds 
grew  everywhere.  It  was,  I  ascertained,  the  home  of  Mrs.  Virginia  Usher 
Camp,  the  widow  of  Septimus  Camp,  who  died  a  few  months  after  his 
marriage,  leaving  his  bride  this  beautiful  old  home,  where  she  has  continued 
to  reside  entirely  alone  for  the  last  fifty  years.  No  wonder  the  garden 
,  seemed  undisturbed,  with  only  her  light  footfall  passing  through  there. 
Mrs.  Camp  showed  us  through  her  home,  and  gave  us  as  souvenir  the 
published  scores  of  some  songs  of  her  own  composition.  Later  we  had 
water  from  her  picturesque  and  moss-grown  old  well.  Although  Mrs.  Camp 
has  owned  this  place  for  fifty  years,  it  has  an  even  more  ancient  history, 
having  been  for  a  generation  earlier  than  its  purchase  by  Septimus  Camp 
the  home  of  the  well-known  Batts  family,  of  Georgia.  The  daughter  of 
the  house.  Miss  Adelaide  Batts,  married  E.  W.  Marsh,  then  one  of  the 
merchant  princes  of  Atlanta.  Her  children,  M'cAllen  (Batts)  Marsh  and 
Mrs.  Green  Adair,  still  reside  here. 

It  is  hard  to  say  which  was  the  most  charming,  the  ride  to  Covington 
or  the  ride  home  again.  Perhaps  the  latter — we  had  so  many  things  to 
think  of.  As  we  sped  along,  the  dusk  began  to  thicken.  In  an  incred- 
ibly short  time  we  were  speeding  through  the  cool  moist  air  of  Druid 
Hills;  next  we  were  home.  But  though  we  were  back  again,  the  glamour 
was  still  upon  us — the  glamour  of  the  old  South. 


Henry  Ivy:  Revolu-    Henry  Ivy,  or  Ivey,  perhaps  a  South 
tionary  Soldier.  Carolinian  by  birth,  was  a  soldier 

in  "Washington's  army  at  Valley 
Forge,  but  he  moved  into  Newton  with  his  family,  in- 
cluding two  sons,  soon  after  the  county  was  opened 
to  settlement.  He  died  before  the  day  of  pensions, 
carrying  to  his  grave  the  marks  of  his  warfare,  espe- 
cially during  the  bleak  winter  at  Valley  Forge.  His 
death  occurred  in  18.39  or  1840,  at  the  age  of  four-score 
years.    With  his  wife,  who  jDreceded  him  to  the  grave. 


Newton  91o 


he  is  buried  at  Eed  Oak  Cemetery,  eleven  miles  south  of 
Covington.  Like  many  of  his  patriotic  comardes,  he 
went  to  his  last  resting-place,  ''unknoA\^,  unhonored 
and  unsung, ' '  but  in  the  sky  above  him  waves  the  starry 
emblem  for  which  he  fought,  symbolizing  the  greatest 
power  on  earth. 


Pioneer  Temper-  During  the  early  days  of  Newton  County  it  was  quite 
ance  Movement.  ^^^^  fashion  to  partake  of  fiery  intoxicants.  Every 
household  had  its  decanter  of  spirituous  liquors.  If 
a  neighbor  came  in,  even  before  breakfast,  he  was  invited  to  take  a  social 
drink,  and  he  seldom  refused.  Between  the  years  1824  and  1826  the  first 
move  in  the  direction  of  temperance  was'  inaugurated  by  the  adoption  of 
what  is  still  remembered  by  some  of  the  older  generation  as  the  Washing- 
ton pledge.  Temperance  organizations  wei-e  formed  throughout  the  country, 
in  the  constitutions  of  which  this  pledge  was  embodied;  and  the  effect  upon 
the  local  population  was  marked.  At  the  old  Red  Oak  Methodist  Church, 
Dr.  Alexander  Means,  of  venerated  memory,  delivered  a  lecture  on  temper- 
ance, the  impression  produced  by  which  upon  the  popular  mind  was  most 
profound.  As  a  result  there  was  formed  a  small  temperance  society,  the 
members  of  which  abandoned  the  usei  of  alcoholic  stimulants,  except  for 
medicinal  purposes;  removed  their  decanters  from  the  bureaus  and  side- 
boards and  taught  their  children  "to  touch  not,  taste  not,  handle  not  the 
unclean  thing. ' ' 


The  Indian  Fishery,  in  the  southern  part  of  Newton  County,  near 
the  junction  of  South  and  Yellow  Rivers,  there 
is  a  famous  shoal  called  "The  Indian  Fishery."  It  acquired  this'  name 
from  the  fact  that  large  numbers  of  Indians  camped  here  at  one  time  to 
trade  and  to  fish.  The  savages  gathered  for  this  purpose  in  the  early 
spring,  because  at  this  season  a  great  many  salt-water  fish  called  shad 
came  up  to  the  shoal.  These  were  very  fine  fish,  weighing  from  two  to  four 
pounds  each.     But  shad  no  longer  abound  in  the  stream  at  this  point. 


Pioneer   Industries       Captain   John   "Webb,   in   association   with   a   Mr. 
of  Ne'Wton  "White,  built   the   first   cotton   mill   in   the  County 

of  Newton.  It  was  erected  on  the  Alcova  River, 
about  ten  miles  south  of  Covington.  Some  time  later  this  co-partnership 
was  dissolved,  after  which  Mr.  White  built  a  cotton  mill  a  short  distance 


916        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

down  the  same  stream.  At  both  places  flour  mills,  with  quite  a  large  capac- 
ity, were  also  erected.  During  the  Civil  War,  "White 's  mill  was  burned  hj 
the  Federals.    Webb's  mill  was  destroyed  by  fire  at  a  much  later  period. 


Porterdale.  Three  miles  southwest  of  Covington,  at  Porterdale,  are 
located  the  largest  cordage  mills  in  the  world.  In  1868 
Colonel  E.  Steadman  bought  1,012  acres  on  and  around  the  site  now  occu- 
pied by  this  great  establishment.  He  included  in  his  purchase  a  section 
of  Yellow  Elver,  at  a  point  on  which,  then  known  as  Cedar  Shoals,  he 
established  a  township  called  Steadman.  Here  he  afterwards  erected  a 
mill  known  as  the  Cedar  Shoals  Factory,  where  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics 
were  both  manufactured.  This  plant  was  operated  by  Mr.  Steadman  for 
years,  after  which  he  sold  the  property  to  the  late  O.  S.  Porter,  Esq.,  who 
converted  the  same  into  a  mill  for  the  manufacture  of  twine ;  and  later 
formed  a  combination  with  the  Bibb  Manufacturing  Company,  out'  of 
which  grew  the  famous  Porterdale  Mills.  The  town  of  Steadman  has 
given  place  to  Porterdale,  Ga.,  a  town  of  1,500  inhabitants,  and  the 
terminus  of  a  branch  line  of  the  Central  Eailroad. 


Mr.  G.  C.  Adam's  I"  1893,  Mr.  G.  C.  Adams,  County  School  Corn- 
Fine  Work  missioner  of  Newton,  introduced  in  the  rural  dis- 
tricts of  this  county  an  innovation  which  has  since 
met  with  almost  universal  adoption,  viz.,  the  free  transportation  of  school 
children  to  the  rural  schools  of  the  district.  His  modest  experim.ents'  marked 
the  beginning  of  the  present  transportation  .system  now  in  operation  through- 
out the  United  States.  Nor  has  the  progress  of  this  reform  movement  been 
restricted  to  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  has  spread  even  to  Eng- 
land, where  the  periodicals  have  published  full  accounts  of  the  system,  with 
detailed  maps  of  Newton  County,  including  the  various  routes.  In  1894 
Mr.  Adams  also  organized  the  Boys'  Corn  Club  in  the  South.  His  object 
was  to  encourage  the  boys  to  remain  on  the  farms,  by  developing  a  whole- 
some spirit  of  rivalry  among  them.  This  movement  was  at  once  adopted 
by  all  the  Southern  States,  and  today  the  number  of  workers  enlisted  in 
this  crusade  for  the  betterment  of  farm  life  in  the  South  reaches'  far  up 
into  the  hundreds  of  thousands. 


Newton's  Window  at      -^t    the    state   Capitol,    in   Atlanta,    there   is    a 
the  State  CaDitol  leaded    window    put    there    by    the   citizens    of 

Newton  County  in  1895,  the  year  of  the  Cotton 
States  and  International  Exposition.  Instead  of  having  the  regulation  dis- 
play, the  citizens  placed  this  window  in   the  Georgia   building   and   after- 


Newton  917 

wards,  through  the  co-operation  of  Hon.  L.  F.  Livingston  and  Captain  John 
Milledge,  it  was  placed  in  the  library  of  the  State  "Capitol,  where  it  de- 
picts the  marvelous  resources'  of  Newton.  The  central  panel,  portraying 
the  county's  water  powers,  was  the  gift  of  the  Bibb  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, of  Porterdale,  Ga. 


Rev.  A.  C.  Mixon :      Much   of   the   information   contained   in   this   work 

Newton's  relative  to  Newton  County  has  been  furnished  by 

ij     J.  T>      •  1      X  ^   gentleman,   now   in   his   ninety-fourth  year,   who 

Oldest  Kesident.        ,      v,  ^    i    j?  ^.i,         +     •      J-       r   <- 

has  been  a  resident  of  the  county  since  his  earliest 
infancy:  Eev.  A.  C.  Mixon.  The  home  of  this  revered  patriarch  is  at 
Mixon,  twelve  miles  south  of  Covington.  His  father  bought  a  tract  of 
land  in  this  section  of  the  county  when  there  were  no  roads  in  this  part 
of  Georgia — nothing  but  Indian  trails;  and  here,  on  what  waal  then  the 
frontier  belt  of  the  wilderness,  exposed  to  the  danger  of  savage  attacks, 
Mr.  Mixon  was  born  in  1821.  President  Jefferson  and  Emperor  Napoleon 
were  still  alive— ;-the  former  an  old  man  at  his  country  home  in  Virginia, 
the  latter  a  prisoner  on  the  Isle  of  St.  Helena.  Mr.  Mixon  is  the  oldest 
living  graduate  of  Emory  College,  and  the  oldest  resident  of  Newton 
County;  but  his  eye  is  still  bright,  his  step  elastic,  and  his  memory  of  past 
events  as  clear  as  a  crystal  morning.  He  is  a  splendid  talker,  a  man  of 
varied  and  wide  information,  and  a  most  genial  gentleman.  Because  he 
has  kept  his  heart  pure,  he  finds  the  evening  of  his  life  serene;  and  may 
his  golden  twilight  linger  long. 


Col.  Alfred  Living'-  Colonel  Alfred  Livingston  Was  one  of  the  most 
'^toTJ  •   Hi<?   E<?rflnp  noted  men  of  Newton.     He  reached  a  phenom- 

■p  +V.     T    ^"  e^sd    age,    somewhere    up    in    the    nineties,    and 

J;  rom  the  Indians.  reared    a    son    who    represented    his    district    in 

Congress  for  twenty  consecutive  years.  There  were  many  incidents  of  a 
most  dramatic  character  in  the  long  pilgrimage  of  Colonel  Livingston,  but 
nothing  to  surpass  his  wonderful  escape  from  the  Indians,  when  a  lad.  As 
told  by  one  conversant  with  the  facts,  the  story  runs  as  follows:  On  tlie 
border  of  Taliaferro  County,  touching  Greene,  there  lived  in  the  pioneer 
days  of  our  country  a  little  family  consisting  of  three  members,  father, 
mother  and  son,  who  were  fighting  hard  to  exist,  with  the  odds  heavily 
against  them.  Many  were  the  hardships  and  dangers  to  which  they  were 
exposed  on  the  perilous  belt  of  the  frontier.  Indian  tribes  were  all  around 
them,  and  they  were  most  hostile  to  these  struggling  settlers. 

One  day  the  father  was  called  away  from  home  on  business  which  re- 
quired his  absence  for  several  days,   and  his   final  word  of  warning  was: 


918       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

"Be  careful  of  the  Indiaus,  and  be  ready  for  an  attack  at  any  moment." 
The  first  day  i)assed  without  incident,  and  as  the  shadows  lengthened  mother 
and  son  began  to  make  ready  for  the  night.  The  rude  home  was  provided 
with  cumbersome  doors  and  shutters,  but  these  were  made  fast.  Strange 
to  say,  the  only  weapon  in  the  cabin  with  which  to  repel  a  hostile  visit 
was  an  axe,  but  this  w^as  made  sharp  in  case  of  need.  With  every  precaution 
taken,  they  prepared  to  retire.  But  no  sleep  awaited  them,  for  the  watch- 
ful Indians  had  seen  the  husband  and  father  leave  his  little  home  early 
that  morning,  and  they  knew  that  now  was  the  hour  for  attack,  hoping  to 
count  two  scalps'  in  their  belt  before  midnight.  As  mother  and  son  sat 
around  the  little  hearthstone,  suddenly  a  wierd  scream  pierced  the  stillness 
of  the  outer  world,  and  both  knew  that  in  a  few  mpmeuts  tlie  house  would 
be  surrounded  by  the  fierce  men  of  the  forest. 

Impelled  by  a  sudden  impulse  the  mother  seized  the  axe  and  stationed 
herself  at  the  window,  while  the  lad,  armed  with  a  cudgel,  stood  guard 
at  the  door.  The  Indians,  with  a  war-whoop,  began  to  surround  the  little 
cabin.  The  first  point  of  attack  was  the  door,  but  this  was  securely  fastened, 
and  foiled  here,  they  next  addressed  themselves  to  the  rudely  shuttered 
window.  At  a  single  stroke  the  frail  protection  fell  to  the  floor,  and  a 
warlike  Indian  thrust'  his  head  through  the  opening.  The  mother  aimed 
well  Avith  her  axe,  and  the  head  of  the  savage  intruder  was  severed  from 
his  body.  The  other  Indians  were  greatly  enraged.  When  the  limp  body 
fell  to  the  gi'ound  outside  a  second  Indian  thrust  his  head  in,  and  quickly 
he,  too,  fell  to  the  ground  in  a  lump  beside  his  comrades. 

Three  times  wdth  unerring  stroke  did  this  brave  woman  fight  for  her 
offspring,  and  when  the  third  body  fell  to  the  ground  outside  the  survivors 
decided  to  attack  the  house  by  a  descent  through  the  chimney.  One  of  the 
redskins  clambered  on  the  roof  and  swung  himself  down  into  the  little 
room.  But  the  mother  was  alert,  and  with  one  well-aimed  blow  the  fourth 
victim  was  sent  to  a  bloody  death.  Only  one  other  redskin  remained.  When 
his  companion  failed  to  return,  he  became  terrified  and  fled.  All  night 
the  inmates  of  the  cabin  watched  and  waited,  expecting  a  return  of  the 
enemy  at  any  moment.  But  the  night  dragged  slowly  away  w-ithout  further 
incident,  and  dawn's  first  rays  of  light  found  the  watchers  ready  to  perform 
the  gruesome  task  of  burying  the  dead.  The  mother  decided  to  make  a 
large  fire  from  the  accumulated  brush  around  the  house,  hoping  thereby  to 
deceive  the  Indians,  but  when  the  savages  approached  near  enough  to 
perceive  the  ruse  they  became  infuriated,  and  rushing  upon  the  helpless 
woman  scalped  her. 

Though  in  mortal  pain,  she  possessed  sufficient  presence  of  mind  to 
show  no  signs  of  life,  until  the  Indians  finally  left  her  for  dead.  At  last 
when  she  could  hear  no  sounds  from  the  redskins  she  arose  and  started 
back  to  the  cabin,  her  only  thought  being  her  boy.  She  had  not  dragged 
herself  far  before  she  saw  her  husband  returning,  but  ere  he  reached  her 
she  fell  to  the  ground  in  a  fainting  condition.     The  distracted  husband  bore 


Newton  919 

her  tenderly  into  the  house,  where  she  breathed  her  last  in  a  very  short 
while.  The  lad,  who  had  gone  in  search  of  his  father,  returned  just  in  time 
to  see  his  mother's  eyes  close  in  death.  This  son  was  Alfred  Livingston. 
Eemoving  to  Newton  County  years  afterwards  he  bought  property  in  the 
western  part  of  the  county,  calling  the  place  at  which  he  settled  Bethany, 
in  honor  of  the  historic  old  church  in  Taliaferro  County,  to  which  his 
family  belonged  before  he  came  to  Newton. 


Oxford.  Oxford,  the  seat  of  Emory  College,  came  into 
existence  with  the  great  school  of  Methodism 
which  was  here  located  in  the  mid-thirties,  bringing  to 
this  little  college  town  some  of  Georgia's  best  families. 
It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  December  2,3,  1839, 
with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Rich- 
ard L.  Sims,  Ignatius  A.  Few,  Samuel  J.  Bryan,  Acche- 
laus  H.  Mitchell,  Harmon  Lamar  and  James  H.  Bryan. ^ 
The  Oxford  Female  Academy  was  incorporated  on  De- 
cember 19,  1840,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees: 
James  0.  Andrew,  William  Capers,  Augustus  B.  Long- 
street,  Samuel  J.  Bryan,  Richard  L.  Sims,  William  H. 
Mell  and  George  Lane.- 


Some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  the  State  have 
been  residents  of  Oxford.  The  list  includes :  Bishop 
George  F.  Pierce,  one  of  the  greatest  orators  of  the 
American  pulpit ;  Judge  Augustus  B.  Longstreet,  author 
of  ''Georgia  Scenes;"  Justice  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  a  son- 
in-law  of  Judge  Longstreet,  afterwards  a  member  of 
Congress,  a  United  States  Senator,  a  Cabinet  officer 
under  President  Cleveland,  and  an  occupant  of  the  LTnited 
States  Supreme  Court  Bench ;  Bisho]i  Atticus  G.  TTay- 
good,  theologian,  educator,  author  and  administrator; 
Bishop  James  0.  Andrew,  first  Bishop  of  the  M.  E. 
Church,  South;  Dr.  Ignatius  A.  Few,  a  noted  pioneer  edu- 
cator and   divine;   Dr.   Alexander   Means,   an    eminent 


»  Acts,    1839,    p.    SO. 
"  Acts,    p.    7. 


920       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

scholar,  poet  and  man  of  science;  Dr.  Isaac  S.  Hopkins, 
afterwards  president  of  the  Georgia  School  of  Technol- 
ogy; Bishop  Warren  A.  Candler,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  great  Methodist  University  which  bears  his  family 
name,  and  to  the  chancellorship  of  which  he  was  called; 
Hon.  Robert  U.  Hardeman,  former  State  Treasurer  of 
Georgia,  and  a  host  of  others. 


Justice  Perhaps  the  most  illustrious  graduate  of  Emory  Col- 

L  O  C  Lamar  College  was  the  renowned  jurist  and  statesman ;  L.  Q.  G. 
Lamar.  Entering  the  freshman  class  in  1841,  he 
received  his  diploma  in  1845.  Some  few  years  later  he  married  Virginia 
Longstreet,  the  beautiful  daughter  of  the  president,  and  when  Judge  Long- 
street  removed  to  Mississippi  to  become  the  head  of  the  new  university, 
he  soon  followed,  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  his  adopted  State. 
He  became  a  member  of  Congress,  an  envoy  to  Europe,  on  behalf  of  the 
Confederate  government,  during  the  Civil  War,  a  Senator  of  the  United 
States,  a  member  of  the  Cabinet  of  President  Cleveland,  under  the  latter 's 
first  administration,  and  finally  an  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  But  he  never  ceased  to  love  Georgia.  Throughout 
his  whole  life,  he  remained  loyal  to  Emory,  and  nothing  delighted  him  more 
than  to  recount  the  recollections  of  his  long  sojourn  of  four  years  at  Ox- 
ford. In  the  commencement  address  which  he  delivered  in  the  summer  of 
1870,  before  the  alumni  of  the  college,  he  paid  the  following  beautiful 
tribute  to  the  old  town.     Said  he: 

"No  spot  on  earth  has  so  helped  to  form  and  make  me  what  I  am 
as  this  town  of  Oxford.  It  was  here,  in  the  church  which  stands  a  little 
further  up  the  street  that  I  became  fully  impressed  with  the  value  and 
peril  of  my  soul,  and  was  led  to  pour  out  my  contrite  confessions.  It  was 
in  yonder  building,  which  now  seems  so  deserted,  that  I  became  conscious 
of  power.  It  was  here,  in  the  Phi  Gamma  Society,  that  I  received  my 
training  as  a  debater.  I  see  before  me  now  many  who  wrestled  with  me 
in  the  arena  of  argument.  There  sits  a  man  who  was  one  of  the  first — he 
was,  indeed,  actually  the  second — to  suggest  that  I  had  powers  Avithin  me 
to  stir  men's  hearts  and  to  convince  the  reason.  Wesley  Hughes  was  the 
first.  I  know  not  where  he  is,  but  I  send  to  him  my  greetings  wherever  he 
may  be.  There  sits  the  venerable  man  who,  when  I  delivered  by  gradu- 
ating address,  in  approval  of  its  sentiments,  placed  his  hand  upon  my  head 
and  gave  me  his  blessing.  There  is  another  old  man  who  sat  at  the  very 
fountain  head  of  my  mind,  and  with  loving  hand  directed  the  channel  in 
which  it  was  required  to  flow  and  who.  when  I  arrived  at  manhood,  gave 


Oconee  921 

me  my  betrotlieil  bride,  who  has  ever  since  held  the  choicest   place  in  my 
affections  and  made  my  life  one  constant  song  of  joy." 


Zora  Fair !  A  Heroine      ^t\\\   fragrant   in   the   memory   of   the   town   of 
nf  tViP  Pivil  War  Oxford    is    the    daring    exploit    of    a    beautiful 

South  Carolina  girl,  who  refugeed  to  this  re- 
mote Georgia  village  during  the  Civil  War.  Her  name  was  Zora  Fair.  She 
was  living  with  an  uncle,  Mr.  Abram  Crews,  in  the  famous  old  city  of 
Charleston,  when  the  latter  was  detailed  by  the  Confederate  government 
to  run  the  blockade  to  Europe.  Before  embarking  upon  this  perilous 
enterprise,  he  sought  to  find  a  safe  retreat  for  his  family,  and,  having 
friends  in  the  little  village  of  Oxford,  he  brought  them  hither,  and  with 
the  other  members  of  his  household  came  Zora  Fair.  She  was  a  frail  slip 
of  a  girl,  but  she  came  of  courageous  stock,  with  wonderful  powers  of 
endurance,  as  events  were  to  prove,  and  with  a  spirit  as  brave  as  ever 
animated  the  maid  of  Orleans.  The  story  is  too  long  to  be  told  in  this 
connection,  but  those  who  wish  to  read  an  accoiTut  of  this  brave  girl 's 
heroism  can  find  it  in  "  Grandmother  Stories, '  '*  a  charming  little  book 
written  by  Mrs.  Howard  Meriwether  Lovett,  of  Augusta.  It  is  enough  for 
present  purposes  to  say  here  that,  disguising  herself  as  a  mulatto  negress, 
she  crossed  the  Yellow  Eiver,  on  a  partially  destroyed  mill  dam,  and  rhade 
her  way  on  foot  to  Atlanta,  where,  passing  the  enemy 's  lines,  she  gained 
access  to  General  Sherman's  headquarters,  possessed  herself  of  certain 
secrets  pertaining  to  the  Federal  plan  of  campaign;  and,  narrowly  escaping 
death  under  fire  of  a  sentinel 's  gun,  she  returned  with  blistered  feet  to 
Oxford,  from  which  place  she  sought  to  communicate  by  letter  with  Gen- 
eral Joseph  E.  Johnston,  then  at  Lincolnton,  N.  C.  But,  unfortunately, 
the  brave  girl's'  message  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Federals.  Troops  were 
sent  to  Oxford  to  effect  her  capture,  but  she  remained  in  hiding  until  danger 
was  well  past.  If  the  letter  had  reached  General  Johnston  there  might  have 
been  a  different  story  for  the  historians  to  tell.  This  daring  exploit  orig- 
inated in  the  fertile  brain  of  the  young  girl  herself.  She  undertook  its 
bold  and  hazardous  evecution  without  help;  and  though  it  failed  of  suc- 
cess, it  proclaimed  her  a  brave  and  fearless  girl,  possessed  of  the  spirit  of 
the  true  heroine ;  and  her  name  deserves  to  be  embalmed  for  all  time  to  come 
in  the  grateful  affections  of  her  beloved  Southland. 


OCONEE 
Historic  old      Watkinsville,   the   county-seat   of  Oconee, 
Watkinsville.    is  one  of  the  most  historic  towns  of  Geor- 
gia, reaching  back  over  the  dusty  stretch 
of  more  than  a  himdred  years  to  the  heroic  age  of  the 

•Grandmother  Stories,  by  Howard  Meriwether  Dovett,  pp.   1G3-171. 


922        Georgia's  Landmarks,  ]\Iemorials  and  Legends 

pioneers.  In  1801,  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  Clarke 
County  was  formed  out  of  a  part  of  Jackson,  on  what  was 
then  our  western  border,  and  named  for  the  valiant  Eev- 
olutionary  leader.  General  Elijah  Clarke;  while  the 
county-seat  of  the  new  county  was  called  Watkinsville, 
in  compliment  to  Hon.  Robert  Watkins,  of  Augusta,  one 
of  the  State's  ablest  lawyers.  Thomas  Booth  was  prob- 
ably the  earliest  settler  on  the  site  of  the  future  town, 
but  Dr.  Harden  soon  followed  him  and  Iniilt  a  handsome 
home  on  what  is  still  known  as  Harden 's  Hill,  later  the 
property  of  Hon.  B.  E.  Thrasher. 


Bishop  Haygood's     One  of  the  first  lawyers  to  open  an 
Old  Home.  office   at   Watkinsville  was   Green   B. 

Haygood,  Esq.,  whose  son,  Atticus  G. 
Haygood,  a  native  of  this  town,  was  destined  to  become 
a  prince  of  preachers  and  one  of  the  tall  landmarks  of 
Southern  Methodism.  Bishop  Haygood  filled  many  ard- 
uous roles.  As  a  minister  of  the  Gospel  he  possessed 
few  equals.  As  an  educator  he  stood  at  the  very  fore- 
front. As  a  profound  theologian  he  moulded  the  minds 
of  men.  As  a  writer  he  wielded  not  only  a  trenchant, 
but  a  fearless  pen;  and  as  a  bishop  of  the  church  he 
proved  himself  to  be  a  man  of  God  divinely  called  to  a 
great  work.  On  account  of  some  of  his  advanced  views, 
especially  on  the  race  problem,  he  did  not  escape  criti- 
cism, but  he  lived  to  witness  a  radical  change  of  senti- 
ment on  this  line,  and  to  inaugurate  a  new  era  in  the 
South.  His  sister,  Laura,  a  noted  educator,  who  devoted 
the  last  years  of  her  useful  life  to  missionary  work  in 
China,  was  likewise  a  native  of  Watkinsville. 

Eev.  John  Calvin  Johnson,  a  name  which  no  one  in 
Watkinsville  can  mention  except  with  honor,  was  for 
years  a  commanding  figure  among  the  pioneers,  a  man 
of  great  influence  with  the  people  and  of  great  favor  with 
God.  AValter  Johnson,  his  son,  was  for  years  tax-col- 
lector of  the  county,  while  his  grandson,  John  Calvin,  Ji'., 


OcoxEE  923 

afterwards  held  the  office  of  Ordinary.  Oconee's  earliest 
probate  judge  was  Asa  M.  Jackson,  a  man  greatly  be- 
loved, whose  tenure  of  ser^dce  covered  a  period  of  forty- 
seven  years,  one  of  the  longest  in  the  history  of  the 
State.  His  successors  in  office  have  been :  James  R. 
Lyle,  B.  E.  Thrasher,  H.  A.  Thomas,  John  Calvin  John- 
son, Jr.,  and  A.  H.  Morton.  The  first  court-house  was  a 
frame  building,  reared  in  1806.  It  was  afterwards  re- 
placed by  a  large  structure  of  brick,  covered  with  blue 
stucco  and  shaded  by  immense  oaks.  This  fine  old  build- 
ing was  erected  by  John  Birch,  grandfather  of  the  late 
Chancellor  Walter  B.  Hill,  of  the  University  of  Georgia. 


Recollections  of  J"<^ge  Basil  H.  Overby,  oue  of  the  first  advocates  of 
Tiide'e  Overbv  temjjeiance  in  Georgia,  though  not  a  resident  of 
Watkinsville,  was  affiliated  to  some  extent  with  the 
people  of  the  town  by  ties  of  marriage.  His  first  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  John  and  Sarah  (Barton)  Thrasher,  and  by  reason  of  this  fact  he  was 
always  close  to  the  people  of  Watkinsville  and  often  a  visitor  here.  There 
was  not  a  fiiner  character  during  his  day  in  Georgia  than  Judge  Overby: 
eloquent,  magnetic,  fearless,  public-spirited.  His  .daughter-in-law,  Mrs. 
Earle  Overby,  perhajis  the  best  loved  woman  in  Watkinsville,  still  treasures 
among  her  keepsakes  a  little  pamphlet  which  bears  this  title:  "Basil 
Overby  Union,  Daughters  of  Temperance,  No.  11. "  It  is  dated  1853 ; 
and,  in  view  of  the  marvelous  world-wide  growth  to  which  the  great 
W.  C.  T.  U.  movement  has  attained,  it  is  a  matter  of  the  most  intense 
interest  to  scan  the  pages  of  this  little  pamphlet,  in  which  the  modest 
beginnings  of  a  great  modern  reform  are  reflected  in  print.  Mrs.  Overby 
is  a  brilliantly  cultured  woman,  a  great  lover  of  books ;  and  such  is  the 
esteem  in  which  she  is  held  by  every  one  in  Watkinsville  that  a  splendid 
library  has  been  established,  bearing  her  name;  and  this  library  is  one 
of  the  glories  of  the  little  town. 

Judge  Overby 's  second  wife  Avas  the  youngest  daughter  of  General 
Hugh  A.  Haralson,  and  a  sister  to  Mrs.  Logan  E.  Bleckley  and  Mrs.  .John 
B.  Gordon.  Though  he  died  early  in  life.  Judge  Overby  has  left  the  im- 
press of  his  genius  upon  the  State.  Nor  does  the  man  who  espouses  a 
weak  cause,  when  a  tremendous  moral  issue  is  at  stake,  deserve  any  less 
to  be  admired  than  the  man  who  presides  over  a  great  tribunal  of  justice 
or  leads  an  army  to  battle.  His  children  by  the  first  wife  were:  Barton, 
Nick,  Earle,  Mrs.  James  Middlebrooks,  ^Mrs  W^.  W.  Price  and  ■Mrs.  Robert 
Winship.  There  was  only  one  child  by  his  second  marriage,  a  daughter 
Lizzie,  who  married  Captain  Charles  W.  Williams.     The  latter  was  given 


924       Georgia's  Landmarks,' JVI^morials  and  Legends 

a  General's  commission  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  war,  but 
died  of  yellow  fever  in  the  Philippines.  Basil  O.  Lenoir,  a  son  of  Mrs. 
James  Middlebrooks  by  her  first  marriage,  is  today  one  of  the  most  useful 
men  in  the  government  service,  entrusted  frequently  with  delicate  and  dif- 
ficult commissions. 


Pioneer  Fa>IIlilies     '^'•'  mentiou  by  name  only  some  of  the  other  pioneer 
of  the  Town  families     of     Watkinsville,     the     list     includes:     the 

Greshams,  the  Lees,  the  Applings,  the  Elders,  the 
Thomases,  the  Ligons,  the  Billupses,  the  Paines,  the  Taneys,  the  Harrises, 
the  Durhams  and  many  others.  In  1871,  by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature, 
Athens  was  made  the  county-seat  of  Clarke,  a  removal  credited  to  Judge 
Emory  Speer,  even  then  a  power  in  politics,  though  a  young  man  in  his 
twenties.  Great  dissatisfaction  was  aroused,  especially  in  the  territory 
around  Watkinsville;  and  such  was  the  pressure  brought  to  bear  upon  the 
Legislature  that,  on  February  25,  1875,  a  ncAV  county  called  Oconee  was 
created  out  of  Clarke,  with  Watkinsville  for  its  county-seat.  Since  1819 
only  two  men  have  suffered  the  death  penalty  in  Oconee,  a  record  which 
attests  the  law-abiding  character  of  its  citizens.  But  there  is  little  cause 
for  astonishment.  The  ethical  standard  was  set  years  ago  when  Micajah 
Bone,  Esq.,  was  presented  to  the  Grand  Jury  for  swearing  and  for  taking 
his  Maker's  name  in  vain. 


Graves  of  ReVOlU-       ^^    ^^^^    county    cemeteries    near    Watkinsville    the 
tioTinrv  ^o1Hi<»r<?  graves    of   four   Eevolutionary  soldiers   have   been 

located.  These  are  Josiah  Elder,^  David  Thurman, 
Colquitt  Freeman  and  John  Freeman.  Applications  for  markers  have  al- 
ready been  made  by  I\lrs.  Robert  Smith,  at  Watkinsville. 


OGLETHORPE 

Historic  Old  ]\Iiicli  of  Georgia's  history,  in  ante-bellum 
Lexington.  days,  was  made  by  a  group  of  statesmen 
whose  homes  are  yet  standing  amid  the 
historic  shades  of  the  little  town  of  Lexington.  Gilmer, 
Upson,  Lumpkin,  Cobb,  Crawford — these  are  names 
which  have   made   the   annals   of   Georgia   resplendent. 


♦Not  David  Elder,  as  stated  in  Vol.   I. 


Oglethorpe  925 

But  here  they  are  found  in  the  minute-books  of  church 
sessions,  and  in  the  records  of  to^^^l  meetings,  while 
the  great  men  who  modestly  wore  them  were  known 
chiefly  as  neighbors,  whose  crowning  traits,  in  village 
eyes,  were  those  of  the  country  gentleman  of  the  old 
school.  On  December  19,  1793,  Oglethorpe  was  formed 
from  a  part  of  Wilkes,  and  under  the  provisions  of  this 
same  Act  Lexington  was  made  the  county-seat.  The 
town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  providing  for  its  better 
regulation,  on  November  24,  1806,  at  which  time  the 
following  town  commissioners  were  named,  to-wit. :  Mat- 
thew Gage,  George  Phillips,  John  Gresham,  Thomas  W. 
Cobb  and  George  Paschal.*  The  famous  Meson  Academy, 
at  Lexington,  is  almost  as  old  as  the  town  itself.  It  was 
founded  as  the  Academy  of  Oglethorpe  County,  but  on 
November  27,  1807,  it  became  Meson  Academy,  in  honor 
of  a  wealthy  townsman,  Francis  Meson,  who  bequeathed 
to  the  school  a  large  estate,  real  and  personal.  At  the 
same  time  the  following  board  of  trustees  was  chosen 
to  govern  the  school  under  its  new  name :  John  Lump- 
kin, William  Harris  Crawford,  Benjamin  Baldwin, 
George  Phillips,  James  Luckie,  Obediah  Jones  and 
Thomas  W.  Cobb.  The  Presbyterian  Church  at  Lexing- 
ton is  the  oldest  church  in  the  Synod  of  Georgia.  In  the 
cemetery  adjacent  to  this  historic  landmark  sleep  Gov- 
ernor George  R.  Gilmer  and  Hon.  Stephen  Upson,  for 
each  of  whom  a  county  has  been  named.  Here  lies  also 
the  founder  of  the  church,  Eev.  John  Newton,  a  prince 
of  pioneer  evangelists,  and  here  rests  Carlisle  McKinley, 
a  noted  Georgia  poet  and  a  kinsman  of  the  martyred 
President. 


Recollections  of  Gen-      "it  is  ^^^  interesting  fact  in  the  history  of  this 
eral   Offlethoroe  celebrated  man  that  he  lived  to  see  the  infant 

colony  become  a  great  and  free  State.  Among 
the  very  earliest  to  call  on  John  Adams,  the  first  Ambassador  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Court  of  St.  James,  was  Oglethorpe.     He  who  had  planted 


•Clayton's   Compendium,   p.    307. 


926       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Georgia  and  nursed  the  royal  colony  in  its  feebleness,  joined  hands  with 
him  who  had  come  to  the  British  Court  the  representative  of  its  national 
independence.  Well  might  Edmund  Burke  tell  him  that  he  was  the  most 
extraordinary  person  of  whom  he  had  ever  read;  for  he  had  founded  the 
province  of  Georgia;  had  absolutely  called  it  into  existence,  and  had  lived 
to  see  it  severed  from  the  empire  which  created  it  and  become  an  independent 
State. 

' '  The  evening  of  his  life  was  mild  and  pleasant.  His  bodily  and  men- 
tal vigor  remained  to  the  last;  and,  in  the  society  of  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful literary  circles  of  England,  composed  of  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  Whar- 
ton, Burke,  Burton,  Mrs.  Garrick,  Mrs.  More,  and  others,  he  passed  in 
London,  or  at  Cranham  Hall,  the  quiet  and  peaceful  hours  of  social  life. 
Hannah  More,  whose  praise  is  itself  renown,  thus  graphically  describes 
him  in  a  letter  to  her  sister :  '  I  have  got  a  new  admirer,  and  we  flirt 
together  prodigiously.  It  is  the  famous  General  Oglethorpe,  perhaps  the 
most  remarkable  man  of  his  time.  He  is  the  foster  brother  of  the  iPre- 
tender,  and  much  above  ninety  years  old.  The  finest  figure  you  ever  saw. 
He  frequently  realizes  my  ideas  of  Nestor.  His  literature  is  great;  his 
knowledge  of  the  world  extensive ;  and  his  faculties  as  bright  as  ever.  He 
is  one  of  the  three  persons  mentioned  by  Pope  still  living:  Lord  Mansfield 
and  Lord  Marchmont  are  the  other  two.  He  was  an  intimate  friend  of 
Southern,  the  tragic  poet,  and  all  the  wits  of  the  time.  He  is  perhaps  the 
oldest  man  among  the  gentry  now  living;  and  he  could  have  entertained 
me  by  repeating  passages  from  Sir  Eldered.  He  is  quite  a  preux  chevalier — 
heroic,  romantic  and  full  of  the  old  gallantry. '  "* 


The  Lumpkin  Among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Oglethorpe  were  the 
Family  Record.  Lumpkins.  They  came  from  Virginia,  and,  according 
to  land-grants,  there  were  quite  a  number  of  them, 
and  they  appear  to  have  taken  an  active  part  in  the  Eevolution.  Jolm 
Lumpkin  was  the  father  of  the  two  distinguished  Georgians:  Governor 
Wilson  Lumpkin  and  Chief  Justice  Joseph  Henry  Lumpkin. 

Wilson  Lumpkin  was  twice  mai'ried.  His  first  wife  was  Elizabeth 
Walker,  who  bore  him  seven  children: 

1.  Lucy,  who  married  Middleton  Pope ;  of  which  union  was  born 
Sarah,  who  married  David  C.  Barrow,  the  father  of  Hon.  Po]>e  Barrow, 
former  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia,  and  of  Dr.  David  C.  Barrow, 
Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Georgia. 

2.  Ann,  who  married  Augustus  Alden. 

3.  Pleiades   Orion,   who  married  Margaret   Wilkinson. 


*Wm.    Bacon    Stevens,    M.  D.,   D.  D.,    in    History   of   Georgia,    Vol.    I,    pp. 
207-3,    New   York,    1847. 


Oglethorpe  927 

4.  AVilson. 

5.  William, 

6.  Elizabeth,  -nho  married  O.  B.  "Whatley, 

7.  Samuel  H. 

Governor  Lumpkin's  second  wife  was  Annis  Hopkins,  who  bore  him  two 
children : 

L     John  C. 

2.  Martha,  who  married  Thomas  M.  Compton.  It  was  in  honor  of 
the  Governor's  youngest  daughter  that  the  Southern  terminus  of  the  West- 
ern and  Atlantic  Eailroad  was'  christened  ]\Iarthasville.  In  1847  the  name 
of  the  village  was  changed  to  Atlanta. 


Joseph  Henry  Lumpkin  married  Callender  Grieve.  She  bore  him  five 
children : 

L  Marion  McHenry,  who  married  General  Thomas  E.  R.  Cobb,  of 
which  union  were  born  several  daughters,  one  of  whom  married  Augustus 
L.  Hull,  another  Captain  Henry  Jackson,  and  the  youngest  Hon.  Hoke 
Smith,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Governor  and  United  States  Senator. 

2.  Jos?ph  Troup,  who  married  Margaret  King. 

3.  Callie,  who  married  Porter  King,  from  which  union  came  Hon. 
Porter  King,  former  Mayor  of  Atlanta. 

4.  William  Wilberforce,  who  married  Louisa  King,  from  which  union 
came  Colonel  Edwin  K.,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Athens,  and  Hon.  Joseph 
Henry,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia. 

5.  Lucy,  who  married  William  Gerdine. 

6.  Edward  P. 

7.  James  M. 

8.  Charles  M. 
■    9.     Miller  G. 

10.  Eobert  C. 

11.  Frank,  who  married  Kate  Wilcox. 

Hon.  Samuel  Lumpkin,  late  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  was 
a  nephew  of  Wilson  and  Joseph  Henry  Lumpkin.  The  late  distinguished 
John  H.  Lumpkin,  of  Eome,  jurist  and  Congressman,  was  also  a  kinsman. 


Oglethorpe's   Fa-      Some  of  the  finest  granite  in  the  State  is  quarried 
mOUS  Quarries  today    on    land    which    formerly    belonged    to    the 

estate  of  Governor  George  E.  Gilmer,  near  Lexing- 
ton, but  which  is  now  owned  by  Judge  Hamilton  McWhorter,  of  Athens. 
The  magnificent  Georgia  State  monument  in  Chickamauga  National  Park 
was  built  of  stone  from  these  quarries;  and  there  is  not  a  memorial  in  the 
park  more  universally  admired.  Nor  is  this  due  so  much  to  the  artistic 
design  of  the  monument  as  it  is  to  the  superior  quality  of  the  stone  out 
of  which  this  splendid  shaft  is  fashioned. 


928       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

PAULDING 

Van  Wert.  lu  1S32,  Paulding  County  was  organized  out  of  a  part  of 
the  Cherokee  lands  and  named  for  the  celebrated  John 
Paulding,  one  of  the  captors  of  Majoi*  Andre.  Under  the  provisions  of 
this  same  Act,  Van  Wert  was  made  the  county-seat.  This  town,  named 
for  a  companion  of  John  Paulding,  who  aided  the  latter  in  making  his 
famous  capture,  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  December  27,  1838, 
It  became  an  important  center  for  the  slate-mining  industry  in  Georgia, 
and  was  made  in  186fi  a  terminal  point  of  the  Cartersville  and  Van  Wert 
Railroad,  but  with  the  rise  of  Rockmart,  only  half  a  mile  distant,  Van 
Wert  began  to  decline,  and  is  today  only  a  suburb  of  the  latter- town. 


Dallas.  On  December  20,  1851,  an  Act  was  approved 
taking  from  Paulding  and  Floyd  Countie.'^  a 
large  body  of  land,  out  of  wMcli  to  form  the  new  County 
of  Polk.  In  readjusting  the  border  lines.  Van  Wert 
was  left  on  the  edge  of  the  new  county,  making  it  neces- 
sary to  choose  a  new  county-site  for  Paulding.  Accord- 
ingly, the  Inferior  Court  judges  were  authorized  to  select 
a  new  site  for  public  buildings,  and  out  of  this  legislative 
enactment  grew  the  present  town  of  Dallas,  named  for 
Hon.  G-eorge  M.  Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania,  who  was  after- 
wards made  Vice-President  of  the  United  States.  The 
town  was  incorporated  on  February  8,  1854,  with  the 
following  commissioners,  to-wit. :  John  S.  Poole,  Garrett 
H.  Spinks,  James  H.  Ballinger,  Hezekiah  Harrison,  and 
James  S.  Hackett.  The  Male  and  Female  Academy  was 
chartered  in  1860. 


PICKENS 
Jasper.  In  1853,  Pickens  County  was  organized  from 
Cherokee  and  Gilmer,  and,  under  the  provisions 
of  the  same  Act,  Jasper  was  made  the  county-seat,  named 
for  Sergeant  Jasper,  while  the  county  itself  memorialized 
General  Andrew  Pickens,  both  Revolutionary  patriots 
of  South  Carolina.  Perhaps  a  large  element  of  the  coun- 
ty's (population  at  this  time  was  from  the  Palmetto 
State.  The  town  was  incorporated  December  22,  1857, 
with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit.:  A.  K. 


Pierce— Pike  •  929 

Blackwell,  Jolin  A.  Lyon,  Adin  Keeter,  L.  W.  Hall  and 
George  W.  Harman.^ 


PIEECE 

Blackshear.  Blacksliear,  tlie  county-seat  of  Pierce 
County,  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  De- 
cember 16, 1859,  and  was  named  for  General  David  Black- 
shear,  of  Georgia,  a  noted  Indian  fighter.  The  county 
itself,  formed  out  of  Appling  and  Ware,  was  named  for 
President  Franklin  Pierce.  On  December  7,  1860,  the 
old  Blackshear  Academy  was  chartered,  with  the  follow- 
ing board  of  trustees :  J.  A.  Harper,  E.  D.  Hendry, 
D.  R.  Milton,  C.  S.  Youmans,  John  W.  Stephens,  John  T, 
Wilson,  Benjamin  Blitch,  William  Goettee,  John  M.  Jen- 
kins and  James  B.  Strickland.^  The  present  public- 
school  system  of  Blackshear  was  established  in  1893. 
Hon,  W.  G.  Brantley,  a  former  member  of  Congress,  and 
Hon.  J.  Randall  Walker,  a  newly  elected  member,  are 
both  natives  of  Pierce.  This  was  also  the  home  of  Hon. 
John  C.  Nicholls. 

PIKE 

Zebulon.  In  1822,  Pike  County  was  organized  out  of  Mon- 
roe. Under  the  provisions  of  an  Act,  approved 
in  the  year  following,  the  county-seat  was  located  at  a 
little  callage  called  Newnan,  commissioners  for  which 
were  named  as  follows :  Samuel  Mitchell,  William  Mitch- 
ell, William  Myrick,  Nicholas  Johnson  and  Hugh  F. 
Rose.^  But  Zebulon  became  the  county-seat  within  a 
short  while  thereafter,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
in  1825.  Both  the  county  and  the  county- seat  were  named 
for  the  famous  explorer,  General  Zebulon  M.  Pike.  With 
the  establishment  of  the  town,  a  school  was  started  for 
boys,  and  on  December  25,  1S37,  a  charter  was  granted 
for  the  Zebulon  Female  Academy,  the  trustees  of  which 

1  Acts,    1857,    p.     ISO. 

2  Acts,    1859,    p.    134. 
'Acts,    1823,    p.    186. 


930       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memprials  and  Legends 

were  named  as  follows:  Eobert  Walker,  John  Hall, 
Eicliard  S.  Walker,  Jeptha  V.  George,  Thomas  B.  Daniel 
and  William  Harris.*  In  1852,  a  charter  was  granted 
for  the  Zebulon  Branch  Eailroad,  to  connect  either  with 
Barnesville  or  with  some  convenient  point  on  the  Macon 
and  Western  Railroad. 


Barnesville.  Prior  to  the  year  1820  Gitleon  Barnes,  with  his  family,  left 
his  native  State  of  Virginia  and  came  to  Georgia,  bring- 
ing with  him  five  or  six  head  of  stock  and  five  slaves.  Charles  Wallace 
Graddick,  his  great-grandson,  has  in  his  possession  the  original  deed  to  a 
lot  of  land,  for  which  Gideon  Barnes  traded  an  Indian  pony  in  full  pay- 
ment thereof.  On  this  lot,  near  the  western  stage  route,  where  the  roads 
from  Zebulon  to  Forsyth,  Jackson  to  Thomaston,  intersected  he  built  a 
log  cabin  for  a  home,  and  one  for  a  store,  and  the  settlement  was  known 
as  Barnes  '  Inn.  One  of  the  slaves  could  cook  like  "  de  f  o  'ks  in  Virginny, ' ' 
and  the  fame  of  the  inn  went  abroad  in  the  land.  Tlie  primitive  house  stood 
for  many  years  and  was  enlarged  from  time  to  time.  A  shed  to  the  front 
made  a  long  veranda  that  boasted  benches  and  a  shelf  the  length  of  the 
house,  on  which  were  stationed,  like  sanitary  sentinels,  tin  wash-pans,  buckets 
and  towels,  proving  that  clean  hands  and  a  pure  heart  were  prenatal  with 
the  plucky  little  city  that  makes  no  false  claims  in  her  plea  for  civic  jus- 
tice. Here  youths  and  maidens  loitered  on  the  Sabbath  day,  and  John 
Alden  and  Priscilla  lived  again. 

Willis  Jay  Milner,  was  the  next  settler  recorded.  In  1823  he 
made  a  trip  to  Jasper  County,  and  brought  his  bride  on  horseback  to 
his  cabin  in  the  woods.  He  built  and  sold  seven  houses  in  as  many  years 
in  the  vicinity  of  Barnes '  Inn,  and  thus  came  into  existence  Barnesville, 
one  of  the  proudest  little  cities'  in  Georgia.  Among  those  who  laid  the 
foundation  were  Jack  Jenkins,  Zack  Fryer  and  Josiah  Holmes.  Later  came 
Charlie  Turner,  Alvis  Stafford,  Dan  Hightower  and  the  Elder  boys,  Jack 
and  Hub.  The  Elder  boys  were  successful  young  merchants,  and  during 
the  famine  in  Ireland  they  shipped  a  cargo  of  corn  to  the  sufferers  across 
the  water.  Soon  church  spires  pointed  heavenward,  and  two  remarkable 
schools  attracted  families  worth  while.  Dr.  Holly  and  Dr.  Blackburn  were 
the  first  physicians.  They  were  followed  by  Dr.  Wright,  Dr.  INIcDowell  and 
Dr.  Perdue,  who  were  pillars  of  faith  in  time  of  need.  Dr.  Lavender  and 
Dr.  Fogg  were  the  dentists  who  did  perfect  work,  with  no  promise  of  the 
painless  impossible.  After  recovering  from  the  shock  of  war  the  ambitious 
village  set  stakes  for  a  full-fledged  city,  and  is  steadily  pulling  to  them. 
Tlie  jMlurphys',  Blalock,  Frank  Eeeves,  Eobert  Mitchell  and  many  other 
families   of   sterling  worth   added   merchants,   farmers,   manufacturers   and 

♦Acts,   1837.  p.    15. 


Polk  931 

professional  men  to  the  high-toned  citizenship.  Charles  E.  Lambdin  founded 
Gordon  Institute  and  every  March  an  appreciative  people  delight  to  honor 
his'  memory  with  exercises  of  Founders '  Day.  And  the  buggy  factories 
have  had  much  to  do  with  the  making  of  the  town.  Jackson  G.  Smith 's  two 
sons  and  C.  O.  Summers  were  born  to  the  genius  of  the  business,  and 
within  a  few  years  the  Franklin  Company  has  made  a  marvelous  record. 
The  only  misfortune  Baruesville  feels,  and  to  which  she  yields,  is  her 
political  geography,  which  nothing  can  remedy  but  the  wisdom  of  granting 
the  new  County  of  Lamar. 

Authority:    Mrs.   J.   W.   Reeves,    Barnesville,    Ga. 


POLK 


Cedartown.  Under  an  Act  approved  February  8,  185-1-, 
the  site  of  public  buildings  for  the  new 
County  of  Polk  was  made  permanent  at  a  place  called 
Cedar  Town.  At  the  same  time  a  charter  of  incorpora- 
tion was  granted,  in  which  the  following  commissioners 
were  named,  to-wit. :  Augustus  N.  Verdery,  Benjamin  F. 
Bigelow,  Brooks  M.  Willingham,  Jesse  M,  Wood  and 
Hezekiah  Witcher.^  But  Cedartown  was  already  an  im- 
portant village  when  Polk  County  was  organized.  On 
December  19,  1834,  the  Cedar  Town  Academy  was  char- 
tered, with  Messrs.  John  Kerley,  Jacob  Scott,  Larry 
Witcher,  John  Witcher,  Sr.,  and  Ephraim  Mabry  as  trus- 
tees. As  a  community  of  cultured  people,  Cedarto"\\Ti 
began  to  attract  attention  long  before  the  Civil  War; 
and,  on  March  5,  1856,  a  somewhat  ambitious  local  enter- 
prise bore  fruit  in  a  charter  for  the  Woodland  Female 
Academy.  The  trustees  of  this  institution  were:  Edwin 
Dyer,  Edward  D.  Chisholm,  Springer  Gibson,  Thomas 
H.  Sparks,  William  Xewton,  David  S.  Anderson,  A.  N. 
Verdery,  William  A.  Mercer,  Abner  Darden,  Carter  W. 
Sparks,  Joel  H.  Ferrell,  Wilson  0.  B.  Whatley,  Alfred 
F.  King,  Edward  H.  Eichardson,  William  Peek,  Lazarus 
W.  Battle  and  William  E.  West.^  This  list  is  important 
at  the  present  time,  chiefly  for  the  list  of  pioneer  names 


^Acts.   18k53-1854,  p.   224. 
2  Acts,    1855-1856,    p.    2SS. 


932       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

whicli  it  still  preserves.  Ceclartown  has  enjoyed  a  rapid 
growth  of  late  years.  It  is  the  home  of  Hon.  W.  J. 
Harris,  Director  of  the  Federal  Census;  of  Hon.  G.  K. 
Hntchins,  a  distinguished  lawyer  and  legislator;  and  of 
other  noted  Georgians.  In  Volume  I  of  this  work  will 
be  found  an  extended  list  of  former  residents,  to  which 
number  may  be  added  Hon.  Frederick  L,  Blackmon,  a 
brilliant  Alabama  Congressman. 


Rockmart.  O^^  of  the  best-kuo^Yn  towns  of  Georgia  before  the  war  was 
the  old  town  of  Van  Wert,  the  original  county-site  of  Pauld- 
ing; bnt  when  the  new  connty  of  Polk  was  created  in  1851,  out  of  a  part 
of  Paulding 's  territory,  Van  Wert  was  included  in  the  section  allotted  to 
Polk.  This  necessitated  a  change  in-  the  seat  of  government  from  Van 
Wert  to  Dallas,  the  present  county  capital.  Cedartown  was  made  the 
county-seat  for.  the  new  County  of  Polk,  while  Van  Wert,  stripped  of  her 
civic  honors,  was  left  near  the  eastern  edge  of  the  new  county,  with  her 
proud  spirit  broken  by  her  adverse  fortuned.  Van  Wei"t  began  to  decline; 
but  with  the  development  of  the  slate  industry  in  this  neighborhood,  sub- 
sequent to  the  war,  arose  the  modern  town  of  Rockmart,  less  than  a  mile 
distant.  On  August  26,  1872,  Rockmart  was  granted  a  charter  of  incor- 
poration with  Hon.  C.  T.  Parker  as  Mayor,  and  with  Messrs.  W.  Ferguson, 
Thomas  Moon,  T.  G.  Ingraham,  W.  H.  Hines,  and  S.  K.  Hogue  as  Coun- 
cilmen.'  The  name  ' '  Rockmart ' '  indicates  the  chief  industry  of  the  town. 
This  name  was  coined  from  the  two  component  words  "Rock"  and  "Mart." 
The  quarries  at  this  place  are  world-renowned.  Today  Van  Wert  is  only 
a  suburb  of  Rockmart. 


PULASKI 

Hartford.  The  original  county-seat  of  Plilaski  County  was  Hartford, 
a  town  which  long  ago  ceased  to  exist.  Its  charter  bears 
date  of  December  10,  1811,  at  which  time  it  was'  chartered  with  the  follow- 
ing named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Thomas  A.  Hill,  Solomon  A.  Hopkins, 
Elijah  Wallace,  William  Lyon,  and  Henry  Simmons.^  The  town  was 
named  for  Nancy  Hart,  of  Elbert,  one  of  the  most  famous  heroines  of  the 
Revolution.  Only  the  barest  fragments  of  this  old  town  still  survive.  Pu- 
'laski  County  was  formed  in  1808  out  of  Laurens.  One  of  the  earliest 
settlers  at  Hartford  was  Dr.  Joseph  Reid. 


^  Acts,    1S72,    p.    244. 

-  Lamar's  Digest,   p.    936. 


Pulaski  933 

Hawkins ville.  In  1837,  the  county-seat  of  Pulaski  was 
removed  to  Hawkinsville,  a  prosperous 
town  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Oemulgee  River,  after 
which  the  fortunes  of  Hartford  began  to  decline.  Haw- 
kins ville  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  December  2, 1§30, 
with  the  following  residents  of  the  town  named  as  com- 
missioners : :  Robert  N.  Taylor,  John  Rawls,  John  Mc- 
Call,  Jacob  Watson  and  David  B.  Halsted.*  The  Haw- 
kinsville  Academy  was  chartered  in  1831,  with  most  of 
the  above-named  residents  as  trustees.  Surrounded  by 
a  rich  agricultural  section  and  connected  with  the  out- 
side world  by  railway  and  steamboat  facilities,  Hawkins- 
ville  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  towns  of  the  middle 
belt. 


How  the  Name    It  is  the  general  belief  that  the  town  of 
Originated.  Hawkinsville  was  named  for  the  distin- 

guished Revolutionary  soldier  and  friend 
of  Washington,  afterwards  a  United  States  Senator  from 
North  Carolina,  and  for  sixteen  years  resident  agent 
among  the  Creek  Indians  of  Georgia :  Colonel  Benjamin 
Hawkins.  But  the  late  Judge  J.  H.  Martin,  of  Hawkins- 
ville, at  one  time  State  Commander  of  the  United  Con- 
federate Veterans,  held  to  an  altogether  different  view. 
In  a  published  letter  on  this  subject.  Judge  Martin  says : 

' '  The  general  and  popular  opinion  is  that  the  town  of  Hawkinsville  was 
named  for  General  Hawkins,  or  old  Fort  Hawkins,  but  this  is  not  true. 
Pulaski  County  was  organized  in  1808,  and  the  town  of  Hawkinsville  in- 
corporated in  1830.  The  court-house  was  moved  from  Hartford  to  Hawkins- 
ville in  1836.  AT  the  time  the  town  was  surveyed  and  laid  off  Mr.  John 
Bozeman,  father  of  Judge  C.  M.  Bozeman,  deceased,  and  grandfather  of 
OUT  present  esteemed  townsman,  Colonel  F.  H.  Bozeman,  was  running  a 
hotel  built  of  logs  on  the  lot  now  known  as  the  brick  kiln  lot  and  lying 
immediately  south  of  and  adjoining  the  road  leading  on  to  the  public 
bridge  across  Oemulgee  River.  A  Jew,  whose  name  was  Levy,  kept  a  little 
store  on  the  north  side  of  the  road,  the  river  being  then  crossed  on  a 
flat  boat.  Out  in  the  country  and  near  by  lived  a  countryman  named 
Hawkins,  who  bought  a   peck  of  salt  from  Levy,  and  as  the  measure  was 


•Acts.    1830,   p.    314. 


934       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

short  Hawkins  -weut  on  to  Levj,  Hawkins  declaring  Levy  had  swindled 
him  and  Levy  declaring  the  salt  had  settled  down.  "When  Hawkins  attacked 
Levy,  Levy  went  through  the  back  window  and  ran  across  the  road  to  the 
hotel  and  begged  Mrs.  John  Bozenian  to  protect  him  against  the  assault 
of  Hawkins.  The  town  was  named  for  this  man  Hawkins.  The  name  first 
selected  was  Tarversville,  for  the  Hon.  Hartwell  Tarver,  of  Twiggs  County, 
but  as  there  was'  a  Tarversville  in  Twiggs  County  this  name  was  dropped 
and  Hawkinsville  substituted. 

''Judge  C.  M.  Bozeman,  then  a  boy,  was  present  and  with  the  party 
surveying  and  laying  off  the  town.  My  information  was  obtained  from 
Judge  Bozeman.  Col.  F.  H.  Bozeman  says  that  he  has  often  heard  his 
father  narrate  the  facts.  Judge  P.  T.  McGriff  and  Judge  Bozeman  were 
intimate  friends  and  doubtless  he  has  heard  Judge  Bozeman  speak  of  the 
matter.  In  order  to  perpetuate  as  far  as'  I  can  the  statements  of  Judge 
Bozeman,  one  the  most  reliable  men  the  county  ever  had,  this  article  is 
written. " 


PUTNAM 

Historic  Old  Eatonton,  the  county-seat  of  Putnam,  was 
Eatonton.  named  for  General  William  Eaton,  an 
American  soldier  of  fortune,  whose  brilliant 
exploits  in  Tripoli  were  the  talk  of  the  State  when  the 
bill  creating  Putnam  County  was  introduced  in  the  Leg- 
islature of  Georgia.  In  the  year  1805,  General  Eaton, 
at  the  head  of  a  small  force,  numbering  perhaps  five  hun- 
dred men,  marched  across  the  Lybian  desert  to  effect  the 
successful  capture  of  Derne,  the  second  largest  city  of 
Tripoli.  The  expedition  was  planned  in  the  interest  of 
the  rightful  Pasha.  General  Eaton  held  the  town  against 
three  repeated  assaults  of  the  Arabs,  but  was  finally 
obliged  to  relinquish  it,  on  account  of  a  treaty  of  peace 
concluded  with  the  usurper  by  the  United  States  Consul- 
General  at  Algiers,  acting  in  agreement  with  Commodore 
Rogers,  who  commanded  the  American  fleet. 

Situated  on  a  high  ridge  in  the  center  of  the  county, 
Eatonton  is  22  miles  distant  from  Milledgeville,  22  from 
Greensboro,  and  22  from  Madison,  and  is  on  a  branch 
line  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  running  from  Milledgeville 
to  Covington.  The  town  was  laid  off  soon  after  the 
county  was  organized.     On  December  12,  1809,  for  the 


Putnam  935 

better  regulation  of  local  affairs,  an  Act  was  approved 
conferring  plenary  powers  upon  the  following  commis- 
sioners :  Barnes  Holloway,  Lewis  Kennon,  John  C. 
Mason,  Henrj^  Brown  and  AVilliam  Wilkins.^ 

Two  years  later,  on  December  15,  1809,  the  famous 
Union  Academy  was  chartered  with  the  following  board 
of  trustees:  Brice  Gaither,  Bobeilt  Iverson,  Simeon 
Holt,  Edward  Lane  and  Barnes  Holloway.-  This  was 
the  school  where  the  afterwards  celebrated  William  H. 
Seward,  of  New  York,  taught  the  youth  of  T^utnam 
County  during  his  brief  sojourn  in  Georgia,  when  quite 
a  young  man.  It  was  located  near  the  famous  Turner 
plantation,  some  nine  miles  from  Eatonton,  and  was 
burned  to  the  ground  soon  after  the  war.  On  December 
4,  1816,  the  old  Eatonton  Academy  was  chartered  by  the 
Legislature,  at  which  time  the  following  citizens  were 
named  as  trustees :  Christopher  B.  Strong,  Thomas 
Hoxey,  Coleman  Pendleton,  William  W^illiams,  John  J. 
Smith,  John  C.  Mason,  Irby  Hudson,  William  Wilkins 
and  William  E.  Adams. ^ 


Eatonton  has  been  the  home  of  some  of  the  best 
people  of  Georgia,  not  a  few  of  whom  have  been  men  of 
distinction.  The  hospitality'  of  the  town  is  famed 
throughout  the  South;  and  few  communities  have  sur- 
passed it  in  the  graces  of  social  life  or  in  the  charms  of 
intellectual  culture.  The  stately  old  homes  of  Eatonton, 
built  on  the  classic  models  of  ancient  Greece  and  em- 
bowered in  the  luxuriant  shade  of  forest  oaks,  are  remin- 
iscent of  the  best  days  of  the  old  South.  Here  lived  the 
Eeids,  the  Wing*iields,  the  Nisbets,  the  Terrells,  the  Law- 
sons,  the  Meriwethers,  the  DeJarnettes,  the  Lamars,  the 
Holts,  the  Abercrombies,  the  Hudsons,  the  Branhams, 
the  Adamses,  the  Dennises,  the  Hurts,  the  Cozarts,  the 


^  Clayton's  Compendium,  p.  555. 
^  Clayton's  Compendium,  p.  581. 
^Lamar's  Digest,  p.   10. 


936       Georgia's  Landm.vrks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Trippes,  the  Shorters,  the  Turners,  the  Jenkinses,  the 
Edmonsons,  the  Maddoxes,  the  Flournoys,  the  Harde- 
mans,  and  scores  of  other  aristocratic  old  families,  whose 
names  have  long  occupied  a  large  place  in  the  heraldry 
of  Georgia.  The  old  colonial  home  of  Colonel  Sidney 
Eeid  is  now  owned  by  Mr.  T.  G.  Greene,  a  wealthy  citi- 
zen, who  maintains  it  in  a  style  worthy  of  its  splendid 
historic  traditions.  The  Edmondson  country-seat,  once 
surrounded  by  its  thousands  of  acres,  is  a  few  miles  out 
from  Eatonton,  where  a  member  of  the  family  still  owns 
a  large  tract  of  the  original  land.  Mr.  John  T.  Dennis 
owns  the  old  William  Dennis  home,  which  is  just  below 
the  Edmondson  place. 

Eatonton  was  one  of  the  early  Georgia  towns  to  'or- 
ganize a  U.  D.  C.  Chapter,  with  Mrs.  Josesph  S.  Turner 
as  president,  and  recently  this  chapter — the  Dixie — 
has  erected  a  handsome  Confederate  monument  on  the 
town  square.  During  the  past  year  a  D.  A.  R,  chapter 
has  been  organized,  with  Mrs.  Francis  Hearn  as  regent 
and  Miss  Martha  V.  Edmondson  as  vice-regent.  It  has 
been  given  the  name  of  Samuel  Reid,  a  distinguished 
former  resident  of  Eatonton  and  a  grandfather  of  Mrs. 
John  M.  Slaton,  the  wife  of  Georgia's  present  Governor. 
Perhaps  the  longest  tenure  of  service  on  record  in  the 
office  of  Postmaster  belongs  to  Mr.  Sidney  Prudden,  a 
life-long  resident  of  Eatonton,  who  held  this  office  for 
fifty  years. 


The  Old  Cemetery.  In  the  Academy  grove  is  the  old  cem- 
etery of  Eatonton,  a  sacred  area  of 
ground,  in  which  some  of  the  oldest  inhabitants  of  the 
town  sleep.  Most  of  the  monuments  are  yellow  with  age, 
and  from  not  a  few  of  them,  due  to  the  destructive  forces 
of  time,  the  inscriptions  have  disappeared.  Here  lies 
Irby  Hudson,  for  years  Speaker  of  the  Georgia  House  of 
Representatives,  and  one  of  the  earliest  champions  of 
co-operative  effort  in  behalf  of  internal  improvements. 


Putnam  937 

AVitliin  this  same  enclosure  sleep  the  Braiihams,  the 
Shorters,  the  Meriwethers,  the  Cozarts,  the  Coopers,  the 
Trippes,  and  scores  of  others,  whose  names  appear  on 
the  oldest  records  of  the  town. 


Union  Church.  Until  recent  years,  there  stood  in  this 
same  grove,  sacred  to  the  earliest  memo- 
ries of  Eatonton,  an  ancient  structure  known  as  old 
Union  Church.  It  was  built  in  1819,  and,  when  first 
erected,  was  said  to  have  been  the  finest  in  the  State  out- 
side of  Augusta  and  Savannah.  The  church  belonged 
jointly  to  four  denominations:  Methodists,  Baptists, 
Presbyterians  and  Disciples  of  Christ,  each  of  whom,  on 
successive  Sabbaths,  used  it  for  divine  worship.  When- 
ever there  was  a  fifth  Sabbath  in  the  month,  it  was  used 
by  the  Masons.  The  church  was  abandoned  by  the  Meth- 
odists in  1857,  by  the  other  denominations  in  1897  and 
was  finally  torn  down  and  removed.  But  it  still  lives  in 
literature ;  for  the  silver  tones  of  the  old  bell,  which  for 
so  many  years  called  the  little  hamlet  to  worship,  has 
furnished  the  inspiration  for  an  exquisite  poem  entitled : 
''The  Old  Church  Bell,"  written  by  Colonel  William  H. 
Sparks.  The  opening  stanza  of  the  poem  reads  as  fol- 
lows: 

"Eing  on,  ring  on,  sweet  Sabbath  bell, 

Thy  mellow  tones  I  love  to  hear. 
I  was  a  boy  when  first  they  fell 

In  melody  upon  mine  ear. 
In  those  clear  days,  long  past  and  gone, 

"When  sporting  here  in  boyish  glee 
The  magic  of  thy  Sabbath  tone 

Awoke  emotions  deep  in  me." 

Colonel  W.  H.  Sparks,  the  author  of  this  poem,  was 
a  native  of  Putnam  County;  and,  after  a  lapse  of  many 
years,  the  above  lines  were  written  on  a  return  visit  to 
his  boyhood's  friend,  Mr.  Edmond  Reid.  It  was  at 
Eatonton,  in  1833,  during  a  church  convention,  that  a 
schism  occurred  in  the  Baptist  ranks,  and  from  this  old 


938       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

church  the  celebrated  Jesse  Mercer,  with  other  devout 
spirits,  organized  the  Missionary  Baptists.* 


Pioneer  Settlers 

of  Putnam.  Volume  I. 


To  this  list  may  be  added :  Thomas  Edmondson,  "Will- 
iam Dennis,  Joel  Hurt,  Wilson  Bird,  Andrew  Jeter,  Alex- 
ander Harrison,  B.  W.  Clark,  Eowell  Ingram,  Washing- 
ton Rose,  David  Bledsoe,  Nick  Tompkins,  Henry  Bran- 
ham,  Allen  Lawrence,  Nathaniel  Walker,  Caleb  Spivey, 
Isaiah  Boswald  and  Alexander  Eeid. 


Rising  Star  Lodge.  One  of  the  oldest  Masonic  lodges  in 
Georgia  is  the  Eising  Star  Lodge,  at 
Eatonton,  the  origin  of  which  dates  back  to  the  earliest 
days  of  the  town.  It  commenced  work  under  a  dispen- 
sation bearing  date  of  January  8,  181S,  which  was  the 
third  anniversary  of  Andrew  Jackson's  celebrated  vic- 
tory over  the  British  at  New  Orleans.  The  charter  was 
obtained  on  October  12,  1818,  from  Alexander  McHunter, 
Grand  Master,  and  Paul  M.  Thomason,  Grand  Secretary 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Georgia  Masons,  and  the  following- 
named  residents  of  Eatonton  were  the  charter  members : 

George  M.  Waleott,  Worshipful  ]\Iaster;  Augustus  Haywood,  Senior 
Warden;  Lloyd  Harris,  Junior  W^arden;  Henry  Granham,  Secretary;  Em- 
met Shackelford,  Treasurer;  Irby  Hudson,  Senior  Deacon;  William  Evans, 
Junior  Deacon;  Isaac  Holland,  Tyler;  John  H.  Broadnax  and  West  Good- 
rich. 

In  1827,  the  number  of  this  lodge  was  changed  from 
3'3  to  4,  which  rank  it  still  holds,  making  it  one  of  the 
oldest  in  the  State.  The  old  Masonic  Hall  at  Eatonton 
was  erected  in  1820.  It  has  withstood  the  storms  of  al- 
most a  century  of  time,  showing  that  the  best  of  materials 


*Miss   Martha   V.    Edmondson,   of  Meda,    Ga. 


Putnam  939 


were  used  in  its  construction.     The  building  is  today 
owned  by  Mr.  Champion,  and  is  used  as  a  storeroom. 


Distingiiished  Res-  Volume  I. 

idents  of  Putnam. 


Boyhood  Haunts  of  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  the  South 's 
"Uncle  Remus."  most  noted  man  of  letters,  was  born 
in  1849  in  the  town  of  Eatonton.  His 
father,  a  farmer,  died  while  the  child  was  still  an  infant. 
The  mother  was  very  poor,  and  the  boy  was  probablj^  the 
least  noticed  youngster  of  the  neighborhood.  Some  of 
his  childhood  pla;sTnents  still  live  in  the  old  town  of 
Eatonton.  One  of  them,  Charles  A.  Leonard,  knew  him 
when  he  was  quite  young.    Says  Mr.  Leonard : 

' '  Onr  playground  was  divided  between  Big  Gnlly  and  Mr,  M'cDade  's 
livery  stable.  In  the  latter  were  fine  horses,  while  the  Gully  Avas  a  good 
place  in  which  to  pay  hide-and-seek.  At  the  stable  we  sometimes  had  the 
privilege  of  riding  the  horses  to  the  blacksmith 's  shop,  and  when  the  drovers 
came  we  were  allowed  to  exercise  them.  Midway  between  Big  Gully  and 
McDade  's  lived  an  old  free  negro  named  Aunt  Betsy  Cuthbert,  whose 
abilities  in  making  potato  biscuit,  ginger  cakes,  and  chicken  pies  could  hardly 
be  equalled. 

"We  entered  the  school  taught  by  Miss  Kate  Davidson,  where  there 
was  little  play,  escept  at  recess;  and  it  seemed  then  that  school  held 
from  sup-up  to  sun-down.  After  a  while  we  entered  the  male  academy.  It 
was  not  long  before  we  made  the  acquaintance  of  one  of  the  larger  boys, 
Hut  Adams,  and  when  out  of  school  we  were  boon  companions,  playing 
marbles,  jumping  holes  and  enjoying  similar  amusements.  Whatever  Hut 
did  was  right,  even  to  foraging  on  Mr.  Edmund  Eeid  's  watermelon  patch. 
We  organized  what  was  known  as  the  Gully  Minstrels.  Hut  was  manager, 
I  was'  treasurer,  and  Joe  was  the  clown,  with  a  fiddle,  which  he  couldn't 
play.  But  he  would  make  a  noise,  which  would  bring  down  the  house. 
The  price  of  admission  as  ten  pins. 

' '  Hut,  about  this  time,  became  the  possessor  of  a  shot-gun,  in  which 
Joe  and  I  were  as  happy  as  he,  and  nearly  every  Saturday  we  would  be 
off  for  the  fields  or  woods,  Joe's  part  and  mine  being  to  carry  the  game. 
Sometimes  we  would  get  a  chance  to  shoot  just  once  when  the  hunt  was 
over.  Besides  his  love  for  hunting,  there  was  nothing  which  gave  Joe 
more  delight  than  to  play  pranks;  and,  since  he  was  clever  enough  to  get 
the  best  of  us  each  time,  he  enjoyed  it  to  the  full  limit." 


940       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

But  life  was  a  very  serious  matter  in  those  days.  It 
was  just  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  and  few  were  the 
years  which  could  be  devoted  to  school.  The  next  step 
in  his  life  is  best  told  in  his  own  words.  They  are  taken 
from  an  interview  which  he  gave  to  one  of  the  Atlanta 
newspapers  a  few  years  before  he  died.    Says  he : 

"It  so  happened  that  I  was  iu  tlie  post  office  at  Eatonton,  reading  the 
Milledgeville  papers,  when  the  first  number  of  The  Couniryman  was  depos- 
ited on  the  counter  where  the  newspapers  were  kept.  In  reading  it  through, 
I  came  upon  an  advertisement  whcih  announced  that  the  editor  wanted  a 
boy  to  learn  the  printer 's  trade.  This  was  my  opportunity,  and  I  seized 
it  with  both  hands.  I  wrote  to  the  editor,  whom  I  knew  well,  and  the  next 
time  he  came  to  town  he  sought  me  out,  asked  if  I  had  written  the  letter 
with  my  own  hand,  and,  in  three  words,  the  bargain  was  concluded. 

"The  paper  on  which  I  started  out  in  life,"  said  Mr.  Harris,  in  after 
years,  "was  unlike  any  other  one;  it  stands  solitary  and  alone  among  news- 
papers. It  was  published  nine  miles  from  any  post  office,  on  the  plantation 
of  Mr.  Joseph  A.  Turner.  Over  the  roof  of  the  printing  office  the  squirrels 
scampered  about  and  the  blue  .jays  brought  acorns  there  to  crack  them. 
What  some  people  call  loneliness  was  to  me  a  great  blessing.  I  used  to 
sit  in  the  dusk  and  see  the  shadows  of  life  's  great  problems  flitting  about 
me,  and  I  then  had  time  to  think  about  them.  So  far  as  I  learned  it,  the 
printer's  trade'  was  a  liberal  education;  and  M'r.  Turner  owned  a  large 
private  library,  full  of  the  best  books.  It  was  specially  rich  in  the  various 
departments  of  English  literature,  and  it  would  have  been  the  most  won- 
derful thing  in  the  world  if,  with  nothing  to  do  but  set  a  column  or  so 
of  type  each  day,  I  had  failed  to  take  advantage  of  the  library,  with  its 
perfect  mine  of  treasures. 

"Mr.  Turner  was  a  man  of  varied  accomplishments.  He  was  a  lawyer, 
a  scholar  and  a  planter.  He  owned  a  large  plantation,  and  he  managed 
it  successfully;  he  acquired  a  good  law  practice;  and  he  was  one  of  the 
most  public-spirited  men  in  middle  Georgia.  He  was  pronounced  in  his' 
views  on  the  questions  of  the  day,  an  independent  thinker,  a  good  writer, 
and,  best  of  all,  so  far  as  I  was  concerned,  he  took  an  abiding  interest 
in  my  welfare,  gave  me  good  advice,  directed  my  reading,  and  accorded 
me  the  full  benefit  of  his  wisdom  and  experience  at  every  turn. 

"For  the  rest,  I  managed  to  get  along  like  any  boy  would.  I  was  fond 
of  setting  type,  and  when  my  task  was  over  I  would  hunt  or  fish  or  read. 
Then  at  night  I  used  to  go  to  the  negro  cabins  and  hear  songs  and  stories, 
It  was  a  great  time  for  me. ' ' 


It  was  in  Mr.  Turner 's  library  that  the  future  creator  of  Uncle  Eeniu? 
acquired  the  literary  taste  which  was  to  add  so  much  richness  to  his  art 


Putnam  941 

iu  later  years;  among  books  like  Shakespeare,  Moore,  Byron,  Burns,  Gold- 
smith, Grimm's  Fairy  Tales,  the  Letters  of  Junius,  and  scores  of  others. 
The  raw  material  with  which  he  was  to  build  his  stories  in  later  years  lie 
found  amongst  the  slaves.  The  character  of  Unele  Eemus  itself  was  com- 
posite. The  original  was,  in  most  respects,  an  old  negro  named  George 
Terrell,  owned  by  Mr.  Turner  before  the  war.  Until  a  few  year?  ago, 
the  little  cabin  in  which  George  Terrell  lived  was  still  standing;  it  has 
since  been  torn  down.  His  descendants  are  yet  to  be  found  in  Eanor.toii, 
and  one  of  his  contemporaries,  a  type  of  his  kind,  so  bent  and  crippled  it 
is  hard  to  tell  whether  he  is  man  or  beast,  still  hobbles  about  the  town. 

In  the  ancient  days.  Uncle  George  owned  an  old-fashioned  Dutch  oven, 
on  which  he  made  every  Saturday  the  most  wonderful  ginger  cakes.  These 
and  persimmon  beer,  which  he  brewed  himself,  he  would  sell  to  the  children 
of  planters  for  miles  around.  It  was  his  custom  to  cook  his  own  cupper 
on  this  old  oven;  and  at  twilight,  by  the  light  of  his  kitchen  fire,  he  used 
to  tell  his  quaint  stories  to  the  Turner  children,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
Joel  Chandler  Harris.  Men  now,  who  were  boys  then,  still  relate  the  joy 
they  felt  at  listening  to  the  story  of  the  "Wonderful  Tar  Baby,"  as  they 
sat  in  front  of  the  old  cabin,  munching  ginger  cakes,  while  Uncle  George 
was  cooking  supper  on  his  Dutch  oven. 

Another  prototype  of  the  original  Uncle  Eemus  was  Uncle  Bob  Capers, 
a  negro  owned  by  the  well-known  Capers  family,  and  hired  by  them  as 
teamster  to  the  cotton  factory  at  Eatonton.  Joel  Harris,  before  he  went 
to  Turn-wold  to  set  type  for  The  Countryman,  lived  with  his  mother  near 
the  home  of  this  old  darkey,  from  whose  lips  came  many  of  the  tales 
which  delighted  the  children  of  the  neighborhood. 

Although  but  a  mere  youth,  Mr.  Harris  very  early  burst  into  print. 
He  wrote  many  anonymous  articles  for  The  Countryman,  but  the  first  com- 
positions to  which  he  signed  his  name  were  brief  paragraphs ;-  and  the 
first  poem  which  appeared  from  him  was'  in  the  issue  of  September  27, 
1864,  entitled:  "Nelly  White."  He  was  then  little  more  than  fifteen 
years   old. 

But  the  Turner  plantation  was  in  the  direct  path  of  Sherman 's 
"March  to  the  Sea."  General  Slocum's  staff  enjoyed  the  hospitalit;/  of 
the  place  for  several  days,  and  when  they  marched  on  there  was  not  much 
left.  The  youth  now  felt  that  it  was  time  for  him  also  to  move  on.  The 
year  ]868  found  him  in  Savannah,  on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Morning 
News.  His  employer  was  William  T.  Thompson,  the  famous  humorist ;  and 
his  office  boy,  Frank  L.  Stanton,  afterwards  the  famous  poet,  with  whom 
he  was  long  associated  on  the  staff  of  the  Constitution.  He  married  Miss 
Essie  La  Rose,  a  lady  of  Canadian  birth;  and  in  1876  the  family  refugeed 
to  Atlanta  to  escape  an  epidemic;  and  here  he  became  immortal.* 


♦Condensed    from    "Memories    of  Joel    Chandler    Harris,"    a    work    edited 
by  Ivy  Li.  Lee. 


942       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legv\i.,~, 

The  Old  Lamar      About   eiglit   or   ten   miles   south   of   Eatonton    is'  the 


Homestead. 


old    Lamar    homestead.      It    was    established    in    1810 


by  John  Lamar,  a  thrifty  planter,  and  years  after- 
wards became  the  property  of  Mr.  Mark  Johnson.  The  house  still  stands 
[1895]  in  good  condition:  a  fine,  old-fashion,  two-story,  frame  building, 
constructed  after  the  strong  and  enduring  models  of  the  period.  Little 
Eiver  winds  near  by,  and  cultivated  fields  offer  a  wide  prospect.  Here, 
at  the  home  of  his  grandfather,  on  September  17,  1825,  was  born 
the  future  statesman  and  jurist,  Lucius  Quintus  Cinciunatits  Lamar. 
To  his  latest  days  he  retained  a  longing  lor  the  old  place,  and  de- 
lighted to  indulge  in  reminiscences  of  the  old  life  when  a  child. 
There  extended  along  the  entire  front  of  the  mansion  a  wide 
gallery;  and  the  whitewashed  walls  of  the  airy  rooms  were  hung 
with  pictures.  One  of  these,  symbolizing  a  nightmare,  was  the  work 
of  ' '  Uncle  Mirabeau. ' '  It  portrayed  a  beautiful  woman  asleep  upon  a 
sofa,  and,  thrust  through  the  window  above  her,  a  great  shadowy  horfee 's 
head.  An  immense  front  yard  was  filled  with  grand  oaks  and  poplars.  To 
the  east  lay  rolling  lands.  In  the  rear,  a  widespread  plain  shelved  gently 
down  to  the  river,  which  gave  to  the  owner  of  the  farm  the  sobriquet  of 
"Little  Eiver  John." 

The  house  was  a  relay;  and  down  the  far-reaching  red  lane  which 
stretched  away  like  a  long  orange  ribbon,  the  stage  coach  daily  passed 
with  rattle  and  halloo  and  call  of  bugle,  emptying  its  bevies  of  bustling 
and  hungry,  but  genial,  travelers  for  the  midday  meal.^ 


With  the  old  couple  lived  a  bachelor  brother,  Zaehariah" — a  self-taught 
man — who,  like  many  others,  in  old  plantation  times,  gave  himself  up  to 
the  ideal  world  of  literatuer  and  history,  without  any  further  purpose  than 
the  enjoyment  of  its  fairyland;  and  over  all  his  surroundings  was  cast 
the  glamour  of  the  realm  of  letters,  in  which  he  lived.  Wlien  he  led  in 
family  prayer,  he  did  not  think  it  inapt  to  thank  God  for  heroic  examples 
of  Roman  or  English  or  American  history,  for  the  march  of  science,  or 
for  exemption  from  the  crimes  and  miseries  of  the  less  favored  lands  into 
which  his  geographical  studies  had  led  him  last.  So  when  son  after  son 
was  born  to  the  head  of  the  house  this  bookish  enthusiast  claimed  the 
privilege  of  naming  his  infant  nephews'  after  his  favorite  of  the  moment, 
and  the  amiable  and  doubtless  amused  parents  consented.  Thus  Lucius 
Quintus  Cincinnatus,  Mirabeau  Bonaparte,  Jefferson  Jackson,  Thomas  Ean- 


^  Edward  Mayes  in  Lucius  Q.   C.  Lamar:   His  Life,    Times  and  Speeches. 

-  This  was  none  other  than  Colonel  Zachariah  Lamar,  of  Milledgeville, 
the  father  of  Mrs.  General  Howell  Cobb,  of  Athens.  Colonel  Lamar  mar- 
ried somewhat  late  in  life.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  culture  and  of  ample 
means,  and  spent  his  younger  days  in  the  Lamar  home  at  Eatonton. 


Putnam 


943 


clolph    and   Lavoisier   Legrand    [a   grandchild]    indicated   how   his    interest 
shifted  from  history  to  politics,  and  from  politics  to  chemistry.* 

At  this  old  homstead,  buried  in  a  quiet  garden  by  the  side  of  his 
daughter,  Evalina,  lies  John  Lamar — father  of  the  second  President  of  the 
Eepublic  of  Texas  and  grandfather  of  the  great  jurist,  cabinet  officer  and 
legislator,  whose  mature  years  were  identified  with  the  State  of  Mississippi. 
He  must  have  been  a  man  of  rare  mold  to  have  been  the  progenitor  of 
such  an  offspring.  The  grave  is  well  kept,  and  is  marked  by  a  slab  of  plain 
marble,  with  the  following  inscription,  written  by  Mirabeau: 


'  *■  In  memory  of  JOHN  LAAIAE,  who  died  August  3, 
3833,  aged  sixty-four  years.  He  was  a  man  of  unblem- 
ished honor,  of  pure  and  exalted  benevolence,  whose  con- 
duet  through  life  was  regulated  by  the  strictest  princi- 
ples of  probity,  truth  and  justice;  thus  leaving  behind 
him,  as  the  best  legacy  to  his  children,  a  noble  example 
of  consistent  virtue.  In  his  domestic  relations  he  was 
greatly  blessed,  receiving  from  every  member  of  a  large 
family  unremitting  demonstrations  of  respect,  love,  and 
obedience. ' ' 


Genealogy  of  There  is  a  tradition  amongst  the  Lamars 
the  Lamars.  of  Georgia  that  the  family  was  planted  in 
Maryland  by  four  brothers,  who  fled  from 
France  in  the  celebrated  exodus  consequent  upon  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  1686,  but  the  records 
show  that  emigrants  of  the  same  name  were  living  in 
Maryland  much  earlier;  and  the  probabilities  are  that 
the  first  Lamars  came  to  America  to  escape  the  oppres- 
sion of  Protestants  under  the  administration  of  Cardinal 
Richelieu. 

John  Lamar  was  the  earliest  member  of  the  family 
to  plant  the  escutcheon  in  Georgia,  settling  on  Beach 
Island,  in  the  Savannah  River.  His  grandson,  John 
Lamar,  lived  first  in  "Warren  County,  but  in  1810  moved 
into  Putnam  and  established  the  famous  Lamar  home- 
stead, some  eight  or  ten  miles  to  the  south  of  Eatonton. 


►William  rreston  Johnston,   in  the  Farmer's  World  of  February  5,    1879. 


944       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

He  married  his  cousin,  Rebecca  Lamar,  and  became  the 
head  of  one  of  the  most  noted  of  Georgia  households. 

Two  of  his  sons  achieved  eminent  distinction.  The 
elder  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Sr.,  succeeded  to  the  Superior  Court 
Bench  before  he  was  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  was  al- 
most immediately  styled  ' '  the  great  Judge  Lamar. ' '  He 
also  revised  Clayton's  "Georgia  Justice,"  a  rare  book, 
and  compiled  the  Georgia  Reports  from  1810  to  1820. 
Yet  he  died  before  reaching  the  full  maturity  of  his 
powers.  The  younger,  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar,  became  the 
second  president  of  the  Republic  of  Texas.  He  began 
life  as  an  editor  and  was  successively  a  poet,  a  soldier,  a 
statesman  and  a  diplomat.  He  published  a  volume  of 
poetry  entitled:  Verse  Memorials. 

There  were  two  other  sons,  Thomas  Randolph  and 
Jefferson  Jackson,  besides  five  daughters,  one  of  whom, 
Loretta  Lamar,  married  Colonel  Absalom  H.  Chappell, 
member  of  Congress,  jurist  and  author  of  "Georgia  Mis- 
cellanies." To  'them  were  born  J.  Harris  Chappell,  the 
first  president  of  the  Georgia  Normal  and  Industrial 
College,  at  Milledgeville ;  Thomas  J.  Chappell,  who  serve:! 
in  both  House  and  Senate  of  the  State  Legislature;  and 
Lucius  H.  Chappell,  ex-Mayor  of  Columbus,  besides  other 
children,  including  a  daughter,  Mrs.  Toomer. 

L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Sr.,  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Thompson  Bird,  an  eminent  physician  of  Milledgeyille, 
and  granddaughter  of  Colonel  Micajah  "Williamson,  a 
comrade-in-arms  of  General  Elijah  Clarke. 

Eight  children  were  born  of  this  union,  five  of  whom 
reached  adult  years. 

L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Jr.,  the  eldest,  married  Virginia, 
daughter  of  Judge  A.  B.  Longstreet,  president  of  Emory 
College  and  author  of  "Georgia  Scenes."  He  located 
in  Oxford,  Miss.,  for  the  practice  of  law,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  a  commissioner  of  the  Confederate  gov- 
ernment to  Europe,  a  Senator  of  the  United  States,  a 
memlier  of  President  Cleveland's  first  Cabinet,  with  the 
portfolio   of  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Interior, 


Putnam  945 

and,  last  but  not  least,  an  Associate  Justice  of  tlie  Su- 
preme Court  of  tlie  United  States — one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent Americans  of  his  day  and  generation. 

The  other  children  of  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Sr.,  were  Dr. 
Thompson  B.  Lamar,  who  commanded  the  Fifth  Florida 
regiment  during  the  Civil  War,  and  surrendered  his 
heroic  life,  in  battle,  near  Petersburg,  Va.,  in  1864;  Jef- 
ferson M.  Lamar,  another  Confederate  martyr,  killed  at 
Crampton's  Gap  in  Maryland;  Susan,  who  married  a  Mr. 
Wiggins,  and  Mary  Ann,  who  first  married  James  C. 
Longstreet,  Esq.,  and  afterwards  John  B.  Ross,  of 
Macon.  , 

William  Bailey  Lamar,  an  eminent  lawyer  and  jurist, 
who  represented  Florida  in  Congress  for  several  terms, 
is  a  son  of  Dr.  Thompson  B.  Lamar.  Judge  Lamar  now 
resides  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Lucius  M.  Lamar,  who  serv- 
ed in  both  branches  of  the  State  Legislature,  achieved 
distinction  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  died  while  United 
States  marshal  for  the  Southern  District  of  Georgia,  was 
a  son  of  Jefferson  M.  Lamar. 


But  the  honors  of  the  family  are  not  yet  exhausted. 
The  achievements  of  individual  members  in  other 
branches  are  not  less  distinguished. 

Henry  G.  Lam.ar  was  an  eminent  jurist  and  states- 
man, who  represented  Georgia  for  several  terms  in  Con- 
gross.  He  was  also  a  popular  candidate  for  Governor 
before  the  convention  which  nominated  Joseph  E.  Brown, 
in  1857.  His  daughter  Victoria  became  the  first  wife 
of  Judge  Osborne  A.  Lochrane,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Georgia.  Another  daughter  married 
Hon.  Augustus  0.  Bacon,  afterwards  United  States  Sen- 
ator. 

Dr.  James  S.  Lamar  was  an  eminent  scholar  and  di- 
vine, who  wrote  ''The  Organon  of  Scripture,  or  the  Induc- 
tive Method  of  Biblical  Intei^:)retation."  He  married 
]\rary  Rucker,  of  Elbert  County,  Ga.,  and  of  this  union 


946       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

was  born  Hon.  Joseph  Rucker  Lamar,  who  served  for 
several  j^ears  on  the  Supreme  Bench  of  G-eorgia,  and 
who,  though  a  Democrat  in  politics,  was  in  1910  ap- 
pointed by  President  T'aft  to  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the 
United  States,  a  tribute  of  the  highest  character  to  his 
professional  attainments.  In  1914  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Wilson  as  representative  from  this  country  to 
meet  with  representatives  from  Argentina,  Brazil  and 
Chili  in  a  conference,  the  object  of  which  was  to  accom- 
plish by  mediation  a  pacification  of  Mexico. 

Colonel  Zachariah  Lamar,  of  Milledgeville,  was  a  clis- 
tingaiishecl  man  of  affairs.  His  son,  John  Basil  Lamar, 
wrote  "The  Blacksmith  of  the  Mountain  Pass,"  among  a 
number  of  other  stories.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Crampton's  Gap,  in  Maryland,  while  serving  on  the  staff 
of  his  brother-in-law,  General  Howell  Cobb,  of  Athens. 
Mary  Ann,  daughter  of  Colonel  Zachariah  Lamar,  mar- 
ried General  Howell  Cobb,  and  from  this  union  sprang 
Major  Lamar  Cobb,  for  years  secretary  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  the  University  of  Georgia ;  Judge  Howell 
Cobb,  long  judge  of  the  City  Court  of  Athens;  Judge 
John  A.  Cobb,  of  Americus,  Ordinary  of  Sumter  County; 
Judge  Andrew  J.  Cobb,  formerly  an  occupant  of  the 
Supreme  Bench  of  Georgia;  Mrs.  Alex.  S.  Erwin,  and 
Mrs.  Tinslev  ^^\  Rucker. 


Basil  Lamar  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution  and  a 
planter.  Two  of  his  sons,  Peter  and  Ezekiel,  became  dis- 
tinguished. For  years,  Colonel  Peter  Lamar  was  a  dom- 
inant figure  in  politics.  He  lived  in  Lincoln  County  and 
married  Sarah  Cobb  Benning,  a  granddaughter  of  Colo- 
nel Thomas  Cobb,  of  Columbia.  His  son,  Lafayette 
Lamar,  was  a  prominent  lawyer,  who  organized  a  com- 
panv  at  the  outbreak  of  the'  war,  and  died  at  Warrenton, 
Va.,'  in  1861. 

Prudence,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Basil  Lamar,  mar- 
ried a  Winn,  and  became  the  grandmother  of  two  distin- 


Quitman  947 

guislied  Georgians :  Eicliarcl  F.  Lyon,  who  served  on 
the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  State,  and  Jabez  Lamar 
Monroe  Cnrry,  diplomat,  statesman,  author  and  divine. 
Dr.  Curry  was  United  States  Minister  to  Spain  and  trus- 
tee for  the  Peabody  and  Slater  funds.  The  State  of 
Alabama  has  placed  his  statue  in  the  nation's  Hall  of 
Fame,  in  AYashington,  D.  C. 

Gazaway  B.  Lamar,  an  early  Congressman  from 
Georgia;  Colonel  C.  A.  L.  Lamar,  one  of  the  joint 
owners  of  the  slave  ship  '' Wanderer,"  who  lost  his  life 
near  the  close  of  the  war" at  Columbus;  Eebecca  Lamar, 
the  famous  heroine  of  the  Pulaski,  a  vessel  lost  at  sea, 
off  the  coast  of  Hatteras,  in  1836;  Colonel  Albert  E. 
Lamar,  who  ^vas  the  secretary  of  the  Secession  Conven- 
tion and  editor  for  years  of  the  Macon  Telegraph — a  man 
of  brilliant  gifts ;  Joseph  B.  Lamar,  who  removed  to 
California,  and  after  representing  Mendocino  County  in 
the  Legislature  was  elevated  to  the  Super'ior  Court 
Bench;  Eev.  Andrew  J.  Lamar,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  a 
great-grandson  of  Governor  James  Jackson;  Hon.  War- 
ren Grice,  the  State's  present  attorney-general.  These 
and  scores  of  others  who  have  risen  to  equally  high  dis- 
tinction belong  to  the  Lamars  of  Georgia. 

QUITMAN 

Georgetown.  Georgetown  was  made  the  county-seat  of 
Quitman  when  the  county  itself  was  first 
organized  from  Eandolph  and  Stewart,  in  1858,  and 
named  for  Governor  John  A.  Quitman,  of  Mississippi. 
But  the  town  itself  was  not  incorporated  until  Decem- 
ber 9,  1859,  when  the  following  commissioners  were  en- 
trusted with  its  local  affairs :  D.  Morris,  E.  C.  Ellington, 
L.  C.  A.  Warren,  N.  T.  Christian  and  John  E.  Eiordan.* 
Georgetown  was  named  for  its  well-known  predecessor  in 
the  District  of  Columbia. 


•Acts,    1S59,    p.    156. 


948       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

EABUN 

Clajrton.  Eabiin  County  was  organized  in  1819  out  of 
Cherokee  lands,  then  recently  acquired  by 
treaty;  but  it  was  not  until  December  13,  1823,  that  a 
county-seat  was  chosen.  Clayton  was  at  this  time  made 
the  permanent  site  of  public  buildings  and  given  a  char- 
ter of  incorporation  with  the  following  board  of  commis- 
sioners :  Benjamin  Oclell,  Edly  Powell,  John  Dillard,  Ed- 
ward Coffee  and  Solomon  Beck.^  The  town  was  named 
for  Judge  Augustin  S.  Clayton,  of  Athelis,  and  the 
county  for  Governor  William  Rabun,  On  December  25, 
1821,  the  Rabun  County  Academy  was  chartered,  w^tli 
the  following  trustees :  Chesley  McKenzie,  AndreAv 
Miller  and  James  Dillard.-  Two  of  Georgia's  most  dis- 
tinguished sons  were  former  residents  of  Rabun :  Chief 
Justice  Logan  E.  Bleckley  and  Dr.  H.  V.  M.  Miller,  a 
former  United  States  Senator. 


"  The  Demosthenes  of      Though  a   native   of  the   State  of   South   Caro- 
tViP  MmintaiTi*;  "  lina,    it    was    among    the    mountain    ranges    of 

Eabun  that  the  boyhood  days  of  this  distin- 
guished physician  and  orator  -were  spent.  On  the  political  hustings,  it 
is  doubtful  if  either  Toombs  or  Stephens  surpassed  Dr.  Miller.  Before 
he  was  thirty  years  of  age,  his  rare  powers  of  eloquence  caused  him  to 
be  dubbed  "the  Demosthenes  of  the  Mountains,"  and  without  relinquish- 
ing his  interest  in  the  great  profession  of  medicine  he  arose  by  sheer  force 
of  genius  to  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate.  As  a  man  of  broad  culture, 
familiar  with  both  the  ancient  and  the  modern  classics,  his  superior  has 
not  appeared  in  the  public  life  of  Georgia  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  he 
has  left  behind  so  little  in  the  Avay  of  literary  memorials.  On  account  of 
the  issues  of  Eeconstruction,  he  wa.s  debarred  from  the  upper  house  of 
Congress  until  the  closing  days  of  the  session  for  which  he  was  elected; 
and  there  was'  consequently  no  opportunity  for  the  great  orator  to  distin- 
guish himself  in  this  high  forum.  Perhaps  the  only  fragment  of  his  elo- 
quence in  print  is  the  impromptu  effort  which  he  delivered  in  his  old  age 
.over  the  bier  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens. 


^Acts,    1823,    p.    197. 
2  Acts,    1821,   p.    125. 


Randolph  949 

Hooper  Alexander,  Esq.,  a  kinsman,  has  recently  j^repared  for  publication 
an  excellent  sketch  of  Dr.  Miller,  in  which  he  records  this  estimate  of  him. 
Says  he:  "Dr.  Miller  was  the  wisest  man  I  ever  knew.  His  judgment  of 
men  was  keen,  his  foresight  of  events  marvelous.  His  education  was  self- 
acquired,  his  learning  prodigious,  his  memory  astounding.  In  medicine  he 
was  pre-eminently  successful,  but  believed  little  in  drugs.  I  have  heard  him 
say  that  it  was  doubtful  if  medicine  had  not  done  as  much  harm  as  good. 
When  the  merit  of  some  remedy  was  argued,  about  which  he  was  skeptical, 
and  cases  were  cited  of  cures  wrought,  he  would  say :  '  The  Hottentots  have 
proven  by  experiment  that  a  loud  noise  will  remove  an  eclipse  of  the  sun. ' 
In  opinion  he  was  broadly  tolerant,  possessed  of  the  most  implicit  faith  in 
God.  In  church  membership  he  was  a  Methodist,  and  adhered  closely  to 
his  church  organization,  though  he  always  claimed  that  the  present  form 
of  church  government  by  bishops  was  unscriptural  and  opposed  to  Wesley's 
teaching.  It  was  also  a  favorite  theme  with  him  to  tease  his  brethren  of 
the  Methodist  pulpit  by  quoting  an  entry  from  Wesley's  Journal  about 
having  baptized  somebody  in  Savannah  '  by  immersion,  according  to  the 
Word  of  God  and  the  practice  of  early  Christians. '  It  was  another  of  his 
favorite  themes  to  insist  that  the  Presbyterian  Shorter  Catechism  was  the 
only  proper  religious  system  on  which  to  bring  up  the  young.  Fi'om  all 
which  things  I  am  led  to  conclude  that  he  believed  the  Word  of  God  a 
bigger  and  broadeB  thing  than  any  church.  In  personal  character  Dr.  Miller 
was  superb.  There  was  no  vestige  of  anything  mean  or  little  in  his 
nature.  He  was  completely  and  essentially  a  gentleman.  And  the  one 
thing  in  this  world  which  he  -hated  was  a  lie. ' '  The  Miller  Eifles,  a  com- 
pany organized  in  Eome  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  was  named  for 
Dr.  Miller.  It  was  incorporated  in  the  famous  Eighth  Georgia  Regiment,  of 
which  the  gallant  Bartow  was  in  command.  The  Doctor  himself  went  to 
the  front  as  the  surgeon  of  this  regiment.  He  was  in  charge  of  the  field 
hospital  when  Bartow  fell  at  Mangpsis;  and  the  handsome  oil  painting  of 
this  brave  officer,  on  the  walls  of  the  Carnegie  Library  in  Atlanta,  was 
the  gift  of  Dr.  Miller. 


RANDOLPH 

Cuthbert.  In  1828,  Eandolph  County  was  formed  out  of 
,Lee  and  named  for  the  celebrated  John  Ran- 
Randolph,  of  Virginia.  Some  twenty  years  before  this 
time,  Mr.  Randolph  had  been  honored  in  a  like  manner, 
but  in  protest  against  some  of  his  unpopular  views  the. 
name  of  the  first  County  of  Randolph  was  changed  to 
Jasper.  But  the  great  Virginian  was  now  again  riding 
the  crest  of  the  wave.    Lumpkin  was  the  original  county- 


950       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

site  of  Eauclolph,  a  town  named  for  Governor  Wilson 
Lumpkin ;  but  when  Stewart  County  was  created  in  1831 
Lumpkin  became  the  county-seat  of  the  new  county,  while 
Cuthbert  was  made  the  county-seat  of  Randolph.  The 
town  was  named  for  one  of  the  Cuthberts,  presumably 
Hon.  John  A.  Cuthbert.  Its  charter  of  incorporation  was- 
granted  in  18o4.  As  an  educational  center,  Cuthbert  has 
long  enjoyed  a  wide  repute.  On  December  25,  1837,  the 
old  Randolph  Academy  was  incorporated  with  the  fol- 
lowing board  of  trustees :  David  Holman,  Oliver  IL 
Griffith,  Alexander  Hendry,  Thomas  Jenkins  and  William 
Taylor.^  Andrew  Female  College,  one  of  the  best-known 
educational  plants  in  Georgia,  was  chartered  on  January 
15,  1854,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees:  Andrew 
L.  O'Brien,  Henry  L.  Taylor,  Sidney  C.  DuBose,  Otis 
P.  Bell  and  William  H.  Brooks.^  Cuthbert  is  today  a 
wide-awake  commercial  town,  with  good  banks,  prosper- 
ous business  establishments,  fine  schools  and  up-to-date 
public  utilities. 

The  Cuthberts.  Volume  I,  Pages  877-878. 

Andrew  Fe- 
male College.  Volume  I,  Pages  878-879. 


Shellmail.  On  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Shellmaii  there  formerly 
stood  a  little  village  called  Notchway.  To  this  village  in 
the  year  1837  William  F.  West  brought  his  wife  and  child,  the  latter  an 
infant  of  only  six  months.  Tliis  child,  now  M'rs.  Eliza  Ellis,  is  today 
SheUman  's  oldest  resident.  The  first  dwelling  was  a  small  cabin  built  by 
Wash  Stanton  just  west  of  where  the  Central  of  Georgia  depot  now  stands, 
and  when  this  little  structure  was  enlarged  to  meet  the  needs'  of  a  depot 
in  1858,  the  settlement,  in  honor  of  its  first  station  agent,  John  Ward,  took 
a  new  name,  and  became  Ward's  Station  The  line  was  then  known  as 
the  Southw^est  Georgia  Eailroad.  In  1870  the  town 's  population  was  only 
seven  souls.  Today  it  is  estimated  at  1,200.  In  1871  the  first  public  build- 
ing was'  erected,  with  a  school-room  on  the  lower  floor  and  a  Masonic  hall 


>  Acts,   1837,  p.    4. 

2  Acts,    1853-1854,    p.    116. 


Richmond  951 

on  the  upper.  But  in  1888  Colonel  E.  F.  Crittenden  and  Captain  H.  A. 
Crittenden  bought  the  negro  church  on  the  east  side  of  town  for  school 
purposes,  and  when  these  quarters  were  outgrown  the  town  raised  $800 
for  remodeling  the  structure,  which  served  until  1898,  when  the  present 
property  was  acquired.  Mr.  W.  F,  Shellman,  of  Savannah,  gave  $100  of 
the  above  sum,  and  in  honor  of  this  gentleman  the  school  became 
Shellman  Institute,  and  the  town  itself  Shellman.  The  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  was  organized  in  Masonic  Hall  in  1876,  with  Rev.  John 
West  as  pastor.  In  1880  this  denomination  built  its  first  house  of  worship, 
a  structure  remodeled  in  1890.  There  was  a  strong  Baptist  community  cen- 
tered at  Eehobeth,  just  north  of  the  town,  as  early  as  18-io,  but  the  first 
church  of  this  faith  was  not  built  at  Shellman  until  1886,  and  finally  in 
1904  the  old  structure  was  superceded  by  the  present  handsome  edifice  of 
brick.  Some  time  in  the  early  seventies  Mr.  J.  B.  Payne  began  what  has 
been  successively  a  saw  mill,  a  grist  mill  and  an  oil  mill.  The  present 
structure  was  built  in  1901  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Oliver.  As'  business  increased 
the  demand  for  banking  facilities  increased  likewise,  and  in  response  to 
these  demands  came  the  Shellman  Banking  Company  in  1890  and  the  First 
National  Bank  in  1900.  Shellman 's  business  activities  have  been  mainly 
dependent  upon  its  surrounding  agricultural  lands.  In  consequence  of  this 
fact,  three  guano  mixing  plants  are  supported.  The  first  white  child  born 
in  Shellman  was  Virginia  Phelps,  whose  parents,  Thomas  Jay  and  Annie 
Phelps,  were  the  first  couple  to  be  married  in  the  town.  The  first  public 
school  teacher  was  Eev.  E.  A.  J.  Powell.  The  first  member  of  the  General 
Assembly  from  Shellman  was  Colonel  E.  F.  Crittenden,  1871-1872  and 
1882-1883.  His  successors  in  office  from  this  town  have  been:  I.  A.  Martin, 
1894-1895,  and  J.  N.  Watts,  1911-1912.  Shellman 's  first  State  Senator 
was  Captain  H.  A.  Crittenden,  1907-1908,  followed  by  J.  N.  Watts,  1913- 
1914.* 


RICHMOND 
Fort  Augusta:  1736.  Volume  I,  pp.  113-117. 

Treaties  Made  Several  important  treaties  with  the  Geor- 
at  Augusta.  gm  Indians  were  made  at  Augusta.  The 
first  of  these  was  negotiated  hy  the  royal 
Governor,  Sir  James  Wright,  on  June  1,  1773.  In  sat- 
isfaction of  certain  debts  due  the  traders,  a  large  tract 
of  land  was  ceded  at  this  time  by  the  Indians,  including 


♦The  data  for  this  sketch  was  supplied  by  Mrs.  Eilza  Ellis  and  Capt. 
H.  A.  Crittenden,  and  compiled  by  Mrs.  .John  Gordon  Black,  historian,  as- 
sisted by  Mrs.  J.  N.  Watts,  regent,  Noble  Vlmberly  Jones  Chapter,  D.  A.  R. 


952       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

both  the  Creeks  and  the  Cherokees,  whose  dominion 
adjoined  in  this  part  of  the  State.  Out  of  the  lands  ac- 
quired under  this  treaty  was  subsequently  formed  the 
large  County  of  Wilkes,  originally  a  sort  of  frontier 
kingdom,  which  became  the  parent  of  a  numerous  off- 
spring. On  the  part  of  the  Crown,  two  commissioners 
signed  the  compact :  Sir  James  Wright,  baronet,  captain- 
general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  Province  of 
Georgia;  and  Hon.  John  Stewart,  Esq.,  his  Majesty's 
sole  agent  for  and  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  in 
the  southern  district  of  North  America.  On  the  part 
of  the  redskins,  it  was  witnessed  by  chiefs,  head-men 
and  warriors  of  both  tribes.  ' 

During  the  struggle  for  independence  both  the  Creeks 
and  the  Cherokees  sided  with  the  British.  In  conse- 
quence, there  was  a  forfeiture  of  land  to  the  State  at  the 
close  of  hostilities.  On  May  31,  1783,  a  treaty  was  made 
at  Augusta  with  the  Cherokee  Indians,  whereby  a  tract 
of  land  was  acquired  in  the  upper  part  of  the  State,  out 
of  which  the  County  of  Franklin  was  afterwards  formed. 
Governor  Lyman  Hall,  General  John  Twiggs,  Colonel 
Elijah  Clarke,  Colonel  Benjamin  Few^,  Hon.  Edward  Tel- 
fair and  General  Samuel  Elbert,  witnessed  the  compact, 
as  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Legislature  of  Geor- 
gia. There  was  no  further  trouble  with  the  Cherokees 
for  a  number  of  years.  On  November  1,  1783,  a  treaty 
was  made  at  Augusta  with  the  Creek  Indians,  whereby 
a  tract  of  land  was  acquired  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
State,  out  of  which  the  county  of  Washington  was  sub- 
sequently erected.  The  commissioners,  on  the  part  of 
the  State,  were:  General  John  Twiggs,  Colonel  Elijah 
Clarke,  Hon.  Edward  Telfair,  Hon.  Andrew  Burns  and 
Hon,  William  Glascock,  But  the  Creeks,  under  the  bold 
leadership  of  the  noted  Alexander  McGillivray,  repudi- 
ated the  agreement;  and  out  of  this  bone  of  contention 
grew  the  Oconee  War,  The  settlers  in  the  new  County  of 
Washington  were  constantly  harrassed  by  hostile  incur- 
sions and  depredations.    Subsequent  treaties  were  made 


Richmond  953 

at  Galphinton,  at  Hopewell,  and  at  Shoulder  Bone,  but  to 
little  purpose.  McGillivray  was  an  artful  dodger.  At 
last  the  newly  organized  Government  of  the  United  States 
took  the  matter  in  hand.  Under  the  personal  eye  of 
Washington,  the  ^treaty  of  New  York  was  negotiated  in 
1790  by  Secretary  Knox,  of  the  Department  of  War. 
But  still  further  difficulties  ensued,  and  it  was  not  until 
1796  that  a  final  treaty  of  friendship  and  good-will  was 
concluded  at  Coleraine,  ratifying  the  treaty  of  New  York 
and  bringing  the  Oconee  War  to  an  end. 


Historic  Old  St.  Paul's.  Volume  I,  pp.  117-122. 


Meadow  Garden.  Volume  I,  pp.  122-125. 


Sand  Bar  Ferry :       Four  miles  southeast  of  Augusta  lies 
A  Famous  one    of    the    most    famous    duelling 

Duelling  Ground,  grounds  in  America :  Sand  Bar  Ferry. 
It  occupies  both  banks  of  the  Savan- 
nah River  at  a  point  which  in  past  years,  before  the  old 
ferry  gave  place  to  the  present  modern  steel  bridge, 
was  well  adapted  by  reason  of  its  peculiar  environment 
to  the  purposes  of  a  field-  of  honor.  Here,  in  the  days 
gone  by,  personal  combats  without  number  have  been 
fought  under  the  Code  Duello,  Georgians  resorting  to  the 
Carolina  side  and  Carolinians  betaking  themselves  to  the 
Georgia  side,  each  to  adjust  their  diiferences  according 
to  the  only  mode  of  arbitrament  which  then  prevailed 
among  gentlemen.  Happily  this  method  of  redress  has 
long  since  passed.  For  more  than  a  generation  not  a 
drop  of  blood  has  been  spilled  on  the  old  duelling  ground, 
and  its  hostile  meetings  are  today  recalled  only  by  the 
gray-beards  whose  memories  reach  back  to  the  old  re- 
gime, when  the  duelling  pistol  dominated  the  public  life 
of  the  South.     But  we  are  fortunate  in  finding  for  our 


954       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

readers  an  article  which  describes  this  noted  resort  of 
the  duellist  as  it  appeared  forty  years  ago.  It  was  writ- 
ten by  Colonel  James  T.  Bacon,  editor  of  the  Edgefield 
Chronicle,  who  often  visited  the  spot ;  and,  without  repro- 
ducing the  article  in  full,  its  salient  paragraphs  are  as 
follows : 

' '  There  is  not  a  spot  of  greater  interest  in  any  part  of  our  country  than' 
the  secluded  glade  known  in  the  history  of  the  South,  of  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  especially,  as  Sand  Bar  Ferry.  A  commonplace  name  enough,, 
but  attached  to  a  glade  or  fairy  ring  set  apart  for  the  conventional  duel- 
ling ground  when  the  Code  Duello  was  the  first  resort  of  gentlemen  in 
settling  personal  difficulties. 

"In  some  respects  it  would  seem  that  this  spot  were  fashioned  for  some- 
such  purpose,  so  quiet,  so  perfectly  secluded,  so  easy  of  access  and  at,  the- 
same  time  so  out  of  the  way  that  a  most  bloody  duel  could  be  fought  to* 
a  finish  before  authority  from  any  point  could  arrive  to  interfere. 

"This'  historic  duelling  arena  lies  three  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of 
Augusta,  over  what  was  once  a  wheel-scarred  and  rugged  road,  heavy  in' 
places  with  fine  sand,  and  again  marshy  where  it  dipped  into  a  bit  of 
low  land  or  struggled  through  a  tongue  of  undrained  swamp.  The  road 
lies  along  pleasant  farm  lands,  and  plume-like  elms  meet  in  leafy  arches 
overhead.  Now  it  runs  deep  into  the  heart  of  the  dim  swamp,  now  close 
along  the  margin  of  the  rushing,  muddy,  turbulent  Savannah,  bordered  bj^ 
thousands  of  the  trailing  water  willow. 

' '  This'  duelling  ground  lies  on  either  side  of  the  river.  With  the  bel- 
ligerents of  the  Carolina  side,  who  wished  to  settle  differences  with  leaden 
arguments,  the  fairy  ring  beneath  the  hoary  moss-draped  trees  on  the 
Georgia  side  was  chosen  as  the  scene  of  action.  With  those  already  in 
trouble  on  the  latter  side,  the  clean,  firm  sands  of  the  wide  river  bank  were' 
preferred.  On  the  Georgia  side  the  famous  spot  might  well  be  mistaken 
for  the  artificial  work  of  man,  fashioned  with  a  view  to  the  purpose  which 
it  served.  The  ground  is  as  level  as  a  dancing  floor;  a  soft  carpet  of 
moss  covers  it,  through  which  the  vivid  fruit  of  the  partridge  vine  or 
ground  ivy  glows  like  the  crimson  stain  of  blood.  All  around  tall  cedars, 
feathery  elms  and  towering  gums,  interspersed  with  a  few  black-boled 
pines',  draped  with  long  streamers  of  the  funeral  gray  moss,  shade  the  trav- 
eler from  the  too-ardent  rays   of  the  semi-tropical  sun. 

"On  the  left  the  river  runs,  broadening  out  into  wide  shallows,  the 
sand-  bars  shoaling  out  from  either  bank,  until  at  low  water,  or  during 
the  summer  months,  persons  standing  on  the  further  end  of  the  bar  could 
clasp  hands  across  the  bed  of  the  then  placid  river.  On  the  right  a  thick 
hedge  of  flowering  .-juniper  shuts'  off  the  view  of  a  most  prosaic  object,  s 
railroad  trestle  poised  high,   and  spanning  the  river   from   bank  to  bank. 


Richmond  955 

On  the  Carolina  side  white  chalk  cliffs  loom  up,  cut  by  a  road  that  winds  up 
and  up  until  lost  to  sight  over  the  high  brow  of  the  white  bare  hills. ' ' 


"It  is  a  singularly  quiet  place,  this  famous  Southern  duelling  ground; 
the  natural  face  of  which  seems  never  to  change.  Xo  sound  breaks  the 
stillness,  but  the  occasional  flutter  of  the  winged  inhabitant  of  the  bushe.s, 
the  lap  of  the  water  over  the  sand  bars,  or  the  grinding  wheels  of  an 
occasional  vehicle  that  has  just  been  ferried  over. 

"  ]\Iany  of  the  lagoons  have  never  been  explored,  and  just  how  many 
there  are  cannot,  seemingly,  be  ascertained.  Dense  canebrakes,  absolutely 
as  impregnable  as  a  stone  wall,  shutting  out  daylight  in  their  vicinity, 
cut  off  communication  except  where  the  tilled  lands  skirt  them,  or  where 
a  narrow  and  tortuous  passage  leads  into  the  Savannah.  It  is  a  curious 
phenomenon  that,  however  high  the  river  rises,  or  however  low  it  sinks, 
the  w^aters  in  the  lagoon  remain  the  same — weird,  ghostly,  mysterious,  a 
freak  of  nature  in  her  most  sombre  mood — spots  of  eternal  mourning,  may- 
hap for  bygone  transgressions — blots  upon  the  fair  face  of  nature  beneath 
the  ardent  Southern  sun. 


"But  let  us  climb  up  to  the  top  of  the  high  white  cliffs  of  Beech  Island, 
on  the  South  Carolina  side,  whence  spreads  out  the  level  duelling  ground. 
The  September  moon  is  rising,  and  the  silence  is  intense ;  almost  palpable 
or  tangible,  as  it  were.  The  reddening  gum  leaves  flutter  in  the  lazy 
breeze — flurrying  lightly  over  the  moss  with  a  sound  that  might  be  made 
by  the  ghostly  footsteps  of  the  things  unseen.  Even  the  bird  voices  seem 
far  away  and  hushed;  the  moonlight  filters  through  the  whispering  pines' 
that  complain  in  far-off  hushed  undertones ;  and  standing  there  one  feels 
■as  though  civilization  and  the  fret  of  life  and  the  strife  of  man  had  been 
left  many  miles  behind,  and  that  the  land  in  which  it  is  always  afternoon — 
if  not  black  night — were  well  at  hand. 

"Beech  Island  is  a  fair  and  blessed  land,  but  there  hangs  a  dark  and 
bloody  fringe  along  some  of  her  borders. ' ' 


Poets'  Monument:  On  April  28,  1913,  a  handsome  gTan- 
Mrs.  Cole's  Gift.  ite  memorial  to  four  renowned  Geor- 
gia poets :  Sidney  Lanier,  Father 
Kyan,  James  Ryder  Randall  and  Paul  H.  Hayne,  was 
unveiled  with  impressive  ceremonies,  in  the  presence  of 
a  vast  throng.     The  monument  was  a  gift  to  the  city 


956       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


from  Mrs.  E.  W.  Cole,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  formerly 
a  resident  of  Angiista,  and  the  speech  of  presentation, 
an  exquisite  literary  gem,  was  made  by  Chancellor  James 
H.  Kirkland,  of  Vanderbilt  University.  This  attractive 
memorial  stands  on-Grreene  Street,  a  thoroughfare  noted 
for  its  numerous  artistic  charms.  The  structure  consists 
of  four  ornamental  pillars,  resting  upon  a  massive  base 
and  supporting  a  handsomely  carved  roof.  Enclosed 
within  is  a  square  of  granite,  on  the  four  sides  of  which 
are  these  inscriptions : 


SIDNEY  LANIER. 

1842-1880. 
' '  The  Catholic  man  who  hath  mightily  won 
God  out  of  knowledge  and  good  out  of  infinite  pain 
And  sight  out  of  blindness  and  purity  out  of  a  stain. 


FATHER  RYAN. 

1842-1886. 

"To  the 

higher  shrine  of  love  divine 

My  lowly  feet  have  trod.                                    | 

I  want 

no  fame,  no  other  name 

Than 

this — a  priest  of  God. ' ' 

JAMES  R.  RANDALL. 
1839-1908. 
"Better  the  fire  upon  the  roll, 
Better   the   blade,   the   shot,   the   bowl, 
Than  crucifixion  of  the  soul, 

Maryland,  my  Maryland. ' ' 


PAUL  HAYNE. 

1830-1886. 
"Yet  would  I  rather  in  the  outward  state 
Of  song 's  immortal  temple  lay  me  down, 
A  beggar,  basking  by  that  radiant  gate. 

Than  bend  beneath  the  haughtiest  empire 's  crown. ' ' 


Surrounding  the  monument  there  are  four  marble 
seats.  With  the  single  exception  of  Lanier,  these  gifted 
men  of  genius  were  for  a  number  of  years  associated 


Richmond  957 

with  the  intellectual  and  social  life  of  Augusta,  while 
two  of  them — Hayne  and  Randall — lie  buried  in  the  city 
cemetery  in  a  section  known  as  "Poets'  Row."  We 
quote  from  a  local  newspaper*  the  following  brief  ac- 
count of  the  exercises  of  unveiling: 

Long  before  the  hour  of  5  o  'clock  the  crowd  began  to  gather  around 
the  monument,  and  soon  the  400  seats  placed  on  the  green  were  filled,  as 
was  the  driveway  around,  with  automobiles. 

When  Mrs.  Cole  and  the  members  of  her  party  arrived  they  were 
seated  near  the  stand,  upon  which  the  Mayor  and  members  of  Council 
were  seated  and  also  the  clergy  of  the  city,  and  those  who  were  to  take 
part  in  the  program. 

When  the  hour  of  5  struck  more  than  a  thousand  people  were  present 
and  the  audience  was  a  most  representative  one,  citizens  of  all  ages  being 
present  from  the  eldest  citizen  to  babies  in  the  arms  of  their  nurses. 

The  first  thing  on  the  program  was  the  unveiling  of  the  monument, 
by  little  Cornelia  White,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  B.  Wliite,  and 
Master  Whiteford  Cole,  Jr.,  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Whiteford  Cole,  of 
JSIashville. 

Hon.  Linwood  Hayne,  who  presided  over  the  exercises,  then  introduced 
the  Eev.  S.  B.  Wiggins,  pastor  of  St.  John's  Methodist  Church,  who  made 
the  opening  prayer.  A  chorus'  of  about  seventy  school  children,  trained  by 
Miss  Harris,  then  sang  sweetly,  ' '  Maryland,  My  Maryland, ' '  with  an  accom- 
paniment of  harp  and  violin. 

Chancellor  Kirkland,  of  Vanderbilt  University,  was  introduced  by  Mr. 
Hayne,  and  he  presented  the  monument,  on  behalf  of  Mrs.  Cole,  to  the 
city  of  Augusta  in  a  most  eloquent  speech,  which  was  listened  to  with  the 
closest  attention  and  received  with  the  heartiest  applause.  Chancellor  Kirk- 
land paid  a  beautiful  and  fitting  tribute  to  the  four  poets,  in  whose 
memory  the  monument  is  erected,  and  in  glowing  terms  mentioned  their 
separate  claim  to  fame  and  their  loyalty  to  the  Southland,  in  whose  honor 
their  most  inspired  songs  were  sung. 

Chancellor  Kirkland  was  followed  by  the  Rev.  M.  Ashby  Jones,  who 
accepted  the  monument  in  behalf  of  the  city.  Dr.  Jones  always  rises  to  an 
occasion  as  few  can,  and  his'  beautiful,  inspiring  and  uplifting  speech  of 
acceptance  and  appreciation  was  expressed  with  his  customary  felicity  of 
expression  and  eloquent  earnestness. 

Dr.  Jones  spoke  beautifully  of  the  inspiration  this  monument  would  be 
to  the  young  men  and  women  of  the  city;  of  its  perpetual  appeal  to  them 
to  demand  the  best  and  to  seek  the  highest  ideals.  He  closed  by  saying  r 
"I  accept,  in  behalf  of  all  Augusta,  this  beautiful  expression  of  your  love 
for  this  city,  and  thank  you  that  you  have  helped  and  honored  us,  for  this 
day  and  for  the  days  that  are  to  come. ' ' 


*The  Augusta  Chronicle,  issue  of  Tuesday,  April  20,  1913. 


958       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Following  Dr.  Jones',  Mr.  William  H.  Ilayne  delivered  an  original  ode, 
■written  in  honor  of  the  occasion,  that  was  a  gem  of  poetic  thought  and 
charming  expression.  One  of  Father  Eyan's  beautiful  poems,  put  to  music 
by  Miss  Harris,  was  then  sung  by  the  chorus  to  a  familiar  air.  The  serv- 
ices were  concluded  with  a  short  prayer  and  benediction  uttered  by  Father 
Kane,  of  St.  Patrick's  Church. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  exercises  Mrs.  Cole  was  surrounded  by  countless 
old  friends  in  the  city,  many  of  whom  had  not  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting 
her  personally  since  they  were  young  folks  together.  The  shadows  of  even- 
ing were  falling  before  the  crowd  finally  dispersed. 


Barrett  Plaza :  The  Directly  in  front  of  the  Union  Sta- 
Walsh  Monument,  tion,  on  Barrett  Plaza,  facing  the 
city  of  Angmsta,  whose  busiest  s'ec- 
tion  lies  between  the  plaza  and  the 
river  stands  a  handsome  statue  in  bronze  of  one  of  the 
most  beloved  of  Angnstans:  United  States  Senator 
Patrick  Walsh.  Coming  to  Angusta  from  his  boyhood 
home  in  Ireland,  he  became  in  the  course  of  time  editor 
and  owner  of  the  Augusta  Chronicle,  one  of  the  most 
powerful  individual  factors  in  the  development  of  his 
adopted  to^\^l  and  one  of  the  most  commanding  tigures 
in  the  political  life  of  Georgia.  Before  reaching  the  end 
of  his  days — a  period  all  too  short— he  wore  by  executive 
appointment  the  toga  of  the  xlmerican  Senate,  succeeding 
in  this  high  forum  the  lamented  Alfred  H.  Colquitt. 
With  impressive  ceremonies,  on  June  20,  1913,  occurred 
the  formal  exercises  of  unveiling.  Two  distinguished 
Georgia  editors,  Hon.  Clark  Howell,  of  Atlanta,  and  Hon. 
Pleasant  A,  Stovall,  of  Savannah,  both  warm  and  inti- 
mate personal  friends  of  the  deceased,  delivered  the  prin- 
cipal addresses.  We  cpiote  the  following  account  of  the 
exercises  from  a  newspaper  report:* 

There  were  probably  3,000  people  gathered  on  Barrett  Plaza  at  6:15 
0  'clock  when  the  heroic  bronze  statue  of  the  late  Senator  Patrick  Walsh, 
mounted  on  a  mammoth  marble  pedestal,  was  presented  to  the  city  and 
accepted  by  Mayor  L.  C.  Hayne  from  the  Walsh  Memorial  Association. 


*From  the  Augusta  correspondent   of  the  Atlanta  Constitution,   in  issue 
of  June  21,   1913. 


ElCHMOND  9o9 

The  address  of  the  occasion  by  Hon.  Clark  Howell,  of  Atlanta,  and 
Hon.  Pleasant  A.  Stovall,  of  Savannah,  both  of  whom  knew  Mr.  Walsh 
intiniatel}',  were  sympathetic  and  held  the  rapt  attention  of  the  big  crowd. 

Grandnieces  of  Mr.  Walsh,  Misses  Catherine  Smith  and  Marie  Walsh, 
pulled  the  cords  which  loosened  the  veil  from  the  statue.  A  commodious 
stand  was  erected  on  the  north  side  of  the  monument,  on  which  were  seated 
the  members  of  Mr.  Walsh's  family,  the  speakers  of  the  day.  Mayor  L.  C. 
Hayne,  of  Augusta;  members'  of  the  city  council  and  other  city  officials 
and  a  number  of  Mr.  Walsh 's  closest  personal  friends,  who  were  extended 
special  invitations  to  occupy  seats  upon  the  stand. 

Secret  orders  of  which  Mr.  Walsh  was  a  member  attended  the  exercises 
in  a  body.  These  orders  were  the  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians,  the  Knights 
of  Columbus  and  the  Elks.  The  cadet  body  of  the  Academy  of  the  Sacred 
Heart  also  attended  the  ceremonies  en  masse. 

Following  the  introductory  music,  the  invocation  by  Rev.  P.  H.  Mc- 
Mahon,  of  Washington,  Ga..  a  close  friend  of  the  late  Senator,  and  the 
unveiling,  the  bronze  figure  was  presented  to  this  city  by  John  J.  Cohen, 
president  of  the  Walsh  Memorial  Association,  existence  of  which  dates 
from  the  day  of  Mr.  Walsh  's  funeral  in  March,  1899,  Mr.  Stovall  and  Mr. 
Howell  delivered  their  addresses,  following  in  the  order  named.  The  accept- 
ance speech  was  delivered  by  Edward  B.  Hook,  who  spoke  for  Mayor  Hayne. 

The  monument  is  8  feet  in  height,  placed  on  a  pedestal  of  practically 
the  same  height  of  white  marble,  on  the  adverse  side  being  engraved  a  laurel 
wreath.  Above  and  arching  over  the  wreath  is  engraved  a  fitting  sentiment. 
On  the  reverse  side  are  engraved  facts  relative  to  Mr.  Walsh,  the  date  of 
his  birth,  death  and  others.  Cost  of  the  erection  is  stated  to  be  about 
$10,000. 

This  descriptive  account  of  the  monument  is  taken 
from  a  local  newspaper:* 

The  statue  is  placed  facing  North.  The  features  brought  out  true  to 
life,  the  broad  brow,  the  determined  jaws,  eyes  of  the  same  calm,  benign  and 
steady  gaze  of  the  Senator  of  life,  the  hair,  side  whiskers'  and  goatee  ap- 
pearing just  as  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life.  The  figure  shows  him 
wearing  a  long  buttoned  frock  coat,  with  the  right  hand  thrust  into  the 
bosom  of  his  coat  and  the  left  hand  hanging  by  his  side,  holding  a  scroll 
typifying  the  editor  and  the  laM-maker.  The  weight  of  the  figure  is 
upon  the  right  foot,  while  the  left  is  placed  slightly  forward.  The  general 
attitude   is   that   of   the   speaker. 

The  pedestal  is  circular  and  about  five  feet  in  height.  Carved  in  relief 
on  the  obverse  side  is  an  olive  wreath,  inside  of  which  are  the  dates  ''1840" 
and  "1899."  "Patrick  Walsh"  is  carved  in  bold  characters  in  relief 
directly  above  the  wreath.  On  the  reverse  side  appears  this  inscription,  the 
lines  being  engraved  below  each  other  in  the  respective  order:   "Editor  of 


•Augusta  Chronicle,   issue  of  June   21,    1913. 


9T60       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

The  Augusta  Chronicle,  Mayor  of  the  City  of  Augusta.  Member  of  the 
Georgia  Legishiture.  U.  S.  Senator.  A  Patriotic  Citizen.  A  Loyal  Friend. 
A  Lover  of  Humanity.     Erected  by  His  Fellow  Citizens." 

The  base  of  the  pedestal  is  a  square  block  of  marble,  measuring  six  feet 
on  the  side,  placed  on  a  concrete  foundation.  The  foundation  has  been  cov- 
ered with  soil  and  grass  planted,  which  is  now  growing  luxuriously. 


Major  Archibald     On  board  the  ill-fated  Titanic,  which 
Butt:  A  Hero  struck  an  iceberg  in  mid-ocean,  on  the 

of  the  Titanic.  evening  of  April  15,  1912,  was  a  gal- 
lant son  of  Augusta — Major  Archibald 
Butt.  At  the  time  of  his  death  Major  Butt  was  one  of 
the  best-lvnown  men  in  American  public  life,  having 
served  as  chief  of  the  President's  military  staff,  under 
two  national  administrations,  and  for  eight  years  no 
one  ever  attended  the  brilliant  social  functions  at  the 
White  House  without  being  impressed  by  the  erect  and 
graceful  figure  of  the  handsome  officer.  The  disaster  in 
which  he  lost  his  life  was  the  greatest  marine  tragedy 
of  modern  times — an  ocean  holocaust,  in  which  over  1,500 
souls  perished.  The  Titanic  was  the  greatest  vessel 
afloat.  She  was  making  her  maiden  voyage  from  Liver- 
pool to  New  York ;  and  some  of  the  inost  eminent  men  of 
the  world  were  on  board.  The  unwritten  law  of  the  sea — ■ 
"women  and  children  first" — was  rigidly  enforced;  but 
the  inate  chivalry  of  Archibald  Butt  made  it  a  needless 
one,  so  far  as  it  concerned  himself.  He  was  not  among 
the  number  saved.  Only  the  meagerest  details  of  the 
colossal  tragedy  reached  "Washington  after  days  of  anx- 
ious waiting;  and  when  hope  for  the  brave  officer's  rescue 
was  finally  abandoned,  Mr.  Taft's  comment,  made  with 
moisture  in  his  eyes,  was  this:  ''He  died  like  a  soldier 
and  a  gentleman."  The  President  afterwards  came  to 
Augusta  for  the  express  purpose  of  paying  a  heart-felt 
memorial  tribute  to  his  beloved  chief  of  staff. 

Archibald  WilHngham  Butt  came  of  an  old  Augusta 
family,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Savannah  River  at  this 
place  he  was  born  on  September  26,  1866.    Here  he  grew 


Richmond  961 

up,  attending  tlie  local  schools;  but,  losing  his  father 
when  quite  a  lad,  it  was  mainly  by  his  mother's  hand 
that  the  youth  was  reared.  The  latter  was  a  Miss  Boggs. 
It  was  the  ardent  wish  of  the  boy's  mother  to  see  her 
son  in  the  pulpit,  and  with  the  hope  of  making  a  minister 
of  Archibald  she  serrt  him  to  Sewanee.  But  the  lad's 
ambition  was  to  enter  the  army— the  life  which  fasci- 
nated him  most  was  the  soldier's.  As  a  sort  of  compro- 
mise, on  leaving  college,  he  drifted  into  journalism,  but 
without  relinquishing  his  dream.  In  the  course  of  time, 
he  became  the  Washington  correspondent  of  the  Atlanta 
Journal,  and  by  a  most  singular  coincidence  one  of  his 
associates  on  the  paper  at  this  time  was  the  brilliant 
Jacques  Futrelle,  who  was  destined  to  share  his  watery 
grave  in  the  mid- Atlantic. 

Major  Butt's  nearest  surviving  relatives  are  his  two 
brothers,  Edward  H,  Butt,  of  Liverpool,  and  Lewis  Ford 
Butt,  of  Augusta.  John  D.  Butt,  a  third  brother,  met 
death  in  a  railway  accident  a  number  of  years  ago. 
About  the  same  time  he  also  lost  an  only  sister.  When 
orr  a  visit  to  Atlanta,  some  few  months  before  the  tragic 
disaster.  Major  Butt  incidentally  remarked:  ''My  ambi- 
tion is  to  die  in  such  a  manner  as  to  reflect  credit  upon 
the  name  I  bear."  He  may  not  have  recalled  this  wish 
amid  the  waters  of  the  Wild  Atlantic,  on  the  night  when 
his  brave  soul  went  out;  but  his  ambition  was  fully  real- 
ized. The  citizens  of  Augusta  have  plarrued  a  memorial 
bridge  in  his  honor  to  span  the  Augusta  Canal  and  to 
keep  his  name  in  green  remembrance  amid  the  scenes  of 
his  youth.  At  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  a  memorial  tablet  has 
already  been  unveiled  in  the  halls  of  his  alma  mater, 
and  a  handsome  monument  has  also  been  erected  by  his 
comrades  of  the  army  in  Arlington  National  Cemetery, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Archibald  Butt :        On  April  15,  1914,  the  handsome  me- 
Memorial  Bridge,     morial  bridge  erected  by  the  citizens 
of  Augusta  in  honor  of  Major  Archi- 
bald Butt  was  dedicated  in  the  presence  of  a  vast  throng 


962       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  people,  numbering  perhaps  5,000.  It  spans  the  Au- 
gTista  Canal  at  the  intersection  of  Fifteenth  and  Greene 
Streets,  near  the  site  of  Major  Butt's  old  home.  Ex- 
President  of  the  United  States  Hon.  William  H.  Taft  de- 
livered the  principal  address  of  the  occasion,  in  addition 
to  which  the  Masonic  rites  constituted  a  most  impressive 
feature  of  the. exercises.  From  a  detailed  report  of  this 
impressive  ceremonial  the  following  account  is  taken:* 

Simple  but  impressive  exercises  attended  the  dedication  here  today  of 
the  Butt  memorial  bridge,  erected  as  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the  late 
Major  Archibald  Willingham  Butt,  aide  to  former  Presidents  Taft  and 
Eoosevelt,  who  perished  in  the  Titanic  diaster  on  April  14,   1912. 

Former  President  Taff,  a  delegation  of  Masons  from  the  Temple  Noyes 
Lodge,  of  Washington,  of  which  Major  Butt  was  a  member;  local  Masons 
and  members  of  the  Butt  Memorial  Association,  participated  in  the  serv- 
ices, which  were  held  on  the  handsome  new  bridge  spanning  the  canal  at 
Fifteenth  and  Greene  Streets. 

Arrangements  had  been  completed  for  the  dedication  to  be  held  yes- 
terday afternoon,  but  on  account  of  rain  it  was  necessary  to  postpone  the 
ceremonies  until  today. 

The  formal  dedication  of  the  bridge  was  preceded  by  the  laying  of  a 
cornerstone  with  ritualistic  ceremonies  by  the  Masons'. 

Former  President  Taft,  the  first  speaker,  spoke  feelingly  of  his  former 
aide   as  a  "  Southerner  through   and  through. ' ' 

"I  like  to  think  of  him,"  said  Mr.  Taft,  "as  the  best  type  of  the  new 
South,  with  its  full  flavor  of  the  chivalrous  and  patriotic  sentiment  of  the 
old  South,  strengthened  by  the  trials  of. war  and  its  consequences,  mellowed 
by  success  in  its  struggles  against  obstacles  after  the  war,  and  turned  into 
the  deepest  loyalty  to  the  flag  by  the  Spanish-American  war,  and  a  sense 
of  a  full  share  in  the  power  and  responsibility  of  the  government  of  the 
country. 

"He  was'  a  Southerner  through  and  through.  He  had  the  tradition  of 
the  South  deep-seated  in  his  nature.  But  he  had  the  self-control  that  en- 
abled him  with  entire  self-respect  to  pass  unnoticed  expressions  of  preju- 
dice or  criticism  toward  what  he  held  dear,  made  thoughtlessly,  or  upon 
the  assumption  that  he  was  not  a  Southern  man." 

The  bridge  proper  is  constructed  of  concrete.  At  each  of  the  two  ap- 
proaches are  two  massive  lions,  carved  from  limestone,  one  bearing  a  bronze 
shield  engraved  with  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  United  State,  another  with 
the  Georgia  coat  of  arms  of  the  Butt  family  and  the  fourth  the  Temple- 
Noyes  Lodge  coat  of  arms.     Four  tall  columns  surmounted  by  bronze  eagles 


♦Augusta  correspondent   of    the    Atlanta    Constitution,    in    issue    of   April 
15,    1914. 


Richmond 


963 


rise  from  the  four  corners  of  the  central  arch  of  the  structure.  In  the 
center  is  a  bronze  bas-relief  of  Major  Butt.  A  bronze  tablet  bears  the 
following  inseiption,  which  was  written  by  former  President  Taft: 

"In  honor  of  Archibald  Willingham  Butt. 
"Born  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  September  26,  1865. 
"Graduated  University  of  the  South,  1888. 

"Major  in  United  States  Army,  trusted  aide-de-camp  to  two  Presidents. 
"Major  Butt  went  to  his  death  on  the  steamer  Titanic  after  the  rescue 
of  the  women  and  children  from  that  ill-fated  vessel,  April  14,  1912. 
' '  In  memory  of  his  noble  and  lovable  qualities  as  a  man. 
"His  courage  and  high  sense  of  duty  as'  a  soldier. 
' '  His  loyalty  and  efficiency  as  a  public  servant. 
"His  fellow  citizens  of  Augusta  dedicate  this  bridge." 

A  beautiful  and  unexpected  feature  of  the  day 's  exercises  was  the 
presentation  to  the  citizens  of  Augusta  of  another  handsome  memorial  of 
the  late  Major  Butt,  through  Mr.  LeEoy  Herron,  worshipful  master  of  the 
Washington  Masonic  Lodge,  in  the  form  of  a  life-size  copper  reproduction 
of  Major  Butt. 

At  3  0  'clock  yesterday  afternoon,  immediately  after  its  delivery,  the 
handsome  statue  was  set  up  in  the  lobby  of  the  Bon  Air  Hotel,  where  the 
entire  party  and  many  other  visitors  for  the  memorial  exercises  are  stop- 
ping, and  was  admired  by  thousands  of  people.  This  morning  it  was'  re- 
moved to  a  location  near  the  tablets  on  the  bridge,  and  was  consiiieuously 
a  part  of  today 's  exercises. 


Dennis  Cahill: 
An  Irish  Hero. 


On  the  banks  of  the  Augusta  Canal,  near  the  Butt 
Memorial  Bridge,  there  stands  a  pyramid  of  rough 
stones,  erected  to  commemorate  an  act  of  heroism,  no 
less'  grand  in  its  humble  way  than  the  one  which  glorified  the  last  moments 
of  Major  Butt,  on  board  the  ill-fated  Titanic.  Inscribed  upon  this  pile  of 
rock  is  the  following  epitaph: 


Dennis  Cahill  by  a  deed  of  self-sacrifice  such  as  all 
humanity  claims  and  counts  among  the  jewels  hallowed 
this  spot  and  rendered  his  name  wortliy  of  such  lasting 
memory  as  these  rugged  stones  and  this  simple  tablet 
can  secure,  for  here  he  gave  his  life  in  a  vain  attempt  to 
save  from  drowning  a  child  having  no  claim  for  his  sac- 
rifice save  humanity  and  helplessness,  July  29,  1910. 
Born  Parish  of  Castlemagner,  County  Cork,  Ireland, 
June,  1861. 


964       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Colonel  Samuel  One  of  tlie  most  illustrious  soldiers 
Hammond:  Revo-  of  Georgia  in  the  first  war  for  inde- 
lutionary  Patriot,  pendence  was  Colonel  Samuel  Ham- 
mond, whose  conspicuous  part  in  the 
siege  of  Augusta  has  embalmed  him  in  the  lasting  grati- 
ture  of  this  metropolis  and  in  the  love  of  all  Georgians. 
Colonel  Hammond,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century, 
represented  this  State  in  Congress,  after  which  he  be- 
came by  appointment  of  President  Jeiferson  the  first 
Territorial  Governor  of  Missouri.  His  last  years  were 
spent  at  Varello,  his  country-seat,  on  the  south  Carolina 
side  of  the  Savannah  Eiver,  near  Augusta.  To  recall  the 
patriotic  services  of  Colonel  Hammond  there  stands  on 
Greene  Street  a  handsome  memorial  to  this  distinguished 
soldier  and  civilian.  It  consists  of  a  solid  block  of  rough- 
hewn  granite,  surmounted  by  a  bronze  bust  of  Colonel 
Hammond,  in  the  uniform  of  a  Continental  officer.  The 
inscription  on  the  monument  reads  as  follows : 


SAMUEL  HAMMOND.  Born  in  Eiehmond  County, 
Va.,  Sept.,  1757.  Died  at  Varello,  near  Augusta,  Sept. 
1842. 

Captain  of  Minute  Men  at  Great  Kanawha,  1774. 

Long  Bridge,  Norfolk,  1775. 

Aid  to  Gen.  Hand  at  Pittsburg,  1778. 

Colonel  of  Cavalry  under  Washington,   1779. 


With  Gen.  Greene  in  every  important  engagement 
through  Virginia,  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia.  On  the 
front  line  at  Eutaw,  Cowpens  and  King's  Mountain.  At 
the  Siege  of  Charleston,  Savannah,  and  Augusta.  Mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Georgia,  1802.  Appointed  by 
President  Jefferson  in  1805  to  the  Command  of  Upper 
Louisiana.  First  Territorial  Governor  of  Missouri.  Sec- 
retary of  State  in  South  Carolina,  1831.  He  gave  sixty 
years  of  public  service  to  the  cause  of  America.  This 
memorial  in  his  honor  placed  by  the  Augusta  Chapter, 
Daughters  of  the  American  Eevolution,  as  the  filial  tribute 
of  his  grandson,  Hugh  Vernon  Washington. 


Richmond  965 

On  March  28,  1913^,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  gather- 
ing of  representative  Augustans,  the  handsome  memo- 
rial to  Colonel  Hammond  was  unveiled  with  ceremonies 
befitting  the  occasion.  Eev.  M.  Ashby  Jones,  one  of  the 
most  eloquent  men  of  the  State,  delivered  the  principal 
address.  We  quote  from  a  local  newspaper  the  following 
brief  account  of  the  exercises: 

At  the  hour  of  5  o  'clock  a  crowd  of  iaterested  spectators  gathered 
and  the  presentation  ceremonies  began  upon  the  arrival  of  Mrs.  Ellen 
Washington  Bellamy,  of  Macon,  who  is  one  of  the  donors  of  the  monu- 
ment, the  other  donor  being  her  brother,  the  late  Hugh  Vernon  Washing- 
ton, of  Macon,  a  grandson  of  Colonel  Hammond. 

Judge  William  F.  Eve  presided  and  introduced  the  Eev.  M.  Ashby 
Jones,  who  was  to  present  the  monument  to  the  city  of  Augusta  in  behalf 
of  the  donors. 

Dr.  Jones  was  never  more  eloquent  than  on  this  occasion. 

Hon.  Linwood  C.  Hayne,  mayor  of  Augusta,  was  next 
introduced.    Said  he : 

"To  that  generous-hearted  kinswoman  of  Macon. who,  by  this  act,  has 
demonstrated  that  the  present  is  not  an  age  entirely  of  utilitarianism, 
good  people  everywhere,  with  one  acclaim,  will  give  applause  and  rever- 
ence. From  her  own  purse,  she  has  made  this  generous  donation  to  the 
history  of  the  republic,  and  perpetuated  for  all  time  to  come  the  memory 
of  Sam  Hammond — warrior,  hero  and  patriot;  and  for  this  contribution 
which  not  only  extols  the  patriotism  of  her  valiant  grandsire,  but  reflects 
the  highest  credit  on  her  patriotic  liberality,  Augusta  makes  her  most 
grateful  acknowledgement,  and  pledges  herself  to  guard  with  the  highest 
loyalty  and  fidelity  this  sacred  spot  dedicated  alike  to  the  heroism  of 
Samuel  Hammond,  the  defender  of  Augusta,  and  to  the  loyal  affection 
of  the  patriotic  donor  of  this  most  striking  testimonial  to  the  heroism  of 
the  days'  of  the  revolution,  when  the  land  was  young. ' ' 

Mrs.  Bellamy  then  spoke  a  few  words  of  appreciation,  explaining  that 
it  was  the  wish  of  her  brother,  the  late  Hugh  Vernon  Washington,  of  Macon, 
that  this  monument  be  erected  in  Augusta,  whose  history  their  illustrifius 
ancestor  helped  to  make,  and  that  the  monument  was  his  gift,  as  well  as 
hers.  Besides'  the  many  friends  present,  the  representatives  of  the 
Hammond  family,  were  Mrs.  Bellamy,  of  Macon,  and  Mrs.  McKie,  a  grand- 
daughter of  Colonel  Hammond,  who  now  lives  in  North  Augusta,  and  her 
son,  Mr.  McKie. 


966       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

The  Seizure  of     Perhaps  the  most  dramatic  event  in  the 
the  Arsenal.  history  of  Augusta  was  the  seizure  of 

.  the  United  States  Arsenal  at  Summer- 
ville,  on  the  eve  of  the  Civil  War.  It  followed  ahnost 
directly  upon  the  adjournment  of  the  famous  Secession 
Convention,  which  carried  the  State  of  Georgia  out  of 
the  Union.  As  told  by  Proferror  Joseph  T.  Derry,  the 
story  of  this  bold  exploit,  which  was  undertaken  success- 
fully by  the  volunteer  troops  of  Augusta,  is  as  follows : 

"The  arsenal,  situated  near  Augusta,  consisting  of  a  group  of  buildings 
on  the  summits  of  salubrious  sand  hills,  contained  a  battery  of  artillery, 
20,000  stand  of  muskets,  and  a  large  quantity  of  munitions,  guarded  by 
a  company  of  United  States  trooops,  under  command  of  Captain  Arnold 
Elzey,  of  Maryland.  The  occupation  of  this  arsenal  was  necessary.  '  The 
sentiment  favoring  the  seizure  was  increased  by  the  arrival,,  on  January 
10th,  of  an  ordnance  detachment,  which  had  been  ejected  from  the  arsenal 
at  Charleston.  On  January  23,  Governor  Brown,  accompanied  by  his 
aide-de-camp,  Hon.  Henry  E.  Jackson,  who  had  experienced  military  life 
as  a  colonel  of  a  Georgia  regiment  in  Mexico,  and  Hon.  William  Phillips, 
visited  Captain  Elzey  and  made  a  verbal  request  that  he  withdraw  his 
command  from  the  State.  Upon  his  refusal  to  do  so,  Colonel  Alfred 
Cumming,  of  the  Augusta  battalion  of  militia,  was  ordered  to  put  his 
force  in  readiness  for  action,  to  support  the  Governor's  demand. 
At  the  same  time,  some  eight  hundred  volunteers  of  the  city  were  put  under 
arms,  and  others  came  in  from  the  country.  The  Augusta  volunteers  en- 
gaged in  the  capture  of  the  arseual  consisted  of  the  following  companies: 
Oglethorpe  Infantry,  Clinch  Rifles,  Irish  Volunteers,  Montgomery  Guards, 
two  companies  of  minute  men,  one  of  which  became  the  Walker  Light  In- 
fantry, Washington  Artillery,  and  Richmond  Hussars.  The  ranks  of  these 
companies  had  been  filled  by  young  men  eager  to  serve,  and  they  averaged 
at  this  time  one  hundred  men  each.  They  were  splendidly  equipped  and 
thoroughly  drilled.  In  addition  to  these  there  were  about  two  hundred 
mounted  men  from  Burke  County  and  a  company  of  infantry  from  Edge- 
field district,  S.  C.  Brigadier-General  Harris  was  in  chief  command,  aided 
by  Brigadier-General  Charles  J.  Williams,  of  Columbus,  and  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Alfred  Cumming  was  in  immediafe  command  of  the  armed  force, 
consisting  of  the  Augusta  Battalion,  companies  A  and  B  of  the  minute 
men,  and  the  militia.  No  hostile  demonstration  was  to  be  made  until 
the  24th,  and  it  was  then  happily  obviated  by  the  action  of  Captain  Elzey. 
In  the  conference  which  fixed  the  terms  of  the  withdrawal,  the  Governor, 
was  accompanied  by  Generals  Harris  and  Williams,  Colonel  W.  H.  T. 
Walker  and  his  aides.  Colonels  .Tackson  and  Phillips,  all  of  whom  joined 
the  Governor  in  assurances  of  esteem  for  Captain  Elzey,  together  with  a 
desire  that  the  unhappy  difficulties  which  had  arisen  might  be  adjusted 


Richmond  967 

■without  hostilities.  Walker,  a  comrade  of  Elzey  in  the  Federal  service, 
seized  the  latter 's  hand  and  assured  him  tliat  he  had  done  all  that  could 
be  required  of  a  brave  man.  Elzey,  overcome  by  the  situation  which  pre- 
saged the  breaking  up  of  the  old  army  and  the  deadly  conflict  of  former 
friends,  could  only  reply  by  throwing  his  arm  around  his  comrade  silently, 
while  tears  filled  the  ej'es  of  those  who  witnessed  the  scene.  Walker  be- 
came a  Major-General  in  the  Confederat  Army,  was  distinguishd  for  his 
reckless  daring,  and  finally  gave  his  life  in  the  great  batttle  on  the  hills 
around  Atlanta.  Elzey  also  entered  the  Confederate  service  as  soon  as 
circumstances  permitted,  and  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  represen- 
tatives of  Maryland  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia.  His  cool  and  in- 
trepid action  on  the  field  of  First  Manassas  won  for  him  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general and  the  title  of  "the  Blucher  of  the  day"  from  the  lips 
of  President  Davis.  Under  Jackson  he  achieved  additional  renown  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  but  wounds  received  before 
Richmond  in  1862  deprived  the  cause  of  hi^  further  active  service  in  the 
field.  After  a  salute  of  thirty-three  guns,  the  Stars  and  Stripes  fluttered 
down  the  garrison  staff. ' ' 


Origin   of   the    Chil-      This    patriotic    society    originated    at    the    Third 
dren   of   the    Con-  Annual   Convention   of   the   Georgia   Division   of 

federacy:  Aug-USta  *^^  ^'  ^'  ^''  ^^^'^^  ™^*  ^*  Augusta,  on  October 
i^      -n-     -i    1  -^^^J   1897.     The  following  story  contains   an  au- 

the    Birthplace.  thoritative   account   of   how  it   arose:      "In   the 

afternoon  of  the  14th,  Miss  Bunnie  Love,  of 
Atlanta,  read  a  strong  paper  advocating  the  organizing  of  children's  chap- 
ters of  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy,  but  Mrs'.  McDowell  Wolff  had 
before  this  organized  a  band  of  children  in  Savannah  and  called  them 
Children  of  the  Confederacy.  A  committee  was  appointed  by  Mrs.  Eve, 
the  president,  as  followa:  Miss  Bunnie  Love,  chairman;  Mrs.  W.  F.  Eve, 
ISIiss  Eosa  Woodberry,  Mrs.  R.   E.  Park,   Mrs.  B.  O.  Miller. 

"This  committee  was  given  authority  to  draw  up  the  plans  for  organ- 
izing these  chapters  as  branches  of  the  main  division. 

' '  The  committee  was  afterwards  changed  to  the  following  personnel : 
M'rs.  Charles  Eice,  chairman;  Mrs.  McDowell  Wolff,  Mrs.  William  M. 
Nixon,  Miss  Susie  Gerdine,  Miss  Sallie  Jones,  Miss  Bunnie  Love. 

"The  report  of  this  committee  was  read  at  the  Eome  Convention  October, 
1898,  and  adopted,  after  which  a  letter  was  read  from  Mrs.  McDowell 
Wolff,  on  the  importance  of  teaching  the  children  true  history.  Mrs. 
Charles  Eice,  of  Atlanta,  offered  the  following  resolution: 

"''Whereas,  Mrs.  E.  P.  McDowell  Wolff  originated  the  Order  of  Chil- 
dren of  the  Confederacy  in  Georgia,  be  it 

"  'Resolved,  That  in  recognition  of  this  act  of  patriotism  she  be  known 
as  the  Founder  of  the  order,  and  her  name  be  thus  inscribed  upon  docu- 


968       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

meuts   wherein   the    names   of    the    officers    appear. '      This   resolution   was 
unanimously  adopted." 


Georgia's  Georgia's   oldest  bank  was  chartered  by 

Oldest  Bank,  the  Legislature,  on  December  6,  1810,  and 
was  styled  the  "Bank  of  Augiista."  Its 
capital  stock  was  $300,000,  divided  into  shares  of  $100 
each ;  and  of  this  sum  $50,000  was  reserved  for  the  State 
of  Georgia,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  law-making 
authorities.  In  the  event  the  State  became  a  stockholder 
in  the  bank,  it  was  stipulated  that  the  Governor,  Treas- 
urer, and  Comptroller-General,  should  be  entitled)  at 
each  succeeding  election,  to  name  two  members  of  the 
board  of  directors.  As  given  in  the  bank's  charter,  the 
original  board  of  directors  consisted  of  the  following 
stockholders :  Thomas  Gumming,  its  first  president ;  John 
Howard,  Eichard  C.  Tubman,  John  McKinne,  Jame& 
Gardner,  Hugh  Nesbit,  David  Reid,  John  Moore,  John 
Campbell,  John  Willson,  Anderson  Watkins,  John  Car- 
michael,  and  Ferdinand  Phinzy.  The  charter  was  signed 
by  Gov.  David  B.  Mitchell,  as  Governor,  and  by  the  pre- 
siding officers  of  the  two  law-making  bodies :  Hon.  Jared 
Irwin,  President  of  the  Senate,  and  Hon.  Benjamin  Whit- 
aker,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives.* 


Whitney's  ""Wliitney's  plan  of  getting  his  gins  into  use  was  unpop- 

Cotton  Gin.  "^^^  among  the  farmers.  He  would  either  buy  the  cotton 
himself,  or  charge  one-third  of  it  for  ginning.  He  did 
not  at  first  sell  his  gins.  The  farmers  generally  thought  Whitney  was 
trying  to  keep  the  use  of  his  gins  too  much  within  his  own  control.  Much 
began  to  be  said  about  the  'gin  monopoly.'  Alj^of  this  was  unfortunate 
for  "WTiitney,  because,  although  others  claimed  it,  the  honor  of  having 
invented  the  cotton  gin  clearly  belongs  to  Eli  Whitney.  .  .  .  After 
the  gin  was  invented,  Whitney  established  his  machines  in  various  places 
in  Georgia  for  the  purpose  of  buying  and  ginning  cotton.  One  of  these 
was  near  Augusta,  about,  two  miles  south  of  the  city.  The  dam  is  still 
seen  which  held  the  water  to  furnish  the  power.     Whitney's  machines  were 


Rockdale — Schley — Screven  969 

at    first    called    cotton    engines,    but    this   name    was    soon    contracted    into 
cotton  gins.  "* 

ROCKDALE 

Conyers.  In  1870,  Rockdale  County  was  organized  from 
Newton  and  Henry,  with  Conyers  as  the  connty- 
seat;  but  Conyers  was  at  this  time  a  town  of  some  im- 
portance, on  the  line  of  the  Georgia  Railroad.  Its  char- 
ter of  incorporation  was  granted  on  February  16,  1854, 
with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  A.  C. 
Hulsey,  Daniel  Zachery,  Stephen  Mayfield,  A.  R.  Rich- 
ardson and  James  J.  Poole. ^  In  Volume  I  of  this  work 
will  be  found  an  extended  sketch  of  the  town  of  Conyers. 


SCHLEY 

EUaville.  In  December  22,  1857,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  the  new  County  of  Schley  out  of  lands 
formerly  including  in  Sumter  and  Marion  and  the  judges 
of  the  Inferior  Court  were  authorized  to  choose  a  site 
for  public  buildings.  EUaville,  the  county-seat,  was  in- 
corporated as  a  town  on  November  23,  1859,  at  which 
time  the  following  pioneer  residents  were  named  as  com- 
missioners: J.  Stephens,  H.  Davis,  R.  Burton,  H.  L, 
French  and  Mr.  Strange.-  The  town  was  reincorporated 
in  1883. 


SCREVEN 
Jacksonboro.  Volume  I. 


Sylvania.     In  1793,  Screven  County  was  formed  out  of 

Burke  and  Effingham,  with  the  old  to^vn  of 

Jacksonboro  as  the  county-seat,  and  for  nearly  fifty  years 

there  was  no  change  in  the  seat  of  government.     But 


^  Acts,    1853-1854,    pr  259. 
-Acts,    1859,   p.    154. 


970       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

in  1847  a  new  town  rose  in  the  wilderness.  On  a  fifty- 
acre  tract  of  land  purchased  from  Charles  Church  and 
Azeriah  Ennis  at  this  time  was  founded  the  present  town 
of  Sylvania.  The  commissioners  who  made  this  purchase 
and  who  located  the  new  county-seat  were :  John  R.  Kit- 
tles, Willis  Young,  William  Lovett,  John  Roberts,  Moses 
N.  McCall,  Solomon  Zeigler  and  John  A.  Gross. ^  Syl- 
vania was  incorporated  as  a  town  on  February  20,  1854, 
with  the  following  commissioners:  Dominick  J.  Dillon, 
Winsley  Hobbey,  Daniel  E.  Roberts,  William  Williams 
and  Charles  Church.^  With  solid  banks,  wide-awake 
business  establishments,  good  schools  and  attractive 
homes,  Sylvania  is  today  one  of  the  most  progressive 
towns  of  Georgia.  Hon.  George  R.  Black,  a  former 
member  of  Congress,  lived  at  Sylvania.  His  father,  Hon. 
Edward  J.  Black,  was  also  at  one  time  a  resident  of 
Screven, 


Historic  Traditions: 

A  Tragedy  of 

the  Swamp.  Pages  474-478. 


Recollections  of  Major  Stephen  F.  Miller  has  sketched 

Edward  J.  Black.       for  us  the  following  portrait  of  Ed- 
ward J.  Black,  a  distinguished  resi- 
dent of  Screven.    Says  he : 

"Mt.  Black  was  for  six  years  a  member  of  Congress — ^from  1839  to 
1845.  He  made  several  speeches,  which  gave  him  a  high  rank  in  debate 
and  for  elegant  scholarship.  His  diction  partook  of  the  purity  of  Wilde, 
with  much  of  his  elevation  of  sentiment;  and  it  also  possessed  some  of 
the  causticity  of  Eandolph  when  impaling  an  adversary.  The  comparison 
is  not  intended  to  be  perfect,  but  merely  to  denote  qualities  more  or  less 
developed.  Mr.  Black  was  unquestionably  a  man  of  genius.  His  nature 
was  impulsive,  his  organization  acute.  He  felt  a  passion  for  excellence 
and  took  proper  models  in  history  for  his  guide.  Enjoying  wealth  and 
position,  he  lived  to  see  much  of  the  world.  His  imagination  was  too  pro- 
lific and  his  taste  too  severely  disciplined  to  be  content  with  the  attainable; 


»Acts,    1847,    p.    75. 
"Acts,    1853-1854,    p.    270. 


Spalding  f)71 

and  he  looked  for  something  which  is  not  permitted  to  man — the  sublime 
in  both  the  intellect  and  the  affections.  Like  other  men  of  genius,  he 
possessed  a  constitutional  malady  which  preyed  upon  his  spirits.  He  was 
often  sad,  perhaps  murmured  unwisely,  demanding  why  he  was  smitten. 
But  ...  in  the  dying  hour  he  saw  that  all  was  right;  the  gloom 
vanished  and  the  darkness  of  this  world  gave  way  to  the  light  of  another. 
The  author  was  acquainted  with  Mr.  Black.  They  spent  an  evening  to- 
gether, more  than  twenty  years  ago  [1855]  at  the  mansion  of  a  well-known 
citizen  [General  Blackshear,  of  Laurens].  He  was'  fully  what  he  claimed 
to  be,  both  in  the  vivacity  of  his'  wit  and  in  the  art  of  making  others 
happy  by  his  conversation.  He  was  then  in  the  zenith  of  his'  manhood, 
apparently  free  from  disease,  and  bade  fair  to  survive  the  humble  invalid 
who  now  dictates  this  greateful  offering  to  his  memory. '  "■ 


SPALDING 

Griffin.  Griffin,  tlie  coimty-seat  of  Spalding,  was  named 
for  General  L.  L.  Griffin,  the  first  president  of 
the  old  Monroe  Eailroad,  now  a  part  of  the  Central  of 
Georgia.  It  was  granted  a  charter  of  incorporation  in 
1843,  at  which  time  it  was  one  of  the  flourishing  railway 
towns  of  Pike.  Later  on,  in  1851,  when  Spalding  County 
was  organized  out  of  Pike  and  Henrj^,  Griffin  became  the 
county-seat  of  Spalding.  But,  to  go  back  a  few  years,  the 
old  Griffin  Male  and  Female  Academy  was  chartered  on 
December  4,  1841,  with  the  following  named  trustees, 
to-wit. :  Pitt  S.  Milner,  William  M.  Leak,  James  L. 
Long,  James  Butler  and  Wesley  Leak.^  From  a  list  of 
trustees  named  in  the  charter  of  Marshall  College,  an 
institution  founded  in  1853,  the  names  of  some  of  the 
prominent  citizens  of  Griffin  for  the  decade  just  before 
the  Civil  War  have  been  obtained.  These  trustees  are 
named  as  follows:  Jesse  H.  Campbell,  Augustus  L. 
Brodus,  Alfred  Buckner,  J.  Q.  A.  Alford,  Parker  Eason, 
Hendley  Varner,  Andrew  W.  Walker,  James  H.  Stark, 
all  of  the  Flint  River  Baptist  Association;  William  R. 
Phillips,  representing  the  City  Council  of  Griffin ;  Ware- 
ham  W.  Woodruff,  from  the  Presbyterian  Church ;  Will- 
iam Freeman,  from  the  Methodist  Church ;  William  West- 


^  Stephen  F.   Miller,   in   Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,   Vol.    1. 
*  Acts,    1841.   p.    6. 


972       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

inoreland,  from  the  Christian  Church;  Charles  H.  John- 
son, from  the  Odd  Fellows,  and  Jason  Burr,  from  the 
Methodists.*  During  this  same  year,  the  old  Griffin 
Collegiate  Seminary  was  rechartered  as  the  Griffin  Fe- 
male College  and  entered  upon  what  promised  to  be  a 
career  of  great  usefulness ;  but,  like  the  ambitious  en- 
terprise launched  by  the  Baptists,  it  went  down  before 
the  oncoming  storm  of  the  Civil  War.  The  first  monu- 
ment erected  in  Georgia  to  the  Confederate  dead  stands 
in  Griffin,  a  town  whose  homes  were  converted  into  hos- 
pitals for  the  sick  and  wounded,  whose  devoted  women 
became  ministering  angels  at  the  couches  of  the  suffering, 
and  whose  loyalty  to  a  Lost  Cause,  manifested  in  a  thou- 
sand tender  ways,  has  made  its  very  name  forever  fra- 
grant with  the  sweetest  of  Confederate  memories.  Some 
of  the  State's  most  noted  men  have  lived  in  Griffin,  but 
since  a  list  of  these  residents  has  been  given  in  Volume 
I  of  this  work,  it  is  needless  to  repeat  them  here.  Today 
Griffin  is  one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  towns  of  Geor- 
gia, a  city  whose  pulsing  arteries  of  commerce  bespeak  the 
vigorous  young  blood  of  a  new  Dixie;  but  one  needs  only 
to  enter  the  stately  old  homes  of  Griffin  to  find  that  in 
everything  worth  while  the  ideals  of  a  gentler  time  are 
still  preserved. 


Some  of  Griffin's  Griffin  is  a  city  of  beautiful  homes.  Some  of  these 
Attractive  Homes  '"'^''e  built  in  the  spacious  days  of  the  old  regime, 
and  have  come  down  to  the  present  time  rich  in 
the  lore  of  a  former  generation'.  Judge  T?obei^t  T.  '^.trniel  's  home 
is  one  of  the  fine  old  landmarks.  It  was  built  by  his  grandfather,  General 
E.  P.  Daniel,  in  the  early  days  of  Griffin.  The  old  Bailey  home,  built 
by  Colonel  David  J.  Bailey,  a  former  member  of  Congress,  is  today  owned 
by  his  daughter,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Tebeault,  of  New  Orleans.  The  old  Female 
College,  built  in  the  eighteen-fifties,  and  used  as  a  hospital  during  the 
Civil  War,  one  of  the  oldest  structures  in  Griffin,  is'  now  owned  and  occu- 
pied by  Mr.  Thomas  R.  Mills.     The  old  Eeid  house,  built  by  Judge  .John 

B.  Eeid,  was  subsequently  occupied  for  a  number  of  years  by  Hon.  James 

C.  Freeman,  a  former  member  of  Congress.     Today  it  is  owned  and  occupied 


♦Acts,    lS.'-).3-1854,    p.    15 


Stephens  973 

by  Mr.  Thomas  Nail.  The  Chapman  house,  built  by  one  of  Griffin 's  wealthy 
pioneer  citizens,  is  today  the  home  of  Captain  W.  J.  Kincaid,  perhaps  the 
most  important  factor  in  the  modern  industrial  life  of  Griffin,  a  man  who 
built  the  first  cotton  mills  and  whose  vast  energies  have  been  devoted 
without  reserve  to  the  growth  of  his  adopted  town.  The  Stark  house, 
built  by  Judge  William  A.  Stark,  is  now  owned  and  occupied  by  Mr. 
Robert  F.  Strickland.  The  home  of  Mrs.  John  B.  Mills  was  formerly 
owned  by  Mr.  Obadiah  Gibson,  afterwards  by  Mrs.  Emily  Lewis,  and 
now  by  her  granddaughter,  the  present  occupant.  The  Henry  P.  Hill 
home  is  today  occupied  by  his  widow,  who  here  resiues  with  her  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Fleming  G.  Bailey.  The  Ben  Milner  place  is  now  the  property 
of  Mr.  Henry  Walker,  of  Monroe.  The  handsome  old  Sims  house  became 
in  after  years  the  home  of  Mr.  Joseph  D.  Boyd.  Mary  Villa,  built  by 
Colonel  L.  T.  Doyal,  is  now  owned  by  Dr.  M.  F.  Carson.  Other  beautiful 
homes  in  and  around  Griffin  are  owned  by  the  following  substantial  citi- 
zens: Judge  J.  J.  Flint,  Mr.  Seaton  Grantland,  Mr.  James  M'.  Brawner, 
Hon.  W.  E.  H.  Searcy,  Jr.,  Hon.  W.  E.  H.  Searcy,  Sr.,  Judge  T.  E.  Pat- 
terson, Mr.  Douglas  Boyd,  Mr.  Junius  Gresham,  Mr.  W.  H.  Powell,  Dr. 
J.  C.  Owen,  Judge  Lloyd  Cleveland,  Mr.  B.  E.  Blakely,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Newton,  Mr.  C.  E.  Newton,  Mr.  J.  P.  Nichols,  Mrs,  Edward  C.  Smith, 
]\Irs.  B.  C.  Faircloth,  Mr.  W.  B.  Matthews,  Mr.  B.  B.  Brown,  Mr.  David 
Johnson,  Mr.  Lee  Manley  and  others.  Overshadowed  by  ancestral  oaks, 
not  a  few  of  the  fine  old  mansions  of  Griffin  picture  to  the  mind 's  eye 
what  Mrs.  Heamans  has  portrayed  in  one  of  her  most  exquisite  poems  as 
the  "stately  homes  of  England." 


STEPHENS 

Toccoa.  On  August  18,  1895,  an  Act  was  approved  cre- 
ating the  new  County  of  Stephens,  out  of  lands 
formerly  embraced  within  Habersham  and  Franklin,  and 
bestowing  upon  said  county  the  name  of  the  Great  Com- 
moner, Alexander  H.  Stephens.  Toccoa  was  designated 
as  the  new  county-seat.  This  town  sprang  into  exist- 
ence during  the  early  seventies,  w^hen  the  old  Charlotte 
Air  Line,  now  the  Southern  Railway,  was  completed  to 
this  point.  In  1875,  a  charter  of  incorporation  granted 
to  the  town  by  the  Superior  Court  of  Habersham  was 
confinned  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia.  At  this 
time  the  corporate  limits  were  fixed  at  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  from  the  public  square  in  every  direction.  The 
town  was  named  for  a  small  stream,  which  at  a  distance 


974       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  some  two  miles  from  the  town  center  makes  a  gigantic 
leap  forming  one  of  the  most  magnificent  cascades  in 
America.  It  was  called  by  the  Indians  '^Toccoa,"  a 
term  signifying  ''the  beautiful."  The  present  public 
school  system  was  established  in  1892.  With  the  building 
of  a  branch  line  from  Toccoa  to  Elberton  the  growth  of 
the  town  received  a  decided  impetus.  Today  there  is  not 
a  more  progressive  or  wide-awake  town  in  the  State  than 
Toccoa.  Its  high  altitude  gives  it  an  unsurpassed  health 
record,  while  the  rich  valley  lands  in  this  neighborhood 
bring  an  abundant  tribute  to  its  markets,  making  it  the 
center  of  a  constantly  growing  tralde. 


STEWART 

Lmnpkin.  Lumpkin  was  the  county-seat  of  Randolph 
from  1828  to  1831,  when  it  became  the  county- 
seat  of  Stewart,  a  county  organized  out  of  lands  formerly 
included  in  Randolph.  The  town  was  named  for  Hon. 
Wilson  Lumpkin,  one  of  Georgia's  most  distinguished 
sons.  It  was  settled  by  a  fine  class  of  people,  but  has 
never  grown  to  any  extent,  for  the  reason  that  more 
than  any  other  community  of  equal  size  in  Georgia  it 
has  helped  to  build  other  towns  and  cities.  Some  of  the 
most  successful  business  men  of  Atlanta  were  trained 
for  mercantile  life  in  the  country  stores  of  Lumpkin— 
merchants  like  the  Boyntons  and  the  Rawsons.  General 
Clement  A.  Evans,  Captain  William  H.  Harrison,  Judge 
Marshall  J.  Clarke  and  Major  Sidney  Root  were  also 
at  one  time  residents  of  this  same  town,  whose  virile 
elements  of  strength  have  galvanized  the  whole  State. 
From  an  old  list  of  stockholders  of  the  famous  Lumpkin 
Independent  Academy,  the  names  of  quite  a  number  of 
early  pioneers  have  been  obfained,  to-wit. :  James 
Clarke,  Willard  Boynton,  James  Redingfield,  Loverd 
Bryan,  Matthew  McCullar,  Hollis  Boynton,  Marmaduke 
Gresham,  Benjamin  May,  Nathan  Clifton,  Nicholas  E. 


Sumter  975 

Morris,  William  A.  Eawson,  Charles  S.  Gaulden,  Joseph 
J.  Boynton,  John  G.  Singer,  John  Singer,  Jr.,  John  Rich- 
ardson, Mary  A.  West,  John  Talbot,  William  H.  Hard- 
wick,  Matthew  Wright,  Daniel  Matheson,  M.  D.  Doney, 
E.  W.  Randle,  James  M.  Mitchell,  Francis  Douglas, 
Joseph  Glenn,  Charles  W.  Snow,  William  Poster,  A.  H. 
Dickerson,  Thomas  H.  Everett,  David  Harrell,  William 
Shields,  Robert  A.  Hardwick,  Moses  Parker,  E.  A. 
Mitchell,  William  A.  Port,  George  B.  Perry,  Bedford  S. 
Worrell,  Edward  E.  Rawson,  Blanton  Streetman,  Ran- 
dolph Pearson,  Jacob  Ramser,  John  Crocker,  Tomlin- 
son  Fort,  Miles  K.  Harman,  Isham  Watkins,  Peter  A(^ley, 
Artimus  Lewis,  Daniel  A.  Garrett,  Madison  Hill,  Eras- 
mus T.  Beall,  Harris  Dennard  and  John  M.  Simpson.* 


SUMTER 

Americus.  When  the  first  immigrants  reached  this  local- 
ity some  of  the  aborigines  still  remained. 
Settlers  were  attracted  to  this  point  by  the  fact  that 
the  spot  where  the  town  is  now  located  was  the  center  of 
the  granary  of  the  Creek  Nation.  There  was  a  tradition 
among  the  Creeks  that  this  section  of  the  country  had 
never  failed,  in  all  the  annals  of  time,  to  produce  a  good 
crop  of  maize.  After  the  Indians  left  they  would,  from 
time  to  time,  return,  loath  to  leave  the  spot  where  they 
had  been  most  contented.  It  was  the  custom  of  the  red 
men,  in  the  cultivation  of  their  special  products,  to  bore 
a  hole  in  the  ground  with  a  stick  about  fifteen  inches 
deep  and  to  place  therein  a  fish  as  fertilizer,  then  drop- 
ping upon  the  fish  a  grain  of  corn. 

Americus  is  located  on  the  banks  of  ''Au  Muckalee" 
Creek.  This  beautiful  Indian  name  was  corrupted  by 
the  whites  into  '^ Muckalee."  The  meaning  of  the  word 
is  ''pour  upon  mo,"  the  creek  taking  its  name  from  a 


♦Acts,  1842,   pp.   9-10. 


976       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

spring  about  ten  miles  distant  from  Americus.  The 
town  was  incorporated  in  1832,  and  one  of  the  first  things 
the  citizens  did  was  to  erect  an  academy  and  make  pro- 
vision for  educating  the  poor.  There  was  an  Act  provid- 
ing that  no  teacher  should  receive  funds  out  of  the  poor- 
school  fund  ''unless  examined  and  found  qualified  by  the 
justices  of  the  Inferior  Court,  or  a  majority  of  them." 

In  the  following  year,  ISSS,  "Sumter  County  Acad- 
emy" was  incorporated,  with  the  following-named  gen- 
tlemen as  trustees :  John  J.  Britt,  Joseph  Mims,  Robert 
Savage,  James  Glass,  William  S.  Horton,  Thomas  John- 
ston and  Daniel  M.  Little.  The  new  trustees  appointed 
in  1835  were  as  follows :  William  Pegg,  Mark  M.  Brown, 
John  T.  McCrary,  Jesse  Harris  and  Thomas  Gardner. 

Elections  were  held  at  the  house  of  Sydney  Smith, 
and  Horton  and  Harris,  instead  of  as  formerly,  at  D. 
W.  Mann's.  Americus  camp-ground  was  incorporated  in 
1840,  with  the  following  named  as  trustees :  William  L. 
McKee,  William  P.  Hames,  John  W.  Lommy,  Quinny 
Bass,  William  Pegg  and  Joseph  M.  Wyatt.  Farmer's 
Academy  was  chartered  by  an  Act  of  1842,  and  the  ap- 
appointed  trustees  were :  Frederick  J.  Greene,  Wyatt  R. 
Singleton,  William  M.  Wimbush,  Joseph  A.  S,  Turner 
and  Thomas  J.  Baisden.  Names  aforesaid  are  given 
principally  as  showing  a  list  of  those  among  the  earliest 
settlers. 

In  building  the  Southwestern  Railroad,  now  the  Cen- 
tral of  Georgia,  and  the  first  railroad  through  this  sec- 
tion of  country,  the  prime  mover  in  this  undertaking  was 
the  Hon.  T.  M.  Furlow,  who  was  a  most  active  spirit. 
By  a  liberal  contribution  he  procured  a  deflection  of  the 
proposed  road  from  Lumpkin  to  this  point.  Also,  in  the 
building  of  the  Americus,  Preston  and  Lumpkin  Railroad, 
which  is  now  a  part  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system. 
Colonel  S.  H.  Hawkins  contributed  more  of  means  and 
energy,  to  this  vast  enterprise,  than  any  one  else.  He 
was  president  of  the  company,  and  gave  to  Americus 
what  was  so  greatly  needed,  a  competitive  line.     Since 


Sumter  977 

then   the   little   city,   from   a   population   of  3,S00,   has 
grown  to  its  present  proportions. 

In  1910  the  United  States  census  gave  to  Ainericus 
a  population  of  8,200,  but  the  town  has  steadily  grown 
since  then,  and  now,  in  1914,  it  is  estimated  at  over 
10,000  souls.  The  area  of  the  little  city  is  five  miles 
square.  The  streets  are  paved  with  wood  blocks,  and 
there  are  forty  miles  of  paved  sidewalks.  The  fine  water- 
works are  owned  by  the  city.  There  are  two  electric 
light  plants,  and  20  miles  of  sanitary  sewerage,  4  State 
banks,  and  2  savings  banks.  An  excellent  climate — with 
a  supplement  of  pure  artesian  water,  six  public  schools, 
three  colleges,  including  the  Third  District  Agricultural 
College — these  are  among  the  attractions  of  Americus. 
Here  also  is  the  source  of  the  largest  musical  conserva- 
tory in  the  State,  "the  Bell  Piano  Schools."  The  town 
also  boasts  a  fine  tourist  and  commercial  hotel  and  a 
$30,000  Carnegie  Library,  and  best  of  railroad  facilities, 
with  twenty-four  passenger  trains  daily.  Division  head- 
quarters for  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  Eailroad  are  here 
located,  and  Sumter  County  is  the  "banner  good  roads 
county"  of  the  State.  Americus  is  on  the  Atlanta-An- 
dersonville  highway,  located  175  miles  southwest  of  At- 
lanta, and  last,  but  not  least,  there  are  eighteen  churches 
of  all  denominations.* 


Andersonville :    The      Some   few  miles  to  the   north  of  Americus,   on 
MoiUimeilt   to    Ma-        ^^®   ^^^^    °^   ^^®   Central    of   Georgia,   is   Ancter- 
TI  IX/Vi'  sonville,   a  small  town  made   famous   during  the 

''  ^  '  Civil  War  by  the  establishment  here  of  a  noted 

Confederate  prison  and,  later  by  the  execution  of  Major  Wirz,  the  officer 
in  charge,  at  the  hands  of  the  Federal  authorities.  Soon  after  the  close 
of  hostilities,  a  cemetery  was  opened  at  Andersonville  by  the  United  States 
government.  Most  of  the  Federal  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  various  engage- 
ments in  this  section  of  the  State  toward  the  close  of  the  struggle 
are  here  buried.  Tlie  area  is  well  kept  and  is  beautified  by  a  number  of 
attractive  monuments'. 


♦Information  kindly  furnished  by  Mrs.   C.   A.  Fricker,   Regent,  Council  of 
Safety  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.,  of  Americus,  Ga. 


978        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

During  the  Presidential  campaign  of  187G,  the  charges  against  Major 
Wirz  were  revived  in  the  most  sensational  manner  by  Jan)es  G.  Blaine, 
in  the  national  House  of  Kepresentatives.  His  purpose  was  to  arouse 
the  spirit  of  sectional  strife  in  order  to  compass  the  defeat  of  the  national 
Democratic  ticket.  There  was  an  evident  drift  at  the  North  toward 
Democracy;  and  the  shrewd  political  orator  sought,  by  waving  the  bloody 
shirt  and  by  coupling  the  alleged  prison  horrors  at  Andersonville  with  the 
name  of  Democracy,  to  make  the  latter  odious  to  the  people  of  the  Northern 
States.  He  first  declared  that  the  author  of  the  gigantic  murder  and  crime 
at  Andersonville  was  Mr.  Davis;  and  he  next  proceeded  toi  observe  that 
neither  the  deeds  of  the  Duke  of  Alva  in  the  Low  Countries,  nor  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartholomew,  nor  the  thumb-screws  and  engines  of  torture  of 
the  Spanish  inquisition,  could  compare  in  atrocity  with  the  hideous  out- 
rages perpetrated  upon  Federal  soldiers  in,  the  Georgia  prison.  The  speech 
was  well  calculated  to  inflame  the  popular  mind.  It  was  virtually  an 
indictment  of  the  Southern  people,  and  was  also  an  artful  bid  for  votes 
at  the  North,  with  which  to  suppress  the  Bourbon  Democracy  at  the  South. 

But  the  effect  of  the  speech  was  neutralized  in  the  most  unexpected 
manner  by  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  of  Georgia.  The  latter  had  been  the  spokes- 
man of  Mr.  Davis  in  the  Confederate  Senate.  He  was'  well  acquainted 
with  the  facts  in  the  case,  and  the  reply  which  he  made  to  Mr.  Blaine  on 
this  occasion  was  overwhelming.  He  not  only  exonerated  Mr.  Davis,  but 
he  put  the  responsibility  for  loss  of  life  at  Andersonville  upon  the  United 
States  government,  in  consequence  of  the  policy  which  made  medicines 
contraband  of  war.  Such  a  thing,  declared  Mr.  Hill,  not  even  the  Duke 
of  Alva  had  dared  to  do.  He  also  pictured  the  destitution  at  the  South 
during  the  last  years  of  the  struggle,  and  the  insufficiency  of  our  meagre 
resources  to:  provide  food  and  clothing  for  our  own  soldiers;  whereupon 
he  again  taxed  the  Federal  government  with  the  blame  for  having  deliber- 
ately and  wilfully  refused  to  agree  to  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  when  such 
conditions  were  known  to  exist.  He  furthermore  quoted  official  reports 
to  show  that  there  were  more  Confederate  soldiers  who  died  in  Northern 
prisons  than  there  were  Federal  soldiers'  who  died  in  Southern  prisons. 
The  speech  of  Mr.  Hill  gave  an  altogether  different  aspect  to  the  bill  of 
indictment.  It  turned  the  tables  upon  the  wily  statesman  from  M'aine,  and 
when  the  popular  vote  was  cast  in  the  ensuing  election  it  was  found  to  be 
decidedly  in  favor  of  the  Democratic  ticket.  Not  until  three  States  were 
disfranchised  by  the  returning  boards  was  Iftr.  Hayes  finally  seated.  Thus' 
were  the  tactics  employed  by  the  great  Republican  leader  to  discredit  the 
South  distinctly  repudiated  by  the  American  people  at  the  polls. 

James  M.  Page,  formerly  a  lieutenant  in  Company  A  of  the  Michigan 
Cavalry,  has  published  a  volume  entitled  "The  True  Story  of  Anderson- 
ville; or  a  Defence  of  Major  Henry  Wirz."  He  spent  seven  months  in 
the  prison  at  Andersonville,  and  with  ample  opportunities'  for  observation 
he  fastens  the  blame  for  the  so-called  outrages  upon  Secretary  Stanton, 
of  the   United    States    War   Department.      On   May    12,    1911,    there    was 


Talbot  979 

unveiled  at  Andersonville,  under  the  auspices  of  the  United  Daughters 
of  the  Confederacy,  a  handsome  monument  to  the  memory  o£  Major  Henry 
Wirz,  the  commanding  officer  of  the  prison.  Hon.  Pleasant  A,  Stovall, 
of  Savannah,  was  the  orator  of  the  occasion.  His  address'  was  a  masterful 
review  of  the  unvarnished  facts  of  history  connected  with  the  execution  of 
this  gallant  Confederate  officer.  Major  Wirz  is  buried  in  Mount  Olivet 
Cemetery,  on  the  outskirts  of  the  nation's  capital,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  His  last  resting-place,  near  the  main  entrance,  is  marked  only 
by  an  obscure  little  headstone,  rising  scarcely  more  than  an  inch  above 
the  ground,  on  which  the  only  inscription  chiseled  is  the  pathetic  mono- 
syllable: WIRZ. 


TALBOT 

Talbotton.  Talbotton,  a  town  rich  in  historic  associa- 
tions, was  made  the  county-seat  of  Talbot 
by  an  Act  approved  December  20,  1828.  At  the  same 
time  a  charter  of  incorporation  was  obtained,  with  the 
following  named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  H,  E.  Ward, 
George  W.  B.  Towns,  John  B.  Davis  and  William  Goss.^ 
The  commissioner  whose  name  appears  second  in  this 
list  was  none  other  than  Governor  George  W.  Towns, 
who  was  baptized  with  the  '^B"  in  his  name,  but  sub- 
sequently dropped  it  as  an  unnecessary  letter.  Both  the 
town  and  the  county  were  named  for  Hon.  Matthew 
Talbot,  one  of  the  early  Governors  of  Georgia.  ■  Between 
1828  and  1836  not  less  than  ten  academies  were  chartered 
in  the  County  of  Talbot,  a  showing  which  well  attests 
the  intellectual  character  of  the  early  pioneers  who  set- 
tled this  region.  The  Female  Academy  of  Talbotton  was 
chartered  on  December  23,  1830,  with  the  following  board 
of  trustees,  viz. :  James  Bell,  Elisha  Tarver,  Henry  Mims, 
Norborn  B.  Powell,  Eobert  G.  Crittenden,  Charles  Smith 
and  John  P.  Blackburn.-  This  pioneer  school  for  young 
ladies  developed  into,  the  famous  LeVert  Female  College, 
named  for  the  noted  Madame  LeVert,  one  of  the  most 
gifted  women  of  her  day.    She  spoke  fluently  a  number  of 


>  Acts,    1828,    p.    149. 
*  Acts,    1830,   p.    9. 


980       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

foreign  languages,  wrote  a  book  on  travel,  and  for  years 
dominated  the  intellectual  and  social  life  of  the  State. 
Madam  LeVert  was  a  granddaughter  of  George  Walton, 
an  early  Governor  of  the  State,  and  one  of  the  Signers 
of  the  Declaration.     "While  residing  with  her  son,  then 
Governor  of  West  Florida,  she  named  the  future  capital 
of  the  State — Tallahassee.     The  commissioners  of  the 
LeVert   Female   College  were   as   follows:    Thomas   B. 
Turner,  Thomas  A.  Brown,  Allen  F.  Owen,  Josiah  M. 
Matthews,  Edmond  H.  Worrill,  James  P.  Leonard  and 
John  T.  Blount,  all  of  whom  were  previously  trustees  of 
the   Talbotton   Female  Academy.     Besides   these   were 
added:  William  B.  Marshall,  Harrison  W.  Hagerman, 
Andrew  W.  Wynn,  William  B.  Bro\vn,  Francis  M.  Mur- 
ray, David  Kendall,  Washington  C.  Cleveland  and  Hiram 
Drane.^    But  the  old  college  suffered  to  such  an  extent 
from  the  impoverished  condition  of  the  State  subsequent 
to  the  war  that  its  doors  were  eventually  closed.    In  1833 
the  legal  titles  to  the  college  property  were  transferred  to 
the  town  of  Talbotton  for  educational  purposes.^     Col- 
lingsworth Institute,  founded  by  Josiah  Flournay  as  a 
manual-labor    school,   was    chartered    on   December   29, 
1838,  and  named  for  a  devoted  Methodist  preacher.    The 
sum  of  $40,000  was  bequeathed  to  the  school  by  its  gen- 
erous founder.    Here  two  members  of  the  noted  Straus 
family,  Nathan  and  Isidor,  afterwards  millionaire  mer- 
chants of  New  York,  were  educated.    Judge  William  A. 
Lifcle,  formerly  on  the  Supreme  Bench,  and  Hon.  Walter 
B.  Hill,  late  chancellor  of  the  University,  were  born  at 
Talbotton.    Here  also  lived  the  Gormans,  the  Leonards, 
the  Blounts,  the  Searcys,  the  Powells,  and  scores  of  other 
aristocratic  old  families,  whose  ample  mode  of  life  is 
attested  by  the  fine  old  mansions  which  still  survive  in 
different  parts  of  the  county  as  stately  memorials  of  a 
gentler  era. 


•Acts,    1855-1S5G,    p.    280. 
*ActS,    1883,    p.    646. 


Talbot  ,  981 

The  Straus  Family.  One  of  the  most  noted  households  in  America 
of  Jewish  origin  was  identified  for  nearly  a 
full  decade  with  the  little  town  of  Talbotton,  in  this  rich  agricultural  belt 
of  middle  Georgia.  Here  it  was  that  the  business  career  of  the  famous 
Straus  family  began;  and  from  a  modest  corner  store  in  what  was 
then  a  mere  country  village  dates  the  origin  of  the  great  mercantile 
establishment  of  R.  H.  Macy  &  Co.  in  the  great  commercial  metropolis 
of  the  continent.  It  is  useless  at  this  late  day  to  conjecture  the  motives 
which  induced  Lazarus  Straus  to  exchange  his  home  in  distant  Bavaria 
for  the  little  town  in  Georgia,  to  which  he  brought  his  household  goods; 
but  he  settled  in  Talbotton  in  1854,  Two  of  his  boys — Isidor  and  Nathan — 
were  old  enough  to  be  sent  to  school.  Accordingly  he  placed  them  in  the 
care  of  good  Methodist  teachers  at  Collingsworth  Institute.  Oscar  was 
still  an  infant.  There  was  nothing  of  bigotry  in  the  heart  of  Lazarus 
Straus.  He  was  broad  minded,  a  man  of  whom  his  neighbors  thought 
well;  but  he  was  also  progressive,  energetic,  wide-awake,  possessed  of  the 
typical  instinct  of  his  race  for  trade  and  barter.  Eemoving  to  Columbus 
in  1862,  where  a  somewhat  wider  arena  was  found  for  his  business  activities, 
he  remained  in  Columbus  until  1865,  when  the  raiders  of  General  Wilson 
made  the  town  a  visit,  which  left  it  prostrate  in  the  ashes  of  war.  Laz- 
arus Straus'  then  removed  to  New  York.  Here  he  organized  what  eventually 
became  one  of  the  largest  establishment  in  the  country  engaged  in  the 
importation  of  chinaware.  In  1887,  Isidor  and  Nathan  purchased  an  inter- 
est in  the  great  department  store  of  E.  H.  Macy  &  Co.,  an  establishment 
of  which  the  Straus  brothers  in  time  became  the  sole  owners.  Both  of 
them  began  to  accumulate  millions  and  to  make  themselves  felt,  not  only 
in  the  business'  life  of  the  great  metropolis,  but  in  its  philanthropies,  in 
its  politics,  in  its  moral  and  social  reforms.  Oscar  chose  a  professional 
career.  Graduating  from  Columbia  College  with  the  highest  honors  of 
his  class,  he  began  the  practice  of  law.  But  ill-health  thwarted  his  ambi- 
tions. He  thereupon  entered  his  father's'  place  of  business,  where  his 
legal  acquirements  prove^d  of  immense  advantage.  But  he  was  not  pre- 
vented by  business  engagements  from  taking  an  active  part  in  politics; 
and  he  demonstrated  his  capacity  for  public  life  to  such  an  extent  that 
President  Cleveland  appointed  him  Minister  to  Turkey.  Although  a  Dem.o- 
crat,  he  was  retained  at  Constantinople  by  the  McKinley  administration. 
Besides'  winning  the  approval  of  the  home  government,  he  also  gained  the 
friendship  of  the  Sultan,  who  wished  to  decorate  him,  a  compliment,  how- 
ever, which  his  patriotic  scruples  forced  him  to  decline,  since  it  was  not ' 
in  accord  with  the  spirit  of  free  institutions.  When  the  Department  of 
Commerce  and  Labor  was  created,  Mr.  Roosevelt  conferred  upon  him  this 
important  portfolio,  and  he  entered  the  President's  Cabinet,  the  first 
member  of  his  race  to  be  accorded  this  honor  since  the  birth  of  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution — though  Judah  P.  Benjamin  was  given  a  similar  dis- 
tinction under  the  government  of  the  Confederate  States.  In  1909,  Mr. 
Straus  again  received   from  President   Taft   the   Turkish   Ambassadorship. 


982       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Pew  Americans  of  the  present  generation  have  been  more  signally  honored. 
Isidor  Straus,  the  eldest  of  the  brothers,  perished  at  sea  on  board  the 
ill-fated  Titanic,  which  encountered  an  iceberg  while  making  her  maiden 
voyage,  and  sank  in  mid-ocean  on  the  morning  of  April  16,  1912.  Mrs. 
Straus,  refusing  to  leave  her  husband's  side  for  a  seat  in  one  of  the  life- 
boats, perished  with  him  in  the  wreck.  The  body  of  IN'Ir.  Straus  was  sub- 
sequently recovered,  but  the  ocean 's  sandy  bed  is  the  last  resting  place 
of  his  beloved  wife:   a  true  woman  of  Israel. 


TALIAFERRO. 

Crawfordville.  Crawfordville,  the  county-seat  of  Talia- 
ferro, was  named  for  the  great  William 
H.  Crawford,  who,  next  to  Mr.  Stephens,  was  perhaps 
Georgia's  greatest  statesman.  The  town  was  incorpo- 
rated by  legislative  act,  on  December  27,  1826,  with  the 
following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Herman  Mer- 
cer, Thomas  Chastain,  Wylie  Womack,  Sherwood  Towns, 
William  Little,  John  Murphy,  and  John  W.  Jordan.* 
Stephens  Institute,  located  here,  is  a  flourishing  high 
school.  Crawfordville  is  not  a  large  town,  but  as  the  old 
home  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  the  Confederate  Vice- 
President,  it  is  one  of  the  political  Meccas  of  America. 


Liberty  Hall.  Pages  142-153. 

The  Arrest  of  While  a  prisoner  at  Fort  Warren,  in  Bos- 
Mr.  Stephens,  ton  Harbor,  Mr.  Stephens  kept  a  diary,  in 
which  he  carefully  recorded  from  day  to 
day  the  events  of  his  prison  life.  He  also  interspersed 
it  with  observations  on  the  philosophy  of  government, 
with  comments  upon  current  topics,  and  with  various 
other  things.  The  references  to  Linton  Stephens  are 
both  numerous  and  tender.  On  almost  every  page  there 
is  some  allusion  to  his  half  brother,  a  reminiscence  or  a 
prayer,  in  which  Linton  was  the  central  thought.    Chap- 


•Acts,    1826,    p.     169. 


Taijaferro  983 

ter  after  chapter  from  the  Bible  was  also  copied  into  the 
diary  to  beguile  the  tedium  of  imprisonment;  and  the 
manuscript  of  this  journal,  in  after  years,  furnished  the 
basis  for  the  statesman's  great  literary  masterpiece, 
''The  War  Between  the  States."  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Stephens  the  diary  became  the  property  of  his  nephew, 
the  late  John  A.  Stephens,  whose  children  have  recently 
given  it  to  the  public.  The  opening  chapter  of  the  diary 
contains  an  interesting  first-hand  account  of  the  author's 
arrest.    It  runs  as  follows: 

Liberty  Hall,  Thursday,  May  11,  1865 — This  was  a  most  beautiful  and 
charming  day.  After  refreshing  sleep,  I  arose  early.  Eobert  Hull,  a 
youth,  son  of  Henry  Hull,  of  Athens,  Ga.,  spent  the  night  at  my  house. 
I  wrote  some  letters  for  the  mail,  my  custom  being  to  attend  to  such  busi- 
ness as  soon  as  breakfast  was  over;  and  Eobert  and  I  were  amusing  our- 
selves at  Casino,  when  Tim  [a  negro  servant]  came  running  into  the 
parlor,  saying :  ' '  Master,  more  Yankees  have  come ;  a  whole  heap  are  iu 
town,  galloping  about  with  guns !  ' '  Suspecting  what  it  meant,  I  rose, 
told  Eobert  I  supposed  they  had  come  for  me,  and  entered  my  bedroom 
to  make  arrangements  for  leaving,  should  my  apprehension  prove  true. 
Soon,  I  saw  an  officer  with  soldiers  under  arms  approaching  the  house. 
The  doors  were  all  open.  I  met  him  in  the  library.  He  asked  if  my  name 
was  Stephens.     I  replied  that  it  was. 

"Alexander  H.  Stephens'?"  said  he. 

I  told  him  yes.  He  then  said  that  he  had  orders  to  arrest  me.  I  in- 
quired his  name  and  asked  to  see  his  orders.  He  replied  that  he  was 
Captain  Saint,  of  the  Fourth  Iowa  Cavalry,  or  mounted  infantry,  attached 
to  General  Nelson 's  command ;  he  was  then  under  General  Upton ;  he 
showed  me  the  order  by  General  Upton,  at  Atlanta,  directing  my  arrest  and 
the  arrest  of  Eobert  Toombs;  no  charge  was  specified;  he  was  instructed 
to  come  to  Crawfordville,  arrest  me,  proceed  to  Washington,  arrest  Mr, 
Toombs,  and  then  carry  both  to  General  Upton 's  headquarters. 

I  told  him  I  had  been  looking  for  something  of  this  kind;  at  least, 
for  some  weeks,  had  thought  it  not  improbable,  and  hence  had  not  left 
home;  that  General  Upton  need  not  have  sent  any  force  for  me;  that  had 
he  simply  notified  me  that  he  wished  me  at  headquarters,  I  should  have 
gone.     I  asked  how  I  was  to  travel. 

He  said :     "On  the  cars. ' ' 

I  then  learned  that  he  had  come  down  on  the  train,  arriving  just  before 
Tim  's  announcement.  I  asked  if  I  would  be  permitted  to  carry  any  cloth- 
ing. He  said  ' '  Yes. ' '  I  asked  how  long  I  might  have  for  packing.  He 
said:  "A  few  minutes — as  long  as  necessary."     I  set  to  packing.     Harry 


984       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

[the  chief  man  servant]  came  in,  evincing  great  surprise  and  regret,  to 
pack  for  me.     The  captain  then  said : 

' '  You  may  take  a  servant  v^ith  you  if  you  wish. ' ' 

I  asked  if  he  knew  my  destination.     He  said: 

' '  First,   Atlanta ;    then,   Washington   City. ' ' 

I  called  in  Anthony,  a  black  boy  from  Eichmond,  who  had  been  waiting 
on  me  for  Several  years,  and  inquired  if  he  wished  to  go.  I  told  him 
I  would  send  him  from  Washington  to  his  mother  in  Eichmond.  He  was 
willing,  so  I  bade  him  be  ready  as  soon  as  possible. 

In  the  meantime,  Mr.  Hiddell  [secretary  to  Mr.  Stephens]  had  come 
in;  he  was  living  with  me  and  had  gone  out  after  breakfast.  None  of 
my  brother's  family  residing  at  the  old  homestead  happened  to  be  with 
me;  however,  Clarence,  who  was  going  to  school  at  the  Academy,  hearing 
of  what  had  occurred,  I  suppose,  came  over  with  some  friends  from  town. 
It  was  about  ten  A.  M.  when  Captain  Saint  arrived.  In  about  fifteen 
minutes — not  much  over — we  started  for  the  depot,  Anthony  and  I,  with 
the  captain  and  squad;  friends,  servants,  and  Clarence  following,  most 
of  them  crying.     My  own  heart  was  full — too  full  for  tears.' 

Beside  His  Be-  On  September  5,  1914,  the  mortal  ashes 
loved  Brother,  of  Judge  Linton  Stephens — after  a 
lapse  of  forty-two  years — were  brought 
from  his  old  home  in  Sparta  and  laid  to  rest  beside  those 
of  his  renowned  brother,  on  the  lawn  of  Liberty  Hall. 
The  exercises  of  reinterment  were  simple.  Judge  N.  E. 
Harris,  Governor-elect,  who  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  Stephens  at  Sparta,  delivered  the  principal  ad- 
dress. If  anything  could  make  the  sleep  of  Mr.  Stephens ' 
sweeter  it  would  be  the  consciousness  that  an  act  of  poetic 
justice  has  at  last  been  performed. 


TATTNALL 

Reidsville.  The  original  county-seat  of  Tattnall  was  on 
the  Ohoopee  Eiver,  near  Drake's  Ferry.  In 
1832,  Eeidsville  became  the  seat  of  government,  but  the 
town  was  not  incorporated  until  December  31,  1838,  when 
the  following  commissioners  wer  named,  to-wit. :  Shad- 
rach  Hancock,  John  A.  Mattox,  John  Brazzell,  William 
Rogers  and  John  A.  Rogers,  Jr.^     Reidsville  is  today 

*  Recollections   of  Alexander  H.    Stephens,    containing   the   Prison   Diary 
of  Mr.    Stephens,   1865. 
='Acts,    1838,   p.    123. 


Telfair  985 

a  flourisliing  town,  with  up-to-date  public  utilities,  a  fine 
groui3  of  banks  and  with  a  splendid  body  of  citizens. 

TAYLOE 

Butler.  Butler,  tlie  county-seat  of  Taylor  County,  was 
named  for  General  William  Orlando  Butler,  a 
distinguished  soldier  of  the  Mexican  War  and  a  candi- 
date for  Vice-President  on  the  ticket  with  General  Lewis 
Cass,  of  Michigan.  He  was  also  a  poet  of  some  reputa- 
tion and  the  author  of  a  celebrated  song  called  "The 
Boatman's  Horn."  The  county  was  named  for  General 
Zachary  Taylor.  Butler  was  incorporated  as  a  town  on 
February  8,  1854,  with  Messrs.  C.  Y.  Perry,  Ezekiel 
Royal,  Isaac  Mulky,  James  T.  May,  and  P.  C.  Carr  as 
commissioners.^  Though  not  a  large,  it  is  quite  a  cul- 
tured, community,  composed  of  fine  old  families,  which 
have  long  been  resident  in  this  section  of  Georgia. 

TELFAIR. 

JaiCksonville.  Jacksonville,  the  original  county-seat  of  Telfair,  was 
founded  soon  after  the  county  was  created  in  1807,  but 
was  not  chartered  until  1815,  when  the  following  commissioners  were 
named:  Chas.  McKinyan,  Abel  L.  Hatton,  Wm.  Harris,  Nathaniel  Ashley, 
and  Noah  Palmour."  The  Jacksonville  Academy  was  chartered  on  Decem- 
ber 10,  1841,  with  the  following  trustees:  Mark  Wilcox,  Sargeant  S.  Free- 
man, Henry  E.  Turner,  Alex.  T.  Dopson,  Cornelius  R.  Ashley,  Chas.  J. 
Shelton,  Duncan  IfcRae,  Peter  H.  Coffee,  and  John  G.  MeCall.'  Gen. 
John  Coffee,  a  soldier  of  note,  memorialized  by  one  of  the  counties  of 
Georgia,  lies  buried  five  miles  south  of  Jacksonville;  and  presumably  in 
this  same  neighborhood  sleeps  his  son-in-law.  Gen.  Mark  Wilcox,  for 
whom  a  county  has'  likewise  been  named.  Jacksonville  is  today  only  a 
small   village. 

McRae.     In  1870  the  site  of  public  buildings  was  changed 

to  McRae,  a  town  which  was  four  years  later 

incorporated  with  the  following-named  commissioners. 

to-wit. :  Daniel  M.  McRae,  William  McRae,  John  Me- 

^Acts,    1843-1853,    p.    232. 
^  Lamar's  Digest,   p.    1015. 
'Acts,   1841,  p.   5. 


986       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Daniel,  Sr.,  J.  Dougherty  and  E.  Elvers.*  With  splendid 
railway  facilities,  McEae  is  rapidly  becoming  an  impor- 
tant commercial  center.  The  surrounding  country  is 
rich  in  agricultural  products,  and  the  fame  of  the  litth) 
town  as  a  wide-awake  conmiunlty  has  traveled  abroad. 
McEae  possesses  a  number  of  strong  banks,  several  hand- 
some business  blocks  and  scores  of  flourishing  establish- 
ments. South  Georgia  College,  an  institution  under 
Methodist  control,  imparts  to  the  town  an  atmosphere 
of  culture  and  attracts  from  a  distance  quite  a  large 
number  of  students. 

TEEEELL 

Dawson.  On  February  16,  1856,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  the  new  County  of  Terrell  from  par- 
cels of  land  described  as  follows:  From  Lee  County, 
districts  three  and  twelve;  from  Eandolph  County,  dis- 
tricts four  and  eleven;  and  from  Kinchefoonee  County, 
now  Webster,  district  seventeen.  To  the  county  thus 
formed  was  given  the  name  of  Terrell,  in  honor  of  Dr. 
William  Terrell,  of  Sparta,  Ga.,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished physicians  and  one  of  the  most  useful  public 
men  of  the  State.  The  site  for  public  buildings  was  lo- 
cated by  the  county  authorities  near  the  center  of  the 
new  county  on  lands  belonging  to  Moses  H.  Baldwin, 
and  from  this  pioneer  resident  one  hundred  acres  of 
ground  were  purchased,  at  the  rate  of  $25  per  acre,  on 
which  to  locate  the  future  county-seat.  The  town  was 
called  Dawson,  in  honor  of  a  distinguished  LTnited  States 
Senator,  then  lately  deceased,  Hon.  William  C.  Dawson, 
of  Greensboro,  Ga. 

Eegulations  for  the  government  of  Dawson  were 
adopted  by  the  President  and  Councilmanic  Board,  under 
an  Act  of  the  Legislature  approved  December  22,  1857. 
The  first  mayor  or  president  of  Dawson  was  Eev.  Jesse 
M.  Davis.  The  pioneer  councilmen  were :  Moses  H.  Bald- 
win, George  Bunch,  James  W.  Shropshire,  Francis  D. 

•Acts,    1874,    p.    157. 


Terrell  987 

Bailey  and  Patrick  H.  Mills.  Jolin  L.  Allison  was  the 
first  town  marshal,  Benjamin  F.  Brooks,  the  first  treas- 
urer, and  Patrick  H.  Mills,  the  first  clerk  of  council.  As 
a  preparation  for  building  the  town,  Daniel  Lawhorn 
was  paid  $100  for  surveying  town  lots.  At  the  same  time, 
Calvin  Eegister  received  $110  for  clearing  the  public 
square  and  putting  the  streets  in  order.  The  first  ses- 
sion of  the  Inferior  Court  was  held  under  a  large  red 
oak  tree,  which  stood  near  the  old  Farnum  stables,  at 
the  extreme  west  end  of  Lee  Street,  in  the  fall  of  1856. 
The  first  term  of  the  Superior  Court  was  held  in  the 
following  spring,  with  Judge  David  Kiddoo  on  the  Bench 
and  Hon.  D.  B.  Harrell  as  solicitor-general.  The  first 
county  officers  were :  Daniel  Harden,  treasurer ;  Ludwell 
E.  Leonard,  Ordinary;  Myron  E.  Weston,  Clerk  of  Court; 
A.  J.  Baldwin,  Sr.,  Sheriff,  James  W.  Bone,  Tax  Collec- 
tor; Samuel  P.  Williams,  Eepresentative,  and  John  B. 
Vanover,  Senator. 

Joseph  D.  Reynolds  superintended  the  building  of  the 
original  court-house,  for  which  he  was  paid  the  sum  of 
$5,440,  covering  presumably  the  entire  cost  of  the  struc- 
ture. The  first  County  School  Commissioners  were : 
Moses  H.  Baldwin,  B.  L.  Winbourn  and  Eli  Gr.  Hill.  In 
1857  a  post-office  was  established  in  the  town,  with  R.  W. 
Nelson  as  the  postmaster  in  charge.  The  first  train  to 
pass  through  Dawson  came  over  the  line  of  the  Central 
of  G-eorgia  in  the  summer  of  1858.  Captain  W.  C.  Thorn- 
ton, who  died  in  Virginia  during  the  Civil  War  was  the 
first  soldier  buried  in  the  cemetery  at  Dawson,  but  of 
those  who  enlisted  from  Terrell,  Robert  Hayes  was  the 
first  to  lose  his  life  on  the  field  of  battle.  In  1866,  Messrs. 
E.  and  J.  E.  Christian  founded  the  Daii'son  Journal, 
which  they  continued  to  own  and  edit  for  several  years. 

The  first  marriage  license  on  record  was  issued  to 
Michael  Burk  and  Sarah  Middelton,  June  2,  1865,  and 
the  ceremony  was  performed  by  Rev.  Patrick  H.  McCook. 
Two  of  the  pioneer  educators  of  Dawson  were  Prof. 
Thomas  Brantley  and  Prof.  M.  A.  McNulty,  who  con-. 


988       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ducted  flourishing  schools.  Prof.  J.  W.  F.  Lowrey  was 
also  an  early  instructor  who  stamped  his  impress  in- 
delibly upon  the  town.  Eev.  John  Martin  was  the  first 
Baptist  pastor.  The  little  building  in  which  he  preached 
stood  very  near  the  site  of  the  present  handsome  struc- 
ture. The  first  Methodist  Church  is  still  standing  on 
South  Main  Street.  Its  pastor  was  a  Rev.  Mr.  William- 
son. This  house  of  workship  was  used  until  the  con- 
gregation grew  large  enough  to  warrant  the  building  of 
the  commodious  edifice  near  the  centre  of  the  town. 

Camp  ExUe.  During  the  sixties  a  gun  shop  was  located 
in  Dawson,  which  continued  in  operation 
until  the  surrender.  When  the  torches  of  Sherman's 
army  had  left  Atlanta  in  ashes  and  driven  her  defence- 
less women  and  children  into  an  unsheltered  exile,  the 
Governor  of  the  State  arranged  for  transportation  of 
some  three  hundred  refugees  to  Dawson,  and  these  were 
quartered  at  what  has  been  known  as  "Exile  Camp." 
Not  by  leaps  and  bounds,  but  by  slow  degrees,  Dawson 
has  progressed  from  a  village  in  the  wilderness  to  a  city 
beautiful.  Many  of  the  evils  which  menaced  the  first 
years  of  the  town's  existence  have  been  uprooted.  Her 
handsome  business  blocks,  her  imposing  public  buildings, 
her  paved  streets,  and  her  many  beautiful  homes,  with 
their  well-kept  lawns  and  flower  gardens,  all  attest  the 
fact  that  Dawson  is  destined  to  become  one  of  the  most 
important  commercial  centers  of  a  region  which  literally 
flows  with  milk  and  honey. 

Some  of  the  Early  Examining  some  of  the  early  documents  of  the 
Settlers  town    we    find    the    following    records:       Charter 

members  of  the  Methodist  church,  1857 — Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Moses  H.  Baldwin,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  B.  H.  Brown,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  B. 
Perry,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  P.  Vinson  and  Dr.  and  Mrs.  C.  A.  Cheatham. 
Trustees  of  the  Baptist  Church — John  T.  Walker,  William  C.  Thornton, 
John  A.  Bishop,  Benj.  F.  Cook  and  Harrison  Ethridge.  Pioneer  physicians 
—Dr.  Jim  Huff,  Dr.  J.  W.  Shropshire,  Wr.  C.  A.  Cheatham,  Dr.  J.  T. 
Lamar,  Dr.  B.  R.  Eeeves,  Dr.  Hiram  G.  Johnston,  Dr.  S.  F.  Lasseter,  Dr. 


Terrell  989 

Joseph  Gilpin.  Pioneer  lawyers — James  K.  Bynum,  F.  D.  Bailey,  James 
A.  Wilson,  Frank  Harper,  Eeuben  Fitzgerald,  C.  B.  Wooten,  Eichard 
Maltby,  Ed  Bass.  Other  men  of  note — J.  B.  Perry,  Allen  Lowrey,  J.  W.  F, 
Lowrey,  M.  H.  Baldwin,  E.  S.  Cheatham,  C.  W.  Jones,  Jared  Irwin,  S.  E. 
Weston,  A.  J.  Baldwin,  Sr.,  M.  S.  Glass,  J.  M.  Simmons,  Thomas  Cald- 
well, J.  E.  Loyless,  J.  C.  F.  Clark  and  W.  N.  Watts.* 


Herod  Town  Mem-     Eight  miles  to  the  south  of  Dawson 
orial  Unveiled.  there  formerly  stood  an  Indian  vil- 

lage known  as  Herod  Town,  whose 
chief,  Old  Herod,  was  a  staunch  friend  of  the  whites  and, 
according  to  local  tradition,  joined  forces  with  Andrew 
Jackson  when  the  latter,  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  reached 
this  town  in  1818,  en  route  to  Florida,  to  quell  the  Semi- 
noles.  There  is  still  a  settlement  at  this  place,  which, 
in  honor  of  the  old  chieif,  has  since  retained  the  nam.e  of 
Herod.  On  November  20,  1913,  to  commemorate  the, 
heroism  of  these  friendly  Indians,  a  handsome  boulder  of 
marble  was  unveiled  with  impressive  ceremonies,  on  the 
site  of  Herod  Town,  by  Dorothy  Walton  Chapter,  D.  zV. 
R.,  Mrs.  W.  A.  McLain,  regent,  and  the  occasion  was 
signalized  by  the  presence  of  many  distinguished  vis- 
itors, including  the  State  regent,  Mrs.  S.  W.  Foster. 
Promptly  at  10  o'clock,  the  members  of  the  chapter,  with 
their  invited  guests  and  a  large  company  of  town  people, 
swelling  the  number  of  spectators  to  several  hundred,  re- 
paired in  automobiles  to  Herod  Town,  where,  under  the 
serenest  of  autumn  skies,  mellowed  by  the  soft  tints  of 
Indian  summer,  the  exercises  of  unveiling  took  place, 
followed  by  a  magnificent  repast  on  the  grounds.  Mrs. 
M.  0.  Edwards,  historian  of  the  chapter,  has  preserved 
the  following  account  of  the  exercises : 

The  Dorothy  Walton  Chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Eevo- 
hition  staged  near  Dawson  an  event  which  had  engendered  profound  in- 
terest throughout  southwest  Georgia.  It  was  the  unveiling  of  a  magnifi- 
cent boulder  at  the  site  of  a  former  Indian  village.  Old  Herodtown,  to 
commemorate  the  historical  fact  that  General  Andrew  Jackson  at  the  head 


*For  the  information   contained   in   this   sketch   of  Dawson,   we   are   in- 
debted to  Mrs.  J.  S.  Lowrey,  State  Historian,  D.  A.  R. 


990       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  nine  hundred  Georgia  militia,  together  with  friendly  Indians,  reached 
this  spot  in  the  year  1818,  in  his  march  through  Georgia  to  subdue  the 
hostile  Indians,  and  was  joined  at  Herodtown  by  Chief  Herod  and  his 
friendly  braves.  An  almost  perfect  Indian  summer  day  made  the  occasion 
an  ideal  one,  and  the  impressive  exercises  were  witnessed  by  a  large  crowd 
assembled  from  the  adjacent  towns  and  cities  to  participate  in  this'  event. 

The  programme  was  initiated  by  an  impressive  invocation  from  Dr. 
J.  A.  Ivey,  one  of  the  oldest  and  best-known  Baptist  divines  in  the  State. 
This  was  followed  by  a  most  charming  address  by  the  Dorothy  Walton 
Chapter  regent,  Mrs.  W.  A.  McLain,  who  in  chaste  language  and  impressive 
manner  extended  a  most  cordial  welcome  to  all  those  who  participated  in 
the  exercises.  Mrs.  McLain,  who  does  all  things  weU,  acquitted  herself  in 
her  usual  successful  manner.  The  audience  then  rendered  "America,"  led 
by  the  school  children  of  the  hospitable  little  village  of  Herod.  Miss  Aphia 
Jackson  gave  as  a  reading  the  stirring  defiance  of  Osceola  in  a  very  strik- 
ing manner.  The  salute  to  the  flag  given  by  the  daughters  was  itsellf  a 
striking  feature,  but  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  picture  of  the  occasion 
was  when  little  Hildah  Gumm  and  Lindah  Harris  removed  from  the  mag- 
nificent boulder  the  flags  which  draped  it.  This  was  followed  by  the  ad- 
dress of  the  State  regent,  Mrs.  S.  W.  Foster,  and  those  who  know  her 
wonderful  capacity,  her  unlimited  fund  of  information,  and  her  graceful 
and  forceful  delivery,  alone,  could  realize  the  treat  received  by  the  audience. 

In  a  brief  and  appropriate  manner  Judge  M.  C.  Edwards  introduced 
the  speaker  of  the  day,  Hon.  Lucian  L.  Knight.  Few  orators  have  been  pro- 
duced by  the  State  of  Georgia  who  surpass  Mr.  Knight  on  any  occasion,  but 
it  seemed  peculiar,  that  here,  the  time,  the  place,  and  the  man  had  met,  and 
his  address  proved  to  be  a  gem.  It  combined  within  itself  the  choicest 
thoughts  which  he  had  garnered  as  a  trained  reporter  and  erudite  scholar, 
a  profound  thinker  and  a  gentle  poet  expressed  in  the  sublimest  flights  of 
the  silver-tongued  orator.  Those  who  sat  under  the  sway  of  his  eloquence 
could  almost  see  the  village  re-peopled  with  its  vanished  inhabitants.  This 
was  followed  by  ' '  The  Star  Spangled  Banner, ' '  and  the  exercises  were 
closed  by  benediction  by  Kev.  E.  F.  Morgan,  pastor  of  the  Dawson  Metho- 
dist Church. 

A  large  number  attended  from  various  places,  and  among  the  guests  of 
honor  were  Hon.  Lucian  L.  Knight  and  Mrs.  S.  W.  Foster,  of  Atlanta; 
Messrs.  T.  C.  Parker,  Charles  C.  Holt  and  F.  E.  Land,  of  Macon;  Mesdames' 
George  McDonald,  E.  L.  Walker,  S.  D.  Zuber  and  R.  D.  Gay,  of  Cuthbert ; 
Colonel  and  Mrs.  B.  F.  Crittenden,  of  Shellman;  Mrs.  C.  A.  Fincher  and 
Mrs.  Frank  Harold,  of  Americus,  the  Stone  Castle  Chapter  of  the  D.  A.  R. 
and  many  others. 

Charles  W.  Harris  was  in  charge  of  the  barbecue,  and  the  delicious 
meat  done  to  turn  flanked  by  generous  platters  of  Brunswick  stew  would 
have  alone  s'uflfieed,  but  the  table  literally  groaned  under  delicacies  prepared 
by  the  daughters,  which  did  furnish  a  menu  equal  to  any  Georgia  product 
dinu.e]:^ 


Terrell  991 

The  magnificent  pile  of  granite  will  be  a  constant  reminder  to  youth 
who  pass  there,  that  this  section  is  not  barren  of  tradition  and  memories, 
and  its  erection  by  the  victor  to  the  conquered  has  been  one  of  the  most 
delightful  events  yet  to  occur  in  this  section. 

Mrs.  W.  A.  McLain  entertained  in  honor  of  the  guests  at  a  6  o  'clock 
dinner  at  her  palatial  residence  in  Dawson.  Appointments,  decoration  and 
cuisine  were  perfect,  and  the  occasion  was  one  of  the  most  recherche  of 
the  year. 

Mrs.  M.  C.  Edwards,  Historian. 

Only  a  paragraph  from  the  speaker's  address  can 
be  given.  Said  he:  ''Madam  Eegent,  it  was  a  tender 
thought  of  your  chapter  to  memorialize  this  village  of 
a  vanished  race,  and  nothing  could  better  typify  the 
heroic  virtues  of  the  noble  savage  than  this  exquisite 
boulder  of  stone  quarried  from  his  own  hills.  It  is  also 
most  appropriate,  for  the  purposes  of  this  unveiling,  that 
you  should  have  chosen  a  day  in  this  beautiful  season  of 
the  year,  when  the  foliage  of  the  trees  is  deepening  into 
russet,  emblematic  of  the  dark-hued  warriors  who  once 
roamed  these  woods;  when  the  reddening  sunsets  recall 
his  council  tires;  when  the  mellow  musk  bespeaks  his 
harvest  fields  of  maize;  when  the  plaintive  wind,  like  a 
wandering  minstrel,  tells  the  pathetic  story  of  his  con- 
quered tribe,  or  in  a  softer  key,  sings  of  his  wooing  in  the 
golden  moonlight  b}^  the  winding  waters;  when  the 
hazy  air  is  reminiscent  of  his  pipe  of  peace ;  and  when  the 
oaks  and  the  maples  are  trembling  in  the  soft  vestments  of 
Indian  summer.  We  can  think  of  him  now  without  an  un- 
kindly recollection.  For,  the  icy  touch  of  the  frost  king  has 
softened  the  steel-like  glitter  of  his  eagle  eye,  and,  on 
this  autumn  day,  we  can  come  to  this  place  of  his  former 
abode,  with  tears  for  hi*  fate  and  with  laurels  for  his 
fame. ' ' 

Judg-e  James  One  of  the  classics  of  the  American  Con- 
M.  Griggs:  His  gress  was  a  speech  delivered  in  the 
Monument.  national  House  of  Eepresentatives  dur- 

ing the  Spanish-American  war  period, 
by  a  distinguished  former   representative   of  this   dis- 


992       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

trict:  Hon.  James  M.  Griggs.  Brilliant  as  a  statesman, 
just  and  impartial  as  a  jurist,  without  reproach  as  a 
citizen,  and  fearless  and  upright  as  a  man,  Judge 
Griggs  was  beloved  by  all  classes  of  the  people,  *to 
whom  unstintedly  he  gave  the  resources  of  his  great 
mind.  In  the  heart  of  his  adopted  town,  where  Stone- 
wall and  Lee  Streets  intersect,  there  stands  a  superb 
memorial  to  Judge  Griggs,  reflecting  the  esteem  in 
which  he  was  held  by  his  fellow  citizens.  The  memorial 
is  admittedly  a  work  of  art.  Upon  a  solid  granite  base 
rest  two  beautifully  polished  columns,  surmounted  by  a 
cornice,  on  which  is  chiselled  in  large  letters  the  name  : 


"GRIGGS" 


At  either  side,  just  over  the  flowered  capitals,  is  a 
wreath  of  bronze.  Between  the  pillars,  on  a  solid  block 
of  stone,  is  a  handsome  bust  of  the  late  Congressman. 
This  also  is  executed  in  bronze.  It  is  a  splendid  like- 
ness, and  taken  in  connection  with  its  superb  setting,  it 
constitutes  an  exquisite  memorial  to  one  whose  fame  will 
ever  be  tenderly  cherished  by  the  people  of  Dawson.  In- 
scribed upon  a  plate,  on  the  west  side  of  the  monument, 
is  the  following  epitaph : 


To  the  memory  of  JAMES  MATTHEWS  GRIGGS, 
who  represented  with  conspicuous  ability  and  fidelity  th© 
Second  District  of  Georgia  in  Congress,  from  March  4, 
1897,  to  the  date  of  his  death,  January  5,  1910,  this 
memorial  is  erected  in  his  home  town  by  the  people  of 
the  district.  He  loved  and  honored  the  people.  They 
loved  and  honored  him. 


On  the  east  side,  in  gilt  letters,  is  chiselled  this  in- 
scription : 


As  great  as  the  greatest;  as  humble  as  the  lowest. 


At  the  unveiling,  which  occurred  in  the  summer  of 
1913,  Hon.  Henry  M.  Mcintosh,  of  Albany,  Ga.,  a  devoted 


Thomas  9^3 

friend,  acted  as  master  of  ceremonies.  Hon,  William  M. 
Howard,  of  Lexington,  a  colleague  in  Congress,  to  whom 
Judge  Griggs  was  warmly  attached,  delivered  a  master- 
ful address  in  presenting  to  the  Congressman's  home 
town  this  beautiful  monument  which,  on  behalf  of  the 
community,  was  accepted  by  Hon.  M.  J.  Yeomans,  in  a 
graceful  speech,  enriched  w^ith  tender  sentiment. 


THOMAS 

Thomasville.  Tn  1825,-  Thomas  County  was  formed  from. 
Baker  and  Decatur.  Just  one  year  later — 
December  22,  1826 — on  lot  number  thirty-nine,  district 
thirteen,  was  located  the  new  county-seat  called  Thomas- 
ville. Presumabl}^  both  the  town  and  the  county-seat 
were  named  for  General  Jett  TTiomas,  who  built  the  old 
State-house  at  Milledgeville,  though  local  traditions  are 
not  entirely  in  accord  with  this  supposition.  As  pro- 
vided in  the  original  Act  of  December  24,  1825,  prelim- 
inary elections  were  held  at  the  house  of  Charles  Kings- 
ley.  On  December  26,  1831,  the  town  was  incorporated 
with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Isaac 
P.  Brooks,  Edward  Eemington,  Malcolm  Ferguson, 
James  Kerksey  and  Murdock  McAuley.*  In  1856  a  new 
charter  was  granted,  providing  for  a  mayor  and  six  alder- 
men, with,  an  increase  of  territory. 

Under  an  Act  approved  December  24,  1825,  Duncan 
Eay,  Archibald  McMillan,  Paul  Colson,  Hardy  Bryan  and 
Malcolm  Ferguson  were  appointed  Commissioners  of  the 
Thomas  County  Academy,  and  the  proceeds  from  the  sale 
of  town  lots  in  Thomasville  went  to  this  board.  A  building 
was  soon  erected,  and  Mr.  Cresman  taught  forty  (40)  pu- 
pils at  the  corner  of  Madison  and  Monroe  Streets.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Eolph,  who  boarded  with  Colonel 
Mike  Young,  and  taught  until  1837. 


♦Acts,    1S31,   p.    237. 


994       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Next  year  Mr.  Scott,  who  lioarded  with  Mrs.  McLean, 
taught  in  tlie  new  building,  corner  of  Broad  and  Monroe 
Streets.  January,  1838,  the  old  building  was  renovated, 
and  the  upstairs  converted  into  a  music  room,  with  Mrs. 
Metzler  and  Miss  Sophia  Metzler  teaching  the  girls,  Mr. 
Scott  still  teaching  the  boys,  in  the  new  building. 

In  1835,  the  prominent  residents  of  Thomasville  were 
Messrs.  Ed.  Remington,  Isaac  Brooks,  James  and  Will- 
iam Kerksey  and  Dr.  Gauley.  Mr.  James  Kerksey  had 
the  first  store,  on  corner  of  Broad  and  Jefferson  Streets. 
Prior  to  1840,  among  the  prominent  families  in  Thomas 
County  were  the  Neelys,  Blackshears,  Youngs,  Jones, 
Hayes,  Rays,  Hadleys,  Dixons,  Parramores,  Adams,  Mc- 
Maths,  Bryans,  Dekles,  Chastains,  Hancocks,  Singletarys, 
Cones,  McCanns,  Wards,  Hartwells,  Mitchells  and  Mac- 
Intyres.  Prominent  Congressmen  who  have  resided  at 
Thomasville  were  James" L.  Seward,  Peter  E.  Love,  A.  T. 
Maclntyre  and  S.  A.  Roddenbery.  Among  the  most  dis- 
tinguished jurists  and  lawyers  have  been  J.  R.  Alexander, 
August  H.  Hansell,  William  M.  Hammond,  A.  T.  Mac- 
lntyre, Jr.,  and  Arthur  Patten. 

Fletcher  Institute,  a  school  founded  by  the  Methodists, 
was  chartered  on  February  9,  1854.  Young's  Female 
College  was  granted  a  charter  on  December  17,  18fi0. 
The  trustees  of  the  latter  school  were:  Thomas  Jones, 
James  J.  Hays,  James  L.  Seward,  Augustin  H.  Hansell, 
William  J.  Young,  A.  T.  Maclntyre  and  David  S.  Bran- 
don.* This  institution  grew  out  of  the  philanthropy  of 
Elijah  R.  Young,  who  left  the  sum  of  $30,000  with  which 
to  start  a  school  for  the  education  of  girls.  From  1875 
to  1900,  Thomasville  was  a  prominent  winter  resort,  but 
the  Piney  Woods  Hotel  was  burned,  and  the  transient 
tourists  lost  to  the  city.  However,  a  few  still  occupy 
during  the  winter  excellent  homes  in  the  vicinity  of 
Thomasville. 


♦Acts,    1860,    p.    176. 


Thomas  995 

Senator-Elect     Georgia's  new  Senator-elect,  Hon.  Thomas 
Hardwick.  W.   Hardwick,   was   born   in   Tliomasville, 

Ga.,  on  December  9,  1872;  and  though  he 
has  since  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  elsewhere, 
Thomasville  has  always  felt  a  deep  maternal  pride  in 
his  public  honors. 


Roddenberry  Park.  During  the  last  week  in  July,  1914, 
an  appropriation  of  $5,000  was  made 
by  Congress  for  an  additional  purchase  of  ground,  adja- 
cent to  the  post-office  building  in  Thomasville,  this  ex- 
tension to  be  known  as  Roddenbery  Park,  in  honor  of 
the  late  Hon.  S.  A.  Roddenbery,  Congressman  from  the 
Second  District.  It  was  a  departure  from  long-estab- 
lished custom  to  pay  a  tribute  of  this  kind  to  a  deceased 
member  of  Congress ;  but  such  was  the  esteem  in  which 
the  lamented  Georgian  was  held  by  his  associates,  irre- 
spective of  party  affiliations,  that  no  serious  opposition 
was  registered.  Judge  Roddenbery  was  a  tower  of 
strength  in  the  cause  of  temperance,  giving  it  the  advo- 
cacy of  a  most  intense  moral  earnestness.  He  was  at 
all  times  and  under  all  circumstances  a  staunch  friend  of 
the  common  people,  whose  burdens  he  carried  upon  his 
drooping  shoulders  to  the  very  last;  and  even  when  the 
sands  of  life  were  running  low  he  refused  to  take  a  much- 
needed  rest,  remaining  at  his  post  of  duty  like  the  senti- 
nel of  Herculaneum.  He  was  a  foe  without  truce  or  com- 
promise to  whatever  bore  the  semblance  of  graft;  a  legis- 
lator who  scorned  to  reckon  with  expediency  when  Con- 
science said,  ''It  is  wrong;"  and  a  man  whose  worst 
enemy  could  not  speak  of  him  except  in  terms  of  unquali- 
fied respect. 

The  Le  Conte  Pear.    It  was  in  the  neighborhpod  of  Thom- 
asville that  the  famous  Le  Conte  pear 
was  first  cultivated  on  a  scale  which  began  to  attract  the 
attention  of  fruit  growers  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 


996        Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Colonel  L.  L.  Varnadoe,  a  native  of  Liberty  County,  Ga., 
purchased  a  plantation  near  Thomasville  at  the  close  of 
the  Civil  "War,  and  on  removing  to  this  plantation  he 
brought  with  him  a  cutting  from  one  of  the  pear  trees, 
called  a  Chinese  Sand  Pear,  on  which  John  Le  Conte 
had  been  experimenting.  Colonel  Vamadoe's  success 
was  phenomenal,  and  from  this  one  cutting  has  come  a 
yield  whose  value  and  extent  defies  the  mathematician. 
Judge  John  L.  Harden,  of  Savannah,  a  kinsman  of  the 
Le  Contes,  is  quoted  by  the  late  Dr.  Stacy,  of  Newnan, 
on  the  subject  of  the  Le  Conte  pear,  to  the  following- 
effect  : 

"In  1850  my  great  uncle,  John  LeConte,  purchased  from  Thomas 
Hogg,  a  nurseryman  of  New  York,  a  small  p^r  tree.  He  was  told  by 
Mr.  Hogg  that  the  fruit  was  of  inferior  quality,  and  fit  only  for  pre- 
serving; that  it  would  not  mature  its  fruit  so  far  north  as  New  York, 
but  that  it  might  do  so  in  the  South;  that  it  was  the  Chinese  Saiid  Pear. 
The  tree  was  given  to  my  mother,  and  when  it  grew  large  enough  it  pro- 
duced fruit  which,  to  our  surprise,  was  of  excellent  quality.  The  original 
tree  in  forty-five  years  old,  1895,  and  is  still  productive  and  vigorous, 
although  sadly  neglected.  It  has  borne  twenty  bushels  in  one  year,  after 
allowing  for  what  may  have  been  stolen. ' ' 

At  the  close  of  the  late  war,  the  people  of  Liberty  County  were  in 
straightened  circumstances,  and  quite  a  number  of  them  emigrated  to 
southwestern  Georgia.  Among  them  was'  Colonel  Leander  L.  Varnadoe, 
a  native  of  the  County  and  a  member  of  the  old  church.  Upon  the  sug- 
gestion of  his  uncle,  Mr.  William  Jones,  that  the  tree  might  be  propa- 
gated from  the  cutting,  and  that  the  fruit  might  be  profitably  raised  in 
the  section  whither  he  had  moved,  Colonel  Varnadoe  secured  quite  a  number 
of  cuttings'  and  took  them  with  him  and  planted  them'  at  his  home  near 
Thomasville.  He  was  soon  delighted  to  see  that  the  idea  was  a  happy 
one,  and  to  find  himself  The  owner  of  an  orchard  of  vigorous  trees,  yielding 
abundantly  of  luscious  fruit  for  the  market.  Cuttings  were  soon  in  great 
demand;  and  from  this  little  beginning  the  whole  Southern  country  has 
been  covered  with  Le  Conte  pear  trees.  Many  have  made  not  only  livings, 
but  even  fortunes,  by  investing  in  them. 

To  give  some  idea  of  the  impoverished  condition  of  our  people  at  the 
close  of  the  war  and  to  show  what  a  happy  hit  was  the  idea  of  promoting 
the  cultivation  of  this  pear  from  cuttings,  I  narrate  the  following  incident: 
On  the  return  of  Colonel  Varnadoe  from  the  war,  it  is  said  that  his  first 
bill  of  fare  was  so  meagre  and  uninviting  that  he  jocosely  remarked  to 
his  wife: 


Thomas  997 

"Annie,  if  you  can,  you  may  do  so,  but  I  cannot  say  grace  over  such 
a  dinner. ' ' 

Some  few  years  after  his  removal  to  Thomasville,  he  was  offered  $10,000 
cash  for  his  pear  farm,  which  he  very  wisely  refused.  The  old  mother 
tree,  from  which  the  millions  now  in  cultivation  throughout  the  South- 
land have  sprung,  was  seen  by  the  writer  some  time  ago.  It  is  sixty  inches 
in  circumference,  and  twenty-four  feet  in  height.  Until  recent  years  it 
has  shown  no  symptoms  of  blight.  Such  a  tree  is  not  only  worthy  of 
mention  but  deserves  a  conspicuous  place  in  a  collection  like  this.* 


Two  Great  Law-      Stephen   F.  Miller,  in  his  Bench   and 
yers  Vanquished.     Bar  of  Georgia,  narrates  the  following 
story  of  a  lawyer  who  once  practiced 
at  the  Thomasville  bar : 

' '  Some  years  ago  a  very  romantic  story  was  circulated  in  the  news- 
papers, in  which  Mr.  [John]  Taylor  [formerly  a  lawyer  of  Thomasville], 
was  the  leading  hero.  The  scene  was  laid  in  Arkansas.  It  appears  that 
a  rich  planter  had  insulted  the  wife  of  his  overseer.  She  made  it  known 
to  her  husband,  who  took  the  liberty  of  caning  his  employer  on  sight. 
The  planter  some  days  afterwards  shot  the  overseer,  killing  him  instantly. 
He  was  prosecuted,  but  his  money  saved  him  from  conviction.  In  the 
meantime  he  had  spoken  slanderous  words  concerning  the  widow,  who 
brought  her  action  for  damages.  The  day  of  trial  arrived.  Sargent  S. 
Prentiss  and  Albert  Pike  appeared  as  counsel  for  the  defendant.  The  case 
was  called  in  regular  order;  and  such  was  the  array  of  influence,  the 
great  wealth  of  the  defendant,  the  ability  of  his  lawyers,  and  the  humble 
condition  of  the  plaintiff,  that  even  the  young  attorney  who  brought  the 
action  shrank  from  it  and  abandoned  his  client  to  her  fate.  The  jury 
sounded  the  case  again;  and,  no  one  responding,  he  appealed  to  the  gal- 
lantry of  the  bar.  There  was  walking  in  the  lobby  of  the  court-room 
a  slender,  woebegone-looking  personage,  with  a  high  forehead,  pensive 
features,  thin,  compressed  lips  and  wandering  blue  eyes — his  visage  of 
sandy  complexion.  He  heard  the  appeal,  and  advancing  within  the  bar 
modestly  informed  the  court  that  he  would  represent  the  plaintiff.  All 
eyes  were  turned  on  the  stranger.     No  one  knew  him. 

"This  was  a  perplexing  moment.  The  judge  remarked  that  no  gentle- 
man could  be  permitted  to  act  as  counsel  without  a  commission.  The 
stranger  drew  from  his  pocket  divers  pieces  of  parchment  bearing  signa- 
tures and  court  seals  from  Virginia,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Arkan- 
sas,   Texas    and    possibly   from    other    States,    conferring    on    John    Taylor 


•James   Stacy,   in   History  of   the  Midway   Congregational   Church. 


998       Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

the  privilege  of  coimsellor,  attorney  at  law,  and  solicitor.  His  name  was 
then  entered  on  the  docket,  and,  asking  a  short  indulgence,  he  found 
some  one  wlio  kindly  gave  him  the  names  of  the  witnesses,  and  they  an- 
swered to  the  call.  He  opened  the  case  by  reading  the  declaration  and 
proving  the  words.  He  said  but  very  little  more,  and  gave  way  to  the 
defence.  Prentiss  made  one  of  his  fine  speeches,  expended  his  wit  freely, 
and  also  aimed  a  sneer  at  the  plaintiff's  counsel,  whom  he  described  as  a 
reckless  adventurer,  unable  to  live  by  his  profession  in  any  of  the  States 
in  which  he  had  been  incautiously  licensed. 

"The  learned  Pike,  with  the  garlands  of  poetry  on  his  brow,  rose  to 
continue  the  argument  of  his  friend  Prentiss.  The  character  of  the  plain- 
tiff was  denounced.  The  obscure  attorney  who  had  volunteered  services 
came  in  for  a  share  of  his  piercing  wit  and  mischievous  humor.  Here  the 
speaking  for  the  defence  closed  with  a  flourish  of  exultation. 

John  Taylor  stood  before  the  .jury.  With  his  clear,  piping  voice,  dis- 
tinct in  every  syllable  and  full  of  feeling  and  intellect,  he  took  up  the 
evidence,  applied  the  law,  and  tlien  made  himself  known.  He  ridiculed 
the  false  wit  and  vulgar  impudence  of  the  opposing  counsel,  until  even 
the, gallant  Prentiss  and  the  manly  Pike  felt  themselves  as  children  in  the 
hands  of  a  giant.  Court,  jury,  spectators,  bar — all  gazed  with  wonder. 
Taylor  rose  higher  and  higher  in  his  flights,  until  the  audience  was  fairly 
spellbound.  He  saw  his  advantage,  knew  his  powers,  and  felt  that  the  jury 
would  give  the  full  damages  claimed  in  the  declaration.  He  then  turned 
to  the  spectators,  who  were  much  excited,  and  implored  them  not  to  1-iy 
violent  hands  on  the  defendant — not  to  ride  him  on  a  rail.  They  must 
forbear  doing  what  justice  prompted  on  the  occasion.  Fifty  thousiuid 
dollars  would  be  some  punishment  to  a  creature  so  sordid.  Let  him  ave 
to  endure  the  scorn  of  honest  men.  The  jury  retired,  and  soon  brought  in 
a  verdict  for  fifty  thousand  dollars!  Taylor  was  immortal.  The  author 
does  not  vouch  for  the  correctness  of  this  story,  but,  from  his  own  knowledge 
of  Mr.  Taylor  and  the  inspiration  under  which  he  often  spoke,  he  is'  in- 
clined to  believe  it.  This  extraordinary  man  practiced  law  for  several 
years  in  southern  Georgia.  He  would  have  electrified  even  the  Senate  of 
the  United  States.* 


Boston.  Boston,  an  enterprising  town  of  South  Georgia, 
the  rapid  growth  of  which  in  recent  years  has  kept  well 
abreast  with  the  development  of  this  section,  was  char- 
tered by  an  Act  of  the  Legislature,  approved  October 
24,  1870,  designating  Thomas  Adams,  B.  A.  Stone,  A.  B. 
Carson,  J.  Long  and  J.  J.  Hatchell  to  serve  as  commis- 
sioners pending  an  election  to  be  held  on  the  second 


♦Stephen  F.  Miller,  in  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  Vol.  I. 


Tift— Toombs  .  999 

Monday  in  June,  1872.  The  corporate  limits  were  made 
to  embrace  one  mile  square  with  the  depot  of  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  Eailroad  as  the  town  center.^  To  meet  the 
demands  of  growth,  an  Act  wns  subsequently  passed  by 
the  Legislature  amending  the  old  charter  and  giving  the 
town  a  municipal  form  of  government.  On  October  14, 
1891,  a  charter  was  granted  to  the  Boston  and  Albany 
Railroad,  the  stockholders  of  which  were :  M.  R.  Mallette, 
J.  W.  Taylor,  D.  R.  Blood,  A.  B.  Cone,  W.  M.  Brooks,  T. 
T.  Stephens,  E.  R.  Whaley,  J.  C.  Stanaland,  J.  S.  Norton, 
H.  A.  Vann,  and  F.  C.  Ivey.^  The  present  public  school 
system  of  Boston  was  established  in  1891. 


TIFT 

Tifton.     Tifton,  the  county-seat  of  Tift,  began  to  exist 
»  in  1857  with  the  erection  of  a  saw^-mill  on  the 

site  of  the  present  town  by  Captain  H.  II.  Tift.  The 
subsequent  history  of  this  wide-awake  young  metropolis 
of  the  wire  grass,  which,  in  1905,  acquired  its  new  honors 
as  a  county  seat,  has  already  been  fully  outlined  iii 
Volume  I,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred. 


TOOMBS 

Lyons.  In  1905  the  County  of  Toombs  was  formed  out 
of  Tattnall,  Montgomery  and  Emanuel  Counties, 
and  under  this  same  Act  Lyons  was  made  the  new  county- 
seat.  The  town  was  chartered  with  a  municipal  form  of 
government  in  1897,  but  was  founded  a  number  of  years 
prior  to  this  time  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Baglej^  who  here  located 
a  station  on  the  old  S.  A.  M.  Railway,  along  the  line  of 
which  he  was  then  engaged  in  developing  town  sites  at 
strategic  points. 

'  Acts,    1870,    p.    169. 

-Acts,    1890'-1891,   Vol.    I,   p.    441. 


1000      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

TOWNS 

Hiawassee.  Uiawassee,  tlio  eounty-seat  of  Towns,  was 
named  for  the  picturesque  river  upon  whose 
banks  it  is  most  charming-ly  situated.  In  1856,  wlien  the 
County  of  Towns  was  formed  out  of  Union  and  Eabun 
Counties,  in  this  enchanted  land  of  the  mountains,  Hia- 
Avassee  was  made  the  new  county-seat.  The  town  was 
incorporated  on  October  24,  1870,  with  the  following- 
named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  William  T.  Crane,  A.  M. 
Maulden,  E.  A.  Brown  and  Dr.  P.  W.  Rillion.*  In  1857, 
a  charter  was  granted  for  the  Hiaw^assee  Railroad  Com- 
pany to  run  from  some  point  in  the  County  of  Rabun, 
at  or  near  the  town  of  Clayton,  there  to  connect  with 
the  Northeastern  Railroad;  thence  running  down  the 
valley  of  the  Little  Hightower,  through  Towns,  Union 
and  Fannin  counties  to  the  Tennessee  line,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Ducktown  copper  mines.  But  this  charter 
failed  to  materialize  into  a  steel  highway,  due  to  the  on- 
coming of  the  Civil  War. 


Recollections  of     Governor    Towns    was    a    Chesterfield    in    his    address. 
Gov    Towns  Nothing   could   exceed   the   suavity   of   his   disposition 

and  the  ease  of  his  manner.  He  was  truly  a  refined 
man,  courteous  and  unpretending  with  the  plain,  and  diplomatic  with  the 
precise;  it  was  constitutional,  therefore  pleasant  to  all.  He  had  a  friendly 
word  and  a  kind  recognition  for  each  individual.  His'  manner  claimed  no 
superiority  over  other  men,  and  yet  it  signified  that  he  was  good  as  any 
of  them  He  never  appeared  upon  stilts,  nor  did  he  forget  his  self- 
respect  in  his  most  careless  moods.  At  the  bar  his  rank  was  decidedly 
high  as  an  advocate.  He  possessed  all  the  requisites  of  an  orator  to  control 
the  jury.  In  its  subdued  tones  his  voice  was  like  plaintive  music.  The  in- 
tonations were  faultless.  His  language,  at  such  times,  was  the  poetry  of 
emotion;  his  gestures  adapted  themselves,  without  consciousness  on  his 
part,  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case.  The  human  heart  was  an  open 
thing  to  him.  He  could  play  upon  it  in  smiles  or  in  tears,  with  almost 
the  skill  of  Patrick  Henry;  yet  he  lacked  the  thunderbolts  of  that  Jove 
of  eloquence,  to  rival  the  grandeur  of  the  storm.     With  these  elements  of 


♦Acts,   1870,  p.   204. 


Troup  -  1001 

success,  ripened  into  maturity  by  practice  and  established  in  many  a  con- 
test, Governor  Towns  had  before  him  as  inviting  a  prospect  as  ever  al- 
lured the  imagination.  There  had  been  a  Forsyth,  with  his  fluent  simplic- 
ity and  his  inimitable  sneer;  a  Berrien,  with  his  music  of  phrase  and  his 
classic  gestures;  a  Wilde,  polished  in  diction  and  lofty  in  thought;  a 
Colquitt,  with  his  arrows  of  eloquence,  barbed  for  the  rhinocerous  or  soft- 
ened for  the  hare ;  yet  it  was  the  prestige  of  Governor  Towns  to  differ 
from  them  all — perhaps  to  excel  them  all — in  the  spontaneous  gushings  o'f 
the  heart,  in  the  electric  sympathy,  which,  kindling  with  the  orator 's 
emotion,  blazed  in  every  bosom — court,  jury,  bar,  audience,  all  melted,  all 
subdued,  by  the  occasion.  Such  was  the  man  and  such  the  prospect,  when 
he  retired  from  the  executive  chair,  in  1851.  But  a  few  months  revolve; 
then  suddenly  the  scene  is  changed;  the  tongue  of  the  orator  is  palsied;  his 
frame  a  hopeless  wreck.* 


TROUP 


La  Grange.  In  1826,  Troup  County  was  organized  out 
of  a  part  of  the  recently  acquired  Creek  In- 
dian lands  and  named  for  Governor  George  M.  Troup, 
the  stalwart  chief  executive  who  forced  the  Federal  gov- 
ernment to  redeem  its  obligation  to  the  State,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  Indian  tribes.  LaGrange,  the  county-seat  of 
Troup,  was  named  for  the  chateau  of  General  Lafay- 
ette in  France.  The  town  was  granted  a  charter  of  in- 
corporation on  December  16,  1828,  with  the  following- 
named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Richard  A.  Lane,  James 
Simmons,  John  Herring,  Dowe  Perry,  and  Howell  W. 
Jenkins.  But  the  old  Trouj)  County  Academy  was  char- 
tered a  year  earlier.  On  December  26,  1827,  this  pioneer 
school  was  incorporated  with  Messrs.  Samuel  Reid,  Rich- 
ard A.  Lane,  Wliitfield  H.  Sledge,  Henry  Rogers  and 
Charles  L.  Kennon  as  trustees. 

But  the  prestige  of  LaGrange  as  an  educational  center 
grows  out  of  its  enterprise  in  founding  two  successful 
seminaries  of  learning  for  young  ladies.  Thomas  Stan- 
ley, in  the  early  thirties,  here  established  a  school  for 
girls,  out  of  which  grew  the  LaGrange  Female  College, 
one  of  the  pioneer  institutions  of  Methodism  in  Georgia. 
It  was  chartered  on  December  17,  1847,  as  the  LaGrange 
Female  Institute,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees, 


•Stephen  F.  Miller,  in  Bench  and  Bar  of  Georgia,  Vol.   II. 


1002      GeorgixV's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

viz. :  SamjDson  Dug-gar,  Hampton  W.  Hill,  Daniel  Mc- 
Millan, Orville  A.  Bull  and  Thomas  B.  Greenwood.*  On 
December  26,  1851,  by  legislative  act,  it  became  the  La- 
'Grange  Female  College,  a  name  which  it  still  retains. 
The  Southern  Female  College  was  founded  in  1845  by 
Rev.  Milton  E.  Bacon,  a  noted  Baptist  educator.  It  was 
incorporated  as  the  LaGrange  Female  Collegiate  Semi- 
nary, afterwards  as  the  Southern  and  Western  Female 
College,  and  finally,  on  February  17, 1854,  as  the  Southern 
Female  College,  by  which  name  it  is  still  known.  La- 
Grange  is  today  one  of  the  most  progressive  towns  of  the 
State,  a  wide-awake  trade  center,  with  up-to-date  public 
utilities,  solid  business  establishments,  sound  bank§  and 
many  palatial  homes.  Such  noted  men  as  General  Hugh 
A.  Haralson,  Hon.  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  Hon.  Julius  A.  Al- 
ford  and  others,  have  been  residents  of  this  historic  old 
Georgia  town. 

James  H.  Cam-  On  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  La- 
eron:  Pioneer.  Grange,  the  first  house  was  built  by 
James  H.  Cameron,  a  pioneer  settler  of 
Scotch  descent.  It  was  a  structure  of  logs,  built  after 
the  fashion  which  then  prevailed  on  the  frontier;  but  in 
later  years  this  primitive  dwelling  was  replaced  by  a 
handsome  edifice.  James  H.  Cameron's  daughter,  Fran- 
ces, married  Gen.  Alfred  Austell,  who  afterwards  found- 
ed in  Atlanta,  the  first  national  bank  ever  organized  in 
the  Southern  States.  The  Cameron  family  was  estab- 
lished in  Troup  by  five  brothers :  David  and  Thomas 
settled  in  the  neighborhood  of  Franklin,  an  Indian  trad- 
ing post  which  afterwards  developed  into  West  Point; 
while  James  H.,  B.  H.,  and  William  Cameron  settled 
near  the  center  of  the  county,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
what  is  now  the  city  of  LaGrange.  These  sturdy  Scotch- 
men came  into  Troup  soon  after  the  county  was  opened 
to  settlement.  They  were  the  sons  of  James  Cameron, 
who  emigrated  from  Scotland  to  North  Carolina,  in  1770, 

♦Acts,   1847,   p.    120. 


Troup  1008 

participated  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  some  time 
after  the  close  of  hostilities  came  with  his  family  to 
Georgia,  first  locating  in  Jasper. 

Tomb  of  Gen.  Hugh  Underneath  a  substantial  monument 
A.  Haralson.  in   the   town   cemetery  at   LaG range 

sleeps  a  distinguished  soldier  and 
civilian,  after  whom  Georgia  has  named  one  of  her  coun- 
ties :  General  Hugh  A.  Haralson.  Three  of  his  daugh- 
ters married  eminent  men.  One  became  the  wife  of 
General  John  B.  Gordon,  Governor  and  United  States 
Senator,  Another  married  Chief  Justice  Logan  E. 
Bleckley,  while  a  third  married  Hon.  Basil  H.  Overby, 
a  pioneer  advocate  of  temperance  and  the  first  Prohi- 
bition candidate  for  Governor  of  Georgia.  The  inscrip- 
tions on  the  Haralson  monument  are  as  follows : 


On  the  west  side :  ' '  Sacred  to  the  memory  of  GEN. 
HUGH  A.  Haralson,  who  departed  this  life  Sept. 
25,  1854,  in  the  49th  year  of  his  age."  On  the  south 
side :  ' '  Here  we  have  buried  our  head,  husband  and 
father.  We  must  not  murmur.  What  God  does  is 
right. " 


Burnt  Village:  Pages  460-464. 

a  Tale  of  the 
Indian  Wars. 

West  Point.  When  the  lands  in  this  part  of  Georgia 
were  first  acquired  by  the  whites,  there  was 
located  on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  West  Point  a 
trading  post  known  as  Franklin.  It  was  the  center  of 
quite  an  important  traffic  with  the  Indians,  who  came 
hither  to  exchange  peltry — sometimes  for  firearms,  but 
more  frequently  for  fire-water;  and  since  the  trading 
post  was  conveniently  located  with  reference  to  both  the 
Creeks  and  the  Cherokees,  these  tribes  were  often  seen 
here,  long  after  the  treaty  of  Indian  Springs,  under  which 
all  the  lands  between  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee  were 


1004     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

ceded  to  the  whites.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  old 
trading  post  there  arose  a  village,  the  population  of 
which  was  augmented  by  new  settlers  when  Troup 
County  was  formed  out  of  a  part  of  the  Creek  Indian 
lands.  Two  of  the  earliest  pioneers,  whose  quest  of  for- 
tune brought  them  to  this  remote  part  of  the  wilderness, 
were  Thomas  Winston  and  0.  D.  Whitaker.  Mr. 
Greorge  H.  Winston,  the  former's  son,  became  a  very 
prominent  man  in  the  social  and  public  life  of  Troup. 
His  acquaintance  with  West  Point  began  when  the  vil- 
lage was  still  known  by  the  name  of  Franklin,  and  he 
learned  to  speak  with  ease  both  the  Creek  and  Cherokee 
languages,  through  frequent  contact  with  the  Indians 
who  came  here  to  trade.  In  1832  the  name  of  the  town 
was  changed  to  West  Point.  Three  years  later  the  cor- 
porate limits  were  extended,  and  on  December  25,  ISS'?,  a 
charter  was  granted  to  the  West  Point  Academy,  with 
the  following  board  of  trustees,  to-wit. :  Benjamin  P. 
Robertson,  William  Reid,  Dickerson  Burnham,  John  M. 
Russell,  John  C.  Webb  and  Edward  B.  Terrell.  Some  of 
the  last  fighting  of  the  Civil  War  occurred  at  Fort  Tyler. 
But  while  the  town  of  West  Point  is  rich  in  heroic  memo- 
ries, it  is  likewise  suffused  with  the  spirit  of  the  new 
era.  Its  public-school  system  is  unsurpassed  in  the  State. 
Commercially  the  town  is  prosperous,  with  a  wide-awake 
body  of  citizens,  whose  business  activities  are  financed 
by  sound  banking  institutions. 

Fort  Tyler:  The  Fort  Tyler,  overlooking  West  Point, 
Last  to  Surrender,  was  the  last  Confederate  fort  to  yield 
to  the  enemy  during  the  Civil  War. 
The  date  on  which  this  surrender  took  place  was  April 
16, 1865,  and  in  the  desperate  fight  which  occurred  at  this 
time  General  Robert  C.  Tyler,  the  commander  in  charge, 
was  killed  while  making  a  gallant  defence  of  the  town.. 
The  reader  is  referred  to  Volume  I  of  this  work  for  a 
more  detailed  account  of  the  battle  at  West  Point.  The 
local  U.  D.  C.  chapter  bears  the  historic  name  of  Fort 


Turner  1005 

Tyler  and,  under  tlie  auspices  of  this  chapter,  a  handsome 
Confederate  monument  was  unveiled  on  Memorial  Day 
in  1901.* 


TURNER 
Ashburn.  Volume  I,  Pages  982-984. 

To  supplement  the  historical  sketch  of  Ashburn  con- 
tained in  the  preceding  volume  of  this  work,  we  take 
jDleasure  in  publishing  the  affidavit  hereto  attached : 

We,  the  undersigned,  certify  that  there  was  a  public  road  here,  where 
Ashburn  now  stands,  before  the  town  was  ever  built,  and  was  known  as 
the  Troupville  Koad,  and  was  built  by  the  Government. 

Also  that  there  were  settlers  here  during  the  war,  and  some  of  them 
yet  here,  and  w^o  have  done  much  more  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  county 
than  the  newcomers. 

Further,  that  one  of  the  natives,  D.  H.  Davis  named  the  town  of 
Ashburn  for  W.  W.  Ashburn,  who  gave  the  land  for  the  town. 

Chandler  &  Gorday  was  the  first  business  firm  of  Ashburn.  The  natives 
are:  Henderson,  Paulk,  Whiddon,  Cravey,  Hamons,  Hobby,  House,  Story, 
Hall,  Champion,  Eainey,  Pate,  Pitts,  Bowman,  Kerce,  Cone,  Clements,  Bass, 
Stephens,  Pittman,  Weavers,  Gordays,  Judges,  Thomas,  Fletchers,  Wells, 
Hawkins,  Chandlers,  Davis,  Brock,  Covington,  Averys,  Mays,  Fitzgeralds, 
Kendricks,  Lamberts,  Curtoy,  Hart,  Wilder  Smith,  Handcoek,  Lukes, 
Sumners,  Fords,  Tisons,  Kings,  McCalls,  Shivers,  M'arshalls,  Filyaws,  Mc- 
Lendons,  Wheelers,  Fountains,  Webbs,  Suggs,  Eoso,  Townsends,  Branches, 
Springs,  Eooks,  Mills,  Barfields,  Williams,  Eoyals,  Youngs,  .Browns,  Yawn, 
Wiggins. 

Signed : 

W.  A.  Story,  J.  A.  Clements, 

A.  L.  Bobby,  D.  G.  Barfield, 

D.  F.  Avery,  Z.  Bass   (Atty.), 

D.  N.  Shiver,  W.  C.  Cone, 

J.  J.  Covington,  S.  M.  Shivers, 

J.  L.  Bass,  T.  T.  Fillyaw, 

J.  E.  Stephens,  John  D.  Hobby, 

J.  W.  Henderson,  G.  W.  Turner, 

J.  E.  Paulk  (D.  D.  S.),  E.  Y.  Paulk  (Tax  Collector  T.  Co.), 


*The  statement  made  in  Vol.   I  to  the  effect  that  the  above  monument 
was  unveiled  by  the  Ladies'  Memorial  Association  is  erroneous. 


1006      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


A.   E.  Bass, 

W.  H.  Wheeler, 

H.  S.  Story, 

Ben  Cravey, 

Joshua  Owens, 

M.  Owens, 

E.  T.  Pate, 

James  Cravey, 

T.  A.  Kendrick    (Confed.  Vet.), 

J.  E.  Brock, 

Mrs.  W.  L.  Pittman, 

W.   L.   Pittman    (Tax   Beceiver   T. 

Co.), 
J.  L.  Eoyal, 

A.  B.  Wells, 

B.  F.  Eainey, 

J.  B.  White,   Sr.    (1849), 
Dav.  Cravey, 

A.  P.  Hamons, 

Joe    McHandcock     (Ordinary,     T. 

Co.), 
S.  D.  Gladden, 
J.  H.  Story, 
W.  E.  Branch, 
J.  J.  Davis, 
J.  J.  McDowell, 
H.   M'.   Cockrell    (Confed.   Vet.), 

B.  H.  Cockrell   (Dept.  Clerk,  Supr. 
Court,  T.  Co.), 

D.  H.  Hamons, 

E.  D.  Law, 

S.  Bailey  (70  years), 
W.  D.  Eoss, 

A.  J.  Pitts, 

C.  T.  Eoyal,  Sr., 
W.   M.    Massey, 
L.   T.   Nipper, 

B.  E.  Smith, 

C.  C.  Story, 

E.  B.  Hamons, 
Mrs.  A.  B.  Wells, 
Homer  Adams', 
A.  J.  Story, 
G.  E.  Luke,  M.  D., 


O.  W.  Smith, 

D.  F.   Bowman,   Sr., 
J.  T.  McLendon, 

W.  J.  Luke, 

W.  A.  Nipper, 

Mrs.   Zary  Nipper, 

W.  L.  Luke, 

Warren  L.  Story,  Md. 

J.  E.  Eainey, 

J.  A.  King   (Sheriff,  T.   C), 

T.    D.    Marshburn, 

W.  K.  Wiggins, 

J.  W.  Hobby, 

M.  M'.  Pate, 

B.  J.  Wills, 

T.   A.   Judge, 

W.   T.  Smith, 

Jas.  M.  Eainey, 

J.  M.   Pate, 

J.   C.  McLendon, 

Allen   Owens, 

E.  N.   Wiggins, 
G.    M.    Hawkins, 

A.  J.   Sumner, 
G.  W.  Hobby, 
T.  M.   Eoberts, 
G.  C.  Avery, 

J.  E.  Eoberts, 

B.  D.  White, 
B.  S.  Pate, 

J.  M.  Courtoy, 
John  Pate, 
M.  L.   Dowdy, 
Mrs.  Polly  Dowdy, 
W.  B.  Brock, 
Mrs.  Bettie  Brock, 
Nas  Eainey, 
Mrs.  Mollie  Eainey, 
E.    W.   Lambert, 
H.  Pitts, 

W.   J.  Musselwhite, 
D.  W.  Spires, 
A.  H.  Pitts, 


Twiggs— Union  1007 

Georgia,  Turner  County  : 

Personally,  comes  before  me  an  officer  duly  authorized  to  administer 
oaths,  H.  M.  Harp,  who,  being  duly  sworn,  says  on  oath  that  the  foregoing 
is  an  exact  copy  of  names  attached  to  the  foregoing  certificate. 

H.  M.  riABP. 
Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me 
tiiis  January,  1914. 

C.  W.  Deariso, 
Not.  Public  Turner  County,  Ga. 


TWIGGS 
Old  Marion.  Volume  I. 

Jeffersonville.  The  original  eoiinty-seat  of  Twic^gs  was 
Marion,  a  town  whose  name  no  longer  ap- 
pears upon  the  map  of  Georgia.  On  February  11,  1850, 
an  Act  was  approved  authorizing  a  removal  of  tlie  county- 
seat  to  such  a  place  as  tlie  Inferior  (Jourt  might  designate 
on  certain  lands  owned  by  Henry  Solomon.  The  same 
Act  prescribes  that  the  new  countj^-seat  was  likewise  to 
be  called  Marion.  But  the  removal  contemplated  in  this 
Act  was  not  accom]ilished  until  years  afterward,  when 
the  site  of  public  buildings  was  fixed  at  Jeffersonville,  a 
town  named  for  the  great  Sage  of  Monticello.  This  town 
grew  out  of  an  Act  a])proved  December  25,  1837,  creating 
the  Jeffersonville  Land  Oompanj^,  the  declared  purpose 
of  which  was  to  form  a  village,  and  to  erect  a  female  col- 
lege. The  stockholders  in  this  enterprise  were:  John  R. 
Lowery,  Jesse  Sinclair,  George  W.  Welch,  Kelly  Glover, 
Joshua  R.  Wimberley,  Peter  G.  Thompson,  Thomas  J. 
Ferryman,  Milton  Wilder,  AVilliam  Choice,  William  E. 
Carswell  and  Isaiah  Attcway.* 

UNION 

Blairsville.     In  1832  Union  was  organized  out  of  a  part 

of  the   Cherokee  lands,  with  Blairsville  as 

the  county-seat.     The  town  was  named  for  Francis  P. 


•Acts,    1837,   p.    144. 


1008     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Blair,  Sr.,  of  Ken'tucky,  and  was  incorporated  by  an  Act 
approved  December  26,  1835,  with  the  following-named 
commissioners,  to-wit. :  Philip  D.  Maroney,  Thomas 
Kelly,  David  Hawkins,  Ebenezer  Fain  and  Hugh  Cape- 
hart.^  On  December  21,  ISO'S,  the  Blairsville  Academy 
was  granted  a  charter,  with  Messrs.  John  Sanders,  Eich- 
ard  Holden,  John  Butt,  Jr.,  Moses  Anderson  and  Thomas 
Colling  as  trustees.^  Charmingly  situated  among  the 
Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  Blairsville  is  an  attractive  little 
town  needing  only  railway  facilities  to  stimulate  it  into 
a  vigorous  growth. 


UPSON 

Thomaston.  On  December  15,  1824,  an  Act  was  approved 
creating  a  new  county  out  of  lands  formerly 
embraced  within  the  limits  of  Pike  and  Crawford,  and, 
in  honor  of  a  distinguished  ante-bellum  lawyer,  Hon.  Ste- 
phen Upson,  of  Lexington,  it  was  called  Upson.  The 
name  given  to  the  seat  of  government  was  Thomaston, 
presumably  for  General  Jett  Thomas,  a  gallant  officer 
of  the  War  of  1812,  and  a  practical  engineer,  who  built 
the  first  State  Capitol  at  Milledgeville ;  but  while  such 
is  the  presumption  there  is  nothing  in  the  records  to  es- 
tablish the  fact.  The  site  for  public  buildings  was  made 
permanent  at  Thomaston  on  June  11,  1825,  at  which 
time  a  charter  of  incorporation  was  granted  to  the  town, 
with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Ed- 
ward Holloway,  Robert  W.  Collier,  James  Walker,  Sr., 
James  Cooper  and  Joseph  Rogers.^ 

One  of  the  first  communites  in  the  State  to  realize 
the  possibilities  of  the  iron  horse  as  a  motive  power  of 
commerce,  the  people  of  Thomaston  began  early  in  the 
thirties  to  agitate  the  building  of  a  line  of  railway  be- 
tween Thomaston  and  Barnesville,  and  on  December  23, 


^  Acts,   1835,   p.    113. 
=  Acts,    1833,   p.    7. 
3  Acts,    1825,   p.    23. 


Upson  1009 

1839,  an  Act  was  ai:)proved  chartering  a  company  to 
build  this  road.  The  stockholders  named  in  this  pioneer 
charter  were :  Robert  Redding,  David  Kendall,  Thomas 
F.  Bethel,  Thomas  Flewellen,  Thomas  Thweatt,  Thomas 
Beall,  William  Lowe,  Milus  R.  Meadows,  Allen  M. 
Walker,  Nathaniel  F.  Walker,  William  A.  Cobb,  Edwin 
C.  Turner  and  John  Castlen.^  Since  it  was  out  of  the 
question  to  secure  a  trunk  line,  Thomaston  undertook  to 
do  the  next  best  thing,  viz.,  to  build  a  spur  line  to  Barnes- 
ville,  there  to  connect  with  the  old  Monroe  Railroad,  now 
a  part  of  the  Central  of  Georgia.  Some  few  years  later, 
on  February  9,  1854,  a  charter  was  obtained  for  the 
Thomaston  Railroad  Company  to  construct  a  line  from 
Thomaston  to  West  Point,  with  the  following  stockhold- 
ers named  in  the  charter:  Thomas  F.  Bethel,  Curran 
Rogers,  Thomas  W.  Reviere,  David  Kendall,  William 
Lowe,  Jesse  Sternes,  Nathaniel  Walker,  James  M.  Smith 
and  William  A.  Cobb.- 

Both  of  these  lines  were  eventually  constructed.  But 
the  one  between  Thomaston  and  Barnesville  became  em- 
barrassed by  debt  and  in  1860  was  sold  under  judgment 
by  the  sheriff  of  Upson  to  the  following  parties,  to-wit. : 
Andrew  J.  WHiite,  Curran  Rogers,  Woodson  and  Bow- 
dre,  William  Lowe,  James  Trice,  B.  B.  AVhite,  James  M. 
Miclcllebrooks,  Jesse  Sternes,  Thomas  S.  Sherman,  B.  B. 
King,  D.  R.  Beall,  Duke  W^illiams,  Thomas  Cauthron, 
Simeon  Rogers,  John  C.  Drake,  Isaac  Cheney,  James  M. 
Smith,  Benjamin  Bethel,  David  Kendall,  Sylvanus  Gib- 
son, W^illiam  Spivey,  Jonathan  Colquitt  &  Co.,  John 
Traylor,  W'illiam  A.  Cobb,  William  Stephens  and  Daniel 
Denham.^  The  Thomaston  Academy  was  chartered  in 
1825,  soon  after  the  county  was  organized. 

On  December  23,  1857,  the  town  was  reincorporated 
with  the  following-named  commissioners :  John  C.  Drake, 
John  Thompson,  William  Carraway  and  Norman  Brice.* 


>  Acts,  1S39,    p.    101. 

2  Acts,  1853-1854,    p.    428. 

»Acts,  1860,    p.    199. 

*Acts,  185",    p.    103. 


1010      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

There  was  not  a  community  in  the  State  more  fortunate 
in  its  pioneer  settlers  than  Thomaston.  Some  of  them 
amassed  large  wealth,  built  spacious  and  splendid  old 
homes,  and  dispensed  a  hospitality  in  keeping  with  the 
best  days  of  the  ancient  regime.  Thomaston  is  today 
quite  an  important  commercial  .and  manufacturing  cen- 
ter, with  a  number  of  prosperous  financial  and  business 
establishments.  Robert  E.  Lee  Institute  is  one  of  the 
best-equipped  high  schools  in  the  Southern  States,  and 
its  principal,  Prof.  F.  F.  Eowe,  one  of  the  South 's  fore- 
most educators. 


Some  of  the  Early    ^^  addition  to  the  pioneers  mentioned  in  the  fore- 
Pioneers  gf^iiig   sketch   of   Upson,   there    were   others   no   less 

prominent  whose  names  deserve  mention.  On  the 
list  of  incorporators  of  the  old  Upson  Camp  Ground,  for  which  a  charter 
was  granted  by  the  Legislature,  in  1837,  we  find  Peter  Holloway,  James 
Hightower  and  Wm.  G.  Andrews,  all  of  whom  were  men  of  means,  pos- 
sessed of  large  landed  estates.  Eev.  Zachariah  Gordon,  a  Baptist  minister, 
owned  a  jjlantation  on  the  Flint  River  as  early  as  1833,  and  here  his  dis- 
tinguished son.  General  John  B.  Gordon,  was  born.  Jacob  and  Butler 
King,  cousins  of  Zachariah  Gordon,  were  also  pioneer  settlers.  Dr.  Curran 
Rogers  was  an  early  physician.  His  father,  Simeon  Rogers,  was  one  of 
the  first  comers  into  Upson.  "Rogers's  Factory,"  a  noted  landmark  of  the 
county  for  years  and  one  of  the  pioneer  industrial  enterprises  of  Georgia, 
was  burned  by  the  Federals  in  186.5.  It  stood  within  easy  walking  dis- 
tance of  Thomaston.  Colonel  Roland  Ellis,  of  Macon,  is  a  grandson  of 
this  early  settler.  Rev.  Simeon  Shaw,  a  former  missionary  to  Japan,  is 
also  one  of  his  descendants.  The  gifted  Mrs.  Loula  Kendall  Rogers  mar- 
ried his  son.  Still  another  pioneer  family  of  Upson  were  the  Myricks,  a 
family  of  wide  note  in  the  public  life  of  Georgia.  The  first  Mayor  of 
Thomaston  was?  Dr.  John  Calvin  Drake,  a  man  greatly  beloved  by  the 
people  of  Upson.  His  wife,  a  woman  of  marked  intellect  and  character, 
was  spared  to  him  for  more  than  sixty  years.  She  bore  him  a  large  family 
of  children,  one  of  whom  married  General  George  P.  Harrison,  of  Alabama, 
a  distinguished  Confederate  officer.  M'r.  G.  A.  Weaver,  Sr.,  of  Thomaston, 
also  married  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Drake.  Throughout  the  entire  war  period, 
this  noted  physician,  too  old  to  serve  in  the  ranks,  practiced  without  fee 
in  the  families  of  the  soldiers,  giving  them  freely  of  his  professional  skill. 
After  the  war  he  was  sent  to  the  Legislature,  but  the  fiery  tempered  old 
gentleman  let  the  radicals  seat  William  Guilford,  a  negro,  before  he  would 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  prescribed  by  the  military   government.     Dr. 


Upson  1011 

DraEe  was  boru  iu  North  Carolina,  of  Eevolutionary  ancestors.  Judge 
Travis  A.  D.  Weaver,  a  native  of  Greene  County,  Ga.,  was  also  an  early 
settler  of  Upson.  He  was  a  courtly  old  gentleman,  a  Mason,  a  steward 
in  the  Methodist  Church,  and  a  man  of  deep  religious  faith.  His  father, 
Benjamin  Weaver,  was  a  soldier  of  the  Eevolution.  Mr.  G.  A.  Weaver, 
Sr.,  and  Professor  W.  T.  Weaver,  sons  of  Judge  Weaver,  each  became 
men  of  mark  in  Georgia,  the  former  as  a  captain  of  industry,  the  latter 
as'  a  leader  of  the  hosts  of  education. 


Helped    to    Make  ^^'^   i"^"  John  Webb  was  an  interesting  figure 

Washington's  Casket.  ^^  Thomaston  for  many  years.  He  kept  the  old 
Webb  House,  made  coffins,  and  married  five  or 
six  times.  He  was  born  in  Maryland  and  at  an  early  age  w-as  appren- 
ticed to  a  cabinetmaker  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  named  Greene.  This  gentle- 
man secured  a  contract  to  make  the  coffin  which  today  holds  the  remains 
of  George  Washington.  John  Webb  heljied  his  employer  to  make  this 
coffin  in  1832.  Every  scrap  of  the  old  casket,  out  of  which  the  body  was 
taken,  found  a  most  jealous  custodian  in  Undertaker  Greene,  who  treas- 
ured it  in  his  possession  wdth  a  miser 's  care ;  but  John  Webb  was.  for- 
tunate enough  to  secure  a  part  of  the  old  coffin,  and  when  he  came  to 
Georgia  a  few  years  later  it  was  still  among  his  treasured  effects. 


Upson  in  the     More   than   1,200  men  enlisted  in  the   Confederate   Army 
Civil   War  from  Upson.     Colonel  James  M.  Smith,  afterwards   Gov- 

ernor of  Georgia,  was  practicing  law  in  Thomaston  when 
the  war  began.  He  left  here  as  Captain  of  Company  D,  in  the  Thirteenth 
Georgia  Eegiment.  General  John  B.  Gordon,  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
of  Confederate  leaders,  to  whose  command  was  entrusted  half  of  Lee's' 
army  at  Appomattox,  was  born  on  a  plantation  in  Upson.  Colonel  P.  W. 
Alexander,  afterwards  celebrated  as  a  war  correspondent,  was  a  young 
practitioner  of  law  at  Thomaston,  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  in  1861. 
Captain  J.  W.  F.  llightower,  a  gallant  cavalry  officer,  commanded  Com- 
pany E,  in  the  Third  Battalion  of  Georgia  Eeserves.  His  sons,  E.  E. 
Hightower,  president  of  the  Thomaston  Cotton  MSlls,  and  W.  C.  High- 
tower,  of  the  Britt-Hightower  Stock  Company,  are  representative  and 
prosperous  business  men  of  Thomaston.  Dr.  E.  A.  Flewellen  was  a  promi- 
nent surgeon  in  Bragg 's  army.  He  died  at  the  Eock,  in  1910,  at  the 
age  of  ninety-one  years,  unmarried.  He  left  a  large  estate,  but  was  a 
somewhat  erratic  old  gentleman,  who  selected  his  own  monument  a  few 
months  prior  to  his  death.  On  the  list  of  the  slain  at  Sharpsburg,  Md.,  in 
1862,  was   the   name  of   gallant   Ed   Dallas,   first   lieutenant  of   the  Upson 


1012     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Volunteers,  Company  D,  of  the  Thirteenth  Georgia  Eegiment.  He  left  a 
wife  and  six  children.  Somewhere,  near  the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake, 
he  fills  an  unknown  grave,  but  his  memory  is  still  cherished  and  revered 
in  Thomaston,  where  four  of  his  sons  today  reside.  In  the  U.  D.  C.  Chap- 
ter-room, at  the  R.  E.  Lee  Institute,  there  is  a  blood-stained  battle  flag 
presented  to  the  chapter  on  the  2Gth  of  April,  1913,  by  the  Davis  family 
of  Thomaston.  It  tells  a  splentiid  story  of  heroic  daring,  one  of  which 
his  descendants  to  the  latest  generation  may  well  be  proud.  James  K. 
Davis,  a  beardless  boy,  in  the  Upson  Sentinels,  Company  A,  Forty-sixth 
Georgia  Regiment,  saw  the  color-bearer  shot  down  at  Franklin,  Tenn. 
Without  waiting  for  orders,  he  grasped  the  broken  flagstaff  and  pressed 
forward  until  he  was  shot  through  the  lungs  and  from  the  loss  of  blood 
fell  exhausted  upon  the  field  of  battle.  He  recovered  from  the  effects'  of 
his  wound,  but  died  later  of  tuberculosis.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
war,  "Wl.  T.  Weaver  and  G.  A.  Weaver,  were  students  at  Emory  College, 
Oxford,  but  fired  by  the  martial  spirit  they  joined  a  lot  of  college  boys 
and  set  out  for  Macon,  where  they  enlisted  as  private  soldiers.  Each  of 
these  boys  gave  a  good  account  of  himself  at  the  front.* 


The  Confeder-  I^  the  spring  of  1908  a  handsome  monument  was 
ate  MomiTYiPTlt  unveiled  at  Thomaston  to  commemorate  the  heroism 
of  the  Confederate  soldiers  who  went  to  the  front 
from  Upson.  Judge  J.  E.  F.  Matthews,  Ordinary  of  the  county,  delivered 
a  masterly  address  on  this  occasion,  in  which  he  cited  many  important 
facts  of  local  history  connected  with  the  war  between  the  States.  This 
address,  which  was  afterwards  published  because  of  its  historic  value, 
contains  a  full  roster  of  the  companies  going  to  the  war  from  Upson. 
The  following  passage  is  quoted  from  the  address  of  Judge  Matthews: 
"Fifty-one  Confederate  soldiers  who  died  in  the  hospitals'  in  Thomaston, 
Ga.,  in  1864,  have  at  the  heads  of  their  graves  in  the  Thomaston  Ceme-, 
tery  marble  slabs  with  inscriptions  showing  that  they  were  from  a  half 
dozen  different  Southern  States,  to-wit. :  South  Carolina,  North  Caro- 
lina, Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Tennessee  and  Georgia. 
Some  of  the  graves  are  marked  '  Unknown. '  ' ' 


Distingnished  Resi-  O^^  ^^^  honor  roll  of  Upson's  distinguished  resi- 
dents of  Udsoii  dents  there  are  many  bright  names.  Foremost 
upon  the  list  comes  General  John  B.  Gordon,  the 
renowned  hero  of  Appomattox,  Governor,  United  States  Senator  and  Com- 
mander of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans.     Congressman  George  Carey, 


♦Much   of  this  information  was  furnished  by  Mrs.   Kate  Weaver  Dallas, 
of   Thomaston,   Ga. 


Walker  1013 

during  the  lajt  years  of  his  life,  came  from  Columbia  County  to  Upson. 
Eev.  Daniel  J.  Myrick,  one  of  the  ablest  of  Methodist  theologians  and 
scholars,  was  born  at  the  Rock.  His  work  on  "Scripture  Baptism,"  is  still 
one  of  the  recognized  standards.  Bishop  Warren  A.  Candler,  of  At- 
lanta, is  a  cousin,  and  Judge  Shelby  Myrick,  of  Savannah,  is  a  grandson 
of  this  noted  Dr.  Myrick.  Rev.  W.  L.  Pickard,  D.  D.,  the  newly  elected 
president  of  Mfercer  University,  at  Macon,  was  born  in  Upson.  This  was 
also  the  birthplace  of  Eev.  B.  J.  W.  Graham,  D.  D.,  one  of  the  present 
editors  and  owners  of  the  Christiaih  Index.  The  beloved  Dr.  Thomas  R. 
Kendall,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  spent  his  boyhood 
days  in  Upson;  and  here  his  talented  sister,  Mrs.  Loula  Kendall  Rogers, 
was  born.  The  latter  has  written  many  exquisite  gems  of  song.  Reared 
in  luxury,  her  beautiful  ante-bellum  home  was  one  of  the  landiiiarks  of 
the  old  South.  Professor  G.  F.  Oliphant,  the  well-known  superintendent  of 
the  Academy  for  the  Blind,  at  Macon,  was  reared  and  educated  at  Thomas- 
ton,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the  first  graduating  class  to  receive  diplo- 
mas from  E.  E.  Lee  Institute.  Later  he  was  for  a  number  of  years 
president  of  this  school.  Hon.  Charles  S.  Barrett,  the  official  head  of  the 
P^rmers '  Union,  began  his  career  as  a  planter  in  Upson.  Here  he  also 
married  and  taught  school.  Dr.  Lincoln  McConnell,  the  noted  Baptist 
evangelist,  one  of  the  most  successful  lecturers  on  the  American  platform, 
purchased  not  long  ago  the  old  Respass  place,  a  few  miles  out  from 
Thomaston,  and  here  he  spends  a  part  of  each  year. 


WALKER 

La  Fayette.  La  Fayette,  the  county-seat  of  Walker 
County,  was  originally  known  as  Chat- 
tooga, and,  under  this  name,  it  was  made  the  site  of 
public  buildings  when  the  county  was  first  organized 
out  of  a  part  of  Murray,  in  1833.  But  later  the  name 
was  changed  to  La  Fayette,  in  honor  of  the  illustrious 
French  nobleman,  who  gave  his  sword  to  America  during 
the  Revolution.  Two  local  academies  were  granted  char- 
ters of  incorporation,  the  Chattooga  Academy,  in  1836, 
and  the  La  Fayette  Female  Academy,  in  1837,  and  by 
glancing  over  a  list  of  trustees  chosen  for  the  latter 
school  we  may  obtain  the  names  of  some  of  the  leading 
pioneer  citizens.  The  trustees  of  this  school  were :  Will- 
iam QuilTian,  James  Hoge,  A.  L.  Barry,  Spencer  Marsh 
and  David  L.  Seward.*    Between  a  Federal  force,  under 

•Acts,   1887,   p.   8. 


1014      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Gieneral  Gideon  J.  Pillow,  and  two  detached  columns  of 
Confederate  troops,  a  battle  was  here  f ought  on  June 
24,  1864,  known  as  the  battle  of  La  Fayette.  The  town 
has  of  late  enjoyed  a  substantial  growth.  Its  milling  in- 
terests are  quite  large,  besides  which  it  supplies  an  ex- 
tensive mountain  trade,  and  is  a  wide-awake  commercial 
center,  with  a  good  banking  capital,  an  excellent  public- 
school  system,  and  a  fine  body  of  citizens. 


Georgia's  Monument    On  the  historic  battle-field  of  Chick- 
at  Chickamauga.  amauga,  near  the  famous  La  Fay- 

ette road,  in  what  is  now  Chicka- 
mauga National  Park,  stands  the  superb  Georgia  monu- 
ment, a  shaft  of  granite,  colossal  in  proportions,  orna- 
mented with  bronze  figures  and  entablatures.  In  the  pre- 
ceding volume  of  this  work  a  description  of  the  monu- 
ment is  given  more  in  detail.  It  is  perhaps  the  most  ex- 
quisite work  of  art  and  the  most  impressive  memorial 
structure  on  the  entire  field — an  object  of  universal  ad- 
miration. But  equally  admired  by  every  one  is  the  felici- 
tous inscription  from  the  pen  of  Major  Joseph  B.  Gum- 
ming, of  Augusta,  himself  a  gallant  survivor  of  the  six- 
ties.   It  reads  as  follows : 


' '  To  the  lasting  Memory  of  all  her  Sons  who  fought 
on  this  Field — those  who  fought  and  lived  and  those  who 
fought  and  died,  those  who  gave  Much  and  those  who 
gave  All — Georgia  erects  this  monument. ' ' 


To  accomplish  the  ends  of  brevity,  the  Chickamauga 
Park  Commission,  as  then  constituted,  used  only  a  part 
of  the  inscription  composed  by  Major  Gumming,  and 
perhaps  it  loses  nothing  in  effect  for  this  conciseness. 
But  the  inscription  as  written  by  Major  Gumming  is  a 
literary  unit,  a  model  of  condensed  expression.  It  came 
to  him  on  a  summer  evening,  with  the  suddenness  of  an 
inspiration ;  and  it  then  and  there  received  a  form  which 


Walker  1015 

was  never  afterwards  altered  or  amended.  As  orig-'mally 
penned,  the  inscription  is  a  gem  worthy  of  preservation 
as  a  whole;  and,  with  the  author's  permission,  it  is  here- 
with reproduced  in  full : 

To  the  lasting  Memory  antl  perpetual  Glory 
Of  all  her  Sons,  who  fought  on  this  Field, 
Those  who  fought  and  lived  and  those  who  fougiit  and  died, 
Those   who   gave    Much   and   those   who    gave   All 

GEORGIA 
Erects   this   Monument. 
Around  it   sleep   Slayer  and  Slain 
All  brave,  all  sinking  to  rest 
Convinced  of  Duty  done. 

Glorious  Battle!     Blessed  Peace! 
This  Monument  stands  for  both  of  these — Glory  and  Peace ; 

For  this  Memorial  of  her  soldiers '  valor 
Georgia  places  on  a  foundation,  laid  for  it, 
In  this  day  of  Eeconeiliation, 

By  those    'gainst  whom  they  fought. 
Glory  and  Peace  encamp  about  this  stately  Shaft! 
Glory  perennial  as  Chickamauga  's  flow. 
Peace  everlasting  as  yon  Lookout  Mountain. 


RoSSVille:     The  Rossville,    a    pre.sent-day    village,    near   t!ie    Tenues- 

Hi«?toric    Home  ^^^  ^iTO-e,  was  the  old  home  of  the  famous  chief  of 

-.         T     ■.•        r^i  •    /.      the    Cherokee    nation,    John    Ross.      He    was    the 

of  an  Indian  Chief.    ,    ,       „  , .  i      ^.  ^.^     4.-        ^  <.u    .„_  „„i 

leader  of  his  people  at  the  time  of  the  removal 
of  the  tribe,  in  1837,  and  for  more  than  twenty-five  years  thereafter  he 
continued  tb  be  the  recognized  head  of  the  government  in  the  Far  West. 
Opposed  to  the  treaty  of  removal,  he  headed  a  faction  of  the  Cherokees 
known  as  the  Ross  party,  in  opposition  to  the  one  headed  by  Ridge;  but 
he  was  acquitted  of  complicity  in  the  murder  of  the  treaty-makers.  John 
Ross  was  an  eloquent  public  speaker  and  one  of  tiie  foremost  orators 
of  the  Cherokee  nation.  The  home  in  which  the  old  chief  lived  at  Ross- 
ville is  still  Standing,  though  today  a  weather-beaten  and  spectral  old  ruin. 
It  was  built  by  John  McDonald,  a  Scotch  trader  among  the  Cherokees, 
who  married  an  Indian  maiden  of  the  full  blood.  Mollie,  a  daughter  of 
this  union,  on  flowering  into  womanhood,  became  the  wife  of  Daniel 
Ross,  a  native  of  Inverness.  There  is  quite  a  bit  of  forest  romance  con- 
nected with  this  affair.  The  elder  Ross,  soon  after  the  Revolution,  was 
dispatched  from  Baltimore  to  trade  with  the  Indians;  and  while  passing 
down   the   Tennessee   River  he   was   captured  by  the   Cherokees,   who,   for 


1016     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

some  reason,  were  not  friendly  to  his  enterprise;  and  it  was  only  through 
the  strenuous  intercession  of  John  McDonald,  a  fellow-countryman,  that  his 
life  was  spared.  The  other  members  of  the  party  met  death  in  the  wil- 
derness. Daniel  Boss  became  an  inmate  of  the  McDonald  home,  and  falling 
in  love  with  the  dark-eyed  Mollie  he  eventually  married  her.  John  Mc- 
Donald gave  his  son-in-law  a  good  start  in  business  by  purchasing  a  fine 
stock  of  merchandise  for  him,  and  the  foundations  of  the  little  building 
of  hewn  logs  in  which  he  kept  store  are  still  to  be  seen  near  the  gate  of 
»the  old  Ross  home.  Here,  on  October  3,  1790,  the  future  chief  of  the 
Cherokee  nation  was  born.  In  after  years,  he  enlarged  the  house  built 
by  his  grandfather,  adding  thereto  a  council  chamber,  23  feet  in  length. 
At  first  there  was  only  one  door  to  the  council  chamber,  but  subsequently, 
by  way  of  precaution,  two  others  were  added,  one  of  which  opened  into 
his  bed-room.  There  was  a  post  office  established  at  Eossville  as  early 
as  1819,  to  which  the  mails  were  brought  by  stage-coach  lines,  connecting 
on  the  south  Avith  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  on  the  north  with  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Elsewhere  will  be  found  a  brief  account  of  the  removal  of  the  Cherokee 
Indians,  one  of  the  most  pathetic  chapters  in  the  history  of  the  State. 
John  Eoss  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  August  1,  1866,  while  on  a  visit  to 
the  national  seat  of  government,  at  the  ripe  age  of  seventy-six  years.  The 
site  of  the  present  city  of  Chattanooga  was  formerly  called  by  the  name 
of  Ross 's  Landing. 


WALTON 

Cowpens.  Under  the  Lottery  Act  of  1818,  Walton  County  was  formed 
out  of  lands  then  recently  acquired  from  the  Indians  and 
named  for  Governor  George  Walton,  Signer  of  the  Declaration,  and  one  of 
Georgia's  most  illustrious  sons.  In  the  saijie  year  a  strip  of  land  was 
acquired  from  Jackson,  and  three  years  later  there  was  an  exchange  of 
certain  parcels  with  Henry  and  a  portion  set  off  to  Newton,  while  in 
1914  a  part  was  taken  to  form  Barrow.  The  original  county-seat  of 
Walton  was  Cowpens,  a  village  named  for  the  scene  of  a  famous  Rev- 
olutionary battle  in  South  Carolina.  Judge  John  M.  Dooly,  the  cele- 
brated wit,  presided  over  the  first  session  of  the  Superior  Court  in 
Walton.  It  was  held  at  Cowpens,  in  a  log  house,  which,  according  to  an 
old  account,  contained  cracks  "large  enough  to  throw  a  small  shoat 
through,"  while  the  clerk  of  the  court  carried  his  most  important  papers 
in  the  crown  of  his  hat. 

But  Cowpens  is  illustrious  in  its  memories.  It  ceased  to  be  the  county- 
seat  after  two  years,  but  as  a  suburb  of  Monroe  it  long  continued  to 
enjoy  aristocratic  honors.  Colonel  John  Addison  Cobb,  two  of  Avhose 
sons,  Howell  and  Tom,  became  illustrious  in  the  annals  of  Georgia  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  at  Cowpens.     Here,  too,  lived  Colonel  William  H. 


Walton  1017 

Jackson,  a  son  of  the  fiery  old  Governor  who  fought  the  Yazoo  fraud.  He 
married  a  sister  of  Colonel  John  A.  Cobb;  and  of  this  union  came  the 
future  Chief  Justice  of  Georgia,  Judge  James  Jackson.  Professor  Williams* 
Rutherford  lived  here  at  one  time.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Colonel 
John  A.  Cobb;  and  of  this  union  sprang  one  of  Georgia's  brainiest,  women, 
the  gifted  educator  and  historian.  Miss  Mildred  Eutherford,  a  native  of 
Cowpens.  Here  also  at  one  time  lived  Judge  Junius  Hillyer  and  his  son, 
Judge  George  Hillyer.  On  what  afterwards  became  the  Grant  place,  in 
the  present  environs  of  Monroe,  lived  the  great  Wilson  Lumpkin,  after- 
wards United  States  Senator  and  Governor;  but  the  pioneer's  cabin  in 
which  he  then  resided  ga'^'e  way  in  after  years  to  the  elegant  liome  of 
Colonel  John  T.  Grant. 


Monroe.  It  was  during  the  era  of  good  feeling,  under 
President  Monroe,  that  the  permanent  county- 
seat  of  Walton  began  to  blossom  amid  the  wilderness. 
Hence  the  name  Monroe,  Its  charter  of  incorporation 
was  granted  on  November  30,  1821,  with  the  following- 
named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Elisha  Betts,  Vincent  Har- 
alson, James  West,  James  Moody  and  George  W.  Hum- 
phreys.^ Two  of  these,  Elisha  Betts  and  Vincent  Haral- 
son, were  also  trustees  of  the  Walton  County  Academy, 
along  with  William  Johnson,  Timothy  C.  Word  and 
Wilson  Wliatley.2  On  the  site  now  occupied  by  Mr.  John 
Arnold's  residence  stood  the  Female  Seminary  of  Mon- 
roe. Miss  Martha  Printup  was  the  first  teacher.  After 
the  war  Miss  Jennie  Johnson  was  for  a  time  in  charge. 
Miss  Johnson  subsequently  married  Judge  John  P.  Ed- 
wards, clerk  of  the  court  for  nearly  forty  years.  The 
Male  Academy  stood  in  the  McDaniel  grove.  Here,  for 
a  number  of  years  the  afterwards  noted  Dr.  G.  A.  Nun- 
nally,  a  prince  of  educators,  taught  the  youth  of  Monroe. 
Later  he  became  the  first  principal  of  Johnston  Insti- 
tute, a  school  endowed  by  Nehemiah  Johnston,  a  wealthy 
citizen  of  the  town.  Mr.  Johnston  was  a  man  of  Northern 
birth,  who  came  to  Monroe  some  time  before  the  Civil 
War  and  amassed  a  fine  property,  but  died  without  heirs, 
bequeathing  a  large  part  of  his  estate  to  education. 

'  Acts,    1821,    p.    125. 
2  Acts,    1821,    p.    3. 


1018      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

On  the  site  of  Mr.  C.  T.  Mobley's  home,  Prof.  A.  J. 
Burruss,  for  a  long  time,  taught  a  school  for  boys.  Prof. 
Burriiss  was  a  splendidly  equipped  teacher,  whose  mem- 
ory is  still  green  in  the  hearts  of  his  old  pupils.  Johnston 
Institute  at  a  later  period  was  destroyed  by  tire,  to  be 
re])laced  by  the  present  handsome  public  school  building 
of  Monroe.  Only  a  small  joart  of  the  original  sum  be- 
queathed by  Mr.  Johnston  still  remained,  but  this  rem- 
iiant  has  been  invested  in  a  school  near  the  cotton  mills, 
to  which  the  generous  donor 's  name  has  been  given.  Only 
a  short  distance  out  from  Monroe  stands  the  Fifth  Dis- 
trict Agricultural  School,  a  prosperous  State  institution. 
In  1882,  a  line  of  railway  running  from  Monroe  to  Social 
Circle  was  completed,  and  later  a  line  to  Gainesville,  eabh 
giving  the  town  a  renewed  commercial  impetus.  With 
up-to-date  public  utilities,  Monroe  is  full)^  abreast  of  the 
times,  boasting  two  cotton  factories,  an  oil  mill,  several 
strong  banks,  and  scores  of  wide-awake  business  estab- 
lishments. Monroe  has  been  the  home  of  many  distin- 
guished Georgians,  including  the  Colquitts — Walter  T. 
and  Alfred  H.  It  is  still  the  home  of  Governor  Henry 
D.  McDaniel,  the  town's  foremost  citizen,  and  one  of  the 
most  beloved  of  Georgians.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Mon- 
roe was  fought  the  famous  battle  of  Jack's  Creek,  in 
1787.* 


Isaac  Smith,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  sleeps  nenr 
Monroe,  in  a  grave  unmarkt-d. 


Social  Circle.     Located   at   the  junction   of  the   Georgia 

Railway  with  the  Georgia  Midland,  Social 

Circle  is  a  town  of  wide-awake  industrial  and  commercial 

activities,  o"v\ming  one  of  the  largest  fertilizer  plants  in 


*Tv/o  articles  on  Walton  County,  one  by  Judge  Ben  J.  Edwards,  and 
one  by  Mrs.  G.  A.  Lewis,  constitute  the  sources  from  which  much  of  this 
information   has   been   derived. 


Warren  1019 

the  State,  besides  a  cotton  mil],  two  banks,  and  numerous 
mercantile  establishments.  It  is  said  that  the  town  de- 
rived its  name  from  an  incident  in  pioneer  tirnes,  when 
a  party  of  convivial  spirits  were  here  sen  ted  around  a 
camp  fire,  freely  imbibing  the  ardent.  One  of  the  number, 
in  a  moment  of  hilarity,  made  the  remark,  to  which  the 
others  readil}"  gave  assent,  that  here  was  a  ''social 
circle,"  and  from  this  circumstance  arose  the  name  of 
the  present  town.  The  Social  Circle  Academy  was 
granted  a  charter  on  December  22,  1828,  with  the  follow- 
ing board  of  trustees,  to-wit. :  Wilson  Whatley,  Joseph 
Peeples,  Weldon  Jones,  James  Philips,  and  Elisha  Hen- 
derson.^ But  the  town  itself  was  not  incorporated  until 
December  22,  1832,  when  the  following  commissioners 
were  named :  Wilson  Whatley,  Samuel  Catley,  Lewis 
Maine,  George  W.  Walker  and  S.  J.  T.  Whatley.- 


WARREN 

Warrenton.  In  1793,  Warren  County  was  organized  out 
of  Richmond,  Columbia  and  Wilkes  Coun- 
ties, with  Warrenton  as  the  county-seat.  Both  the  town 
and  the  county  were  named  for  General  Joseph  W^arren, 
who  fell  mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 
The  town  was  incorporated  on  December  10,  1810,  with 
the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. :  David  Bush, 
George  Cotton,  CUiappel  Heath,  Jeremiah  Butt  and  Ham- 
ilton Goss.=^  Six  years  later,  on  December  18,  1816,  the 
old  Warrenton  Academy  was  granted  a  charter  of  in- 
corporation, with  trustees  named  as  follows:  Sanmel 
Lowther,  Peyton  Baker,  Arthur  Moncrief,  Edward  Don- 
oho,  Rufus  Broom,  Archelaus  Flewellyn,  Turner  Per- 
sons, George  W.  Hardwick  and  Dennis.  L.  Ryan,^  In 
1838  the  town  limits  were  fixed  at  a  distance  of  one  mile 

'  Acts,    1828,    p.    15. 

=  Acts,    1832,   p.    98. 

^  Clayton's   Compendium,    ji.    607. 

*  Lamar's  Digest,  p.   12. 


1020     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

from  the  court-house.  As  a  community,  Warrenton  has 
always  been  noted  for  its  conservatism,  and  while  it 
has  not  grown  as  rapidly  as  some  other  towns  of  the 
State,  it  has  always  maintained  a  high  standard  of  public 
morals  and  a  reputation  for  strict  integrity  in  matters 
of  business.  It  is  today  a  wide-awake  town,  with  up-to- 
date  public  utilities,  a  number  of  good  banks,  several 
handsome  mercantile  establishments,  and  many  beautiful 
homes.  The  present  public  school  system  of  Warrenton 
was  established  in  1893. 


Bird's  Iron  Works.  Probably  the  first  iron  works  estab- 
lished in  Georgia  were  built  at  Ogee- 
chee  Falls,  in  Warren  County,  by  William  Bird,  an  en- 
terprising pioneer,  who  prior  to  his  removal  to  Greorgia 
founded  the  town  of  Birdsboro,  Pa.  Mr.  Bird  was  the 
grandfather  of  two  noted  Southern  orators :  Hon.  Will- 
iam L.  Yancey,  of  Alabama,  and  Colonel  Benjamin  C. 
Yancey,  of  Georgia.  The  iron  works  established  at  this 
place  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century  are  described 
at  some  length  in  William  Bird's  will,  recorded  in  the  Or- 
dinary's office  at  Warrenton.  He  bequeathed  this  prop- 
erty to  three  sons. 


WASHINGTON 

Sandersville:  Early    When    the    County    of    Washington 
Days  Recalled.*  was    created,    in    1784,    the    Oconee 

Eiver  formed  the  western  boundary 
of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Indian  depredations  were  of  al- 
most daily  occurrence,  and  because  of  conditions  on  the 
frontier  twelve  years  elapsed  before  a  county-site  was 
selected.  In  1796  a  Mr.  Sanders  donated  the  land  se- 
lected for  this  purpose,  which  then  formed  a  part  of  his 


♦Much  of  this  information  has  been  obtained  from  residents  of  Sanders- 
ville. including  Mrs.  D.  C.  Harris,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Bayne,  and  others. 


Washington  1021 

plantation,  and  in  honor  of  this  liberal  pioneer  the  town 
was  called  Sandersville.  His  store  at  the  cross-roads 
furnished  a  nucleus  for  the  new  county-seat,  which  was 
destined  to  a  slow  but  steady  growth. 

On  November  27,  1812,  the  town  was  incorporated 
with  the  following-named  commissioners :  David  Mar- 
tin, Samuel  Richmond,  Simeon  Rogers,  John  Matthews 
and  Isham  H.  Saffold.^  At  a  very  early  period  the  State 
chartered  an  academy,  the  support  of  which  was  for 
years  maintained  by  a  lottery  authorized  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  among  the  original  trustees  were :  Benjamin 
Skrine,  Henry  Crowell,  Tillman  Dixon,  Morgan  Brown, 
Frederick  Cullens,  John  IrAvin,  James  Kendrick,  Nathan- 
iel Gr.  Rutherford  and  John  Williams.^  On  December 
26,  1851,  the  famous  Washington  County  Female  Insti- 
tute was  chartered,  with  the  following  board  of  trustees : 
William  Smith,  Green  Brantley,  Joseph  Banks,  James 
R.  Smith,  Augustus  A.  Cullens,  William  Hodges,  Nathan- 
iel W.  Haines,  Isham  H.  Saffold  and  James  S.  Hook.^ 
Three  of  these  failed  to  serve,  whereupon  Benjamin  Tar- 
button,  E.  S.  Langdale  and  Heywood  Brookins  were 
added  to  the  list.  Some  few  years  later  a  school  tor 
boys,  taught  by  Colonel  John  W.  Rudisill,  was  merged 
with  the  institute,  despite  the  opposition  of  many  who 
did  not  believe  in  co-education.  Prof.  A.  C.  Thompson 
was  afterwards,  for  years,  principal. 

As  a  seat  of  culture,  Sandersville  looked  with  dis- 
trust upon  railroads,  and  it  was  not  until  1876  that  a 
short  line  was  built  connecting  Sandersville  with  the 
Central  of  Georgia.  Even  then  there  were  citizens  who 
refused  to  patronize  the  line,  preferring  to  haul  their 
goods  by  wagon.  In  1886  a  road  was  built  connecting 
Sandersville  with  Augusta.  For  several  years  before 
the  war  there  was  a  stage  line  running  to  Sparta;  also 
one  leading  to  Dublin,  on  which  a  semi-weekly  service 


>  Acts,    1S51-1S52.   p.    332. 

*  Georgia  Laws,   1819,   p.    50. 

'  Lamar's  Digest,  p.  948. 


1022      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Lp^gends 

was  maintained.  Besides,  Sandersville  was  on  the  mail 
route  between  Savannah  and  Milledgeville,  and  when  the 
stage  reached  the  suburbs  the  carrier  always  blew  a 
bugle  to  announce  his  arrival.  The  iirst  postmaster  of 
the  town  was  Major  Heywood  Brookins. 

Sandersville  is  today  a  progressive  and  wide-awake 
community,  with  up-to-date  public  utilities.  Its  schools 
are  among  the  best  in  the  State  of  Georgia.  But  thq 
special  pride  of  Sandersville  is  the  Rawlings  Sanitarium, 
an  institute  whose  fame  has  traveled  abroad.  The  pres- 
ent staff  is  composed  of  Dr.  William  Rawlings,  Dr.  0.  L. 
Rogers,  Dr.  T.  B.  King  and  Mr.  0.  L.  Herndon,  with  a 
corps  of  twenty-five  efficient  nurses.  The  town  is  built 
on  a  ridge  occupying  the  highest  point  between  Savannah 
and  Macon;  and  is  surrounded  by  an  agricultural  section 
second  to  none  in  Georgia.  Says  a  well-known  gentle- 
man :*  ''The  town  is  not  of  mushroom  growth,  but  every- 
thing has  been  planned  and  operated  upon  sound  busi- 
ness principles,  and  as  a  result  we  have  no  failing  mer- 
chants and  broken  banks,  but  all  kinds  of  business  mov- 
ing along  as  systematically  and  as  gently  as  the  deep 
current  of  a  mighty  river.  From  the  ashes  have  sprung 
magnificent  dwellings,  and  the  sweet  aroma  of  prosperity 
like  a  pavilion  overshadows  our  town." 


The  Fire  of  1855.  On  March  24,  1855,  occurred  what  is 
locally  known  as  the  great  fire.  It 
broke  out  in  Mr.  Nathan  Renf roe's  carriage  shop,  on  the 
western  side  of  the  to\\m,  and,  driven  by  a  strong  wind, 
it  swept  across  the  town,  burning  court-house,  jail,  hotel 
and  dwellings.  In  less  than  two  hours  only  five  struc- 
tures remained  standing.  Major  Brookins,  the  Ordi- 
nary, left  his  own  house  in  flames,  in  order  to  secure  the 
public  records.  It  was  on  Saturday  afternoon,  and  at 
the  hotel  great  preparations  were  in  progress  for  the 


"Capt.  P.   R.   Taliaferro,   a  former  resident  of  Sandersville. 


Washington  1023 

Sabbath,  which  was  to  usher  in  court  week.  Mrs.  Brant- 
ley was  baking  cake  in  her  old-fashioned  iron  oven.  The 
wooden  house  burned  down,  but  when  the  ashes  cooled 
and  the  lid  was  lifted  from  the  oven  the  cakes  were  found 
beautifully  baked. 

From  an  old  copy  of  the  Central  Georgian  on  file  in 
the  court-house,  it  seems  that  the  editor  of  this  paper, 
Mr.  P.  C.  Pendleton,  lost  office,  press,  type  and  every- 
thing else,  but  in  less  than  five  weeks  the  paper  was  again 
afloat.  At  great  expense,  Mr.  Pendleton  purchased  the 
printing  office  of  the  Eatonton  Independent  Press,  re- 
moved the  outfit  to  Sandersville  and  began  work  in  his 
kitchen.  For  several  months  Eatonton  maintained  a 
column  of  news  in  this  paper,  the  name  of  which  was 
changed  to  the  Georgian  and  Press,  but  J.  E.  Turner, 
Esq.,  because  of  some  political  disagreement,  gave  up 
this  column,  after  which  the  former  name  was  resumed. 

So  great  was  the  suffering  caused  by  the  fire  that 
contributions  for  relief  poured  into  Sandersville  from 
every  part  of  the  State.  Savannah  gave  $500,  a  sum 
duplicated  by  the  Central  of  Georgia,  and,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, $3,439  was  raised.  But,  while  fire  consumes  dross, 
it  only  refines  pure  gold,  and  in  time  handsomer  buildings 
replaced  the  ones  destroyed.  Mr.  R.  L.  Warthen  intro- 
duced a  bill  in  the  Legislature  authorizing  a  tax  levy  to 
build  a  handsome  new  court-house.  This  building  was 
erected,  but  was  burned  by  Sherman  in  1864. 


Gen.  Sherman's  Visit.  Sandersville  lay  in  the  path  of  Sher- 
man's fiery  march  to  the  sea,  but  the 
town  was  saved  from  complete  destruction  through  the 
importunities  of  Rev.  J.  D.  Anthony,  who,  as  a  Mason, 
appealed  to  General  Sherman  on  behalf  of  the  citizens. 
However,  there  was  much  loss  of  property  incident  to 
the  passage  through  Sandersville  of  so  large  a  body  of 
troops,  and  most  of  the  public  buildings  were  fired  by 
the  torch.     The  monument  to   Governor  Irwin  on  the 


1024     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

court-house  square  bears  the  mark  of  a  ball  which  de- 
faced it  in  ]864.  Dr.  M.  R.  Freeman,  a  young  physician, 
who  came  to  Sandersville  from  Macon,  organized  the  first 
military  company  in  the  town,  known  as  the  Washington 
Rifles.  Afterwards,  under  Captain  S.  A.  H.  Jones,  it 
was  one  of  the  first  companies  to  enlist  for  the  war, 
forming  a  part  of  the  First  Georgia  Regiment.  Wash- 
ington County  furnished  quite  a  number  of  companies  to 
the  Southern  army  during  the  war.  Colonel  Thomas  J. 
Warthen,  who  commanded  the  gallant  Twenty-eighth 
Georgia,  laid  down  his  life  at  Malvern  Hill,  and  there 
were  few  homes  in  Sandersville  which  were  not  bereaved 
by  the  tragic  losses  of  this  period ;  but,  when  the  war  was 
over,  the  town  began  to  awake  to  her  possibilities'  and 
to  reach  out  for  greater  things.  In  the  cemetery  at  San- 
dersville stands  a  handsome  monument  to  the  Confeder- 
ate dead,  reared  by  the  patriotic  women. 


Some  of  the  Governor  Jared  Irwin  was  one  of  the  earliest  pioneers 

Pioneers.  ^^    tlie    County    of    Washington.      He    located    in    the 

neighborhood  of  Sandersville  soon  after  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  with  the  prestige  of  his  career  as  a  soldier  became  at  once 
the  foremost  citizen:  a  distinction  which  he  never  ceased  to  retain  un- 
til the  hour  of  his  death.  It  was  the  privilege  of  Governor  Irwin,  who 
twice  occupied  the  executive  chair,  to  sign  the  famous  rescinding  act,  by 
which  the  iniquitous  Yazoo  Fraud  was  wiped  from  the  statute  books  of 
Georgia.     His  home  near  Sandersville  was  known  as  Union  Hill. 

With  a  party  of  engineers  under  Moses  Wadley,  who  surveyed  the 
line  of  the  Central  of  Georgia,  came  Major  Joseph  Bangs  from  Spring- 
field, Mass.  He  located  at  Sandersville,  in  1838,  where  he  established  a 
prosperous  mercantile  business  and  became  an  influential  citizen.  Mark 
Newman,  a  Hebrew,  came  from  Poland  in  1842,  when  only  a  lad,  and  made 
for  himself  a  large  place  in  the  service  of  the  county  and  in  the  hearts 
of  the  people.  He  went  to  the  war  from  Sandersville  and  became  a  major 
in  the  Forty-ninth  Georgia.  For  upwards  of  thirty  years  until  his  death 
he  was  Ordinary  of  Washington.  In  1853,  Colonel  Beverly  D.  Evans,  of 
Marion,  S.  C,  formed  a  partnership  with  Colonel  Ed.  Langmade  for  the 
practice  of  law.  One  of  his  sons,  bearing  the  same  name,  is  today  an 
Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia.  Four  other  sons, 
George,  Willis,  Louis  and  Julian,  have  likewise  become  men  of  mark,  the 
last  named  a  physician. 


Washington  1025 

Dr.  H.  X.  Hollifield  came  from  Philailelphia  in  1855.  He  afterwards 
edited  a  magazine  in  Sandersville  called  the  Georgia  Medical  and  Surgical 
Encyclopaedia.  In  1858  came  three  other  men  who  were  destined  to  leave 
a  lasting  impress  upon  the  community:  Dr.  W.  H.  H.  Whitaker,  of  Phila- 
delphia ;  William  Gallaher,  of  Maryland,  and  Captain  P.  E.  Taliaferro,  of 
Virginia.  In  1860,  Drs.  J.  K.  Smith  and  E.  B.  Hook  opened  the  Sanders- 
ville Infirmary,  but  the  institution  was  forced  to  suspend  on  the  call  to 
arms. 

One  of  the  wealthiest  families  of  the  county  in  pioneer  days  were  the 
Skrines,  including  four  brothers :  William,  Quintillian,  Virgil  and  Ben- 
jamin. William  built  the  first  modern  house  in  the  County  of  Washington. 
It  stood  a  mile  from  Sandersville  and  was  known  as  the  White  House,  on 
account  of  its  novel  coat  of  white  paint.  Later  it  was  owned  and  occupied 
as  a  summer  home  by  Noble  A.  Hardee,  of  Savannah. 

Samuel  O.  Franklin  and  James  U.  Floyd  were  pioneer  merchants,  at 
one  time  partners,  in  the  dry-goods'  business. 

Colonel  Thomas  J.  Warthen  was  a  wealthy  pioneer  planter  and  man 
of  affairs,  whose  prominence  in  the  State  militia  before  the  war  gave 
him  the  title  of  ' '  General. ' '  He  lost  his  life  at  Malvern  Hill,  while 
commanding  the  Twenty-eighth  Georgia  Eegiment.  Colonel  Warthen  reared 
a  family  of  girls,  who  added  much  to  the  culture  and  social  life  of  San- 
dersville. Nathan  Eenfroe  was  a  substantial  carriage-maker,  whose  son," 
Hon.  J.  W.  Eenfroe,  was  Treasurer  of  Georgia  after  the  war. 

Major  Hey  wood  Brookins  was  the  first  mayor  of  the  town,  and  after- 
wards for  more  than  a  generation  was  Ordinary  of  the  County  of  Washing- 
ton. Pinkus  Happ,  a  Jew,  became  a  prosperous  merchant,  who  devoted 
his  large  means  to  the  alleviation  of  distress  during  the  war  and  en- 
deared himself  to  every  one  by  his  manifold  acts  of  kindness.  David 
Solomon,  likewise  a  Jew,  accumulated  a  snug  fortune,  married  one  of  the 
county  girls,  and  became  a  good  Methodist. 

Dr.  Nathaniel  Harris,  quite  a  noted  ante-bellum  physician,  came  from 
Massachusetts  and  built  the  first  handsome  house  within  the  town  limits. 
Dr.  William  P.  Haynes,  a  local  Methodist  preacher  and  a  high  degree 
Mason,  was  complimented  by  having  the  first  local  Masonic  lodge  named 
in  his  honor.  Captain  S.  A.  H.  Jones  commanded  a  company  in  one  of 
the  Indian  campaigns,  and  was  also  made  captain  of  the  Washington  Eifles, 
one  of  the  first  companies'  to  enlist  in  1861.  Captain  Ike  Nerrman,  a  native 
of  France,  made  Sandersville  his  home  in  the  late  fifties.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  he  organized  a  company,  at  the  head  of  which  he  proved  himself 
a  gallant  soldier.  Harris  Brantley  was  a  wealthy  pioneer  planter,  whose 
only  daughter  married  Hon.  Coleman  E.  Pringle,  known  as  the  father  of 
Prohibition  in  Georgia. 

Bev.  Daniel  Hook,  in  the  year  3860,  organized  in  Sandersville  a  church 
of  the  Disciples  of  Christ.  His  son,  Judge  James  S.  Hook,  was  after- 
wards State  School  Commissioner  of  Georgia.  Captain  Evan  P.  Howell, 
late  editor  and  part  owner  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution,  lived  in  Sandersville 


1026     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

at  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  Pressly  Hyman,  one  of  the  promising  young 
men  of  Sandersville  in  the  early  seventies,  removed  to  the  West  and  became 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  Nevada. 

To  mention  by  name  only  a  few  more  of  the  early  pioneers  of  Wash- 
ington, the  list  includes:  William  Hardwick,  John  Kutherford,  George  Frank- 
lin, Zachariah  Brantley,  William  A.  Tennille,  Dr.  John  B.  Turner,  General 
Lewis  A.  Jernigan,  a  noted  educator,  afterwards  Ordinary  of  Washington ; 
Colonel  Morgan  Brown,  Nathan  Haynes,  William  Smith,  better  known  as 
' '  Uncle  Billy, ' '  a  wealthy  planter ;  William  Hodges,  Daniel  Ainsworth, 
Colonel  E.  S.  Langmade,  Dr.  A.  A.  CuUens,  Dr.  Eldridge  Williamson,  Ben- 
jamin Tarbutton,  Captain  Henry  C.  Lang,  Thomas  E.  Brown,  Henry 
Brown,  John  Langmade,  and  Eobert  Hyman.  Most  of  the  original  settlers 
of  Washington  w^re  Revolutionary  soldiers,  but  they  sleep  in  unmarked 
graves. 


Tomb  of  On  a  plantation  three  miles  west  of 

John  Rutherford.     Sandersville,    just    off   the    Milledge- 

ville  road,  is   an   old  weather-beaten 

tombstone,  on  which  the  following  epitaph  is  inscribed: 


"To  the  memory  of  JOHN' RUTHERFORD,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  who  lived  long  afterward  to  share  the 
honors  of  his  countrymen.  He  retired  for  many  years 
from  public  life  and  died  in  the  affection  of  his  country, 
on  the  31st  of  October,  1833,  in  the  seventy-fourth  year 
of  his  age.  He  is  buried  at  his  request  by  the  side  of 
his  first  wife,  Polly  Hubert. ' ' 


Eecently  the  graves  of  two  Eevoliitionarv  soldiers 
have  been  located  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sandersville: 
William  Ganier  and  John  Sparks,  and  just  as  soon  as 
markers  can  be  obtained  from  the  Federal  government 
these  graves  will  be  marked  by  Jared  Irwin  Chapter, 
D.  A.  E.  On  the  old  Jordan  place,  near  Davisboro,  the 
last  resting  place  of  John  Jordan  has  been  located.  He 
was  a  soldier  of  the  Eevolution,  under  General  Elbert. 
His  grave  at  present  is  marked  only  by  white  hyacinths. 
Likewise  within  a  short  distance  of  Davisboro,  two  other 
burial  places  of  Eevolutionary  patriots  have  been  discov- 
ered. These  are  the  graves  of  William  Hardwick  and 
Moses  Newton.     Samuel  Elbert  Chapter,  D.  A.  E.,  of 


"Washington  1027 

Tennille,  has  undertaken  tlie  marking  of  these  graves, 
and  is  at  the  same  time  intent  upon  locating  other  historic 
spots. 


Thomas  W.  Hard-  Sandersville  is  the  home  of  the  gifted 
wick:  Senator-  Thomas  W.  Hardwick,  who — at  the 
Elect.  youthful  age  of  forty-two — is  Georgia's 

new  Senator-elect.  His  service  of  twelve  years  in  the 
popular  branch  of  Congress  was  rewarded  with  the  Sen- 
atorial toga  at  a  recent  i^rimary  election,  and  in  Decem- 
ber mext  Mr.  Hardwick  will  take  his  seat  as  Major 
Bacon's  successor  in  the  American  House  of  Peers. 


Fort  Irwin.  General  Jared  Irwin,  with  liis  tliree  brothers,  John  Lawson, 
William  and  Alexander,  all  of  whom  were  Eevolutionary 
soldiers,  built  a  fort  near  Union  Hill  to  protect  this  section  of  Georgia 
from  the  Indians,  and  it  became  known  as  Fort  Irwin.  Nothing  is  posi- 
tively known  concerning  the  character  of  this  stronghold.  But  it  was 
doubtless  securely  built,  and,  occupying  a  strategic  point,  it  was  instru- 
mental in  keeping  the  savages  at  a  safe  distance  from  the  settlement. 


Tennille.  Three  miles  distant  from  Sandersville,  on  the 
main  line  of  the  Central  of  Georgia,  is  one  of 
the  most  important  commercial  centers  in  this  part  of  the 
State :  Tennille.  Without  rehearsing  the  facts  previously 
set  forth  in  Volume  I,  some  additional  items  may  be 
cited.  On  March  4,  1875,  the  town  received  its  first 
charter  of  incorporation  and  at  this  time  the  corporate 
limits  were  fixed  at  one-quarter  of  a  mile  in  every  direc- 
tion from  the  depot  of  the  Central  Railroad.  Provision 
was  made  in  this  charter  for  an  election,  to  be  held  on 
the  first  Saturday  in  May,  1875,  for  an  intendant  and 
four  aldermen,  each  to  hold  office  for  one  year.*  During 
the  next  few  years  the  growth  of  the  town  was  so  rapid 
that,  on  October  24,  1887,  an  Act  was  approved  granting 
Tennille  a  new  charter  and  extending  its  corporate  limits 
to  a  distance  of  one  thousand  yards  in  every  direction 


♦Acts,    1S75,   p.    is; 


1028      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

from  tlie  warehouse  of  the  Central  Railroad.  Hon.  John 
C.  Harman  was  designated  as  the  first  Mayor,  with 
Messrs.  W.  J.  Joiner,  Jr.,  J.  E.  Mnrchison,  H.  S.  Hatch, 
W.  P.  Davis,  James  W.  Smith  and  H.  E.  Hyman  as  Alder- 
men.^ In  1900  the  style  of  the  corporation  was  changed 
from  the  ''town  of  Tennille"  to  the  ''city  of  Tennille.'^ 
On  September  19,  1881,  the  Tennille  and  Wrightsville 
Eailroad  was  chartered,  with  the  following  incorpora- 
tors :  Messrs.  W.  C.  Matthews,  B.  D.  Smith,  G.  L.  Mason, 
G.  B.  Harrison,  H.  N.  Hollifield,  G.  W.  Peacock  and  Z. 
Peacock,  of  the  County  of  Washington,  A.  T.  Hanas, 
of  the  County  of  Washington,  and  W.  B.  Bales, 
W.  A.  Tompkins,  W.  L.  Johnson,  J.  A.  McAfee,  T.  W. 
Kent  and  W.  W.  Mixon,  of  the  County  of  Johnson. - 
Tennille  is  well  supplied  with  strong  banking  establish- 
ments, with  excellent  school  facilities,  splendid  water 
and  light  plants  and  with  a  wide-awake  and  progressive 
body  of  citizens. 


WAYNE 

Waynesville.  Wayne    County    was    organized    in    ]803    out    of    lands 

acquired  from  the  Creeks  under  the  treaty  of  Fort 
Wilkinson;  and  by  an  Act  approved  December  8,  1806,  the  following  com- 
missioners were  named  to  choose  a  site  for  public  buildings:  Solomon 
Gross,  Francis  Smallwood,  John  M'undQn,  William  Cleinent  and  William 
Knight.^  But  the  county  was  slow  in  finding  settlers,  and  it  was  not  until 
December  4,  1829,  that  a  site  was  finally  fixed  on  land  donated  by  William 
Clement,  one  mile  from  the  village  of  Waynesville.^  Both  the  town  and 
the  county  were  named  for  General  Anthony  Wayne,  of  the  Eevolution, 
who  aided  in  Georgia 's  redemption  from  the  British. 


Jesup.    But  when  the  County  of  Charlton  was  formed 

from  Wayne  in  1855  it  left  Wayneville  on  the 

extreme  lower  edge  of  the  county,  making  a  new  site  for 

public  buildings  necessary,  and  in  the  course  of  time  the 


^  Acts,    1887,    p.    618. 

=  Acts,    1881,    p.    268. 

"  Clayton's  Compendium,  p.  326. 

*Acts,    1829,    p.    193. 


Webster — Wheeler  1029 

county  seat  was  removed  to  Jesnp,  a  town  named  for 
General  Jesuji,  of  tlie  United  States  army,  who  rendered 
important  service  to  the  State  in  the  Creek  Indian  war 
of  1836.  The  town  of  Jesup  was  incorporated  on  October 
24,  1870,  with  the  following  commissioners,  to-wit. :  Will- 
iam Clarey,  W.  H.  Whaley,  G.  H.  Cameron,  T.  P.  Little- 
field  and  W.  C.  Remshart.^ 


Fort  James.'  This  stronghold,  built  to  defend  the  frontier 
during  the  Indian  wars,  was  located  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Altamaha  River,  fifty  miles  above 
Darien  and  twelve  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohoopee. 
There  was  also  a  fortification  by  this  name  built  in  Colo- 
nial times,  to  defend  the  old  settlement  of  Dartmouth, 
above  Augusta,  in  what  is  now  Elbert  County,  Ga.- 


WEBSTER 

Preston.  Webster  County  was  formed  out  of  Randolph 
and  was  first  known  as  Kinchafoonee,  from  a 
well-known  creek  of  this  name,  but  Kinchafoonee  pro- 
voked a  ripple  of  laughter  over  the  State,  and  on  Febru- 
ary 21,  1856',  the  name  was  changed  to  Webster,  in  honor 
of  the  great  orator  of  New  England.  At  the  same  time 
the  name  of  the  county-seat  was  changed  from  Mcintosh 
to  Preston.  The  town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  ap- 
proved December  22,  1857,  with  the  following  commis- 
sioners, to-wit. :  George  M.  Hay,  John  W.  Easters,  Will- 
iam H.  Hallen,  James  G.  M.  Ball  and  Henry  W.  Spears.^ 


WHEELER 

Alamo.     On  August  14,  an  Act  was  approved  creating 

by  Constitutional  amendment  the  new  County 

of  Wheeler  from  a  part  of  the  C^ounty  of  Montgomery. 

^  Acts,    1870,    p.    20V. 
2  Vol.   I,   p.   537. 
•Acts,    1857,    p.    187. 


1030     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

This  Act  was  ratified  at  the  polls  on  November  5,  1912, 
after  which  the  new  county  was  formally  created  by 
proclamation  of  the  Governor,  on  November  14,  1912. 
Alamo,  a  town  on  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  was  made  the 
county-seat.  Some  of  the  oldest  families  resident  in  the 
county  are  the  Kents,  the  Gillises,  the  Calhouns,  the  Mc- 
Lennans,  the  Clementses,  the  McEaes,  the  Morrisons,  the 
Curries,  the  Clarkes,  the  Adamses,  the  Eyalses  and  the 
McArthurs. 


Where  Governor    Governor  George  M.   Troup,   while   on   a  visit  to   the 
Trout)  Died  Mitchell    place,    one    of    the    numerous    plantations 

owned  by  him  in  this  section  of  Georgia,  in  185(^,  was 
seized  with  a  violent  illness,  which  here  ended  his  days.  William  Bridges 
was  the  overseer  in  charge  of  the  Mitchell  place  at  the  time  of  Governor 
Troup's  death.  In  another  part  of  this  work  will  be  found  a  picture  of 
the  pioneer  cabin  in  which  the  great  apostle  of  State  Eights  breathed  his 
last.  The  Mitchell  plantation  was  settled  by  Hartwell  Mitchell  in  1814. 
It  was  located  on  the  west  side  of  the  Oconee  River.  This  fine  old  plan- 
tation is  now  the  property  of  the  Kent  family  of  Wheeler.  Still  another 
plantation  owned  by  Governor  Troup  in  this  county  was  the  Horseshoe' 
Place.  But  the  old  Governor  is  buried  on  the  banks  of  the  Oconee  Eiver, 
in  Montgomery  County,  at  Rosemont,  still  another  plantation  which  he 
owned,  where  a  beloved  brother,  Robert  L.  Troup,  was  already  buried. 


WHITE 


Cleveland.  In  1857  the  County  of  White  was  organized 
out  of  Habersham  and  named  for  'Colonel 
John  White,  an  officer  of  the  Continental  Army,  whose 
brilliant  exploit  on  the  Great  Ogeechee  was  unsurpassed 
in  the  annals  of  the  Eevolution.  The  county-seat  was 
first  called  Mount  Yonah,  but  the  name  was  afterwards 
changed  to  Cleveland.  It  has  never  been  quite  settled 
for  whom  the  town  was  named,  but  presumably  it  was 
for  Colonel  Benjamin  Cleaveland,  the  hero  of  King's 
Mountain,  notwithstanding  a  slight  variation  in  the  spell- 
ing of  his  name.    Cleveland  was  chartered  by  an  Act  ap- 


White  1031 

proved  October  18,  1870,  with  the  following  town  com- 
missioners, to-mt. :  William  B.  Bell,  Virgil  Eobertson, 
A.  J.  Comer  and  William  G.  Goodman.* 


Nacoochee:  Relics  of  At  the  foot  of  Yonah  Mountain,  in 
a  Forgotten  Race.  the  picturesque  upper  part  of  White 
County,  lies  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful valleys  in  the  world — far-famed  Nacoochee.  Neither 
the  Yosemite  nor  the  Shenandoah  can  match  it  in  some 
respects.  There  are  lineaments  of  loveliness  which  it 
shares  in  common  with  no  other  spot  on  earth.  It  mat- 
ters not  how  extensively  one  has  traveled,  he  cannot  visit 
this  Lost  Paradise  of  the  Cherokee  Indians  without  feel- 
ing the  spell  of  enchantment  which  the  scene  here  throws 
around  him,  and  though  he  may  not  quote  the  language  he 
will  at  least  voice  the  sentiment  of  Tom  Moore's  apt 
lines : 

' '  There  's  not  in  the  wide  world  a  valley  so  sweet 
As  this  vale  in  whose  bosom  the  bright  waters  meet. ' ' 

The  cradle  of  the  Chattahoochee — it  has  been  de- 
scribed in  the  wondrous  witchery  of  Lanier's  song;  but 
the  power  to  do  it  justice  lies  neither  in  the  poet's  pen 
nor  in  the  artist's  brush.  The  task  of  recalling  some  of 
the  historic  memories  in  which  this  romantic  region  of 
the  State  abounds  is  a  much  simpler  one.  There  is  a 
wealth  of  legendary  lore  connected  with  Nacoochee ;  and 
from  the  mellow  recollections  of  an  old  gentleman — now 
gone  to  his  reward — who  knew  the  valley  like  a  book, 
every  page  of  which  was  dear  to  him,  and  who  in  child- 
hood explored  its  hidden  mysteries,  and  listened  to  its 
weird  fairy  tales,  and  wandered  to  the  utmost  verge  of 
its  green  meadows,  the  following  brief  account  has  been 
condensed.    Says  Mr.  George  W.  Williams : 

"Nacoochee  has'  a  history  as  thrilling  in   interest  as  the  tales  of  the 
Arabian  Nights.     This  valley  was  doubtless  for  ages  one  vast  lake.     The 


•Acts,    1870,    p.    182. 


1032      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

fretful  waters  at  last  cut  a  channel  through  the  rocks  at  the  east  end 
of  the  valley  and  the  great  basin  was  drained,  leaving  a  fertile  area  of 
landscape  some  seven  miles  in  length,  with  the  Chattahoochee  Kiver  winding 
through  the  verdant  prosj^ect.  The  Cherokees  selected  this  quiet  and  safe 
retreat  for  the  capital  of  a  populous  nation,  and  Nacoochee  Old  Town, 
the  name  by  which  the  settlement  here  was  first  known,  became  the  chief 
town  of  the  Cherokees.  At  one  time,  it  must  have  been  the  center  of  an 
ancient  civilization.  The  original  occupants  of  the  valley  were  a  warlike 
race  of  people.  They  surrounded  themselves  with  long  lines  of  fortifications, 
leveled  the  tops  of  the  hills,  and  raised  huge  mounds.  On  the  high  places 
resided  the  chiefs  of  the  nation,  surrounded  by  knights  as  brave  as  ever 
drew  a,  lance.  During  the  past  seventy-five  years  many  relics  have  been 
found  in  the  valley,  furnishing  proof  most  positive  of  hard-fought  battles, 
in  which  shot  and  shell  were  used.  When  the  writer  was  a  boy,  his  father, 
who  was  one  of  the  original  settlers  in  the  valley,  taught  his  sons  the 
science  of  farming;  and  from  time  to  time  they  plowed  up  many,  imany 
rare  and  curious  specimens,  including  gunlocks,  swords,  broken  shells,  toma- 
hawks, arrows  and  human  skeletons. 

' '  In  1834,  when  the  miners  were  digging  a  canal  for  the  purpose  of 
washing  the  beds  of  the  streams  for  gold,  a  subterranean  village  was 
discovered,  containing  some  forty  houses  in  number.  These  were  buried 
ten  feet  deep.  The  logs  were  hewn  and  notched  as  at  the  present  day. 
This  village  was  covered  by  a  heavy  growth  of  timber ;  and  near  it,  under  a 
tree,  fifteen  feet  in  circumference,  which  must  have  been  at  least  five  hun- 
dred years  old,  there  was  found  a  double  mortar,  ten  inches  in  diameter, 
perfectly  polished.  It  was  made  of  transparent  quartz.  This  village  was 
doubtless  built  by  DeSoto  in  1539.  More  recently  a  discovery  was  made 
here  which  interested  me  very  much.  A  plough-share,  near  an  Indian 
mound,  struck  a  hard  substance.  On  examination  it  proved  to  be  part  of 
a  walled  sepulchre.  The  bottom  was  paved  with  polished  stones,  and  the 
tomb  contained  many  skeletons,  one  of  immense  size,  also  conch  shells, 
pipes,  and  other  curious  specimens  of  handiwork,  besides  a  piece  of  in- 
wrought copper.  As  the  natives  were  ignorant  of  the  art  of  working  in 
this  metal  and  never  buried  in  walled  sepulchres,  the  question  naturally 
arises:  "When  did  these  huge  men  live?  A  learned  historian  of  Copenhagen 
says  that  America  was  discovered  in  the  year  985  by  Biaske  Horjeufsen.  It 
is  also  said  that  a  colony  from  Wales  settled  in  this  country  at  the  same 
time.  Doubtless  these  early  European  adventurers  were  exterminated  by 
the  vast  tribes  of  Indians.  It  is  mainly  by  way  of  tradition  that  we 
hear  of  them.  The  walled  sepulchre  may  have  been  built  by  the  Welsh 
colony  in  the  tenth  century  of  the  Christian  era. ' ' 

Nacoochee  Old  Town  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
places  at  which  DeSoto  stopped  in  his  quest  of  the  yellow 
metal.    Signs  of  a  somewhat  lengthy  sojourn  by  the  Span- 


White  1033 

iards  in  this  locality  are  still  numerous.    Colonel  Charles 
C.  Jones,  Jr.,  identifies  the  Xualla  of  the  old  Spanish 
narrative  with  an  Indian  settlement  somewhere  in  this 
region,  a  surmise  which  is  more  than  justified  by  the 
monumental  remains  and  which  furthermore  tallies  with 
the  description.    According  to  Mr.  Williams,  the  Indian 
Queen  of  the  tribe  here  settled,  at  the  time  of  DeSoto's 
visit,  was  Echoee.    Nacoochee  and  Eola  were  her  daugh- 
ters, both  beautiful,  dark-eyed  Indian  maidens.    Lorenzo, 
a  companion  of  the  bold  knight,  having  acquired  knowl- 
edge of  the  fa-ct  that  certain  treasures  of  priceless  value 
were  concealed  in  a  cavern  under  Mount  Yonah,  cun- 
ningly sought  to  possess  them.     He  partially  succeeded 
by  artful  blandishments  in  fascinating  Queen  Echoee. 
But  in  the  end  he  was  killed  by  old  Wahoo,  the  chief  of 
the  tribe.    Echoee,  with  her  daughter  Eola,  was  drowned, 
but  Nacoochee  was  saved  by  Sautee,  the  young  sixteen- 
year-old  son  of  a  Choctaw  chief.    As  a  sequel  to  the  res- 
cue, there  developed  quite  naturally  a  love  affair.     But 
the  marriage  of  Nacoochee  to  Sautee  was  forbidden.    The 
pair  resolved  upon  flight,  and  when  pursued  and  over- 
taken hurled  themselves  from  an  overhanging  cliff  of 
Mount  Yonah  into  the  vale  beneath.    They  were  buried 
in  a  common  grave.     The  large  mound  in  front  of  the. 
summer  home  of  Dr.  L.  G.  Hardman,  formerly  the  Nich- 
ols place,  marks  the  traditional  spot  in  which  the  lovers 
are  supposed  to  be  interred.    Nacoochee  and  Sautee  val- 
leys, uniting,  perpetuate  the  names  of  the  ill-fated  pair, 
while  the  grave  in  which  they  sleep  is  kept  perennially 
green  with  cypress,  ivy  and  rhododendron. 


WHITFIELD 

Dalton.     Dalton,  the  county-seat  of  Whitfield,  was  fir<5t 

known  as  Cross  Plains.    But  in  1847,  when  tho 

State  road  was  built  the  name  was  changed  to  Dalton, 

in  compliment  to  a  civil  engineer,  John  Dalton,  who,  real- 


1034     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

izing  the  possibilities  of  this  locality  as  the  site  for  a 
future  town,  made  a  survey  of  the  land  and  divided  the 
same  into  lots.*  His  judgment  was  subsequently  con- 
firmed b}^  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who  made  Dalton 
his  base  of  operations  during  the  Civil  War.  The  town 
was  incoriDorated  by  an  Act  approved  December  28,  1853. 
Two  schools,  the  Dalton  Female  College  and  the  Southern 
Central  Baptist  University  of  Georgia,  were  chartered  in 
1850,  each  with  a  strong  board  of  trustees.  But  for  addi- 
tional particulars  in  regard  to  Dalton  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  Volume  I  of  this  work. 


Red  Clay:  The  Cher-  ^^d  Clay,  famous  in  history  and  legend  as 
okee  Council  Ground  *^^  Cherokee  Indian  Council  Ground,  lies  a 
short  distance  north  of  the  town  of  Dalton. 
Nearly  a  century  has  passed  since  this  historic  spot,  stamped  forever  with 
the  agony  of  a  noble  race,  witnessed  the  signing  of  the  famous  treaty 
between  those  of  the  Cherokees  who  favored  and  those  who  opposed  the 
United  States  Government.  To  this  council  of  the  two  factions  came  the 
Indian  chiefs  and  head  men  of  the  Cherokee  Nation. 

In  the  deliberations  which  ensued,  the  treaty  party,  headed  by  Eidge, 
declared  "that  the  Cherokees  could  not  exist  amidst  a  white  people;  that 
while  they  loved  the  land  of  their  fathers,  they  considered  the  fate  of 
the  exile  far  better  than  submission  to  the  laws  of  a  State. ' '  At  the  head 
of  the  party  opposed  to  removal  was  John  Eoss,  principal  chief  of  the  Cher- 
okees. The  Committee  of  Conference  met  at  Eed  Clay  in  October,  183.5. 
To  relieve  the  Cherokee  Nation  from  its  distressed  condition,  George  j\I. 
Waters,  John  Martin,  Eichard  Taylor,  John  Baldridge  and  John  Benge, 
acting  under  the  instructions  of  John  Eoss,  principal  chief,  on  the  one 
part,  and  George  Chambers,  John  Gunter,  John  Eidge,  Charles  Vann  and 
Elias  Boudinot,  on  the  other,  acting  under  instructions  of  Major  Eidge 
and  others  of  the  treaty  party,  "agreed  to  bury  in  oblivion  all  unfriendly 
feelings  and  act  unitedly  in  treaty  with  the  United  States  for  the  relief  of 
the  nation. ' ' 

This  agreement  was  signed  at  Eed  Clay,  October  24th,  1835.  The 
treaty  party  met  at  New  Echota,  the  capital  of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  near 
the  present  town  of  Calhoun,  and  on  the  29th  of  December,  1835,  concluded 
the  treaty  with  the  United  States  Commissioner.  The  chiefs  of  the  anti- 
treaty   party   did   not   attend    this    convention,    and   made   every   effort   to 


*White  says  that  the  town  was  named  for  Tristram  Dalton,  an  English, 
man,  but  on  the  authority  of  Hon.  Paul  B.  Trammell,  it  was  named  for 
John  Dalton,   as  above  credited. 


Whitfield  1035 

negotiate  a  new  treaty,  more  favorable,  but  without  success.  By  its  terms 
the  Indians  were  permitted  two  years'  grace  in  which  to  leave  their 
beloved  lands,  but  the  time  expired  and  they  still  repudiated  the  treaty. 
The  United  States  government  decided  that  the  only  possible  way  to  make 
them  move  would  be  at  the  bayonet's  point. 


John  Eoss,  who  made  the  most  zealous  efforts  to  save  his  people 
from  expulsion,  was  born  at  Eossville,  Georgia,  October  3rd,  1790.  His 
father  was  a  full-blooded  Scotchman  and  his  mother  a  half-breed;  he  was 
therefore  one-fourth  Indian,  as  the  Indians  say,  "a  quateroon. "  He 
lived  for  a  number  of  years  at  the  home  built  by  his'  grandfather,  John 
McDonald,  at  Eossville,  Ga.,  but  he  enlarged  it,  adding  a  council  chamber 
twenty-three  feet  long,  which  for  years  had  only  one  door.  As  a  precau- 
tion, he  later  added  two  more  doors,  one  opening  into  his  bed-room  in 
the  center  of  the  house.  The  house  is  now  owned  by  John  McNair  McFar- 
land,  a  descendant  of  the  McFarlands,  into  whose  hands  the  Eoss  place 
passed,  and  in  its  exterior  and  interior  has  been  little  changed. 

Chief  Eoss,  about  two  years'  before  the  exile,  built  a  home  at  Flint 
Springs,  Tenn.,  some  five  miles  north  of  Bed  Clay.  It  was  a  two-story 
log  house,  a  part  of  which  still  stands,  though  it  has  been  improved  and 
much  changed.  Nearby,  on  the  Eoss  land,  Dr.  Butler,  a  missionary  to  the 
Indians,  taught  a  school.  It  has  been  said  that  Eoss  moved  to  his  Tennessee 
home  for  protection,  as  the  Government  had  troops  stationed  near  there ; 
certain  it  is  that  with  his  Indian  wife,  his  children  and  negro  servants,  he 
was  living  at  Flint  Springs  about  1837. 

Tradition  says  that  he  had  a  daughter  famed  throughout  the  Cherokee 
land  for  her  beauty,  her  grace  of  manner  and  modesty;  in  truth  an  irre- 
sistibly charming  maiden.  A  young  Indian  chief  was  her  suitor  and  gained 
the  favor  and  approval  of  Eoss',  but  not  the  love  of  the  girl,  for  she  had 
already  given  her  heart  to  another,  whom  she  frequently  met  in  a  seques- 
tered trysting  place.  The  young  man  vowed  that  he  could  no  longer  endure 
life  without  her,  and  she  yielded  to  his  pleadings ;  in  the  dark  and  silent 
hours  of  the  night  she  met  her  lover  at  the  appointed  place,  mounted  the 
horse  behind  him,  rode  away  and  married  the  man  of  her  choice. 


Near  the  Georgia- Tennessee  line  there  still  stands  an  ancient,  two-story 
brick  house  built  by  Chief  McEntyre.  This'  quaint  old  mansion  stands 
guard  over  an  Indian  burying-ground.  In  the  corner  of  an  old-fashioned 
garden,  in  a  tangle  of  briers  and  vines,  are  several  time-worn  tombstones 
bearing  names  and  dates  still  legible  and  interesting  to  the  romantic  passer- 
by.   A  few  years  ago  there  came  from  the  West  several  of  the  descendants 


1036     'Georgia  's  Landmarks,  MEiscojear^LS  and  LEeaDsnoB- 

\ 

of  these  Indians  to  visit  the  home  and  gr*rii».  of  their  fore£atheiis,.  niarlig' 
Iirecious  by  tradition.  Rev.  A.  E.  T.  Hambni^Jit,  a  gentlemaat  eighty-five 
years  old,  still  living  near  Red  Clay,  gives  !ta  interesting  a<seount  of  a 
visit  made  by  him  wlien  a  child  in  company  wiith  a  trader  an.i  his  uncle,, 
to  the  McEntyre  home.  The  men  had  a  large  amiount  of  silver;  which  they 
had  secured  from  the  Indians  in  trade  and  barter-  This  silver  tftey  carried 
in  saddle  bags  across  an  Indian  pony,  which  the  little  six-year-oldl  Boy  rodie. 
This  was'  done  to  divert  suspicion,  as  at  that  time  tlie  Cherokee  I*ati'on  was 
in  a  state  of  disorder.  This  silver  was  exchanged  for  paper  money  at 
_McEntyre-s,  -where  they  spent  the  night. 


In  the  years  previous  to  the  Red  Clay  convention,  the  Ross  and'  Ridge 
parties  indulged  in  bitter  and  relentless  hostilities,  out  of  which  gre^'  the 
tragic  death  of  Chief  Jack  Walker.  The  Chief  became  inf atuat?ed  with 
a  young  white  girl  of  fifteen  summers,  by  name  Emily.  Her  family  op- 
posed the  suit,  but  watching  her  opportunity  she  eloped  with  Her  lover. 
Taking  the  giTl  on  the  horse  with  him  he  swam  the-  Tennessee  Rirer,  pur- 
sued by  her  infuriated  brothers,  but  untouched  by  their  bullets.  After 
their  marriage  they  returned  and  lived  in  Walker  Valley,  near  th»>  present, 
town  of  Cleveland,  Tenn.,  on  what  is  now  called  the  Pryor  Lea  farm..  Tra- 
dition says  that  he  had  two  wives,  the  other  an  Indian,  and  that  the  twO' 
lived  in  the  same  house  in  a  most  friendly  manner  until  the  chief  was  called' 
aiway  f ot  a  short  time,  when  the  Indian  wife  invariably  whipped'  the  whit* 
'one.     The  squaw,  however,  got  her  whipping  when  the  chief  retuiined.. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Council  at  the  Old  Fort,  between  Cleveland  anxli 
'Spring  Place,  Walker  was  accused  of  treason.  He  left  for  home  wi'tk  ai 
:friend,  and  when  about  nine  miles  away,  at  Muskrat  Springs,  was  waylaid! 
and  shot  by  an  assassin  hidden  in  the  top  of  a  tree.  Old  meia  still  living' 
remember  the  exact  spot,  for  often  as  children  it  was  pointed  out  to  th«m. 

Tradition  says  that  his  wife,  Emily,  told  several  of  her  friends  tbafc 
she  felt  very  uneasy  about  him  during  his  absence  on  that  memorable  day, 
as  she  knew-  the  Indians  were  angry,  and  that  she  felt  relieved  when  looking 
out  she  saw  him  riding  up  the  road  on  his  gray  horse.  She  sent  a  sen^ant 
to  take  his  horse  and  stood  waiting  for  him  to  come  to  her.  As  no  one 
came,  she  Avent  out  to  learn  the  cause  of  the  delay,  finding  only  the 
servant,  who  said  with  trembling  voice,  "Mr.  Walker  is  not  here."  She 
said  she  saw  him  as  clearly  as  she  ever  saw  anything  in  her  life.  A  little 
later,  at  nightfall,  he  was  brought  home  fatally  wounded,  living  only  a 
short  time. 


It  was  at  this  period  of  the  strife  that  John  Howard  Payne  arrived  in 
the  Nation  of  the  Cherokees,  resolved  to  study  the  Indian  problem  on  the 


Whitfield  1037 

spot.  Payne  sympathized  deeply  with  the  red  man,  and  when  arrested  by 
Colonel  Bishop  at  the  home  of  Chief  Eoss  at  Flint  Springs,  he  found 
papers  which  contained  bitter  criticisms  concerning  the  treatment  of  the 
Cherokee  Indians.  Payne  was  carried  to  Spring  Place,  where  a  short  time 
he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Vann  house. 

At  Kenan  Spring,  not  far  from  Eed  Clay,  dwelt  "Chief  Rattling 
Gourd, ' '  renowned  as  a  counselor.  The  home  where  he  dwelt  is  no  more, 
only  a  few  foundation  stones  remain,  but  the  land  surrounding  still  bears 
his  name,  and  is  called  the  ' '  old  Eaittling  Gourd  field. ' '  He  did  not  die 
in  this  country,  as  stated,  but  went  West  with  his  tribe,  educated  himself 
and  became  an  officer  of  some  importance.  In  this  section  dwelt  also  old 
"  Deer-in-the-Water, "  "Sleeping  Rabbit,"  "Otter  Lifter"  and  "Seven 
Nose, ' '  whose  very  names  have  reference  to  stirring  accounts  of  legendary 
adventure,  and  who  were  renowned  in  their  day  as  leading  men  in  their 
tribe.  South  of  where  the  town  of  Dalton  now  stand.s  dwelt  Chief  Red 
Bird  near  the  beautiful  Hamilton  Spring.  He  was  a  devotee  of  the  race- 
track and  met  an  untimely  death,  for  while  drunk  he  was  thrown  from 
his'  horse.  He  was  buried  directly  west  of  the  spring,  and  his  grave  is 
now  covered  by  a  railroad  embankment.  Two  miles  south  of  the  town 
lived  "Drowning  Bear,"  a  mighty  hunter.  His  feats  are  still  recalled,  and 
a  creek  which  flows  through  the  place  bears  the  name  of  Drowning  Bear 
Creek.  Near  the  center  of  the  town  was  the  ball  ground,  a  beautiful  level 
spot  shaded  by  forest  trees,  where  the  contending  parties,  with  faces 
painted  in  the  brightest  of  colors,  headed  by  their  chiefs,  met  and  engaged  in 
ball  playing.    A  monument  to  the  Confederate  dead  now  marks  this  place. 

The  Council  Ground  of  the  Cherokee  Indians  was  ideally  located.  On 
the  east  and  west  it  was  protected  by  the  hills,  through  which  roamed  game 
in  abundance,  deer,  turkeys,  foxes,  wolves  and  bears,  and  which  the  Indians 
never  killed  unnecessarily.  Four  immense  springs  in  a  radius  of  two  miles 
were  included  in  the  Council  Ground  which  extended  north  and  south  for 
some  distance,  its  exact  size  is  now  a  matter  of  conjecture.  As  the  Indians 
I)urned  the  leaves  every  year  no  undergrowth  marred  the  beauty  of  the 
forest,  which  resembled  a  park. 

On  Georgia  soil  stood  the  council  house,  very  near  the  center  of  the 
Council  Ground,  and  less  than  100  feet  from  the  Tennessee  line.  This 
council  house  was  later  renowned  as  the  treaty  cabin,  for  it  was  occupied, 
so  says'  tradition,  by  General  Winfield  Scott  and  General  Twiggs,  who 
were  sent  to  Red  Clay  to  remove  the  Indians.  About  1850  it  was  moved 
to  a  spot  a  few  feet  northwest,  and  a  large  rambling  dwelling  now  stands 
on  the  original  site  of  the  council  house.     In  1911  it  was  demolished. 


East  of  the  council  house  was  a  large  grove  of  oaks,  where  the  chiefs 
and  counselors  smoked  their  pipes  and  deliberated  upon  the  affairs  of  their 
nation.     Not  far  distant  was  the  grave  of  Sleeping  Rabbit,  a  famous  chief 


1038      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

and  warrior.  A  mound  of  rocks  overgrown  with  bushes  and  vines,  still' 
marks  his  resting  place.  The  famous  Indian  cure-all,  Tuc-a-le-chee-chee- 
wah-wah  (drink  and  live  spring),  is  nearby.  To  this  spring  the  Indians 
brought  their  sick,  believing  they  could  be  cured  by  drinking  the  water. 
This  failing,  they  immersed  the  patients  in  the  water,  and  if  a  cure  was 
not  effected,  other  remedies  were  deemed  fruitless,  and  they  were  left  to 
die.  About  a  mile  north  of  the  old  council  house  was  Deep  Spring.  Tra- 
dition tells  us  that  the  Indians  held  this  beautiful  dark  blue  spring  in 
greatest  awe,  for  they  believed  it  bottomless.  A  ledge  of  rock  projects  itself 
across  the  upper  east  side  and  falls  sharply  back,  and  at  this  spot  no  bottom 
has  ever  been  found,  either  by  the  red  or  white  man.  Tradition  says  that 
when  the  edict  of  banishment  came  that  many  Indians  gathered  from  the 
tribes  and  cast  their  treasures  into  its  depths,  happier  to  bury  them  in 
the  sacred  waters  than  to  leave  them  to  the  paleface. 

When  the  dusky  warriors  and  maidens  were  gathered  together  for  re- 
moval westward,  the  assembled  chiefs  and  counselors  met  at  the  Golincil 
Ground  under  the  spreading  oaks  and  murmuring  pines,  and  after  smoking 
the  pipe  of  peace,  in  imploring  attitudes  turned  their  dark  eyes  to  heaven, 
pulled  the  swinging  limbs  to  them,  and  in  their  wild  devotion  bedewed 
the  sprigs  and  branches  with  their  tears.  When  the  final  departure  drew 
near  all  arms  were  taken  from  the  Indians  and  they  were  marched  between 
files  of  soldiers.  Tradition  says  that  a  chief  known  as  "Big  Bear"  had 
but  a  short  time  before  buried  his  wife  and  only  child,  and  that  in  his 
deep  grief  he  implored  that  he  be  spared  the  life  of  an  exile.  His 
prayers  were  unheeded  and  he  was  forced  to  take  up  the  march.  He  se- 
cured a  bayonet  and  hiding  it  under  his  blanket,  as  he  passed  by  the 
graves  of  his  loved  ones,  broke  from  his  companions  and  threw  himself' 
across  the  mound,  and,  falling  upon  the  sharp  bayonet,  he  was  pierced  to 
the  heart,  thus  dying  by  those  he  loved  dearer  than  life.  And  today,  ''side 
by  side,  in  their  nameless  graves  the  lovers  are  sleeping, ' '  for  General 
Twiggs,  in  sympathy,  ordered  a  Christian  burial.  The  Indians  turned 
their  faces  westward,  journeying  hundreds  of  miles,  through  forest  and 
over  desert,  sometimes  drenched  with  rain,  sometimes  consumed  with  thirst, 
thousands  dying  on  the  long  march  of  months,  and  thus  began  the  "exile- 
without  an  end  and  without  an  example  in  story. '  '* 

March,  1913.  Willie  S.  White. 


WILCOX 

Abbeville.    Wilcox  County  was  ors^anized  in  1857  from 

Dooly,  Irwin  and  Pulaski,  and  was  named  for 

General  Mark  Wilcox,  a  distinguislied  officer  of  the  State 


♦Authorities  consulted:  White's  Statistics,   Rev.  A.  R.  T.  Hambiight  and 
Mr.   F.    T.    Hardwick. 


Wilkes  1039 

militia  and  a  dominant  figure  in  ante-bellum  State  poli- 
tics. Abbeville  was  made  the  new  county-seat.  Some 
of  the  more  prominent  of  the  early  pioneer  citizens  of  the 
county  were:  O.  R.  Reid,  D.  Reid,  J.  L.  Wilcox,  M.  G. 
Fortner,  Thomas  Warren  and  James  Holt.  On  Septem- 
ber 5,  1883,  the  town  was  incorporated,  with  Stephen 
Bowen  as  mayor  and  Messrs.  W.  A.  McLane,  Robert  J. 
Fitzgerald,  L.  M.  Gunn,  S.  N.  Mitchell,  James  A.  Stubbs 
and  E.  V.  Johnson  as  councilmen.  Abbeville  is  located  on 
the  Ocmulgee  River,  and  when  a  part  of  the  county  was 
taken  to  form  Dodge,  in  1870,  it  left  Abbeville  near  the 
extreme  eastern  edge  of  Wilcox. 


WILKES 

Washington.  On  the  site  of  Heard's  Fort,  in  1780,  arose 
the  present  town  of  Washington,  the  first 
town  in  the  United  States  to  be  named  for  the  great 
commander-in-chief.  Its  charter  of  incorporation  was 
granted  by  the  Legislature  on  December  7,  1805,  in  an 
Act  providing  for  its  better  regulation.  The  commis- 
sioners named  at  this  time  were :  Francis  Willis,  James 
Corbett,  Felix  H.  Gilbert,  Thomas  Terrell  and  William 
Sanson.*  In  the  neighborhood  of  Washington,  there 
were  two  pioneer  schools  of  wide  note,  one  of  them  taught 
by  Rev.  Hope  Hull,  who  was  probably  the  first  Methodist 
preacher  in  Upper  Georgia;  the  other  taught  by  Rev. 
John  Springer,  the  first  Presbyterian  minister  ever  or- 
dained in  the  State.  Among  the  pupils  of  Dr.  Springer 
were  Jesse  Mercer  and  John  Forsyth,  both  of  whom  were 
destined  to  the  highest  honors.  When  Josiah  Penfield 
left  at  his  death  a  sum  of  money  with  which  to  found  a 
school,  Jesse  Mercer  sought  by  every  means  within  his 
power  to  secure  this  school  for  Washington;  and  his 
failure  to  do  so  was  one  of  the  keenest  regrets  of  his  life. 
But  he  nevertheless  made  this  school  the  object  of  his 


'Clayton's  Compendium,  p.  278. 


1040      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

most  devoted  interest,  and  today  it  bears  the  name  of 
Mercer  University.  One  of  the  first  plants  ever  estab- 
lished in  Georgia  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  wool- 
len goods  was  located  near  Washington,  where  likewise 
the  first  cotton  gin  was  erected.  The  name  of  this  pio- 
neer industrial  enterprise  was  the  Wilkes  Manufacturing 
Company,  as  appears  from  an  Act  approved  December 
13,  1810;  and,  included  among  the  stockholders  were: 
Matthew  Talbot,  Boiling  Anthony,  Benjamin  Sherrod, 
John  Bolton,  Frederick  Ball,  Gilbert  Hay  and  Joel  Ab- 
bott.* In  the  old  Heard  House,  in  Washington,  a  land- 
mark which  formerly  faced  the  town  square,  was  held 
the  last  meeting  of  the  Confederate  Cabinet.  Some  of 
Georgia's  most  distinguished  sons  have  been  residents  of 
this  historic  town;  but  since  these  have  already  been 
mentioned  in  Volume  I,  it  is  needless  to  repeat  them  here. 
The  reader  is  also  referred  to  the  preceding  volume  of 
this  work  for  additional  facts  in  regard  to  Washington. 


Wilkes  in  the     with   respect   to   the   part  which   the   County   of   Wilkes 
Revolution.  played    in   the    drama    of    the   Eevoliition,    it    is    enough 

to  say  that  the  name  by  which  the  Tories  called  it 
was  the  Hornet 's  Nest.  The  expression  is  most  apposite.  For  nowhere 
was  the  spirit  of  independence  so  characteristic  of  the  rugged  frontiersman, 
more  defiant  of  tyranny  or  more  eager  to  accept  the  gage  of  battle  than 
in  the  forest  stretches  of  upper  Georgia.  The  most  wanton  acts  of  bru- 
tality known  to  the  reign  of  terror  under  Toryism  were  perpetrated  in 
Wilkes  upon  defenceless  women  and  children  by  Tory  bands  who  respected 
neither  age  nor  sex — who  felt  neither  pity  nor  remorse.  The  wild  car- 
nivals of  slaughter  which  occurred  in  Wilkes,  where  the  torch  and  the 
bludgeon  alternately  flashed  in  the  eyes  of  helpless  victims,  doomed  to  an 
ignominous  death,  shamed  even  the  savage  orgies  of  the  ancient  Aztecs. 
But  it  was  not  until  the  fall  of  Savannah  into  the  hands  of  the  British, 
exposing  the  up-country  to  the  perils  of  invasion,  that  scenes  of  unbridled 
license  like  these  transpired.  Then  it  was  that  Elijah  Clarke  began  to  ride 
night  and  day  through  the  wilderness,  gathering  his  faithful  dragoon.s. 
It  is  estimated  that  not  less  than  300  frontiersmen  were  enlisted — first  and 
last — under  his  standard,  though  he  never  seems  to  have  commanded  more 
than  100  men  in  any  engagement. 


"Clayton's  Compendium,   p.    G6i 


Wilkes  1041 

It  is  not  a  little  singular  that  a  county  like  "Wilkes,  which  bore  so 
dramatic  and  prominent  a  part  in  the  struggle  for  independence,  should 
possess  a  dearth  of  unmarked  graves.  Few  of  the  last  resting  places  of 
the  Bevolutionary  veterans  of  Wilkes  are  known,  though  the  whole  region 
fairly  bristled  with  steel,  when  the  crimson  tide  of  invasion  reached  the 
foothills.  The  explanation  is  doubtless  to  be  found  in  the  unsettled  con- 
ditions of  pioneer  life  on  the  exposed  frontier.  Elsewhere  will  be  foimd 
a  partial  and  incomplete,  but  somewhat  lengthy,  list  of  the  officers  and 
privates  who  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Kettle  Creek.  Where  these  brave 
men  lie,  who  supported  the  arms  of  Washington,  beside  what  streams,  or 
in  what  hidden  nooks  and  corners  of  the  forest,  will  be  known  only  when 
the  sea  and  the  land  alike  shall  give  up  their  dust,  but  with  the  light 
before  us  it  may  be  gravely  doubted  if  there  is  al  belt  of  woods  on  the 
American  continent  which  is  richer  in  heroic  ashes  or  represented  by 
brighter  or  prouder  names  on  the  muster  rolls  of  the  Eevolution. 


Heroic    Women    of         ^^o^"    ^"^'^^^    ^^^^    women    of    Wilkes    cast    in    less 
the  Reiffn  of  Terror      ^^^^^^   molds.      Hannah    Clarke— though   little    is 
j~        .  said    of   her   by    the    historian — was   one    of   the 

under  Toryism.  bravest  heroines   of  the  Eevolution.     Due  to  the 

exploits  of  her  husband  as  a  leader  of  the  ^Vliigs  in  upper  Georgia,  it 
fell  to  her  lot  to  endure  many  hardships  and  indignities  at  the  hands 
of  the  Tories.  The  ordeals  which  she  experienced  during  these  troublous 
times  were  manifold.  On  one  occasion,  when  Colonel  Clarke  was  absent 
from  home,  the  roof  over  her  head  was  burned,  and,  with  a  family  of  several 
children,  she  was  driven  shelterless  into  the  forest.  Later  she  was  robbed 
of  a  horse  on  which  she  "was  riding  to  meet  her  husband,  near  the  border 
line  between  North  Carolina  and  Georgia;  and,  at  still  another  time,  when 
accompanying  her  husband  on  one  of  his  campaigns,  a  horse  was  shot 
from  under  her,  and  it  was  only  by  a  miracle  that  she  escaped  instant  and 
violent  death.  The  mishap  occurred  on  the  outskirts  of  a  field  where  a 
skirmish  was  in  progress.  Two  children  were  with  her  in  the  saddle,  both 
of  whom  likewise  escaped  without  harm.  It  was  not  unusual  for  this  fear- 
less woman  to  attend  her  husband  in  his  campaigns,  in  order  to  be  near  at 
hand  in  the  event  he  should  happen  to  be  wounded  or  fall  a  prey  to  the 
malaria  of  the  swamps.  She  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Augusta,  when 
Colonel  Brown  surrendered;  and,  notwithstanding  the  numerous  insults 
and  outrages  heaped  upon  her  by  the  Tories,  she  counseled  humanity  in 
the  treatment  of  prisoners.  Mrs.  Clarke  attained  to  a  ripe  old  age  and 
lived  to  see  the  State  of  Georgia  prosperous  and  contented  under  the 
Federal  Constitution.  She  survived  General  Clarke  by  twenty-eight  years. 
According  to  White,  she  was  buried  beside  her  illustrious  husband  at 
Woodburn.  But  no  trace  of  either  grave  can  be  found  within  the  present 
borders  of  Wilkos.  Testimony  at  this  day  points  conclusively  to  the 
burial-place  of  General  Clarke  in  what  is  now  the  County  of  Lincoln. 


1042     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Nancy  Hart,  at  the  time  of  her  celebrated  encounter  with  the  Tories, 
was  a  resident  of  Wilkes,  living  near  the  Beaver  Dam  ford,  on  the  Broad 
Eiver,  in  a  section  afterwards  formed  into  Elbert. 

Sarah  Williamson,  if  somewhat  more  cultured,  was  not  a  whit  less 
-courageous  than  either  of  the  above-named  heroines  of  Wilkes.  She 
came  of  an  excellent  old  Huguenot  family,  and,  before  her  marriage  to 
Mica j ah  W^illiamson,  was  Sarah  Gilliam,  of  Henrico  County,  Va.,  a  niece 
of  the  distinguished  Dr.  Deveraux  Jarratt,  an  Episcopal  clergyman.  It 
is  said  that  Colonel  Williamson,  who  was  then  a  man  of  large  means,  gave 
sixty  negroes  for  the  fertile  upland  plantation,  over  which  he  installed 
his  fair  bride  as  the  young  mistress.  She  proved  to  be  an  expert  man- 
ager; and,  when  her  husband  was  at  the  front,  she  not  only  ran  the 
plantation,  but  also  kept  the  looms  and  the  ovens  busy,  furnishing  supplies 
to  the  army  as  well  as  to  her  own  household.  Nor  did  she  escape  the 
perils  incident  to  frontier  life  during  the  reign  of  terror  in  upper  Geor- 
gia. The  Tories,  incensed  by  the  activities  of  her  husband,  took  peculiar 
delight  in  annoying  Mrs.  Williamson.  One  day  they  made  a  raid  upon 
her  home,  and,  after  gorging  themselves  with  plunder,  applied  the  torch. 
It  is  said  that  the  Tories  also  hanged  her  eldest  son  in  her  presence,  com- 
pelling her  by  force  to  witness  the  murder  of  her  own  offspring.  Colonel 
Williamson  received  a  number  of  severe  wounds,  from  the  effects  of  each 
of  which  his  devoted  wife  nursed  him  back  to  health.  When  the  home  place 
was  burned  by  the  Tories,  she  refugeed  with  her  slaves  to  North  Carolina, 
where  she.  remained  until  hostilities  ceased. 

The  family  of  children  reared  by  this  extraordinary  woman  was  patri- 
archal in  size  and  distinguished  in  character.  Five  sons  lived  to  complete 
useful  careers.  Her  daughters — six  in  number — ^became  famous  belles  of 
the  up-country,  during  the  era  of  peace  which  followed  the  Eevolution, 
and  they  each  married  husbands  who  attained  to  high  eminence  in  public 
affairs.  Nancy  married  John  Clarke,  who  afterwards  became  Governor  of 
Georgia.  Sarah  married  first  Judge  Griffin  and,  after  his  death,  Judge  Tait, 
the  latter  of  whom  served  for  ten  years  in  the  United  States  Senate  from 
Georgia.  Susan  married  Dr.  Thompson  Bird.  Her  daughter  Sarah  became 
the  wife  of  Judge  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Sr.,  and  the  mother  of  the  great  jurist 
and  statesman  of  the  same  name,  who  served  on  the  Supreme  Bench  of 
the  United  States,  in  the  national  Senate,  and  in  the  Cabinet  of  President 
Cleveland.  Mary  married  Duncan  G.  Campbell,  for  whom  Campbell  County 
was  named,  and  who  Signed  the  famous  treaty  of  Indian  Springs.  He  was 
also  the  pioneer  champion  of  female  education  in  Georgia.  His  son,  John 
A.  Campbell,  occupied  a -seat  on  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  United  States 
and  took  part  as  a  commissioner  in  the  celebrated  conference  at  Hampton 
Eoads.  Martha  married  a  Fitch  and  Elizabeth  a  Thweat,  both  men  of  fine 
business  and  social  connections.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that,  besides  landing 
for  her  daughters'  the  capital  prizes  in  the  matrimonial  lottery,  Sarah  Will- 
iamson also  furnished  from  among  her  descendants,  two  illustrious  judges 
to  wear  the  ermine  of  the  nation 's  highest  court  of  appeals. 


Wilkes  1043 

How  a  Great  Chris-  It  is  not  generally  known  that  the 
tian  School  was  Fi-  handsome  fortnne  npon  which  Mer- 
nanced  by  a  cer  University  was  built  came  from 

Colonial  Jew.  the  coffers  of  a  Colonial  Jew,  whose 

grave  is  still  to  be  found  by  the 
wayside,  near  his  old  home,  on  the  Augusta  road,  some 
eight  miles  from  Washington,  Ga.,  where,  according  to 
his  express  wishes,  he  was  buried  in  an  upright  position. 
There  is  no  lack  of  evidence  to  support  the  statement 
,that  the  original  endowment  of  the  great  Baptist  school — 
barring,  of  course,  the  Penfield  legacy — was  derived  in 
this  manner.  The  facts  are  well  knoMTi  to  the  people  of 
Washington.  But  to  give  them  the  proper  attestation, 
Dl".  H.  R.  Bernard,  auditor  of  the  Mission  Board  of  the 
Georgia  Baptist  Church,  may  be  cited  as  authority  for 
the  story  which  is  here  told.  In  a  communication,  dated 
October  12,  1911,  and  addressed  to  Dr.  Joseph  Jacobs,  of 
Atlanta,  a  former  pupil,  this  well-known  Baptist  minis- 
ter, narrates  the  story  as  follows :    Says  he : 

"Dear  Friend:  In  1798  a  Mr.  Simons,  a  resident  at  the  time,  I  sup- 
pose, of  Wilkes  County,  Georgia,  married  a  Miss  Nancy  Mills.  Mr.  Simons 
■was  an  Israelite.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable  means  and  very  active 
and  very  popular  in  business  circles ;  and  in  the  course  of  time  accumu- 
lated a  handsome  property.  In  his  day  we  would  have  said  that  he  was 
rich.  The  date  of  his'  death  I  do  not  find  recorded,  but  it  was  some  time 
previous  to  1827.  His  large  estate  was  heired  by  his  widow,  Mrs.  Nancy 
Simon.  Jesse  Mercer,  a  very  devout  and  worthy  Baptist  minister,  a  man 
of  very  high  standing  in  his  denomination  and  in  this  county,  who  had  lost 
his  wife  some  time  before,  married  Mrs.  Simon^  and  came  into  possession 
and  into  control  of  large  means. 

"During  the  lifetime  of  Mrs.  Simons,  after  her  second  marriage,  which 
covered  a  period  of  less  than  fourteen  years,  she  readily  entered  into  the 
benevolent  enterprises  suggested  by  her  husband,  Mr.  Mercer.  Mr.  Mer- 
cer, in  his  own  right,  was'  not  worth  property,  but  he  was  a  man  of  thrift 
and  fine  business  judgment,  and  was  benevolently  inclined,  and  conceived 
that  the  very  best  thing  he  could  do  for  after  generations  was  to  found  a 
college.  Mercer  University  was  the  result,  a  very  flourishing  institution  in 
Georgia  at  this  time,  with  many  years  of  useful  service  back  of  it,  and 
with  a  prospect  of  useful  service  for  years  to  come.  It  numbers  now 
about  400  students. 

"Mr.  Mercer  lived  fourteen  years  after  his  second  marriage,  and  he 
and  his  wife,  agreeing  always,  contributed  continuously  to  the  enterprise 


1044     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

of  founding  Mercer  University.  At  his  death  he  willed,  with  advice  from 
his  wife,  formerly  given,  all  the  residue  of  his  estate,  after  his  honest 
debts  were  paid,  to  the  endoA\Tnent  of  Mercer  University.  I  have  tried  to 
ascertain  from  our  records  the  exact  amount  of  his  benefactions  to  the 
university,  but  have  not  been  able  to  do  so.  It  is  safe,  however,  to  esti- 
mate from  $40,000  to  $400,000.  So  you  see  that  Mercer  University  is 
largely  indebted  to  the  skill  and  enterprise  of  a  Jewish  financier,  for  much 
the  larger  part  of  its  life  and  power. 

"A  copious  Providence  this,  which  founds  a  Christian  college  on  Jewish 
corner-stones. 

"By  the  way,  Mr.  Simons — or  Captain  Simons,  as  he  is  sometimes  re- 
ferred to — is  down  in  our  history  as  a  remarkably  kind  and  faithful  hus- 
band. His  wife,  while  not  a  professed  religionist  of  any  faith,  was'  fond 
•of  going  to  church  and  entertaining  ministers  at  her  home.  In  all  this 
she  was  warmly  supported  by  her  good  husband.  In  fact,  he  frequently 
attended  religious  services  with  her.  She,  too,  was — in  the  lifetime  of 
both  her  husbands — a  most  estimable  wife,  fulfilling  every  obligation  that 
came  to  her  as'  a  married  woman.  She  was  devoted  to  the  interests  of  her 
home  and  did  her  part  at  every  point. 

* '  Sincerely  your  friend, 

(Signed)  "H.  R.  Bernard." 


Eccentric  Cap-     '^^  quote  a  local  historian :  *    "  The  old  brick  academy, 
tain  Simons  ^^  which  Jesse  Mercer  preached  before  the  church  was 

built,  stood  near  the  home  of  a  young  widow,  a  very 
charming  "sister  Baptist" — Mrs.  Nancy  Simons,  daughter  of  John  Mills, 
and  widow  of  Captain  Abram  Simons.  Mr.  Mercer  admired  her  very  much, 
and  on  the  Ilth  day  of  December,  1827,  they  were  married.  As  Mr.  Mercer 
got  the  greater  part  of  the  money  which  founded  Mercer  University  from 
this  wife  it  is  interesting  to  know  something  of  Captain  Simons,  the  man 
who  made  the  money.  He  lived  six  miles  east  of  Washington,  Ga.,  on 
the  Augusta  road;  his  old  home  is  standing  yet;  upstairs  in  it  is  a  very 
large  room  built  for  dancing,  and  is  today  called  the  'ball-room.'  Abram 
Simons  was  a  colonial  Jew,  of  strong  plain  sense,  though  uneducated;  he 
made  a  large  fortune  and  was  sent  to  the  Legislature. 

"Mr.  Mercer,  in  writing  his  wife's  obituary,  said  Simons  was  a  man  of 
the  world,  who  loved  to  surround  himself  with  men  of  high  standing  and 
•'big  names.'  In  short,  he  was  a  sporting  man,  was  a  member  of  the  Au- 
gusta Jockey  Club,  and  entertained  lavishly.  However,  this  was  not  very 
much  to  the  taste  of  the  refined  little  woman,  whose  veins  were  filled  with 
the  aristocratic  blood  of  the  Mills.  Yet,  it  is  said  she  loved  her  husband, 
and  he  was  extravagantly  proud  of  her. 


*Miss  Annie  M.   Lane,   Regent,   Kettle  Creek  Chapter,  D.   A.   R.,   Wash- 
ington,   Ga.. 


Wilkes  1045 

"Xot  long  ago  I  visited  the  grave  of  Captain  Simons.  It  is  on  the 
roailside  in  a  rock  enclosure.  No  monument  or  stone  tells  who  is  buried 
there,  though  he  was  a  Eevolutionary  soldier,  and  a  man  of  wealth. 


Buried    in    an    Up-    "Wlien  he  came  to  die  he  had  his  grave  prepared 
Hfrht  Po<?itiotl  ^^^  walled  up  with  solid  rock.     He  left   orders 

that  they  bury  him  standing  on  his  feet  with  his 
musket  beside  him  to  fight  the  devil  with.  His  orders  were  carried  out- 
His  coffin  was  placed  on  the  end,  and  this  necessitated  the  digging  of  a 
grave  twice  the   usual   depth. 


The   Widow    Simons.      "Nancy  Simons  IMercer  made  Jesse  Mercer  an 
excellent  wife.     With  refined  and  cultured  man- 
ners she  entertain  his  friends  in  a  manner  which  was  to  his  taste.     She  was 
a  beautiful  little  dark-eyed  woman,  who  always  dressed  faultlessly. 

' '  In  the  book  called  '  The  Story  of  Wilkes  County, '  by  Miss  Bowen, 
I  find  the  following:  'It  is  said  that  when  Mr.  Mercer  went  to  the  tailor 
for  new  clothes,  Mrs.  Mercer  always  went  with  him  and  was  always  very 
particular  to  order  that  the  backs  of  his  waistcoats  should  be  made  of  yellow 
satin.  Yellow  was  her  favorite  color,  and  always  graced  the  ribbons  of  her 
best  bonnets  and  caps.'  " 


' '  Mercer 'S  Cluster. "  "  Mr.  Mercer  's  life  was  now  greatly  to  his  taste, 
with  a  fortune  at  his  disposal  and  a  relaxation 
from  the  hard  frontier  life.  His  pen  was  employed  in  writing  for  the 
press,  and  his  fame  went  abroad.  About  this  time  he  had  published  '  Mer- 
cer 's  Cluster, '  a  book  of  poems,  later  converted  into  hymns. 


The  Christian  Index,  "in  1833  the  Christian  Index,  which  had  been 
edited  for  several  years  at  Philadelphia,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Baptist  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  under  whose  auspices 
the  paper  was  first  commenced  at  Washington,  D.  C,  the  management  was 
transferred  to  Jesse  Mercer.  He  bought  at  his  own  expense  new  press  and 
type,  costing  $3,000,  and  removed  the  Index  to  Washington,  Ga.  It  was 
published  (that  and  a  temperance  paper)  in  a  two-story  dwelling  at  the 
corner  of  Main  and  Depot  Street=.  S^me  years  after  the  Index  was  moved 
to  Penfield,  Ga.  My  father.  Dr.  James  H.  Lane,  bought  the  house  and  had 
it  remodeled,  and  when  the  old  mantels  and  wainscotings  were  taken  down 
old  manuscripts  of  interest  were  found.  I  was  born  in  that  house.  We 
have  an  old  writing  desk  at  which  Jesse  Mercer  did  his  editorial  work. 


1046     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Mr.  Mercer's   Great       "On    account    of    failing    health,     ]\Ir.    Mercer 
Disappointment.  ^^''^^  "P  *^®  editorship  of  the  paper,  and  in  1840 

he  gave  it  to  the  State  Baptist  Convention,  with 
all  its  appendages.  Mr.  Mercer  had  purchased  the  old  brick  school-house 
near  his  home,  on  'Mercer  Hill,'  and  it  was  the  dream  of  his  life  to 
establish  a  college  there.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Josiah  Penfield,  of 
Savannah,  left  $2,500,  on  the  condition  that  they  raise  the  same  amount 
to  build  a  school  for  the  education  of  young  preachers.  In  1833  the 
legacy  was  turned  over  to  the  convention,  and  Mr.  Mercer  made  a  hard 
fight  to  have  the  school  located  at  Washington,  Ga.,  and  it  Avas  the  disap- 
pointment of  his  life  that  the  school  was  located  at  Penfield.  However,  he 
made  donations  of  large  sums  of  money  at  different  times  to  maintain  the- 
college.     In  1838  the  name  of  Mercer  University  was  given  it. 

' '  In  May,  1833,  Nancy  Mercer  was  stricken  with  paralysis  while  walk- 
ing in  her  flower  garden  and  lingered  just  one  year,  never  being  able  to 
utter  a  word  or  walk  a  step,  and  on  the  following  May  passed  away,  When 
all  nature  was  beautiful.  They  covered  her  grave  with  the  flowers  from  her 
own  garden,  those  which  she  had  so  tenderly  cared  for.  Some  of  these 
flowers  are  to  be  seen  now  in  the  garden  tended  by  the  gentle  Sisters  of 
St.  Joseph,  who  walk  where  the  feet  of  Mrs.  Mercer  once  trod.  Mr.  Mer- 
cer's' letters  about  her,  to  be  found  in  'Mallary's  History,'  are  truly 
touching. 

"Mr.  Mercer  died  September  the  6th,  1841,  near  Indian  Springs,  while 
on  a  visit  to  a  friend.    He  was'  buried  at  Penfield. ' ' 


The  Hills   and      '^^^o  of  Georgia  's  most  distinguished  and  honored  f am- 
the  PoDes  ^^^^^  ■were  planted  in  Wilkes  at  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 

tion: the  Hills  and  the  Popes.  These  families  have 
frequently  intermarried;  and  there  is  scarcely  a  Southern  State  in  which 
they  are  not  today  represented.  Abraham  Hill  settled  in  Wilkes  County, 
Ga.,  in  1780  or  1781.  By  tradition  he  was  of  Scotch-Irish  extraction. 
His  grandparents'  removed  from  Nansemond  County,  Virginia,  to  Chowan, 
now  Gates  County,  North  Carolina,  in  1770;  and  here  he  was  born 
in  1730.  There  were  four  brothers,  Abraham,  Henry,  Isaac  and  Theophilus. 
Abraham  Hill,  in  1756,  married  Christian  Walton,  a  daughter  of  Thomas 
Walton,  who,  in  1757,  was  a  member  from  Chowan  County  in  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  seveuteen-sixties 
he  settled  in  what  was  afterwards  Wake  County,  and  became  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace  and  member  of  the  first  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions 
for  Wake  County,  in  1771.  He  was  re-elected  to  this  office  in  December, 
1778,  by  the  Provincial  Congress  of  North  Carolina,  and  there  is  strong 
presumptive  evidence  that  he  had  served  in  this  capacity  during  the  inter- 
mediate period.  On  removing  to  Wilkes  County,  Ga.,  at  the  time  above 
mentioned,   he   acquired   lands  on   both   sides   of   Long   Creek,   about   three 


Wilkes  1047 

jniles  above   its  confluence   with  Dry  Fork  and  about   twenty   miles   nortli- 
west  of  Washington. 

His  home  must  have  been  very  near  the  Indian  line.  For,  in  1790  the 
Cherokee  border  was  only  twenty  miles  west  of  Washington.  During  this 
same  year  it  was  removed  twenty  miles  further  west,  but  there  was  still 
little  security,  either  to  life  or  to  property,  in  this  exposed  neighborhood. 
Abraham  Hill  died  in  1792 ;  his  wife  in  1808.  Here  they  lie  buried  on  the  old 
estate.  In  the  same  area  sleeps  their  son,  Thomas,  and  his  wife,  Sarah 
McGhee,  and  their  grandson,  James  A.  Hill,  and  his  wife,  Amelia  Hill. 
These  two  last  were  first  cousins.  In  the  late  seventeen-eighties  Abraham 
Hill  erected  a  large,  commodious  frame  homestead,  esteemed  in  those  days 
as  truly  palatial.  It  was  probably  the  first  plastered  house  in  this  part 
of  Georgia.  Completed  in  1790,  it  remained  practically  unaltered  as  late 
as  the  eighteen-seventies,  when  it  passed  into  alien  hands. 


Burwell,  Willis,  John,  Henry  Augustine,  and  Wiley  Pope,  five  brothers, 
were  born  in  North  Carolina.  Burwell,  the  eldest,  was  born  in  1751  and 
was  only  twelve  years  old  when  his  father  died.  He  married  in  1792 
Priscilla  Wootten,  a  sister  of  Thomas  Wootten,  a  pioneer  immigrant  to 
Wilkes;  at  some  during  the  Eevolution  he  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
and  a  member  of  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  for  Wake 
County,  N.  C,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  of  North 
Carolina  at  Halifax,  in  1781-1782.  He  removed  to  Wilkes  County,  Ga., 
probably  in  1787,  as  in  July  of  that  year  he  obtained  from  the  State  1,300 
acres  of  land  in  Wilkes.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  from 
Oglethorpe  County,  in  1794-1795,  and  a  member  from  the  same  county 
in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1798.  He  strenuously  opposed  and 
voted  against  the  Yazoo  Fraud,  and  with  indignation  and  wrath  repulsed 
and  denounced  a  tentative  step  to  bribe  him.  His  death  occurred  in 
1800.  At  this  time  he  was'  in  his  forty-ninth  year.  His  wife  died  in 
1806.  Both  are  buried  at  the  old  homestead  near  Pope's  Chapel,  in  Ogle- 
thorpe County,  Ga. 


Besides  four  daughters,  Abraham  and  Christian  (Walton)  Hill  had 
-eight  sons,  only  one  of  whom  failed  to  reach  adult  years.  Burwell  and 
Priscilla  (Wootten)  Pope  had  three  sons  and  four  daughters.  Now  begins 
the  intermarriage  of  these  families.  Three  of  Abraham  Hill's  sons  mar- 
ried daughters  of  Burwell  Pope,  while  two  of  his  daughters  married  Bur- 
well Pope 's  brothers,  viz.,  Henry  Augustus  and  Wiley.  It  seems  that  the 
men  of  the  latter  family  made  reprisals  for  the  capture  of  their  sisters 
by  the  men  of  the  former,  or,  to  quote  the  late  Judge  Pope  Barrow,  "the 
Hills  and  the  Popes'  intermarried  backwards  and  forwards,  right  and  left. ' ' 


1048      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Two   of   Abraham   Hill 's   sons   married   daughters,   and   two   of   his   grand- 
daughters married  sons,  of  Micajah  McGehee.     One  son  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Benjamin  Andrew,  of  Liberty  County,  Ga.,  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  Safety  during' the  Revolution,  and  an  uncle  of  Bishop  Andrew.     Another 
son  married  Miss  Polly  Jordan.     One  daughter  married  Josiah  Jordan,  and 
another    Benjamin    Blake.      Burwell    Pope 's    fourth    daughter    married    a 
Holmes.     His  eldest  son  died  unmarried.     One  married  Miss  Sallie  Davis, 
and  Burwell,  Jr.,  married  Sallie  K.  Strong.     This  Burwell  was  commissioned 
a  brigadier-general  in  1828,  and  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  Florida  In- 
dian War.     He   died   in  Athens  in  1840.     Henry  Augustine   Pope,   by  his 
first  wife,  had  only  one  daughter  and  a  son,   Middleton,   to  reach  mature 
years.       From     this     son,     who     married     Lucy     Lumpkin,     are     descended 
the  Barrows  of  Athens.     Henry  Augustine  Pope,  by  his'  second  wife,  had 
a  daughter  and  two  sons.     One  of  the  latter  was  twice  married.     His  first 
wife   was   Sarah   Toombs,   sister   of   Hon.   Robert  Toombs,   and   his   second 
wife.  Miss  Addie  Davis.     Colonel  Wiley  and  Polly   (Hill)   Pope  had  thrpe 
sons'  and  a   daughter.     The  latter  married  a  Huling.     One  son  married  a 
Callaway,  and  their  son  Wiley  became  the  father  of  22  children,  only  five 
of  whom  reached  mature  years.     Another  son  died  at  Scull  Shoals,  on  the 
Oconee  River,  while  a  third  son,  Wiley  Hill  Pope,  died  near  Independence, 
in  Wilkes  County,  in  1868,  leaving  two  sons  who  lived  with  their  mother 
in  Coweta,  or  Meriwether,  Covmty,  near  Hogansville.     John   Pope  married 
a  Miss  Smith,  and  died  in  1821,  leaving  six  daughters  and  two  sons. 

Henry  Hill,  a  brother  of  Abraham,  married  Sarah  Cotten.  They  came 
from  North  Carolina  to  Wilkes  about  1787.  He  died  about  1800,  and 
his  wife  in  1812-1814.  They  had  four  sons,  viz.,  John,  Abraham,  Theophilus 
and  Henry — these  names  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  four  sons  of  Abraham. 
There  were  also  four  daughters,  one  of  whom  married  Colonel  William 
Johnson,  for  many  years  the  sheriff  of  Wilkes.  Another  married  a  Josey, 
and  from  them  is  descended  Mrs.  J.  C.  C.  Black,  of  Augusta.  Another 
married  Josiah  Woods,  and  a  fourth  daughter  married  Henry  Pope. 

Burwell  Pope  Hill  and  Lodowick  Meriwether  Hill,  sons  of  Wiley,  and 
grandsons  of  Abraham  Hill,  married  daughters  of  Colonel  William  Johnson^ 
their  second  cousins.  After  Burwell  Hill's  death,  his  widow  married 
Rev.  William  D.  Martin,  of  M'eriwether  County,  Ga.  She  was  the  grand- 
mother of  Justice  Warner  Hill,  Mrs.  Justice  Samuel  Atkinson,  Governor 
John  M.  Slaton  and  Hon.  W.  M.  Slaton,  Superintendent  of  the  Public  Schools 
of  Atlanta.  The  wife  of  Judge  Benjamin  H.  Hill  is  a  granddaughter  of 
Colonel  Lodowick  Meriwether  Hill. 

Isaac  Hill,  a  brother  of  Abraham,  came  from  North  Carolina  to  Wilkes 
about  1787,  but  later  in  life,  resided  either  in  Clarke  or  in  Franklin. 

Abraham  Hill 's  progeny,  though  not  as  numerous  as  the  stars  of  heaven, 
yet  are  sufficient  in  numbers  to  attest  the  appropriateness  of  his  name, 
scripturally  defined  as  ' '  the  father  of  a  great  multitude. ' '  The  descend- 
ants of  the  Hills,  Popes,  and  McGehees,  will  be  found  in  almost  every 
section  of  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Texas.     Impelled  by  the  ad- 


Wilkes  1049 

veutiirous  spirit  of  the  Anglo-Saxon,  so  strikingly  manifested  in  their 
forefathers,  whenever  the  population  became  dense  or  crowded  or  the  soil 
failed  to  respond  in  abundant  fruitfulness  to  their  labors,  they  severed 
all  family  and  local  ties  and  migrated  westward.  They  wanted  broader 
acres',  with  greater  opportunities  for  acquiring  wealth  and  for  obtaining 
advancement  in  professional  and  political  life.  To  this  day,  they  are  a 
sturdy,  industrious,  law-abiding,  peace-loving  and  God-fearing  people. 
They  have  striven  arduously  to  acquire  not  only  a  competence  but  a  liberal 
supply  of  worldly  goods,  the  possession  of  which  gives  power,  influence,  and 
the  ability  to  do  good.  They  are  proud  of  their  ancestry  and  love  their 
kindred,  but  their  neighbor  no  less.  They  illustrate  and  exemplify  in 
their  lives  an  abiding  faith  in  the  proverb  that  "a  good  name  is  rather 
to  be  chosen  than  great  riches,  and  loving  favor  rather  than  silver  and 
gold."  In  agricultural,  commercial,  and  industrial  lines,  many  have  be- 
come wealthy;  while  not  a  few  have  won  distinction  in  political  and 
professional  life  and  have  filled  with  credit  to  themselves  and  with  profit 
to  their  country,  pofjitlons  of  great  honor  and  trust. 


Historic  Homes     Eleven   miles  northwest   of  Washington,   on  the  south 
of  Wilke"?  ^^^^  °"^  *^^   road  to   Danielsville,   stood  the   old   home 

of  Gen.  John  Clark,  afterwards'  Governor  of  Georgia. 
Gen.  Clark  was  for  years  one  of  the  most  commanding  characters  in  the 
early  history  of  the  State.  On  one  of  the  tombs  in  the  old  burial-ground 
is  lettered  this  inscription :  ' '  George  Walton  Clark,  son  of  John  and 
Nancy  Clark,  born  January  11,  1797;  died,  October  27,  1798."  Here,  on 
the  night  preceding  the  battle  of  Kettle  Creek,  the  Eevolutionary  troops 
were  encamped.  In  the  year  1800,  this  fine  old  estate  became  the  property 
of  Col.  Wiley  Hill.  The  original  building  was  a  large,  commodious  frame 
structure,  of  the  best  type  then  prevalent,  but  in  the  eighteen-fifties,  after 
the  death  of  Mrs'.  Hill,  it  became  the  property  of  their  youngest  daughter, 
Mrs.  William  M!.  Jordan.  She  razed  the  old  building  and  erected  in  its 
stead  what  was  probably  the  handsomest  home  in  the  county,  but,  unfor- 
tunately, within  a  year  after  its  completion,  this  magnificent  dwelling  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  It  was  replaced  by  a  roomy  cottage,  but  this  has  since 
been  removed  and  there  now  remains  nothing  except  the  burial-ground  to 
mark  the  site.  Col.  Wiley  Hill,  his  wife,  and  a  number  of  their  family 
are  here  interred. 

The  homestead  of  Col.  Lodowick  Meriwether  Hill,  one  of  the  most 
stately,  imposing,  and  beautiful  in  the  county,  is  situated  fifteen  miles 
northwest  of  Washington  on  the  road  to  Danielsville  and  one  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  line  of  Oglethorpe.  It  was  originally  a  large  two-story 
frame  building,  erected  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  last  century,  with 
eleven  rooms,  and  a  wide  veranda.  In  the  eighteen-fifties,  it  was  remod- 
eled on  the  Colonial  style,  with  fourteen  rooms,  four  of  which  were  20  by 


1050     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

20  feet  each.  There  were  wide  halls  running  through  from  east  to  west, 
opening  upon  wide  porches,  and  still  wider  halls  running  north  and  south 
from  the  front  to  the  center  of  the  building ;  besides  a  wide,  loug  colonnade, 
with  massive  fluted  columns,  three  feet  in  diameter,  supporting  the  para- 
pet roof.  The  upper  front  hail  opened  upon  a  balcony.  This  handsome  old 
home  is  still  in  a  perfect  state  of  preservation  and,  save  an  addition  of 
two  rooms  in  the  rear,  is  just  as  it  was  in  the  fifties.  The  various  buildings 
on  the  place,  such  as  barns,  gin  houses,  etc.,  were  large  and  imposing.  All 
were  substantially  built  and  kept  in  splendid  repair.  There  were  so  many 
of  them  that  the  place  appeared  more  like  a  town  than  a  country-seat. 
Mr.  A.  P.  Anthony,  who  married  Miss  Lucy  Hill,  is  the  present  owner 
and  occupant. 

The  homestead  of  Col.  Wiley  Pope  Hill  is  situated  eight  miles  north- 
west of  Washington  on  the  Danielsville  road.  It  is  a  large  two-story 
frame  building  with  a  wide  veranda.  It  stands'  in  a  beautiful  grove  of 
forest  trees  and,  s.ave  an  addition  of  some  two  or  more  rooms  made  in  re- 
cent years,  looks  just  as  it  did  when  built.  His  widow,  Mrs.  Jane  (Austin) 
Hill,  died  last  year  in  her  eighty-ninth  year.  One  daughter  and  two  sons 
now  own  and  occupy  the  old  homestead. 


Washington!  There  is  not  a  town  in  the  State  around  whose  majestic 
old  homes  there  clusters  more  of  architectural  beauty,  of  social  charm, 
of  intellectual  culture,  or  of  historic  renown.  Most  of  these  homes  are 
built  on  the  stately  pattern  peculiar  to  the  spacious  days  of  the  old  South; 
and  while  the  spirit  of  modern  enterprise  is  everywhere  ajDparent  in  this 
wideawake  community  it  is  still  fragrant  with  the  memories  of  a  gentler 
time.  ' '  Haywood, ' '  the  splendid  old  home  of  Judge  Garnett  Andrews, 
was  built  in  1798,  by  Gilbert  Hay,  Esq.,  a  gentleman  of  wealth,  well 
known  to  the  people  of  the  State  a  hundred  years  ago.  He  was  John 
Clark's  second,  in  his  famous  duel  with  William  H.  Crawford.  "Hay- 
wood ' '  is  today  owned  by  Mrs.  T.  M.  Green,  a  daughter  of  Judge  Andrews. 
The  home  of  Gen.  Toombs  is  still  one  of  the  chief  centers  of  attraction 
in  Washington.  This  fine  old  Colonial  mansion  was  built  by  Dr.  Joel 
Abbott,  in  1815.  It  was  subsequently  remodeled  by  Gen.  Toombs,  who 
here,  during  the  ante-bellum  period,  dispensed  a  hospitality  characteristic 
of  this  princely  Georgian.  Col.  F.  H.  CoUey,  who  married  Miss  Kate 
Toombs',  a  niece  of  the  General,  now  owns  and  occupies  the  mansion.  The 
Alexander  home,  built  by  Felix  Gilbert,  great  grandfather  of  Mr.  Charles 
Alexander,  is  now  the  home  of  the  Misses  Alexander.  It  dates  back  to 
the  year  1808.  In  the  rear  of  this  home  stands  the  famous  Presbyterian 
poplar,  one  of  the  largest  trees  in  the  State.  The  handsome  old  Lane 
home  was  built  in  1798.  It  was  the  old  home  of  Garland  Wingfield,  and 
was  moved  from  Walnut  Hill,  where  the  Eev.  John  Springer  taught  his 
noted   school.      This    property   now   belongs   to    Misses   Annie    and   Emmie 


MOUNT    PLEASANT: 
The    Old     Home    of    the    Talbots,     Near    Washington,    Ga. 


Wilkes  1051 

Lane,  great  nieces  of  Garland  Wingfield.  The  Cleveland  house,  built 
by  Albert  Semmes,  and  owned  by  A.  Cleveland,  is  now  the  property  of 
J.  T.  Lindsay.  The  Jesse  House,  built  as  a  Methodist  parsonage,  in  1815, 
was  the  home  of  the  Semmes  family  for  years.  It  is  now  owned  by  Col. 
J.  M.  Pitner.  The  Tupper  home,  built  in  1804,  by  Albert  Semmes,  was  re- 
modeled in  after  years  by  the  Eev.  H.  A.  Tupper,  D.  D.,  who  occupied  it 
for  some  time.  It  is  now  the  home  of  Mr.  E.  A.  Barnett,  a  former  mayor 
of  Washington.  The  old  Fielding  place,  built  in  1819,  on  a  lot  bought  in 
1794,  for  years  the  home  of  Dr.  Fielding  Ficklin.  It  is  now  owned  by 
Dr.  Lynden.  The  Alexander  Pope  place,  built  in  1814  and  afterwards 
remodeled  by  Mr.  Pope,  is  now  the  home  of  Dr.  Simpson.  The  Gabriel 
Toombs  place,  built  by  the  father  of  Gabriel  Toombs,  was  once  the  home 
of  Merrell  Callaway,  father  of  James  Callaway,  Esq.,  of  Macon.  It  is 
now  owned  by  Mr.  Augustus  Toombs. 


Mt.  Pleasant:  The  in  Volume  I  of  this  work  will  be  found  a  brief 
Old  Talbot  Home.  reference  to  this  historic  old  landmark,  a  part  of 
which  is  still  standing,  near  Smyrna  church,  on 
the  old  road  to  Lineolnton.  While  it  reaches  back 
to  the  days  of  John  Talbot,  the  Virginia  immigrant,  and  was  also  the 
home  of  Matthew  Talbot,  an  honored  chief -magistrate  of  Georgia,  it  was 
known  for  years  prior  to  the  Civil  War,  as  the  home  of  Thomas  Talbot, 
an  elder  brother  of  the  Governor.  This  revered  old  patriarch  lived  to  cele- 
brate his  eighty-sixth  birthday.  Distinguished  for  his  great  piety  there 
is  a  current  anecdote  which  will  illustrate  his  reputation  in  this  respect. 
It  was  customary,  in  the  early  days,  to  hold  court  near  the  cross-roads. 
One  day  the  Bible  was  missing,  and  there  was'  nothing  on  which  to  swear 
witnesses.  Wliereupon  a  man  walked  up  to  Thomas  Talbot,  and,  slapping 
him  on  the  shoulder,  said :  ' '  Swear  by  Talbot,  he 's  next  to  the  Bible. ' ' 

Thomas  Talbot's  father,  John  Talbot,  was  the  wealthiest  land-owner 
in  Wilkes.  Just  after  the  Eevolution,  or  just  before — there  is  some  doubt 
on  .this  point — he  acquired  a  large  body  of  land  in  this  part  of  the  State, 
containing  some  50,000  acres.  He  settled  on  these  lands  in  1783.  John 
Talbot  served  in  the  Legislature  and  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  Convention 
in  Augusta,  called  to  ratify  the  Federal  Constitution.  He  gave  five  acres 
of  land  to  Smyrna  church,  part  of  it  to  be  used  as  a  burial-ground;  and 
here,  within  a  walled  enclosure,  just  to  the  rear  of  the  church,  this  revered 
old  pioneer  today  sleeps.  Whitney,  the  inventor  of  the  cotton  gin,  some- 
time in  the  seventeen-nineties,  lived  on  a  small  farm  of  eighty  acres,  ad- 
joining Mr.  Talbot's  plantation,  on  which  he  set  up  one  of  his  gins — • 
probably  the  first  ever  erected.  Later,  the  old  gin  house  became  appur- 
tenant to  the  Talbot  estate.*  But  for  years'  rice  and  tobacco  were  the 
chief  crops  raised  in  Georgia,  especially  by  the  Virginia  planters. 


♦See  Vol.  I,  p.  1052. 


1052      Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Major-General  W.  H.  T.  Walker,  a  gallant  Confederate  officer,  who 
lost  his  life  in  the  battle  of  Atlanta,  on  July  22,  1864,  was  a  descendant 
of  Thomas  Talbot.  Madam  Oetavia  Walton  LeVert,  perhaps  the  most 
celebrated  Southern  woman  of  her  day,  belonged  to  this  same  family 
connection.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Talbot  Belt,  the  last  member  of  the  Talbot 
family  born  at  Mount  Pleasant — the  old  Talbot  home  in  Wilkes — is  now 
living  in  her  eighty-sixth  year  at  Millen,  Ga.  She  is  a  gentle  lady  of  rare 
intellectual  gifts,  with  a  vigor  of  mind  marvelous  for  her  years;  and  she 
is  never  more  delightfully  reminiscent  than  in  telling  of  her  girlhood 
days  in  Wilkes.  Mrs.  Belt  is  connected  also  with  the  famous  Washington 
family  of  Virginia,  as  the  following  record  made  in  her  grandfather's 
Bible  will  attest: 

"Thomas  Talbot  and  Elizabeth  Creswell,  married  August  22,  1790» 
Laurens  District,  S.  C,  by  the  Rev.  John  Springer.  Elizabeth  Creswell 
was  the  only  daughter  of  Mary  Garlington  and  the  Eev.  James  Creswell. 
Mary  Garlington  was  the  grand-daughter  of  Annie  Ball,  fourth  daughter 
of  Col.  Eichard  Ball,  and  half-sister  of  Mary  Ball,  the  mother  of  George 
Washington. " 


WILKINSON 

Irwinton.  In  1905  Wilkinson  County  was  organized  ont 
of  a  part  of  the  lands  acquired  from  the  Creek 
Indians,  under  the  treaty  at  Fort  Wilkinson,  and  was 
named  for  General  James  Wilkinson,  of  Revolutionary 
fame,  one  of  the  commissioners  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States  to  treat  with  the  Creeks,  at  Fort  Wilkinson.  The 
town  was  incorporated  by  an  Act  approved  December  4, 
1816,  with  the  following-named  commissioners,  to-wit. : 
Solomon  Worrell,  David  Roland,  Adam  Hunter,  Peter 
McArthur  and  William  Beck.^  When  the  town  was  re- 
incorporated in  1854,  the  commissioners  named  at  this 
time  were :  Elbert  J.  Gilbert,  Nathaniel  A.  Carswell,  Will- 
iam Taylor,  Wade  F.  Sanford  and  William  0.  Beall.- 
During  this  same  year  a  charter  was  granted  for  the 
Talmage  Normal  Institute,  with  the  following  board  of 
trustees:  Green  B.  Burney,  Thomas  N.  Beall,  William 
Fisher,  Eleazer  Cumming,  E.  J.  Gilbert,  N.  C.  Hughes, 


'  Lamar's  Compendium,   p.   1024. 
=  ActS,    1S53-1854,    p.    254. 


"Worth  105:3^ 

Leroy  Fleetwood,  F.  D.  Ross,  James  Jackson,  Joel  Deese, 
R.  L.  Story,  R.  I.  Cochran,  N.  A.  Carswell  and  William 
Taylor.^  Some  of  the  early  representatives  of  Irwin 
County  in  the  General  Assembly  were — Senators:  John 
Ball,  Robert  Jackson,  John  Hatcher,  William  Beck, 
Samuel  Beall,  Daniel  M.  Hall,  W.  G.  Little  and  Joel 
Rivers;  Representatives:  John  T.  Fairchilds,  Matthew 
Carswell,  Daniel  Hicks,  Charles  Culpepper,  Morton  N. 
Burch,  Osborn  Higgins,  Benjamin  Mitchell,  Benjamin 
Exum,  James  Neal,  Joel  Rivers,  William  G.  Little  and 
John  Hatcher. 


WORTH 

Sylvester.  On  December  20,  1853,  portions  of  two  older 
counties,  Dooly  and  Irwin,  were  organized 
into  a  new  county  called  Worth,  in  honor  of  a  distin- 
guished officer  of  the  Mexican  War,  General  William  J. 
Worth,  a  son-in-law  of  General  Zachary  Taylor.  This 
same  Agt  authorized  the  Inferior  Court  judges  to  locate 
a  site  for  public  buildings  and  to  make  a  purchase  of 
whatever  land  was  necessary,  and  out  of  this  legislation 
grew  the  present  town  of  Sylvester,  one  of  the  most  en- 
terprising communities  of  South  Georgia.  Its  charter 
of  incorporation  was  granted  December  21,  1898,  with 
W.  H.  McPhane  as  mayor  and  Messrs.  C.  W.  Hilhouse,^ 
W.  A.  Jones,  J.  G.  Polhill  and  W.  L.  Sikes  as  councilmen. 
Sylvester's  present  public  school  system  was  established 
in  1900.  Some  of  the  pioneers  who  represented  Worth 
County  in  the  Legislature  were:  Daniel  Henderson.  ^1. 
Simmons,  G.  G.  Ford,  Royal  R.  Jenkins,  W.  J.  Ford,  J. 
M.  Summer,  David  H.  Champion  and  D.  McClellan. 


*  Acts,    1853-1854,    p.    146. 
=  Acts,    1S98,    p.    269. 


1054:     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 


PindartOWn,  On  the  banks  of  the  Flint  Eiver,  called  by  the  Indians 
"  Thronateeska, "  has  been  located  the  site  of  an  old 
Indian  village,  known  as  Pindartown.  In  after  years  there  was  a  white 
settlement  of  some  importance  at  this  place.  Pindartown  was  for  a  long 
time  the  only  post-office  in  this  part  of  the  State,  and  when  Newton  and 
Palmyra  arose  it  was  for  years  a  recognized  rival  ©f  these  towns.  It  was 
even  the  post-office  for  Albany,  until  1836,  when  the  latter  town  received 
its  first  charter.  Its  location  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Flint  gave 
it  fine  prospects  at  one  time,  but  with  the  rise  of  Albany,  its  glories  began 
to  fade.  There  are  numerous  local  traditions  to  the  effect  that  Oglethorpe 
himself  here  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians. 


Whitfield  1055 


ADDENDUM 


WHITFIELD 


History  of  Dalton.  The  city  of  Dalton,  formerly  Cross  Plains,  was 
incorporated  in  1847.  Captain  Edward  White, 
a  Northern  man,  was  at  the  head  of  a  syndicate  who  bought  the  land 
on  which  the  city  was  built. 

In  selecting  the  location,  he  planned  for  a  great  city,  surveying  the 
streets,  and  setting  aside  sites  for  parks,  school  houses,  churches  and 
public  buildings.  Dalton 's  three  principal  streets  are  a  mile  in  length 
by  a  hundred  feet  in  width.  As  there  was  no  large  town  between  Knox- 
ville,  Tenn.,  and  Augusta,  Ga.,  he  believed  that  Dalton  would  become 
the  metropolis  of  North  Georgia.  At  that  time  Eoss'  Station  (Chatta- 
nooga)  and  Marthasville   (Atlanta)   were  only  clusters  of  cabins. 

Captain  White  was  a  man  of  great  public  spirit  and  donated  many  sites 
for  public  buildings  to  the  city. 

Associated  with  him  in  the  syndicate  were  a  number  of  men  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  building  of  the  town.  Many  of  the  Dalton 
streets  were  named  for  these  men.  The  main  business  street  was  named 
for  Colonel  John  Hamilton,  and  the  beautiful  residence  street,  Thornton 
Avenue,  was  named  for  Colonel  Mark  Thornton;  Pentz  Street  was  named 
for  Mr.  Frederick  Pentz,  and  Morris  Street  for  James  and  Franklin  B. 
Morris. 

The  city  was  named  for  the  wife  of  Captain  White,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Miss  Emma  Dalton.  She  was  a  daughter  of  General  Tristram 
Dalton,  who  was  at  one  time  speaker  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  of 
Massachusetts. 

Until  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Captain  Whites'  dream  of  a  great 
future  for  Dalton  seemed  about  to  be  realized,  for  it  was  a  busy,  prosper- 
ous place,  with  handsome  churches  and  business  houses,  two  banks,  three 
hotels  and  many  beautiful  homes,  with  a  cultured,  refined  people,  of 
whom  their   descendants   are  justly  proud. 

The  war  changed  all  this,  and  Dalton  was  left  in  ashes,  with  only  a 
few  houses  standing,  to  show  where  the  town  had  once  been.  One  of 
the  few  homes  that  was  not  burned  was  the  home  of  Captain  White.  It 
was  torn  down  a  few  years  ago,  and  a  handsome  residence  erected  on 
the  site  by  Mr.  Lynn  Denton. 

Many  of  the  early  settlers  were  from  South  Carolina,  Virginia  and 
South  Georgia. 


lOoG     Georgia's  Landmarks,  Memorials  and  Legends 

Tlie  first  Mayor  was  A.  E.  Blount,  and  the  one  serving  during  the 
time  of  the  war  was  Judge  Elbert  Sevier  Byrd. 

The  first  Ordinary  of  the  county  was  William  Gordon.  The  first 
Sheriff  was  Captain  Fred  Cox,  and  the  first  Clerk  of  the  Court  was  John 
Anderson,  and  the  first  will  probated  was  that  of  Thomas  Wylie. 

In  1S44  a  German  colony,  under  the  leadership  of  Count  Frederick 
Charles,  settled  in  North  Dalton.  Some  of  the  names  of  men  comprising 
this  colony  were:  Peter  and  Adam  Kriescher,  Herman  and  Augustus 
Yeager,  A.  Liiipman,  Charles  Knorr,  A.  Bolander,  Henry  Raucheuberg, 
Augustus  Gun<tz,  Adam  Pfanakhche,  John  Setzefant  and  numbers  of 
others. 


A  list  of  pioneer  citizens  of  Whitfield  County: 


Captain  Ed  White 

Franklin  B.  Morris 

Major  James  Morris 

Dr.  F.   T.   Black 

Thomas  Co.ok 

Dr.   John  Harris 

John   Anderson 

Garland   Jefferson 

C.  C.  MeCrary 

Wick  Earnest 

Charles  Adams 

Charles  Barry 

Dr.  J.  Bailey 

.Tabez  Pitman 

R.  S.  Eushton 

.Tames   Buchanan 

Jack  Oliver 

Prof.  John  Tyler 

Judge   AVilliam   P.   Chester 

Col.  J.  A.  R.  Hanks 

Col.  J.  A.  W.  Johnson 

Judge  Leander  Crook 

Dr.  B.  B.  Brown 

Rev.   Levi  Bxotherton 

Rev.   George   Selvidge 

T.  S.  Swift 

Col.  Patrick  MeCowan 

Col.  J.   T.  Whitman 

John  Xorris 

Andrew  Norris 

Major  James  Bard 

Mark  Thornton 

Col.  T.  E.  Shumate 

Dr.  John  Allen 

Lewis  Bender 

Dr.  M.  R.  Banner 

Dr.  Foute 


Dr.  Waugh 
Frank  .Jackson 
Robert  O'Neill 
John  Hill 
Bob  Hill 
Ralph  Ellison 
John  Beaty 
Judge  Dawson  Walker 
Wiley  Farnsworth 
Anderson  Farnsworth 
Robert  Burner 
John  Henry  King 
Rev.  H.  C. 'Carter 
C.   B.   Welborn 
Dickson  Taliaferro 
James  Dongly 
Captain  Fred  Cox 
Judge  Jesse  Freeman 
Col.  W.  K.  Moore 
J.  F.  Denton 
Richard  Tarver 
Dr.  Winston  Gordon 
Col.  Jesse  Glenn 
Judge  Ebert  S.  Bird 
John  Hamilton 
Judge  Underwood 
Wilson  Green 
Joseph  Lvnan 
J.  N.  B.  Cobb 
Jack  Cobb 

Thomas  Henderson,  Sr. 
Captain   A.  P.  Roberts 
Henry  Davis 
Warren  R.  Davis 
Col.  Charles  E.  Broj'les 
Amos  Sutherland 
Rev.  A.  Fitzgerald 


♦Authority:  Mrs.  Warren  Davis,  historian  John  Milledge  Chapter,  D. 
A.  R.  Information  received  too  late  to  be  inserted  in  the  proper  con- 
nection. '' 


Whitfield 


1057 


A.  E.  Blunt 

Mr.  Holt 

Nathaniel  ilarben 

Dr.  Groves 

John  and  Nick  Bitting 

Major  Harden 

Jesse   Trotter 

J.  M.  Crute 

J.  W.  Sitton 

William  Nichols 

John   P.   Love 

James  Fields 

Mr.  Cnyler 

Mr.  Crawford 

David  Ware 

Mr.  Havpthorn 

Mr.  Spencer 

Mr.  Thompson 

.John  Eeynolds, 

Mr    Wright 

Jacob  Wrinkle 


William  Hammond 
Lawrence  Barrett 
Ed  Craigmiles 
Mr.  Sims 
Duff  Green 
Thomas  Jolly 
Albert  Senter 
Mr.  Lother 
Mr.  Fincher 
George  Williamson 
Tim  Ford 
John  Hackney 
Mr.  Emory 
Mr.  Franklin 
Mr.  Bishop 
Frederick  Pentz 
Mr.  Paxton 
Mr.  Sasseen 
Henry  Wrench 
Mr.  Gate 
J.  B.  Nichols 


INDEX 


VOLUME  ONE 


A 

Abbott,  B.  F 571 

Joel  Dr 1046,1062 

John    925 

Lewis  574 

W.   L. 571 

Wm.  W.,  Jr.   (foot-note) 147 

Abercorn,  a  dead  town 532 

Duke    of,    an    English    noble- 
man    532 

Abercrombie,   Chapman  Capt 1017 

Charles  Maj.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    866 

James   657 

Richard    525 

Robert    lOlS 

Thomas   681 

Abbeville,    the   county  seat   of  Wil- 
cox     1032 

Abrahams,    Edmund    H.,    quoted 

(foot-note)    97,   101 

Acadlans,   The    176 

Acock,  Mr 1001 

Acres,   Leonard    789 

Acton,    a  dead    town 395,  396 

Acworth,    Ga 210 

Adair,    A.    D 571,579 

G.    B 579 

George  W 568,571 

Mitchell  S 850 

WiUiam    A 850 

Whitmael   A 850 

W.   F 567,  571 

Adairsville,  Ga 294 

Adams,    A 798,948 

Benjamin    720 

Cuthbert    789 

David    162,698 

David    R.    Judge 869 

Edward     416,773 

Col.,   of  Gordon 62  7 

I.    H.    Mrs 237 

James    678,977 

John,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

53,  632,  957 

John    B 627 

John  Quincy 166,  963,  971 

Martin    467 

Nipper    803 

Reuben,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     880 

Robert   632 

Samuel   B 600 

Thad.    Capt 4  76 

William    E 865  860 

Adamson.   John   W 368,371 

Robert,    Secretary    to    Mavor 

Oaynor    451,452,606 

Tilden    452 


Wm.    C,    Congressman 371 

Adderhold,    H.    D.    Dr 563 

Adel,    Ga 302 

Addicorn,    M 1015 

Agassiz,   Louis  Prof 292 

Agnes  Lee  Chapter,  U.  D.  C 510 

Agnes    Scott    College 50'9,  581 

Agriculture,   Georgia  State  College 

of    426,  435 

Ainsworth,    W.    N.   Dr.    (Rev.) 202 

Akerman,  Amos  T.  Hon 297 

Akin,   John   W 297 

Paul  F 297,  298 

T.   Warren    297 

Warren    Col 294,297 

Akins,    John    H 929 

Alabama,    70,  128,  149,  163,  170,  171,  305 

Alabama   River   150 

Alamance,    Battle    of 482 

Alamo,    county-seat   of  Wheeler. .  .1027 
Albany,  county  seat  of  Dougherty,   519 

Alberton,    Rev.    Mr 754 

Albright,  Jacob   564 

Oswald    564 

Albritton,    R 337 

Alexander,    Aaron    571 

Asa    939,  943 

A.    D.   Mrs 928 

Col 879 

C.   H 1049 

David    704 

E.  P.   Gen 216,  217,  412,  916 

G.    D 854 

Hugh     342,704 

James,   at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

James   F.    Dr 571,576,645,836 

John   P 607 

Joseph    A 571 

Joseph  Y.  Rev 491 

Julius  M 571 

J.    R 965 

Samuel    Lieut.-Col 1017 

Thomas    W 557 

W.   D 781 

Alford.   Columbus  A 10'65 

James   B 076 

Julius  C.    (the  old  war  horse 

of    Troup>    640,821,978 

Alfriend,  A.  H.  Mrs 164,  346 

Allen,    Albert    H 824 

Beverly,  homicide  and  preacher, 
538,  557,  559,  852,  913 

Ben   T 967,  968 

James,    a    Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     686,  822,  879 

James  M 642 

John    704 

Lewis    821 

]\Toses    Rev 730,731 

Nathaniel   804 


1060 


Index 


Robert   907 

Thomas  V.,  soldier  of  1812.. .804 

Young    271 

Allday,    Joseph    703 

Allgood,   A.    P.   Judge 416,1001 

Charles    D 850 

DeForrest    416,  1001 

E.   W.   Y.   Judge 850 

William 850 

Wm.  A.,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      539,1007 

Wm.    O 850 

Alligood,   Hilary    789 

Sam    789 

Allison,    Mrs 161 

Allman,  J.  I.  Prof 931 

N 416 

Thomas    1018 

Allston,   James  W 318 

Almand,   Ham    919,920,921 

Henry  P 920,  921 

John    H.    Judge 920,921 

Nancy    Mrs 919 

Alpharetta,  county-seat  of  Milton.. 786 

Alpine,    Ga 190,416 

Alston,    W.    H 822 

Altamaha   River    60,  63,  67,  281,  770 

Altoona,  a  Cherokee  village 455 

Amates,   Paul    380 

Amelia   Island    356 

American   Party    303 

American  Soldiers'   Colony  Associa- 
tion     300 

America's   First    Baptism 310,311 

Americus,  county-seat  of  Sumter, 

935,  936 

Amicololah    Falls    758 

Amos,    Elijah   M 496 

James 977 

William    856 

Amour,    John    637 

Anawaqua,   an    Indian   Princess. ..  .364 
Ancient  and  Honorable  Artillery  of 

Boston    590 

Anderson,  Augustus   907 

Capt.,   at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Charles   D.    Gen 684 

Clifford,  Attorney-General 320 

Elisha    907 

Ehsha,   Jr 907 

George    Major    402 

George  D  Judge 469 

George   T.,    Brigadier-General, 
known  as  "Tige  Anderson"  598 

H.    C 823 

Hugh     380 

James      467,907 

J.    Randolph    Hon 54 

John    702,  884,  945 

John    C 795 

John    R 372 

K.    S.   Judge    801 

Moses    994 

Robert    861 

R.   H.    Gen 412 

R.    W.    Capt 861 

Thomas,  soldier  of  1812 835 

T\''m.  a  Revolutionary  soldier  279 

W 939,  943 

Wm 1007 

Wm.    Dr 812 

Wm.    D 469 

Wm.    U.    Capt 490 

Andre,    Major    848,849 

Andrew    Female   College 878,879 

James    727 

James  Osgood  Bishop, 

740,  741,  743,  838,  1061 
Andrews,    Benjamin    727,739 


Eliza  F.   Miss,    quoted   in   re- 
gard to  Cotton  Gin 125,130 

mentioned    1062 

Ezra    571 

Frederick    879 

Garnett   Judge, 

14,  125,  126,  518,  lOBl 

Howell    346 

Isham     727 

James  Capt 594 

J.  C 931 

John,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

496,  843 

Marcus    864,939,943 

Matthew  Page  Prof 46,49 

Raid,   The   Famous 595 

Robins     990 

S.    R 821 

T.    P.    Major 167 

William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     843 

W.   G 823 

Angier,  N.   L.  Dr 571 

Anglin,    James    , 766 

"Anne,   The,"   an  English   vessel  in 
which  the  Georgia  Colonists 

sailed  to  America 55,  378 

Ansley,   Benjamin    766 

Ansley,  C.  F 94  8 

Park    568 

Thomas     1058 

Anthony,   James    715,1058 

Micajah     1058 

Milton    Dr    697,894,895 

Antony,   Middleton   W 365 

Appling,    county-seat   of  Columbia, 

476,  477 

County,    treated    265,267 

Daniel    Col 265,266,276,481 

Sword    of    266,  267 

John    483 

Appomattox,  Battle  of 11 

Arbor    Day    233 

Arch,  John   174 

Arendall,   C.   B.   Rev 801 

Argyle,    Fort    331,332 

Island    396 

Arista,    Gen 624 

Arkansas    Cherokees    180 

Arline,    Jethro    711 

Arlington,    Ga 348 

National  Cemetery    1028 

Armour,   R 656 

Armstrong,    George   F 699 

James    '..361,637,680 

.lohn    1058 

Arnold.  Benedict   848,  849 

Givens  White   787 

House    619 

Mr.,   at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Richard    D.    Dr 185,403 

Washington     490 

Arp,    Bill,    how   Major  Smith   found 

his   pen   name 289,290 

Mentioned    297 

Arrington,    Hardy    879 

Arthur,    J.    M 517 

Articles    of   Confederation 139 

Asbury,    Bishop    839 

Landrum    703 

R.   T.   Prof 792 

Ashburn,  a  story  of  beginnings. ..  .982 

W.     W.    Mr 982,984 

The   town    of 517,981 

The   county-seat   of  Turner.. .979 

Ashe,    Gen 535,923,924 

Ashfield,    Henrv    766 

Ashley,  C 955 

C.    R 753 


Index 


1061 


Marshall    473 

Nathaniel     472,  955 

William    Dr 752,955 

Ashmore,    Otis,    (luoted 517,518 

Askew,    Wm 491 

Astor,    John    Jacob 855 

Mrs 855 

"Astyanax"    422 

Athens   Banner    (foot-note), 

220,  221,  223 
countv-seat  of  Clarke,   founded, 

197,  285,  319,  3G3,  423,  449 
Confederate    Monument.  .440,  442 

Guards     442 

Atkins,    Daniel    1018 

Atkinson,    C 963 

David    Judge     360 

Gov 934 

Hiram    505 

John    P 782 

N.    B 804 

Nathan    L. 979 

P.    M.    Hon 801 

Samuel    C 600,623 

Silas    804 

Spencer  R 600,623 

T.     A.    Judge 784 

Thomas     704 

William  Y.   Gov.,   mentioned, 

576,  59S,  706,  782,  784,  934 
Introduces  bill  creating  Geor- 
gia   Normal    and    Industrial 

College     282 

His   Tomb    490,491,784 

William   Y.   Mrs 787 

Atlanta,   the   county-seat  of  Fulton, 

An  educational  center 579 

A  metropolis  in  flames 577 

Mentioned,       2S,  40,  160,  209,  218, 
22,  243,  276,  366,  457 

Campaign,   The   1028,1034 

Constitution     ...186,  452,  462,  675 
During   the   Civil    War. .  .575,  578 

Historic    Memorials 582,594 

Hotel,    The  Old 575 

Journal    1002,  1035 

National  Bank,   The 598 

Offspring  of  railways    565 

Origin   of   the   name 569 

Pioneer  residents, 

571,  575,  578,  579 

Atlanta's    early    days 569 

Audubon's    Birds    617 

Augusta,  Mentioned,  45,  122,  123,  125, 
140,  147,  224,  228,  236,  283,  343, 
366,    457,    882,    887,     1027,    1028 

Arsenal,    The    905 

Birth-place    of    the    present 

city     (illustration) 114,116 

Canal,    The    904 

(Chartered      893 

Chronicle,    The    45,126,480 

Fort    (illustrated)    11?,  116 

Historic    St.    Paul's 117,121 

Meadow    Garden    122,124 

Princess,    wife    of    Prince    of 

Whales    880 

Siege   of    ns 

County-seat    of   Richmond 880 

Augustine    Creek    105 

"Auld    Lang    Syne" 159 

AumuccuUa.    Chehaw,    or   Cheraw, 

an    Indian    settlement 722 

Austell,    Alfred    Gen.,    365,  571,  577,  598 

Ga 366 

Austin,   James  G.,   a  soldier  of   the 

Revolution     559 

Michael    850 

W.    F 931 


Avary,    Maria    Lockett 605 

Avent,   Joseph    1026 

Avera,    Randolph    330 

Avery,    Elisha    821 

Isaac   W.    Col 604,  900,  1023 

Quoted     287 

Avery's    History    of    Georgia 1023 

Axson,  Ellen  Louisa  (Mrs.  Woodrow 

Wilson)     413,730,732,742 

413,  730,  732,  742 
I.  S.  K.  Rev.,  the  grandfather 

of  Mrs.  Wilson   729,730, 

732,  742 

Samuel    E.    Rev 730 

Samuel    J.    Dr 732 

Stockton    Dr    730 

Aycock,    Rd.,    at   Kettle   Creek 1048 

Wilham     539 

Ayers,    E.    L.    Dr 931 

Martin    668 

Aztecs    77 


Babcock,    C.    T 785 

Baber,   Ambrose    312 

Bacon,    Augustus    O.  .321,  732,  734,  739 

Quoted    588 

DeWitt    C ■. 789 

George   M 789 

Jonathan    727 

Joseph    727 

Milton   E.    Prof 740 

Milton  E.   Rev 973 

Robt.    J.    Major 788 

Samuel    727 

Wr     jj 559 

Baden,    N.    B. . ...  ..."  .  ............ !  !670 

Baggett,    Stephen    365 

Bagley,   H.   C 499,500,501 

Bahama  Islands    12 

Bailey,    B 421 

Bledsoe    678 

David   J 347,929 

Eliz.    Miss    480 

F.    M 690 

Henry    317 

James,    a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     497 

Joel     161 

John     356,571,637 

J.    W • 785 

Joseph   W.    Hon 506,507,654, 

1024 

Nathaniel    864 

Phillip    773 

S.    Gen 977 

Samuel   A 486 

Samuel    T 323,821 

T.    L 327 

W.    A 931 

W.    H 627 

"Wm.,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

W^m 490 

Zachariah     879 

Bailey's    Mills    360 

Bain.    Donald    M 578 

Bainbridge,  county-seat  of  Decatur,  504 

William    504 

Baitman.    C 317 

Baker.    Benjamin    727 

County,    treated    268,271 

Daniel  D.  D.   Rev 740,742 

George    468 

H 896 

John    Col.,    a    Revolutionary 
soldier,    mentioned    ...733,734, 
741,  932,  1018 


1062 


Index 


Sketch    of    268 

Duel  on  horseback  prevented, 

268,  269 

John  W.    Rev 740,822 

Joseph   Rev 571 

Major 735 

Richard     727 

Stephen     734 

Thomas    N.    Dr 501 

WiUiam     727 

Wm.    E.    Mrs 466 

Willis    P 821 

Balboa,   a  Spaniard    768 

Baldwin,   Abraham,    mentioned, 

283,  407,  411,  450,  913,  1016 
Founder    and    President    of 
Franklin    College,    14  0',  141,  142 

Sketch   of    271,272 

A.   J.,    Sr 958,959 

County,    treated    271,285 

Dkvid      766 

M.    H 958,  959 

Robert    638 

Simeon  E.,   Governor  of  Con- 
necticut     591,592 

Thomas     637 

"Wm.    W 571 

Ball,    Anson    1063 

Capt 933 

Green  B 934 

Ball  Ground,  a  Cherokee  village. .  .418 

Mountain    994 

T.   H 821 

Ballard,   James   M 571 

Ballard's    School,    Mrs 581 

"Balm    for    the   Weary    and    the 
Wounded,"    Bishop    Quin. 

tard's    book    120,456 

Baltimore,    Md 3,  45,  46,  47,  130,  236, 

238,  470 

Bancroft's  History  of  U.   S 112 

Bancroft,    James    424 

Bank   of   Augusta,   first  bank  ever 

chartered    in    Georgia 893 

Banks  Building,   Columbus,   a  Con- 
federate    Hospital    where 
"Little  Giffen"   was  an  in- 
mate     40 

County,    treated     285,286 

D.    E 654 

Richard  Dr 540,895 

Sketch   of    285,286 

Bankston,    Abner    346 

Daniel    803 

Jacob    691 

Baptists,   Tomb  of  Daniel  Marshall, 

137,  476,  482 

Mentioned    273 

Barber,    Col.,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     1005,1006 

John   Dr    473 

J.    W.    Dr 699 

Robert     423,424 

Barclay,  Anthony   229,  230 

William    346 

Barge,    B.    F 934,1023 

John   W 934 

Barker,   J.   H.  Col 856 

Rufus,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      1008 

Barksdale,    Isaac    882 

John   1058 

Barlow,    W.    W 936 

Barnard,   Edward    882,884 

William     884 

Barnes,    George   T 915 

Gideon    856 

James    571 

Jethro     681 


Joseph     571 

V.  M 900 

WiUiam     539,571 

Wm.    E 907 

Barnett,  Joel   843 

Nathan    C 1061 

Buries  Georgia's  Great  Seal, 

1056,  1057 

Nathaniel   1057 

S 696 

Sion,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,    694 

William  Dr 538,  1057,  1062 

Barnsley  Garden,  a  lost  Arcadia, 

27,  30,  288 

Godfrey    27,  30 

Madame     29 

Barnwell,    Rhett   W.    Hon 742 

Baron,    T.    G 295 

Barr,    Mathew    704 

Barren,    Samuel    704 

Barrett,   Charles  S 857,998 

John    657 

Josiah    804 

Thomas  J 857,  858 

William    J 856 

Barrette,    D.    B 627 

Barrick,    J.     R 604 

Barrimacke    360 

Barrington  Ferz'y   770 

Fort    770 

Hall    466 

Josiah    Lieut. -Col 770 

Road,   The   770 

Barron,   James   504,  507 

Samuel    795 

Barrow,  David  C.  Dr.,  Chancellor  of 
the  University   of  Georgia, 

53,  277,  424,  433,  434,  753, 
843,  846,  847 

David    C,    Sr 843 

James,    a   Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      274,277 

Middleton  Pope   846 

Pope,  United  States  Senator, 

277,  411,  847 

R 546 

Shadrach    702 

Barrs,    Morgan    326 

Barry,   John  S.,   Governor  of  Mich- 
igan     1064 

Bartbaree,    S 990 

Bartholemew,  John   704 

Bartlett,    Charles   1 322,698 

Isaac    571 

Myron  Dr 309,571 

Barton,    Clara    252 

Nathaniel    H 669 

Sarah,  wife  of  John  Thrasher, 

838 

Bartow    County    27 

Treated    286,  299 

Florence   Long  Mrs 691 

Francis   S.    Gen.,    sketch   of, 

9gc    288 

Mentioned     78,  406,  407i  412 

Theodosius   Dr 78 

Bartram,  William 114,  338,  536,  763 

Barwick,   L.   L 629 

Baskins,    Catherine,   afterwards  Mrs. 

Alexander  Stephens    942 

Basinger,   W.   S.    Capt 400 

Basley,   Richard    884 

Bass,   Abel   879 

E 997 

J 670 

John   Hicks    822 

J.   L.  Hon 552 

Wm.    A.   Prof 578 

W.    C.    Dr.    (Rev.) 202 


Index 


1063 


Bassett,    George,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    890 

Bateman,   Claiborne    318 

Samuel  Col.,   an  officer  in  the 

War    of    1812 684 

Bates,  Anthony  Sergeant,  inscription 

on    monument    to 042 

Asa   821 

Dr 835 

John    656 

J.-    317 

.losacher    318 

Matthias    467 

Thomas   A 318 

Thomas   J 822 

Bath,  an  old  town 908 

Battey,   Robert  Dr 556 

Battle,    Green  B 934 

Charlton    E 824 

Thomas    794 

Thomas   \V.    Dr 934 

Battle,  of  Jack's  Creek 1005,  1006 

Of    BloodyMarhs     73,  77 

Of  LaFayette   999,1000 

Of   the   Kegs 1015,1016 

Of  New   Hope  Church. .  .849,  850 
Of    Chick  a-sawhach-ee.  .269,  270 

Of  Chickamauga   203,  208 

Of  Kettle  Creek    131,134 

Kennesaw  Mountain    ....208,211 

Baugh,   Jeremiah    317 

Baxley,    county-seat   of   Appling, 

265,  267 

Wilson    265 

Baxter,    John,    a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     812 

Thos.     W 424 

Bayless,    Belle    Miss,    quoted 27 

Bayne,    Charles   J 604,917 

John    715 

Bazemore,  W.  J.  Dr 372 

Beach,    S.    M ..629 

Beall,  Chas.  C 1063 

Elias    817 

Jesse  Dr 948 

Josiah  B 1018 

Beall,  Robert  Augustus  Gen.,  men- 
tioned     34,35,323,991,1018 

Samuel    1018,1063 

Thomas   N 864 

William    Gen 369,371 

Beall's  Hill    318 

Beaconsfield,  Lord  302 

Beard,    E.    C 318 

John   H 318 

Robert    680 

Beasley,  Ambrose,  at  Kettle  Creek, 

1049 

David   337 

Major    637 

Beatty,  Henry  1027 

Michael    704 

Robert   1027 

Thomas    704,1001 

Beauchamp,    J.    C.    Dr 857 

Beaufort,    S.    C 408 

Beaulieu,    The,   estate  of   Governor 

Wm.    Stephens    389,  390 

Beauregard,  Gen.  G.  B.  T.,  quoted, 

49,  401,  552 

Beauvoir,   Miss    218 

Beaver  Dam   Creek 542 

Beavers,    James    Litchfield    Capt...366 

John   F 365,  417 

John    S 491 

Reuben   C 365 

Robert    84  4 

Robert   0 365,487 


W.    A.    J 365 

Beck,   Erasmus   W.  Hon 929 

Isaiah    369 

J.    W.    Rev 347,  858 

Lewis  H 578,930 

Marcus    W 600 

Marcus   W.    Judge 347 

T.    J.   Rev 1058 

Beckham,    John    S 670 

Beckom,    Samuel    Maj 278 

Beckom's  Mount    277,  278 

Beddell,  Absalom,  at  Kettle  Creek, 

766,  1045,  1.048 
Beddingfield,    Charles,    at   Kettle 

Creek   1049 

Joseph    1023 

Bedell,    Thomas    G 670 

Beeks,    James    A 929 

Beeland,  David   948 

Zach    949 

Beemer,   Henry   463 

Beland,   Benj 496 

Bell,   Andrew  844 

Annie   M.    Miss 723 

Capt 754 

Col •. 560 

Francis,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier, buried  in  Jackson  Co.,  692 

Hiram    P.    Hon 559 

Horatio  W.    Judge 690,691 

James     538 

Jeremiah  Dr 491 

J.    N.    Mrs 928 

Jackson    W 691 

Lillian,    a  well-known   writer 

of   fiction    604 

Marcus  A 571 

Samuel    1018 

Thomas   M.    Hon.. .  .690,  092,  1032 

W.    R 286 

William    794 

Bell's  Boarding  House,  Mrs 597 

Beman,    Nathan   S.    S.   Rev 428 

Benedict,    S.    C.    Rev 456 

Ben  Hill  County,   treated 299,301 

Bennett,  A.  T.  Capt 692 

Braxton,   a  soldier  of   1812.. 1026 

J.    C.    Dr 690 

John  T 1026 

Joseph    W.    Judge 328 

S.    S.,    of   Camilla 328 

W.   B.   Judge 328 

B.    F 571 

IMicajah,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     822 

Benning,    Anna    C.    Miss 723,815 

Henry  L.  Gen.  and  Judge, 

234,  320,  478,  483,  828 

John     481,  483 

Mary  Miss    815 

Sarah  Cobb  483 

Benson,    John    B 676,677 

Katherine  B.  Mrs.,  first  grad- 
uate of  Wesleyan 201 

Reuben     467 

Bentley,  James,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier    1008 

Bently,  M.  M.  Judge 920,  921 

Benton,    Everett   C.   Col 590 

Jesse     673 

Thomas   Hart    ..302,538,673,687 

Benson,   Moses   W 365 

Bergsteiner,   Matthias    531 

Berkele,    John    571 

Berkley,    Bishop    52 

Berner,    Robert    L.    Col 796,1020 

Bermuda,    Island    of,    now   called 

Colonel's  Island    332,732 


1064 


INOPX 


Berrien    County,    treated 301,305 

John    Major,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     302,704,706,707 

John   McPherson,    the  Ameri- 
can    Cicero,      156,  301,  3U3,  373, 
399,  403,  407,  412,  557 

Berry,   Andrew   J 490 

James    4C8 

John    Col 975 

Martha   Miss    250,261,875 

Martin    P 1039 

Maxwell   R 571 

Mount,   how  the  Sunday  Lady 
won   the   mountains.  ...  250,  261 

School,    The     250,261 

Berryhill,    Alexander    702 

Andrew    704 

Samuel    702 

"W.    H 326 

Bertody,    T.   D 854 

Bessie   Tift   College 791 

Best,    John    P 449 

Bethany,   a  settlement  near  Eben- 

ezer     .  531 

Bethel,    The    Tison,    plantation] !!!  .617 
Bethesda,  the  famous  Orphan  House 
founded    by    Whitfield,    near 
Savannah    .  ..80,  84,  99,  406,  953 

Meaning  of  the   name 82 

Beth-Salem,   church  at  Lexington.  .840 

Bethune,    James   N.   Gen 818,821 

Betts  Family,  The 697 

G.    T 982,  984 

John    S 981,982,983,984 

Mr 982 

R.   L 982,  984 

William    Overton    451 

Bevins,    Roland    317,318 

Bibb    Cavalry    34 

County,  treated    305,324 

George    M 305 

Thomas   Hon 305,540 

W.    W.     Dr 305,  30'6,  538,  540, 

877,  1057 

Biegler,    John    Spiel 531 

Bienville,  French  Governor  of  Louis- 
iana    70 

Bigbee,  James   N.,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    670 

Bigby,    John   Rev 491 

John   S.    Judge 491 

Bigbie,   Thomas  Dr 449 

Bigelow,    B.    F 859 

Major    591 

Biggers,    Joseph,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    822 

Stephen   T.   Dr 571 

"Big   Gully"    278 

Bigham,    Benj.    G.    Judge 978 

Bigshop,    Stephen    766 

Big  Warrior,    description   of    (foot- 
note)      25,  26,   165 

Billups,    Robert   Capt 933 

Billup's  Tavern    142 

Birch,    J 994 

Bird,   Daniel  H 420 

Fitzgerald   Dr 821 

Henry  C 365 

James    337 

John   B 864 

Joseph    976 

Nathaniel   P 821 

Thomas    628 

Thompson   Dr 317,318 

Williamson     1058 

Bishop,    Abner    605 

James    719,720,756 

Mr.,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  838 


Thomas     424 

Bissell,   E.   B 822 

Bivins,    Thomas    774-778 

Black    Creek    505 

Jane    Mrs 926 

J.    C.    C.    Major 582,915 

Orator   at   Chickamauga 204 

Lawson   1001 

W.    A 922 

Blackburn,    Daniel    926 

J.   C.   C.   Dr • 80« 

L 559 

Samuel  Gen.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     540,1057 

Burwell    670 

Blackshear,    David    E.    Gen.,    528,  530, 

716,  720,  721,  785,  852, 

953,  962 

Edward     861,962,963,964 

James    J 963 

J.   M 629 

Road    853,954 

the  county-seat   of  Pierce. ..  .852 

The    Family    Record , 719 

Thomas    E.    Gen 962,963,964 

Blackwell,    J 759 

William    564 

Blair,    D.   W.    Col 464 

Francis    P 992 

James    564,704 

Blaine,   Mr 597 

Blairshard,   Robert    702 

Blairsville,    county-seat    of    Union.. 992 

Blake,    W 656 

Blakely,    Johnston    Capt 526 

Blakely,  the  county  seat  of  Early,   526 

Blalock,    J.   L 546 

Blance,  Joseph  A.   Major 859 

Joseph    G 850 

Blanchard,    Nathaniel    864 

Blandford,    Mark    H 600,640,823, 

828,  1018 

Blantley,   Grover  C 969 

Blassengame,    Powell   10'07 

Wyatt     997 

Bleckley   County,    treated 324,327 

James    876 

Logan  E.  Judge,  Chief  Justice, 
240,  566,  571,  596,  600,  667,  828, 
875,  977 

Recollections  of  324,  325 

Bledsoe,    Jesse    865 

John    702 

Blitch,    Benjamin    R 534 

Benjamin,    Jr 533 

Daniel   1 533 

James    E 533 

Joseph    L 533 

S.    E 533 

William   W .' 534 

Block,    Frank    E 578 

Bloodworth,     Junius     836 

O.    H.    B 796 

Timothy     949 

Bloody  Marsh,  a  decisive  battle 
fouyht  on  St.  Simon's  Is- 
land,  in  which  Spain  lost 

a  continent    50,  55,  59,  72, 

73,  76 

Rancoux 206 

Blount,    Freeman    781 

James    H 322 

Thomas     715 

Blow,    Micajah    949 

Blue    and    Gray 203,301 

Ridge  Mountains    260 

Ridge,    the    county-seat    of 

Fannin    544 


Index 


1065 


Board   of   War 101 

Boaz,    M 628 

Bobo.   S.   M 676 

Boger,    P.    C 421 

Bogg-ess,    Giles    S 369 

Boggs,    A 424 

James    704 

John    704 

Wm.    E.    (Chancellor) 432 

Wm.    R 916 

Bogle,  John  W.  Capt 1036 

Joseph   Judge    1033,1036 

Boles,    Joseph    528 

Bolingbroke's    Letters    (foot-note) ..  .52 

Bolton,    Ga 455 

Robt 383.  387 

Thomas     369 

Bolzius,    John   Martin    Rev 530 

Bomar,    B.   F.   Dr 571 

E.    P.    Dr 968 

Bon   Air  Hotel    905,  916 

Bonar,    William    882 

Bonaparte,   Jerome    67  4 

Bonaventure,    countv-seat    of    the 

Tattnalls     89,92,943 

Bond,    C 803 

Claud    931 

John    714,  715 

Lewis     724 

Mr 635 

M.    L 634 

Bone,    Bailev    .850 

Boney.    L.   W 954 

Bonnell,  J.  M.  Dr 202 

John    926 

Bonner,   Henry,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     1017 

John    369 

Robert    884 

Thomas     360 

Zadoc    369 

"Book  of  Common  Prayer"  ....  120,  456 

Boone,    Daniel    ": 673 

S.    S 774 

Booth.   David  S 308 

Zachariah     715 

Borders,   S.   A.    Capt 859 

Borglum,   Solon   H 587 

Boring,    Jesse   Rev 821,829 

John    M.    Dr 571 

Bornal,   Raphael    98 

Raphael    Mrs 98 

Bornell,   Anthony    920 

Bostick,     Littleberry     884 

Boston   Light  Infantry,   The 591 

Light   Infantry   Veterans 591 

Boston,    Mass 5,  174 

Bostwick,  Chesley,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    708 

Littleberry,   a   Revolutionary 

soldier    157,  70S 

Boswell,    James    .■5  7 

J.    I ^95 

Bosworth,  Josiah    571 

Bothwell,    David    Rev 701,706 

Boudinot,     Elias.  .172,  174,  183,  184,  626 
Murdered   by   hostile   Chero- 

kees    181,  182 

Bourke,    T.    Corporal,    in   Mexican 

War    .396 

Bowdon    College    ,3J7,  368 

Bo-p-dre,   Edmund   Sf.4 

Bowen,   A 945 

Eliza,    quoted    (histoiian), 

131,  1049,  1062 

E.    P 967,  908 

Israel  P 628 

Levi     945 


Wm.    P.    Major 105 

Oliver,  Capt.,  a  Revolutionary 
soldied     ..390,391,410,411,646 

R.    V 301 

Stephen    945 

AVilliam    538,  1058 

W.    R 301 

Bower,    Byron    B.    Judge 506 

Bowers,    William    563 

Wm.    P" 676 

Bowles,    J.    Edgar   Col 591 

Thos 670 

Bowman,   Francis  H.   Rev 731 

Boyd,    Arthur   E.   Mrs 393 

Bain    754 

Col.,  British  Tory  officer,  killed 

at    Kettle    Creek 131,134 

David     945 

Hugh    M 571 

James    926 

J.   F 571 

P.    E.    Capt 348 

Robert     955 

Thomas  J 571 

Boyett,   Isaac    505 

Boykin,    Samuel    Dr 274 

William    720 

Boyle,    Robert    1001 

Boylston,    Henry    578 

Boynton,    Charles   E 578 

Elisha  S 680,  681 

Henry  V.   Gen 203 

Hollis  A 578 

James    S.    Col. .  .596,  681,  928,  929 

James    S.    Mrs 928 

Jefferson    Lamar    348 

Boyt,   J    L.   Col 522 

Bozeman,    J.    B 982,984 

Brack,   Benj.,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier,  grave   marked 339 

Braddock,   an  officer  in  the  French 

and    Indian    War 942,988 

Braddy,    Cullen    lOis 

Nathan    318 

Bradford,    Henry    496 

J.    J.    Rev 789 

Joseph   Rev 94  9 

Nathaniel    949 

Thomas    686 

William    686 

Bradley,  E 781 

Forbes    821 

James     843,  1058 

John    843,  1058 

J.    W 491 

Norman     491 

Bradwell,   S.  D.  Hon 74  0,  757 

Brady,    A.    J 571 

Isaac     5  71 

T.   M.    Capt 419 

W 936 

Bragg,    Braxton   Gen 372,1000,1028 

Oak    1000 

Samuel    1063 

Brampton,   the  home  of  Jonathan 

Bryan     93,  96,  408 

Brand,  Charles  H.   Judge 04  6 

Ehgert    IVI 64  4 

Isaac    100-7 

Brandner,    Matthias    531 

Brandon,  a  forgotten  settlement, 

761,  763 

Brandywine    , 277 

Branham,    A 773 

Branham    or   Brannan,   a   Revolu- 
tionary soldier    421 

Dr 969 

Henry  Dr 864,  867 


1066 


Index 


Joel  Dr.    (Judge) 557.  S67 

Thomas     1058 

Walter   R S67 

Brannen,   William    337 

Brannon,    Calvin    J 667 

James    803 

Bransford,    John    997 

Brantley,    Amos,    a  Revolutionary 

soldier    662 

Benjamin  Daniel   702,853 

J.   J 1029 

James    528,  702 

Jeremiah     702 

William   G 464,623 

Brass   Town    Creek 993 

Brazen,    C.    W 969 

Brazer,    Thurman    T.    Maj 591 

Brazill,    Button    318 

Brears,    W^m.    K 1001 

Breckinridge,    James    704 

John   C.   Gen 212 

Bremer,    Frederlca,    the    Swedish 

novelist    403,617 

Brenau   College    654 

Brewer,    A 955 

David  J.  Justice  (foot-note) .  .376 

Joe    473 

L.   K.  Mrs 928 

Brewers,    The    637 

Brewster,    Elizabeth    Miss 256 

Brewster    Hall    256 

Hugh   Major    4  91 

Brewton,    H.    J 946 

Jonathan   B 946 

J.    C.    Rev 945 

Nathan     945 

Parker  Institute    946 

Samuel    945 

Simon    J 945 

Briar    Creek    923 

Battle    of    338 

Briars,   Wm.    K 416 

Bridges.   Mr.,   at    Kettle   Creek. ..  .104!) 

Bridwell,    J.    W 571 

Sion   571 

Bright,   S.    Ellis  Major 591 

Brinkley,  A 1018 

Briscoe,    R 1007 

W 1007 

British,   see   England. 

Brittain,    M.    L 753 

Britton,    Stephen    387 

"Broad  Ax,"  a  nickname  for  Rev. 

Hope    Hill    1054 

Brodie,    John    532 

Broadnax,    Joel    835 

Broad    River    306,  482 

Settlement    of    1042 

Brockman,   John    B 467 

Broken   Arrow    165 

Brooks  County,  treated 327,330 

E 680 

Edward    773 

George    510 

Ivy     795 

Jacob  R 

John    680,  681 

John  P 420 

John    R 510 

John    S 496,948 

Jordan    F 106 

J.    R 1001 

Larkin      804 

Micajah,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 

dier    858 

Mrs.    Octogenarian    794 

M 680 


Preston   S 327 

Robert    773 

Simon     794 

William,    a  soldier  of   1812.. 1007 

Broom    Town    415 

Broters,    Thomas    696 

Brothersville    (Hepzibah)    906,907 

Brotherton,    William   H 573 

Brown,    A 538 

Allen     702 

Bedford    691 

Benjamin,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     545,  720 

B.    H 959 

B.  P.,   Jr.,   Judge 931 

Capt 310 

Caroline   Lewis   Gordon  Mrs., 

daughter   of  Gen.    Gordon.. 588 
Charles  J.  McDonald  Scholar- 
ship Fund    436 

C.  B 678 

Christopher   B 490 

Col 985 

David   r 174 

Dr 794 

E 794 

Epps  Gen.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     662 

Hugh     361 

James    505 

James  R.   .ludge    421 

Jesse,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     528 

Joe,    plantation  of,  mentioned, 

499,  500 
John,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     880 

John    794 

John    704 

John    Rev 428,1055 

John,  a  Revolutionary  soldier 
buried  in  Camden,  his  epi- 
taph      353,  354 

John   D 1029 

J.    Pope    Col 862 

John   T 774 

Joseph    766 

Joseph   E.,    War   Governor, 
United      States      Senator 
and    Railroad    President, 
45,   159,   288,   297,   418,    419,   421, 
422,  435,  436,  468,  556,  57S,  597, 
600,     716,     845,     859,     992,     993, 
10'3S,    1056 

Joseph    M.,    Governor 53,    107, 

324,  422,  468,  596,  599,  603,  873, 

935,    1056 

Julius    L. 578 

D.  L.    Mrs 495 

Martin    879 

IMrs 656 

Roland     680 

Samuel     882 

Sanders     882 

Stark    1007 

S.    V 676 

William,    Jr 387 

William     538 

"^Villiam     704,  715,  803 

William   Capt 37 

'Wm.    J 688 

Wra.    T 496 

Browne,    Col 884,885 

T.    J.    Hon 698 

Wm.    M.    Gen 447,448 

Browning,    Leo    H 327 

William     634 


Index 


1067 


Brownlee,   Rev.  Mr 801 

Brownsborough,    a  dead   village 910 

Brown's   Mount    317 

Brownson,    Nathan    140,146,738 

Bruce,   Henry,    biographer  of    Gen. 

Oglethorpe    (foot-note) 53 

W.    R 931 

Brumfield,    Ezekiel    702 

Brunswick,    Ga 127,  240,  356 

County-seat   of  Glynn, 

609,  620,  621 
Bryan,    Andrew,    an   emancipated 
slave,  afterwards  a  famous 

preacher    95 

Caesar,   a  negro  slave 95 

County,    treated    330,333 

Elizabeth     95 

Ella  Howard    294 

B.    H.    Rev 475 

Ezekiel,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      880 

George  H 670 

Goode     916 

Henry     926 

J.    A.    Dr 690 

Jacob    754 

James    331 

Jane    Wallace    (foot-note) 94 

Jonathan,    an    illustrious    pa- 
triot,   his    country-seat   at 
Brampton    ...330,331,379,383, 
394,  406,  407,  408 

Sketch   of    93,  96 

John    754 

Joseph,   Congressman,    95,  96,  411 

L. 933 

Mary    B 604 

P 1015 

Wilham   J 246,250,640 

William    95 

T.   H.    Squire 920,921 

Bryant,   David    369 

John    704,812 

Langley    361 

Bryce,    Ambassador    53 

Brydie,   David  Dr 787 

Buchanan,    county-seat    of   Haral. 

son    667 

George     774 

Hugh  Judge    491 

James    528 

J.  M.  Dr 517 

President     915 

Bueholter,   Peter,   a   Revolutionary 

soldier    880 

Buckhalter,    John    M 337 

Buckler,    Samuel   E 822 

Buckner,    John    865 

Buell,    Willis    571 

Buena   Vista,    the    county-seat   of 

Marlon    777 

Buffalo  Fish  Town,  a  Cherokee  vil- 
lage     455 

Buford,    Thomas    346 

Bugby,    X 990 

Bugg,    Sherwood    884 

W.    H 752 

Bull  Creek  Bridge,  near  Columbus.. 4 3 

Jesse    481 

Mr.,   of   Baltimore,    invents 

cotton   gin    130 

Town  Swamp   268 

William    Col 379,381 

Bullard,    Calvin    789 

Bulloch,  Archibald,  President  of  the 
Executive    Council    of    Geor- 
gia,       88,  385,  392,  407,  409,  410, 
643,  682,  742 


Sketch   of    333,334 

Burrell    317,  318 

C 317 

County,    treated    333,337 

Cyprian,    Sr 782 

Hall    466 

Hawkins,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     776 

James,   Sr 88 

James    S.   Major 932 

John    318 

Martha,    wife   of   Theodore 

Roosevelt     334,742 

Richard     318 

R.    W 571 

Uriah   J.    Capt.,    volunteer  of- 
ficer in   the  war   for   Texan 

Independence    36 

William    B.    337,  403,  411,  412,  864 

William   H 412 

Bullock,    Rufus   B.   Gov 579,596,914 

Bullsboro,   a  lost  town 484,486 

Bunker   Hill    390 

Bunkley,    Jesse   Capt 1007 

Bullard,    Thomas    365 

Bunkley   Trial,    The    715 

Bunn,    William   C.   Hon 859 

Bunyon,    Mr 532 

Burbank,    T.    F 859 

Burch,    Andrew     528 

Charles     907 

Edward    907 

James    H 628 

Burdett,    Humphrey    10  58 

Tom    Mrs 129 

Bureau  .of    Entomology 176 

Burge,    Matthews    546 

Burgess,    J.    R 982,984 

Burke    County,    treated 337,  344 

Jail    338 

J.    F.    Capt 584,  590,  .j91,  592 

Burkhalter,   D.  M.    .    778 

J 778 

John    1018 

M 336 

Burnett,    Capt 754 

Daniel,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

Ichabod,  at  Kettle  Creek. ..  .1048 

Jeremiah     317 

John,   at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

F.    D 496 

Thomas   N 607 

Burney,   Green  B 1063 

John    1023 

J.   W.    General 696 

Thomas    J ' 804 

T\^illiam    864 

Burnley,   S 1018 

Samuel    727 

Bums,    PhiUp    416 

William,   a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     1064 

Burnsides,    James    380 

John    702 

Thomas    E.    Col 69 

Burnt   Fort    374 

Burr,    Aaron    611,623 

Burt,    A.    J 670 

Joel   H 939 

Burton,    Thomas    538 

William    A 342 

Busby,    John    704 

Bush   .\rbor  Speech,   The 597 

Daniel     564 

Dr 1016 

Elijah    B.    Dr 785 

Isaac    785 

James     S28,  786 


1068 


Index 


Joseph    953 

J.    S 785 

Mrs.,    a   widow,    married    the 
father  of  Gen.  Blackshear,   7  20 

William     720,  785 

Bushnell,   David   Capt. .  .481,  10115.  1016 

Bussey,    H.    W 982,984 

Stanley     984 

Butler,    David   E 654,805 

Edward     1058 

Gen 513,  890 

James    929 

John    C,    author    History    of 

Macon     34 

.Joseph    387 

Maj.,   of  Hampton's  Point, 

612,  623 

O 955 

Pierce,    married   Fannie  Kem- 
ble,   the   noted  actress, 

611,  612,  623 

Sarah    611 

Fannie    611 

the  county  seat  of  Taylor. ..  .946 

Troup     789 

William    Orlando    Gen 946 

Butler's   "Historical   Record   of  Ma- 
con,"   quoted    34 

Butt,    Archibald    856 

Moses  M 821 

William   M 571 

Butterfield,    Gen 734 

Point    733 

Buttolph,    Dr 736,737 

T.  L.   Rev 731 

Butts,    Arthur    274 

County,  treated    344,347 

Eldredge   Judge    949 

Elijah     519 

John    994 

Matthew    274 

Samuel   Capt 548,  697 

Sketch     344,  345 

Byne,    Samuel   908 

Bynum,    Reuben    879 

Byrd,    N.    W 304 

Byron,    Lord    229,1041 

"Terrance    633 


C 

Cabaniss,    Elbridge   G.    Judge,    7  95,  796 

George    715,794 

H.    H 715,  795 

John    715 

Thomas    B.    Judge 795,796 

Cabin,   Smith,  a  Cherokee  chief.... 415 

Cade,   Bud    703 

D.    B.    Capt 745 

Mr.,   at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Robert    702 

Cain,    John    1058 

Caines,   William    538 

Cairo,    the   county-seat  of  Grady... 628 

Calahern,   V^m 882 

Calder,    John,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier , 771 

Caldwell,    George    782 

James     486 

J.    H 949 

John    487,1001 

John    W.    Dr 878,879 

Samuel    714 

William    714 

Calhoun,   A.    B.    Dr 487,488,491 

Andrew    E.    Judge 488 

Abner  W.  Dr 488,  492,  579 


Catherine  Miss    477 

County,    treated    347,348 

Eliza   Ann    488 

E.     N.     Dr 512,  571 

Ephraim    Ramsey    488 

James  M.  Hon.,  Atlanta's  War 

Mayor     511,512,571 

John    C.    Sen.,    186,  188,  302,  347, 

428,  477,  566,  624,  758, 

992, 1032 

J.    S.    Capt 823 

Martha    Frances    488 

Mr 878 

Patrick     477,  1038 

Samuel    496 

the   county-seat    of    Gordon, 

170,  294,  624 

William   Lowndes   Col. .  .512,  571, 

686,  587 

Callehan,    Edward    691 

Callaway,    Job    1058 

John    680,  1057 

John   W 506 

Joseph     1058 

S.    P.    Rev 824 

Callingham,    Morris    .' 766 

Camber,  Dorothy,  see  Dorothy  Walton. 

Cambridge,    Mass 207,  209 

Camden    County,    treated 348,363 

Earl  of,   Charles  Pratt,    348,  104  0 

Cameron,    A 559 

aobert     416 

Thomas     977 

Camp,   Hosea,  a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      545 

John    L 365 

Joseph   G.   Y.   Hon 526 

Joseph   T.   Maj 819,821 

Campbell,   Callett    781,782 

County,    treated    363,  366 

Col 532 

Colin  Sir  

Col.,    a  Revolutionary  soldier  679 

Duncan   G.    Col 134,884, 

1061, 1062 

Sketch    of    363 

Pioneer  champion   of   female 

education     200',  201 

James    P.    H 1064 

Jeremiah,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    694 

John    704 

John  A 363,1059,1062 

J.    C.    Rev 648 

John    K.     Hon 963 

Lieut. -Col 923 

Lord    749 

Martin     882 

TValter   L 773 

William     330 

Campbellton,    Ga 364,365 

Camuse,    Anthony    380 

Candler,    Allen    Daniel    Gov. .  .451,  482, 
596,  599, 776 

Asa     G 370,482,514,579,602 

Charles    Murphey   Hon 512 

D.    G.    Capt 654 

Ezekiel    S..    Jr 370 

Hall   833 

John,    at   Kettle   Creek 1049 

John    S.    Judge 370,482,514, 

600,  602 

Mark  A 764 

Milton   A.    Hon 370,512,602 

Parks     691 

Samuel   C 370 

Warren    A.    Bishop.  .77,  370,  464, 


Index 


1069 


482,  514,  602,  832,  833,  83S 
William  Col.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     370,376,480,481, 

482,  765,  767,  835,  884,  911 

Cannon,   Charles  Dr 977 

Henry    876 

James    1064 

Nathaniel     1064 

Cannon's   Point,    the   home   of   Mr. 

John    Cooper    611,612,623 

Canouchee  Creek    331 

Cantey,  M.  S 9S2,  984 

Canton,   county-seat   of  Cherokee, 

417,  418,  419,  421,  422 

Volunteers    397,  419 

Cape    Girardeau    180 

Cape    Hatteras    319 

Cappleman,  Josie  Frazer  (foot- 
note)      ^20 

Capps,    John    634 

T.    A 931 

Carbanus,    William    715 

Carey,    Dan    C.    Mr 595 

George    Hon 998 

M.,  sergeant  in  Mexican  War  396 

Cargile,    Charles    696 

Carithers,    Belle    Miss 952 

Ella   H.    Mrs 950 

Carle,    L.   K 30-9,318 

Carlisle.   Mr 498,602 

Willis     571 

Carlton,   Henry    803 

H.    H.    Capt 447,448 

James  R 424 

Carlyle,    Thomas,    quoted   on   Battle 

of    Bloody    Marsh 73 

Carmichael,   Belle  Miss 563 

Joseph    888 

Carnegie,    Andrew,   a  benefactor  of 

Agnes    Scott    College 509 

Estate    349 

Lucy  Mrs.,  widow  of  Thomas  2,  3 

Thomas    1 

Carnes,  Peter  892 

Thomas    P.    Judge 283,450, 

560,  913,  915 

Carnesville,    Ga 283,562,675 

Carr,   Mr 982 

Henry    888 

James     528 

J.    P 510 

Mark    620 

Patrick,    a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     707,  735 

Robert    571 

Thomas,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     765 

William     715,  990 

Carroll,  Charles  of  Carrollton.  .366,  852 

County,    treated    366,372 

Mentioned     166,  168 

And    her    people 367 

Jesse    502 

William   Gen 173 

Carrollton,   county-seat   of  Carroll, 

366,  368 

Carr's    Volunteers    735 

Carruthers,   Samuel,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    1001 

Carson,  Luke   106 

Cartersville,    Ga.,    county-seat    of 

Bartow     ..286,  289,  290,  296,  297 

and  Van  Wert  R.-  R 291 

Carswell,   Alexander,   a  Revolution- 
ary   soldier,    grave    marked, 

339,  340 
John  Lieut.,  a  Revolutionary 


soldier,   grave  marked 

John  W.   Judge 907 

M 1063 

Reuben    W 708 

Carter,  C.  A 836 

Colquitt     811 

Parish    286,  809,  811 

Evelyn  P.   Mrs 40 

Isaac    337 

James   T.,    Sr.,   a   soldier  of 

1812     850 

Jesse     267,  754,  876 

John    Capt 120,1007 

John    Dr 894 

Josiah     994 

Micajah     337,  676 

Richard    696 

Robert    850 

Samuel     267 

Samuel   McDonald    810,812 

T.    A 538,  539 

Thomas     702,10515 

W.    A.    Rev 824 

William     934 

Cartilana,    the    principal    chief    of 

Mountain    Town    607 

Caruhers    Family,    The 776 

Cary,   George    484 

John    704 

Hettie  Miss    47,  48 

Jennie  Miss    47,  48 

Case,    George   D.  Dr 279 

Irwin    864 

Casey,    Israel    455 

Cason,   Jesse   949 

J 538 

William     1018 

Cass   County    (see   Bartow) 286,294 

Lewis    Gen 286,946 

Cassels,  A.    Gordon   Col 732 

Cassidy,    Mrs 219 

Cassville,    Ga 294 

Caswell,    Gen 988 

Catchings,    Benj 1045,1048 

Phillip     714 

Seymour    715 

Catherwood's     Antiquities     of     South 

America     617 

Catlett,    David    702 

John     702 

Catoosa   County,    treated. 372 

Cave    Spring    554 

Cecil,    Leonard    387 

Cedar  Hill,  home  of  Wilson  Lump- 
kin       445,  446 

Shoals    142 

Cedartown,      the     county-seat     of 

Polk     291,  858 

Cemetery,    Colonial    104,111 

Cottage,    near  Augusta 122 

Jewish     104 

"Center   of  the   World,"   a   famous 

locality   in    Hart    County... 676 
Center  Village,  an  old  cotton  mar- 
ket     374 

Century,    Nelson    857 

Cessna,   Charles   637 

Chadox,    A.    J 803 

Chalfinch,  Hiram,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    997 

Chalibbee,    Battle  of    344 

Chamberlain,    E.    P 579 

T.    M 989 

Chamberlayne,    Lewis  Parke,    foot- 
note     230 

Chambers,   D.   B 959 

John    546,704 

John  M 421 


1070 


Index 


John    T 369 

Joseph    369 

William  H 824 

Chambhss,  B.  F.  Dr 795 

C.  P.   Mrs 957 

Chamlee,    T 421 

Chancey,  James   1026 

Chandler,  Daniel,  pioneer  advocate 

of  female  education   ..200,201, 
363 

Gray   A 864 

"Honest   Tom"    369 

John,  at  Kettle  Creek,  1049,  1058 

Joseph     564 

Isaac    4"!  6 

Lindsey     369 

Thomas     369 

'William    B 628 

Chapell,   John   715 

Chapman,    A 696,794 

John     884 

N 939,  943 

W.    B 571 

Chappell,    Absalom    H.    Col.,    20,    380, 
669,     724,     770,     780,     828,     1006 

Quoted    23,    24,    422,    423 

Absalom  H.  Mrs 822 

John     794 

J.    Harris  Dr 282,824 

L.   H.    Mr 815 

L..    H.    Mrs 815 

Thomas    J 824 

Charles,    a   Cherokee    Chief 177,178 

Charleston,   S.  C,  88,  91,  101,   105,  221, 
224,    334,    379,    535,    881 

Charlton  County,   treated    373,-375 

Mentioned    265 

Margaret,   Miss   107 

Robert    M 403,407,412,414 

Sketch    of    373-374 

T.   J.   Dr 84,  373 

Thomas  U.   P 373,414,687 

Walter   G.   Judge    54,107,374 

Quoted    55,  58 

Foot-note     73 

Walter  G.  Mrs 277 

James      Jackson,      Maj-Gen., 

Life   of    414 

Chastain,  B 607 

Edward      607,994 

E.    W 544 

John    B 994 

Chatham    Academy     83 

Artillery,  The:   Georgia's  old- 
est   military      organization 

397  -399 

History    of    399,  402',  735 

County,    treated    375-414 

Earl  of,  William  Pitt,  sketch 

of    375-376 

Last    speech    in    the    House 

of    Lords    376-378 

Epitaph       in       Westminster 

Abbey    377 

George     670 

Hussars    399 

Chattahoochee  County,  treated,  414-415 

River,    39,    69,    70,    162,    164,    210, 

366,    369,   454,   455,   460 

What   the   word   means.  .414,  415 

Valley    231 

Chattanooga  Military  Park  204 

Chattooga  County,  treated   415 

Cheatham,   C.   A.   Dr 958  959 

Frank,   Bivouac,   U.   C.  V 221 

Chehaw,    Cheraw    or    Aumucculla, 

an  Indian  settlement,  722-3,  871 

Chenault,    Dionysius    213,214,217 

John 745 


Home,  an  old  landmark,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  which 
occurred  the  famous  raid 
on  the  Confederate  treas- 
ure  wagons    213-218 

Cheney,    Wlnslow   D 348 

Thomas    B 804 

"Cherokee    Advocate"     175,194 

Agency     415 

Almanac    194 

Alphabet    (illustrated)    ..190,196 

Baptist  College    553 

Corner     839 

Council    171-178 

County,    treated    417-422 

Indians,  Ball  game  to  settle 
boundary  lines  with  Creeks, 

454-455 
New  Echota:  the  last  capitol 

of   the   Nation 170-175 

Under  the  Lash:  pathetic  in- 
cidents of  the  removal,   176-182 
Dahlonega:    once    the    center 
of  gold.     Mining  Activities 

in  America    185-189 

Harriet   Gold:   a  Romance  of 

New    Echota    ,...183-184 

Sequoya:  the  modern  Cad- 
mus      190-196 

Sketch    of    417-418 

Mentioned,     22,     164,     205,     285, 
551,    600,    624,    633. 

"Messenger"     194 

"Phoenix,"  the  first  news- 
paper in  North    194 

Georgia    172,173,174,183 

Cherry,    Samuel    505 

Cheshire,  W.   T 785 

Chester,   William    505 

Chestnut,    Alexander    704 

Chicago     247 

Chickamauga,  battle  field  and  park, 

203-208 
Significance  of  the  name. . .  .207 

Creek    1000 

Towns    999 

Chickasaw  Indians    22 

Chic-a-saw-hach-ee,   battle  of. ..269-270 

Swamp    269 

Chilabbee,  Battle  of   548 

Childers,  John,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      559 

Childre,    William    766 

China    Hill    954 

W.     T 969 

Chipley,   Hunt    824 

Chippewa     Square     53,103,104 

Chisholm,   A.   G 572 

Willis     571 

Chivers,  Thomas  H.  Dr.,  a  melan- 
choly  child   of   geinus,    514,  608 

Choctaw   Indians    22 

Chopped  Oak   647 

Christ   Church,    Frederica 59,66 

Savannah:  where  the  Geor- 
gia Colonist  first  worship- 
ped   God    77-79,111 

Christian,    Charles    420 

G.    Rev 794 

"Index"     432 

J.   M.  Dr 699 

T.    J 330 

Christie,    Josiah    A 997 

Thomas     380 

Christman,    Nathaniel    1058 

Robert     888 

Chronicle  and  Constitutionist,  The, 
Georgia's  oldest  newspa- 
per     900 


Index 


1071 


Church,    Alonzo,    Dr 424,425 

Cicero,  The  American,    (John  Mac- 

Pherson  Benien)    301-30-2 

Cincinnati,   the  Society  of Ill 

Civil  War,  Jefferson  Davis's  arrest 

at    Irwinville    13-18 

Shellman    Heights    31-34 

Little    Giffen     39-45 

Origin  of  Maryland   45-50 

Chiclcamauga,  one  of  the 
bloodiest  battle  fields  of 
modern  times  become  a  na- 
tional  park    203-208 

The  Old  Heard  House:  where 
the  last  meeting  of  the 
Confederate     Cabinet     was 

held     211-213 

The  Old  Chenault  House.  .213-218 
Kennesaw  Mountain:   once  a 

peak  of  the  Inferno 208-211 

Clare,  Sidney  301 

Clark,    Benjamin    1036-1037 

D.  C.   P 

David     684 

George  Rogers,   Col 700 

Gibson    144 

Henrj'  G 782 

James   496,  684,   771 

J.    C.   F 959 

John,    Gov.    and    Gen.,    159,    274, 

275,     541,    724,     746,    878,    1005, 
1007,    1048,    1057,    1059 

John  R.  Dr 929 

John    "W.    Capt 587 

Jordan     691 

Major     352-353 

Mr 909 

Richard  H.  Judge.  323,   468,   469, 
522,    523,    533,    867,    878, 

Samuel  B.  Dr 907 

Thomas     782 

Thomas  M 572 

Walter  A.  Mr 906 

William    424,  882 

Z.   H 475 

County,  treated  422-448 

Daniel    882 

Clarke,    Elijah    Gen 21,131,481,677, 

679,  744,  746,  749,  775,  885,  SS6, 

889,    912,    945,    986,    1005,    1007, 

1043,  1045,  1048,  1057,  1059, 

1061 

Monument  in  Athens 422-423 

Tomb  of   744 

E.  Y 572,  604 

James 572 

J.    K 106 

John   T.   Judge    935 

Joshua    724 

Lewis  H 572 

Marshall  J.  Judge 935 

Patrick    882 

Rifles   442 

Robert  M 517  2 

Samuel    347 

Thomas    564 

Wm.  H.   Rev.   (D.  D.) 119 

Clarke's  Station  in  Wilkes 132 

Clarkesville,     the     county-seat     of 

Habersham    646 

Clapp,   Joseph   B 572 

Clay,  Alexander  Stephens,  his  mon- 
ument   in   public    square   at 

Marietta    464-466 

Mentioned    470,  471,  599,  783 

Catherine     332 

County,   treated    449 

Evelyn,  Miss    464 


Henry 302,  449,  538,  673,  992 

Jesse    844 

John    468 

John,    a   soldier   of   1812 850 

Joseph  Jr.,  Rev 409 

Joseph,  Paymaster  of  Revolu- 
tion    140,   332,    409,   877 

Thomas     850 

Cleghorn,   Sam,   Ex-Mayor   824 

Clayton,   Augustus  S.   Judge,   men- 
tioned,   144,    423,    444,    448,    681, 
870,    899,    916,    983. 

Sketch   of    450-451 

County,    treated    450-452 

The  county-seat   of  Rabun... 870 

AV.   W.   Judge    451,579 

Clermont,   The,   first  steamboat 564 

Cleaveland,    Benjamin,    Col 1030 

Cleburne,    Patrick    372 

Clemens,   Thos  J.,  soldier  of  1812.. 939 

Clement,    J.    B.    Judge 12 

William     882 

Clements,    John,     Col 342 

Judson  C.  Hon.,  Chairman  of 
Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission     557,  1002 

J.    1 967,968 

Nelson     934 

Cleveland   B 650 

County-seat   of   White 1030 

Grover,      President      of      the 
United    States,     106,    296,    413, 
506,     526,     5S9,     603,     779,     783, 
861,    1018 

Jesse    F 514 

L 564 

N 564 

W.    C 496 

Clift,    Joseph   W..    Congressman 412 

Clifton,   A.    S.   Dr 821 

Ezekiel    945 

N 933 

George     510 

Clinch  County,  treated  452,  454 

Duncan  L.    Gen.,   mentioned, 

356,  362,  40-7,  969 

Sketch  of   452-453 

W.    B 402 

Cline,    William    929 

Clinton,    an  old   town 712,713 

Lawson     908 

Clisby,   Joseph    309 

Cloud,    Ezekiel,    a      Revolutionary 

soldier,   his  grave  marked.. 679 

Howell    C 679 

Joel    481,  766 

A^llliam    990 

Clower,  John   766 

Peter    715 

Clyde,  Ga 330 

Lord    330 

Clymer,    George    359 

Coalson,    Paul    064 

Cobb,    Andrew    J 447,4  48,600 

County,    treated    454,471 

Mentioned    197 

Cobb-Deloney  Camp,  U.  D.  C,  (foot- 
note)     223 

Family,    The    944 

Henry    420 

Howell,   Gen.   and  Governor,   169, 
222,    444.    445,    707 
Howell,   Hon.    Uncle  of  Gov- 
ernor     681,707 

Howell,  Mrs.  (Mary  Ann  La- 
mar)      440 

Isaac  E 369 

John    478,  706 


1072 


Index 


John  Addison    424,445 

Joseph  Beckham    197,  845 

Martin     356,  864 

Private    Joe    367 

Thomas,    Col.,    a   Revolution- 
ary  Officer    767 

Thomas,  Capt.,  a  noted  cent- 
enarian     454,    478,    480,    483 

Thomas,    R.    R.      Gen.,    156,    294, 

297,     426,     437,     438,     445,     448, 

468,    469,    523,    707 

A  Statue  of    896 

Thomas   W.,    197,    448,    479,    483, 
636,    638,    845,    847 

Sketch    of    454 

William     656 

William   B 490 

Cobbham    438,    445,    480 

Cobbs,   Absalom,   Capt 1017 

Legion 442 

Cochran,  Arthur  B,  Judge   ....324,  623 
Cheedle,    Major,    a    Revolu- 
tionary     soldier,    365,    487,    681 
692 
Major,  buried  near  Jefferson,  692 

Martin    67  0 

Ga 325,  326 

Owen    365 

Cocke,    B.    F 959 

Cody,    James    607 

Coffee,  Cleveland   876 

County,   treated    471,473 

Joel     876 

John,   Gen.,   soldier  of   1812,   876, 
954,    955,    1033 

Sketch  of   471,472 

Susan,  afterwards  Mrs.  Mark 

Wilcox     955 

Goggins,    William    369 

Cohen,    David    98 

Mrs 98 

Abigail     98 

Grace    98 

Hannah     98 

Isaac    98 

Cohutta  Springs   808 

Colt,  John  K.  Rev 1030,  1031 

Coker,  F.  M 492,579 

Coke's  Chapel    778 

Colbert,  Jack  949 

Richard     843 

Cole,   Carleton  B.  Judge 323 

Chas 356 

Isham     502 

Jeremiah    369 

Robert     491 

William    356,773 

Coleman,  Dr 948 

Daniel,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

Isaac    704 

John,   at  Kettle   Creek    1048 

Watson  R 607 

William     945 

Coleraine:     a     famous     old     treaty 

town    358-360 

Treaty  of  23 

Coleridge,  an  estate  of  the  Tisons..618 

Coleton,    Matthew    .' 926 

"Collections  of  Joseph  Habersham 

Chapter"    213 

College    Temple    487 

Colley,    F.    H 104  0 

John,  at  Kettle  Creek.  .1049,1058 

Mentioned    34  8 

Rev.    Mr 835 

Collier,    B 528 

George  W.,    522,  567,  568,  569,  572 
Isaac    844 


John,    Judge    ...569,572,603,844 

M.    B 931 

Robert    997 

T.   J.   Mrs 928 

Collingsworth   Institute    869,939 

Collingsworth,  John,   Rev 865 

Collins,   C.  W 789 

E.   C.   Judge    ■ 944 

Jacob     766 

James    572 

James  D 572 

Jesse    945 

Joseph     945 

Perry     944 

Robert   Dr 35 

William     789 

Z 691 

Colman,   E 544 

Colonel's   Island    732 

Colonial    Cemetery    104,111 

Park,    Savannah    386,406 

Dames    of    America,    Georgia 
Society   of,    54,    61,    62,    74,    86, 
114,   115 
Times  and  Events: 
Christ  Church,   Savannah,  7  7-80  « 

Bethesda 80-85 

The     grave     of     Tomo-Chi- 

Chi     85-87 

"Wormsloe     87-90 

Fort    Augusta    113-117 

Oglethorpe:    his    monument 

and    his    mission 50-59 

Fort    Frederica    59-66 

The  Wesley   Oak    66-69 

Coweta    Town    69-73 

Bloody   Marsh    73-77 

Manners  and  customs   123 

Pastimes     99 

Colquitt,    Alfred   H.,    Governor  and 
United  States  Senator,  dub- 
bed "the  Hero  of  Olustee," 
270,  315,  323,  474,  513,   524,   596, 
603,   606,    824,    897,   1009,   1038 

Death    of    499 

Colquitt's    Brigade    1010 

Colquitt  County,  treated    473,476 

Henry    1058 

Neyle,    Col 732 

O.   B.   Governor  of  Tex.    . 495 

Peyton  H.  Col 474,  826 

The  county-seat  of  Miller 784 

Thomas     789 

Walter   T.    Judge,    365,    484,    486, 

670,  784,  812,  821,  822,  826,  835, 

977,    1007,    1009 

Sketch  of   473-474 

Colquitts,   The,  a  parallelism 508 

Colson,    H 754 

Colwell,    .James    681 

Colt's  Mill    474 

Columbia  County,  treated    476-484 

Mentioned     130,454 

Columbus,  Ga.,  39,  40,  41,  69,  231,  233, 

234,   473,   810 

"Enquirer,"  a  newspaper,  414-818 

"Guards"    390 

High    School     233 

"Ledger,"    quoted     39-44 

The  county-seat  of  Muscogee,  812 

Colville,    Fulton    824 

Colzev,   E.   F.  Dr 824 

Combs,    Philip    1058 

Comer,    B.    B.,    Governor    of    Ala- 
bama     53 

Hugh    715 

Hugh    M 399,712,716 

James,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 


Index 


1073 


dier    714,  715 

J.    A 982 

Compton,  Martha  Lumpkin,  Mrs.,   446, 

570 

Cone,    D.    M 282 

Francis   H.   Judge    ..336,639,575 

J.   B 968 

Peter,    Gen.,   mentioned.  .335,  945 

Anecdote  of    330 

Reuben    510,  511,  572 

AVilliam,  Capt.,  334,  335,  336,  337, 
352,  353 

^Villiam    Jr 336 

AVilliam   B.   Judge    336,519 

Conelv,  Jenny  G.  Mrs 675 

Cones,    The    335,336 

Conev,    Jeremiah    861 

S.  W.  Judge   501 

Confederate    Monument,    Athens,    440, 

442 
Confederacy,      The     Daughter     of, 

(Winnie  Davis)    222,  245 

Origin   of   the   United   Daugh- 
ters of    218,  222 

Monument  at  Macon  to  Wo- 
men   of    314-315 

Origin  of  the  Southern  Cross 

of  Honor   222,223 

"Women  of,  honored  by  Rome 
with  first  monument    ..241-240 
Confederate    Times: 

Shellman   Heights    31-34 

Little   Giffen    39-45 

Maryland,    My  Maryland 45-50 

The  Old   Slave   Market.  .154-150 
Kennesaw    Mountain    ...208-211 

Arrest    of   Mr.    Davis 13-18 

The  Old  Heard  House.  .211,  213 
The  Old  Chenault  House  213,  218 
Treasure  Wagons,  raided  near 

Washington     213-218 

Women,    monument    to,    Ma- 
con      314,  315 

"Veterans"    243 

Conger,  Elizabeth,  Miss   563 

Congregation    Mickva    Israel    98 

Congress,    Confederate    287 

Continental    S8,  272 

Of  the  Five  Indian  Nations   ...114 

United    States    296,297,298 

Congressional  Cemetery   272 

Conklin,    Capt 996 

Conley,    Abner     572 

Benjamin    596,914 

Connally,   p:.    L.   Dr 579 

Thomas     812 

Connell,   Jesse    038 

Connelly,    Patrick,    Capt 704 

Connesauga   River    170,  190 

Connecticut    1S3,  184 

Connor,    E lOlS 

Constitution   of   1777    147 

Of   1789,   Federal    272 

Of   1795    146,  265 

Oak     613 

The    frigate    614 

Continental    Congress    88,  272 

Converse,    A 752 

W.   L.   Mr 753 

Convict   Lease    System    299 

Conyers,   Bennett  H 491 

Dr 835,  918,  919 

The  county-seat  of  Rockdale,  918 

Wm.    D 804 

Cook,  A.  B 301 

Benjamin    336 

James    424,  785 

J.   O.   A.   Dr 796 


J.    P.   Dr 785 

John,     Capt.,     a     Revolution- 
ary  soldier,    662,    712,    724,    803 

George     704 

Henry,  Judge    699 

Osgood  F.  Rev 360 

Philip.    Jr.,    Hon.    ..598,725,1057 
I'hilin  Gen.,  Congressman  and 
Secretary  of  State,  323,598,  723, 
724,  797,  937,  991 

S.  J.  Sergeant  420 

Thomas    A.    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     680 

W.    F.    Dr 796 

William     336 

Zadoc    Hon.,    Congressman, 

423,  424,  444,  448,  1027 

Cooke,   John    715 

Coolidge,    Norman,    Prof 449 

Cooper,    Adam   Mr 857 

C 607 

Capt 910 

David,    Dr 279 

George  F.   Dr 937 

George    W 924 

Harriet  C,   biograph   of  Gen. 

Oglethorpe,    foot-note 53 

Iron   Works   on   the   Etowah, 

Ruins    of    290-291 

Isaac     856 

John   R.    Hon 640 

J 997 

Joseph    865 

Levi    M 644 

Mark  A.  Major  296,  310,  869,  1062 

Sketch   of    290-291 

Milton      869 

Richard     771 

Robert     704 

Thomas   L.    Col 576 

Wm.    H 976 

Copelan,    Obediah    638 

Coosa   River    150,  450 

Coosawattee  River   170,  190 

Town    807 

Copp,  Jonathan,  Rev 117,119 

Copse   Hill:    the   home   of   Paul   H. 

Hayne     224,  228 

Coram,  T.  M 1065 

Thomas     879 

Corbet,    Capt 924 

Corbin,     Peter     948,949 

Cordele,     Ga.,     how     a     metropolis 
leaped   from   a   log-house, 

499,  501 

Countv-seat    of    Crisp 497 

Cordle,   Calvin   416 

Corker,    Capt 518 

Stephen   A 344 

Corley,  Austin  V.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     782 

Corn,   John    971 

Cornberger,  John   531 

Cornwall,    Conn 183,184 

Comwallis,    Fort    884 

Lord,  546,  031,  714,  744,  790,  885, 
1025 

Corrigan,    Michael    572 

Corsicana    Tax    346 

Cortez,    Hernando    813 

Corvan,    George    705 

Cosby,   Mr.,   at  Kettle  Creek 1040 

Costa.    Jacob    98 

Cotting,    Dr 505 

Cottle,   C.   H 935 

E 935 

J 935 

Cotton  Gin,   Eli  Whitney's  first.. 1052 


1074 


Index 


Tlie  invention  of   125-130 

The  mulberry  grove  plantation 
where    the    invention    was 

made    109 

Council,  James   69!t 

Of    Safety     284,  385 

"Countryman,    The,"    a   plantation 

newspaper    863 

Couper   estate,    on    St.    Simon's   Is- 
land,   The    515 

James    612 

James  Hamilton    78,623 

James  M.  Maj 617 

Mr 613 

John     611,612,616,623 

William     612 

Covington,   Leonard,    Gen.,   a  Rev- 
olutionary soldier    830 

W.  A.  Judge   475,825 

The  county-seat  of  Newton.. 830 

Cowan,   Mr 982 

Cowen,   E 657 

Coweta  County,   treated   484,492 

Falls     810 

Town:    where  an   important 
treaty  was  made  with   the 
Creek  Indians   ...50,  69,  72,  114 

Cowin,  Robert   76G 

Cox,    Albert    H 978 

B.  M.  Col 789 

College    581 

Dr 468 

Wm.    B 579 

Jeremiah    696 

Jesse    670 

Peter    766 

Thomas     644 

William     607 

W.    Dr 789 

Wm.   R 579 

Wm.    T 789 

Silas  1 859 

Thomas     822 

Thomas    W 821 

Zachariah,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    812 

Cozart,  Henderson,  Assistant  Quar- 
ter-Master, in  war  for  Tex- 
an  Independence    36 

H.    W 572 

Crabb,    B 859 

Craig,    Wm 424 

Cramer,   Stuart  W.   Mr 758 

Crampton's  Gap    321 

Crane,    Benj.    E 579 

Bryson,    Hon 914 

Elijah     876 

Spencer     1058 

Wm.    B : 467 

Cranham   Church,   burial   place  of 

Gen.     Oglethorpe     53 

Hall,   English  country-seat  of 

Gen.    Oglethorpe     51 

Cranston,    Rev.    Mr 79 

Crause,    Leonard    531 

Craven,   I.    N.    Rev 57  2 

Crawford.    B 505 

Caroline,    afterwards    Mrs. 

George  M.   Dudley   937 

County,     treated     492-497 

Chas.    Capt 480 

GeorgeW.Gov 483,914 

"Guards"      396 

Joel,  Maj.,  283.  284,  481,   483,   528, 
864, 1057 

.loel    J 449 

Martin  J.  Judge 600,  670,  828 

Mrs 857 


Nathan,    Dr 8,481,483 

Nathaniel     640 

Crawford,    Nathaniel    M.    Dr. 

845,  847 

Peter,  Hon 481,1016 

Reese,    Capt 824 

W.   B.   Dr 745,  746 

William     572,  680 

W.    D.    R 449 

^\^lliam  H.    Hon.,  jurist,  dip- 
lomat,  member  of  Cabinet, 

and  U.  S.  Senator 275,  305, 

428,  444,  454,  477,  483,  778,  844, 

845,  847,  899,  916,  937,  941,   995, 

1059 

Sketch    of    492-3 

At  the  Court  of  Napoleon, 

.      493-494 
His  home  at  Woodlawn.  .117,199 

Inscription  on  tomb 199 

Ciawfordville,    the    county-seat    of 

Taliaferro     941 

Crawley,    C.    D.   Mrs 792 

Creek   Indians,    Battle   of   Chicka- 

sawhachee    269,  270 

Ball  game  to  settle  an  old 
disputed  boundary  linte  with 

Cherokees     454-455 

Massacre  at  Fort  Wilkinson,  278 
Treaty   of   Coweta    Town... 69-72 

Treaty   of  Hopewell    476 

Treaties  at   Indian   Springs, 

161-169 
Historical    sketch    of    Tomo- 
Chi-Chl,  Mico  of  the  Yam- 

acraws     (foot-note) 86 

Boulder  unveiled  at  Colerain, 

358-360 

mentioned,  50,  85,  265,  269,  271, 

281,    308,    344,    363,    444,    626, 

<^33,  812 

Agency:    where   a   forgotten 

patriot  sleeps    18-26 

Where  the  Creek  claims  were 
finally    extinguished ....  494-495 

Indian   War    269,310,499,920 

War  of   1836    310,686 

Creighton,    S 939,943 

Crenshaw,    Patience    277 

William,    Dr 581 

Creole   Days   on   the   siege   of   New 

Orleans    454 

Creswell,   Robert    893 

Samuel    1058 

Crew,    B.    B 579 

James  R 572 

Crews,  Charles  C,  Brig.  Gen 880 

Crisp   County,   treated    497-502 

Charles  F.,  Speaker  of  Na- 
tional House  of  Represen- 
tatives,   sketch    of 497-499 

mentioned     521,  725,  937 

Crittenden,    R.    K.    Capt 957 

Croker,    W.    N.    L 773 

William     989,  990,  991 

Crickett,    David,    Life   of 450 

Mentioned    572 

Croft.    John    F.    Capt 676 

Cromartie,   J.   A.   Judge 699,700 

Crompton,    ,1.    D 365 

Cromwell,    Oliver    135,770 

Cromwell's    Ironsides    275,481 

Crook,    Joseph     416 

Cross    of   Honor,    Southern,    origin 

of    222,  223 

Crow,  Jacob  365 

James     539,  994 

Crowell,     Henry     496,948 


Index 


1075 


John,  Col.,  an  Indian  agent,   164, 

168,    494,    971 

Methodist  Church,   The   Old.. 948 

William     948 

Crozier,    John    704 

Cruger,    N.    J 522 

Crumbley,    Anthony    934 

Crusselle,  Thomas  E.  W 572 

Thomas   G 572 

Crutchfield,    John    1049 

Cuba    74, 76 

Cuhl,    M 544 

Culberson,  James    976,  1001 

Culverhouse,    Green    P 496 

John     496 

Culverson,    David    977 

Cumberland,  Duke  of    6,37  7 

Island,  Historic  Memories, 

349-350 

Old    Forts    350 

"Light  Horse  Harry"   Lee"s 

grave  at   Dungeness 1-12 

Carnegie  Mansion   at  Dunge- 
ness,   illustration    8 

Mentioned    362 

River    179 

Sound     1,  9,  349 

Cumbie,   Andrew    789 

Gumming,    Alfred    Gen. .  .  .  .j.'iO,  91  5,  916 

Henry   H.    Col 904 

John,    Capt.    M.    D 399,400 

Joseph   B.   Major    205-311 

J.   B 311 

The  county-seat  of  Forsyth.. 557 

Thomas    892,893 

William,    Col.    ...557,761,864,915 

Cummings,    Amos   J 499 

William    317,  318 

Cummins,   Alexander   105S 

Francis,   Dr.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     639,995 

Cunningham,    George    835,836 

Henry   C 84 

M 502 

S.    A 243 

Cureton,    Capt 310 

Curington,    James    949 

Cur!,    Elisha    945 

Curlette,    G.,    Lieut,    in    Mexican 

War     396 

Currie,  Duncan   798 

Kate   Cabell,    Mrs 221 

Foot-note    220 

Malcolm    798 

Currier,    Chas.    E 579 

Henry  L 572 

Curry,   Duncan    505 

J.    E 699 

William     634 

Curry's  Mill    505 

Curtis,   Henry   S 309 

William     627 

Curton,    Richard    702 

William     702 

Curtwright    637 

Curvin,    Stephen    670 

Cusetta,   county-seat   of  Chatham.. 414 
Cuta-fa-chl-ciui,    an   ancient    Indian 

village    337,  338 

Cuthbert,  Alfred    411,697,877,913 

A.   D 771 

Capt 924 

Tgo« p  7  71 

John   A.    Hon.,    276,412,739,868, 
877,  878 

Mr 1058 

Seth  John,  Col.,  a  Revolution- 
ary soldier   410,877 


The    county-seat    of    Rand- 
olph     8V7 

Cuyler,    Jeremiah    337,412 

Richard   R.,    a   noted   pioneer 
of  Railroads  in  Ga.,  78,  106,  412 

Cutts,    A.    S.    Col 937 

Cyclorama,    The,   depicting  the  bat- 
tle of  Atlanta   593 


Dabney,   Austin,  a  mulatto  patriot 

of    the    Revolution 775,1048 

William    H.    Col 511,572 

Da  Costa,   J.   Chalmers,  Dr 690 

Dade   County,    treated 502 

Francis  Langhorne,  Maj.   Uni- 
ted  States   Army    502 

Dagg,  John  L.  Rev.,  a  Baptist  The- 
ologian      640 

Dahlonega:  once  the  center  of  Gold- 
mining  activities  in  Ameri- 
ca     185-189 

The   county-seat   of   Lump- 
kin     754 

The   old   United    States   mint 

at     184 

I>aily,    Samuel     564 

Dalay,    Capt 924 

Dale,   Kinyon   959 

Samuel    634 

Dallas,    county-seat    of    Paulding. .  .848 

George   M.   Hon 84  8 

Dalton,   county-seat   of  Whitfield, 

1033-1036 

John     1033 

D'Alvigny,   Charles  Dr 572 

Noel    Dr 572 

Daniel,    Allen,    Gen.,    a    Revolution- 
ary  soldier    774,776,945 

D.  F 420 

David  G.  Rev 572 

Elas    702 

E.  P.    Gen 929 

James    420 

John     1023 

John,   Sr 1023 

John    B.    Dr 579,750 

J.    M.    Mrs 928 

Joshua     628 

R.    F 420 

Robert    7  20,  82  2 

Robert   T.    Judge    930 

TN^'ilberforce,   Col 750 

William     491,638,766 

W.    C 895 

Danielsville,    the    county-seat    of 

Madison    774 

Daniell,     Gen 856 

J.   J.   Mrs 457 

Darby,     Richard,     a     Revolution- 
ary   soldier    880 

Darden,    Elijah     1058 

Darien.   county-seat  of  Mcintosh. .  .768 
Mentioned      135,292,356 

Fort     768 

Darker,  Nancy,  at  Kettle  Creek... 1048 

Darnell,   Sion  A 852 

Darsey,  J.  O ; 629 

Joel     5"05 

John    505 

Dartj    Cyrus    361 

F.  W 472 

Judge     361 

Urbanus    361 

Dasher,   Joshua    945 

H.    C    Dr 789 

W.     B 982,  984 


1076 


Index 


Daughters   of  the   American   Revo- 
lution       104,  107,  123,  124 

Piedmont    Continental    Chap- 
ter     163,  340 

Nancy   Hart   Chapter,    erects 
mounment   to  Major  Jacob 

Gumm     276-277 

Founded    in   Georgia    278,3316 

Sarah  Dickinson  Chapter, 

345,  489 

Dorothy  Walton  Chapter 958 

Lyman    Hall    Chapter,    un- 
veils  a   boulder   at    Coler- 

aine     358-360 

Fielding  Lewis   Chapter 463 

Shadrach    Inman    Chapter. ..  .339 

Thornateeska   Chapter    1064 

Davenport,    John    1058 

Jonathan    843 

J.    T.    Dr 365 

David,  William    510 

Davidson,  John  S.   Hon 595 

Oliver    1017 

'U^illiam,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      1017 

Davies,    L.    J 821 

Wiles     342 

Davis,    A 794 

Abner    864 

Abraham    766 

Amos  ' 702 

Benjamin     879 

C.  D 1007 

D.  H 982,  983 

Daniel  H 1065 

E.  N 301 

Bdvpin  S.  Mrs 237 

F.  C.   Dr ,_931 

Hall   Speech,    The    597 

Isaac     766 

James     702 

James  L 468 

Jefferson,   President  of  the 

Confederate  States  of  Am- 
erica,   arrested    at    Irw^in- 

ville,    Ga 13-17 

Last   meeting   of    the    Cabinet, 

211-212 

Mentioned,      214,    218,    241,    287, 

300,    363,     395,     417,    582,     583, 

597,    604,     698,     716,    777,     837, 

930,    931,    946,    968,    974,    1061 

Jeff,   Mrs.,    of  Quitman 330 

Jefferson,    Mrs 13,14,16,214 

John,     309,     318,     449,     539,     644, 
766,    949,    990 

John   A.    Capt 522,523 

John  E.   Capt 823 

John    T.,    foot-note    231 

Jonathan,   Rev 522 

Joseph    669 

L.  B.  Rev 572 

M.  P 789 

Monument  in  Richmond.  .598,934 

Moses     702 

Myrick     703 

Samuel    1061 

Solomon    703 

Stafford     4'7  2 

Thomas,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     821,  880 

Thomas   R 449 

W.   L.    Dr 522 

Winnie,  (The  Daughter  of  the 

Confederacy)     218,219,398 

Dawson  County,  treated   502,503 

County-seat   of   Terrell    956 

Edgar   Gilmer    636 


Emma  Caledonia   637 

George  Oscar   636 

Henry   M 636 

John    295 

Lucien    Wingfield    637 

Reuben    , 365 

Thomas     ._.' 864 

William  C,  United  States  Con- 
gressman and   Senator,   men- 
tioned,   472,    502,   503,    636,    639, 
641,    956 

Wm.   Reid    636 

Dawsonville,    county-seat    of    Daw- 
son County   502 

Day,  Joseph,   at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

Robert,  at  Kettle  Creek  766,  1048 

Wm.    T 852 

D'Azy,    Benoist,    Viscount 107 

Dead    Towns    of   Georgia: 

Acton     395-398 

Abercorn    532 

Barimacke     360 

Bethany     531 

Brandon    761 

Brownsborough     910 

Bullsboro     484,  486 

Center  Village   374 

Dogwood    ' 1000 

Federal  Town   1021 

Francisville     495,  496 

Goshen    531 

Hampstead      395-396 

Hardwick     331 

Hartford     860 

Herod    Town    958 

Highgate    395-396 

Holmesville     267 

Jaclvsonboro     925 

Jefferson    Town    356 

Joseph's   Town    396 

Lanier     773 

Magnolia     453 

Marion     987 

New  Hanover   360,  361 

Nuchollsville     757 

Paris    543 

Petersburg    530 

Pindartown     1064 

Queensboro    701 

Roanoke      932 

Sunbury    732 

Tebeauville    1010,1012 

Troupville    750 

Vernonsburg     395-396 

Deadwyler,    Joseph    538 

Dean,    Chas 424 

David     821 

Nathan    26  7 

Dearing,    Reuben    680 

William    424 

Deas,   J 754 

William     538 

Debt,   Imprisonment  for   55 

Debtors'    Prison    55 

DeBrahm,     William     530,  531,  532 

Decatur    County,    treated    504-50  T 

County-seat  of  DeKalb 507 

Presbyterian  Church    509 

Stephen     504,507 

Declaration    of   Independence,    65,    100, 
136,    333,    343,    385,    410 
Signers    of,    (see    Button 
Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall  and 
George    Walton) 

Deese,  Joel  T 326 

DeGive,     Laurent     579 

DeGraffenreid,  E.  L.  Dr 817,  821 

Wm.    D 323 


Index 


1077 


DeJarnette,  Reuben,  a  Revolution- 
ary   soldier    865,  868 

DeKalb  Co.,   treated    507,514 

Johann,    Baron    507,988 

DeLacey,   John  F.   Col 517 

De  La  Pierre,  Dr 692 

DeLegal,    P 380 

Delk,   David    933,  1054 

Thomas     491 

DeLoney,  Wm.  Gaston,  Col 363 

DeLoney's  Cavalry   442 

DeLyon,   Abraham    98 

Levi     412 

Mr 751 

Burial   Ground,   The    99 

DeLyons,    Mr 380 

Demeree,  Raymond,  Capt.   (or  Dem- 

are)      610,  771 

Demetree,    Capt 87 

Democrats     291,  296,  297,  298 

Denmark,    Brantley  A 329 

Gift    to   University    436 

E.    P.   S 329 

Redden     337 

Thomas  1 329 

William     14I8 

Dennard,   John    270 

Jacob     1023 

Dennis,    Abram    766 

Jacob  715,766,884 

John     766,  1023 

Samuel,    Sr 491 

Denson,   Joel    990 

Joseph    .' 720 

Dent,    Col 678 

Eliza,  afterwards  Mrs.  Lucien 

Wingfield  Daw^son   637 

George     637 

John    496 

John   Dr 894,895 

J.    M 473 

W.   B.   W.   Col 490,  4S2 

Denton,   A 1018 

E 876 

Depecia,    Aaron    98 

Depew,  Chauncey,  Mr.,  quoted 244 

DeRenne,   George  ^^'ymberley  .Jones, 
collector    and    publisher    of 

rare   manuscripts    88,89 

Wymberley  Jones,   anticjuarian, 
owner   of    ,'Worm.sloe."    89.  77.5 
Derry,   Joseph   T.   Prof.,   mentioned, 

202,    372,    587,    605 

Quoted    210,   451,   624,   849, 

903,  974 

"Deserted  Village,    The"    52 

DeSoto  Hernando,  mentioned,  311,  472, 
549,  629,  717,  813 
Traditions  of  in  Burke,   337-338 
Rome's    first    European    visi- 
tor      548 

Hotel,    Savannah,    Ga 106 

DeSoto's  March  mentioned   807 

Dessau,    Washington    322,323 

D'Estaing,  Count  107,  332,  390,  744,  778 

DeTaten     91 

DeVane,   Frank  M 922 

William     922 

Devany,  Sergeant,  an  officer  in  the 

Mexican   War    396 

DeVeaux,    James    95 

Mary   Miss    334 

Devereaux,   A.   M 157 

William     274 

Samuel    M 634 

Dewberry,   Thomas    794. 

Diamond,   James    511 


S 990 

Dickenson,   S.   H 505 

Dickerson,    John    1007 

Dickey,    James   E.   Dr 833,991 

Patrick    702 

Dickinson,   John,   Capt.   a  Revolu- 
tionary   soldier    678 

John    M 902 

Sarah,  D.  A.  R.  Chapter 489 

Dickson,   Benjamin   496 

John,    Col.,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     489 

Capers,   Judge    833 

David,  Gen.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     545,  637 

John     704 

Marion    301 

R.    H 686 

Sanders     416 

Thomas    1064 

William    528,  1064 

William    H 656 

Dill,    John    528 

D.   W.   Capt 896 

Dillard.    G.    W 821 

James    876 

John    876 

Dirt  Town,  a  village 555 

Dismal  Swamp  of  Virginia   375 

Disraukes,   E.   P.   Mrs 815 

.L    T.    Dr 1027 

J.    S 823 

William     929 

William    H 933,  1027 

District    of    Columbia    203 

Divine.  K.  C.  Dr 488 

Dix,     Elijah     702 

Dixie,    James    387 

Dixon,   J.   J 1027 

John    L 782 

R.    T 1027 

Robert     883 

Slade     934 

Tbomas    934 

Doane,    James    T 572 

John   A 572 

Dobbins,   Miles  G 929 

Moses    W 436 

Dobbs,    Jesse    657 

Nathan     644 

Thomas    A 511 

Dodd,    Green   T 579 

H 888 

Philip     579 

Dodge  County,   treated    515-517 

William  E.  Esq 515,579,623 

Dodson,   William    C 579 

Dogwood,   an  Indian  Town lOOO 

Doherty,   Michael,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     924,925 

Doles,  George  P.  Brig.  Gen.   ...284,  724 

Dolly,   Jesse    346 

Dolvin,    John    638 

Don  Pedro,  Emperor  of  Brazil SO 

Donaldson,    John    505,506 

John   B.    Col 506 

Jonathan     505 

Joseph      4  21 

William     505 

Donegan,    E 656 

Dooly   County,    treated    517 

George,  at  Kettle  Creek   1048 

John,    Col.,    at   Kettle   Creek, 

a  Revolutionary  soldier,  132,  134, 

517,     518,     677,     746,     747,     749, 

884,  1045,  1048,  1057,  1059, 

1061 

John  M.  Judge,  a  celebrated 


1078 


Index 


Dick,  James,  a  Revolutionary  Cor- 
poral     830 

wit,     518,     541,     747,     749,     1059 

Home  of  mentioned    748 

Thomas,   Capt.,  murdered  by 

Indians    517 

Thomas,   Col.,  a  Revolution- 
ary  soldier,    747,  749,  1048,  1059 

Doonan,    Terrence    "..57  2 

Dorchester    726,  727 

Church     736,  737 

Puritans    268 

Dorminy,    D.    D 304 

D.  J 301 

E.  J 301 

John     680 

John    B 304 

W.   D.  Dr 301 

Dorough,    James   H 501 

Dorris,   James    421 

Dorsett,   Elijah,    365 

John    365 

Dorsey,   Benjamin    720 

Rufus  T.   Judge    546 

William  H 424 

Dortch,  James  S.  Hon 562 

Dorton,    M 704 

Double  Barrelled  Cannon,   Athens, 

439. 440 
Dougherty,    Charles,    Judge,    anec- 
dote  of    520 

mentioned,   424,  444,  448,  519,846 

County,    treated    519-524 

David  H 572 

Major     424 

Robert     519 

William     519,977 

Douglas,    Adelaide,    Miss    801 

County  treated    524-526 

County-seat   of   Coffee 475 

Dunk    472 

James    702 

John     317,318 

Robert,   Sr 702 

r>-D  ^  505 

Stephen  "  A.'.'.'.'.'.  343,'  471',  '524,'  525 

Douglass,    David    704,882 

Major     924 

M.    M 628 

William     544 

Douglasville,    the    county-seat    of 

Douglas    524 

Dowman,  C.  E.  Dr 833 

Dovpning,  Mary  Lou,  Miss  233 

Osborn     948 

Downs,  William,  at  Kettle  Creek,  1048 
Mentioned    1045 

Dowse,    Gideon    908 

Samuel      908 

Doyle,   Alexander   106,  584 

James    702 

William     702,1001 

Dozier,  John  Beall   821 

L.   P 870 

Richard     1018 

W 696 

Dragoons,    The    633 

Drake,    Oilman   J 929 

Sir    Francis    63 

Drane,     Gip     949 

Hiram,    Dr 949 

Walter,   Dr 481,949 

Draper,   James,    a  Revolutionary 

soldier    1017 

Drawdy,   G.  W.  Dr 1026 

W.    T 1026 

Driggers,    M 337 


Driver,    Giles    715 

Drummond,    Walter    766 

Dryden,    Wm 1015 

DuBignon,    Capt 618 

Christopher    Poulaine    619 

Fleming  G 284 

Joseph    619 

Dublin,   The  county-seat  of  Laurens, 

717,  718 

DuBose,  Dudley  M.  Gen 1026 

Isaac     704 

Dudley,  George  M.,  quoted    493 

Mentioned    937 

H.    S.    Dr 282 

Mary    723 

Duels,  How  an  affair  on  horse-back 

was  prevented    268,  269 

Duffel,    William,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    988,989 

Dugas,    Madam    1047 

Louis  A.    Dr 894 

Dugger,    James    M.    Dr 949 

Duhart,    James    341 

Duke,   Martin    627 

Moses 997 

of  Marlboiough    206 

Samuel    ' 949 

Duke's   Creek    185 

When  gold   was   first  discov- 
ered in  North  Ga 1031 

Dukes,    John    945 

Samuel    496 

W.    B 475 

Dulaney,  Rozier   48 

Dumas,   Benjamin    794 

David     794 

Jeremiah    715 

Moses    794 

Winchester    491 

Dunagan,    Abner    1032 

Dunbar,    Lieut 71 

Duncan,  James   684 

P 538 

Robert     704 

Wm.   W 467 

Dungeness    349 

The  Bivouac  of  "Light  Horse 
Harry"  Lee  for  nearly  a  cen- 
tury      1-12 

Carnegie   mansion,    illustrated.  .8 

Dunham,   Abner    781 

George,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      386 

J.    C 327 

Dunn,  Alexander,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    714 

Benj 481 

Charles    766 

Ishmael    929 

Jacob     773 

John    481 

Joseph     794 

L 836 

Richard    481 

D 1001 

Thomas    J 34  8 

William     782 

Dunnett,   R.   J.   D.   Col 676 

Dunning,  James  L 572 

Volney  ' 572 

Dunnom,    Daniel    727 

Dunwody,   John,  Maj 467,861 

Dupree,   Daniel    684 

Hamilton  R 989 

Durden,   Heni-y    544 

Durham,  W.  B.  Dr 572 

Durhee,  Mr 129 


Index 


1079 


Durkee,   Nathaniel  Mr 893 

Duskin,   John  L.   B 870 

M.    T 870 

Butcher,    Salem    917 

Duval,   G.   W.   Rev 464 

Dwight,    Timothy   Rev 908 

Dwyer,   Nicholas,   Maj 490 

Dyall,    Joseph    1018 

Dj'er,   Anthony   696 

E 421 

Elisha  and   Wife    564 

Joseph  S 4-21 

Simpson     468 

Thomas     487 

Dykes,    B.    B 325 

Dykesboro     325,  326 

Dyson,    Abraham     7  24 

Robert     959 


Eagle    Tavern    273 

Earl,  Col.,  a  Confederate  Officer 29 

Early  County  treated    526-528 

Jacob     1058 

Jeffrey     844 

Joel,    father   of   Gov.    Peter 

Early    635 

Peter,    Governor,    Congress- 
man  and   Judge,    153,    159,    310 
526,     527,     639,    641,     990,     1061, 
1063 

Inscription  on  headstone 634 

Early's  Manor   1061 

Easley,   Daniel    142,143 

D.    W 691 

Richard     691 

Eason,  A 267 

Parker     680 

William     945 

Easter,   Richard    539 

Eastern   Cherokees,    (Southern) ....  182 
Eastman,  the  county-seat  of  Dodge,  515 

W.    P.    Esq 515,516 

Eaton,   John  H.   Major    303 

William,     Gen 862 

Eatonton,   the  county-seat   of   Put- 
nam      862,  863 

Eaves,    C.    C 668 

D.    B 668 

Ebenezer   Creek    531 

Fort    530 

The  story  of  the  Salzburgers,  530 

Mentioned      107,147 

Eberhart,   Jacob   775 

Echols  County,  treated   529 

Mentioned     265 

James    865 

Josephus     490 

Robert  M.,  Brig.  Gen.,  529,   1007, 
1008,  1060,  1061 

Samuel  D 4  90,  836 

Samuel    M 865 

William  P.  Dr 491 

Echowa-notch-away    Swamp,    bat- 
tle of    9.56 

Eckley,  Levi,  Capt 3  4 

Ector,   Hugh   W 794 

Eddleman,    F.    M 572 

Edge,   John  H.  Dr 931 

Nathaniel     1057 

Edinfield,    Richard    544 

Edmondson,  Callaway   812 

,  Humphrey     844 

•Tames   P 812 

.Joseph    490 

Edward,    Learell,    a   Revolutionary 


soldier    512 

Edwards,  A.  F 997 

Alfred    467 

Charles    G.,    Congressman,      412, 
732,  944 

Daisy  Miss    944 

H 935 

Hany    Stillwell    236,322 

J.    0 724 

L.   A 931 

M.    C.    Judge    959 

Posey     949 

Solomon    424 

T.    J 944 

W.    C 931 

Effingham  County,  treated   530-534 

Lord     530 

Egj^pt    Plantation    518 

Elbert  County,   treated    534-541 

Samuel,   Maj-Gen.,   a  Revolu- 
tionary   Officer,    407,    410,    534, 
535,    536,    578,    733,    924 

Elberta  Peach,   The  famous 773 

Elberton,  the  county-seat  of  Elbert  534 
Elder,   David,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      838 

Edmond    838 

Elkins,    A.    H 301 

W.     A 935 

Ellerbrook,    Charles    48 

Ellijay,  the  county-seat  of  Gilmer,   606 

Ellington,   Coke  Asbury    607 

T<^      C*  870 

Edward! '  Rev. ' '.'.'.'.'.'.".".'.'. 118,"  119 
xj  939    943 

Elliott,    George'  W.   '.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' '.822 

John,   Sen.,    736,  738,  739,  888,  932 

Stephen,   Bishop   78,412,742 

Ellis,    Ephriam    715 

George    W 870,879 

Henry,    Gov 407 

John    R 870,879 

Joseph    789 

Leonora  Beck,   Mrs 347 

R 823 

R.    H 699 

Shadrach,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    939 

Thomas  J 699,  870,  879 

T\niliam     856,  929 

W.   H 699 

Ellison,    Adger    S 670 

John    940 

W.    H.    Dr 202 

Elsas,    Jacob    579 

Ely,  John,  a  soldier  of  1812 632 

John    W '. 632 

Michael,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     632 

Robert    N 524 

Elyea,    Charles    572 

Emanuel   County,    treated    541-544 

David,    Gov.,    153,    340.    342,    343, 
541,   542,    890,   985 

.Tohn    342,  985 

Sara,  daughter  of  David  E- 
manuel.  married  Hon.  Ben- 
jamin Whitaker   542 

Emerson,    Ralph    Waldo    617 

Emmel,    .Jacob    572 

Emmet,  Robert   280 

Emory    College,     192,  202,  340,  370,  444, 

830 

John,   Bishop    831 

Enchanted    Mountain     993 

England,   Chart  of   112,  117 

Second    War   with,    265,  266,  276, 

344 


1080 


Index 


Mentioned,  50,  51,  52,   53,  55,  56, 

57,    60,    63,    70,    76,    83,    86,    116, 

91,     97,     98,     99,     116,     146,     148, 

154,  333 

Bishop     1054 

Martin     994 

English,  James  W.  Capt 579,930 

John     387 

M 1018 

Enon  Mount,  a  summer  resort 909 

Eperson,   John    4  20 

Epperson,   Thompson    564 

Episcopalians     137,  273,  456 

Ergle,    John    525 

Ernest,    Joseph    531 

Erskine,   John,  Judge  579,  585,  593,  598 

Memorial   Fountain,    The 593 

William     572 

Erwin,    Alexander    650 

■Alexander  S.  Judge,   223,  440,  650 
Mary,  afterwards  Mrs.  Joseph 

Williams,    Jr 954 

Mary  Ann  Cobb,    (Mrs.  A.  S.) 
Originator   of    the    Southern 

Cross  of  Honor    222,223 

William  S.   Col 650 

Espey,  James,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      424 

John      423,424 

Joseph     424 

Estell,  John  H 106 

Etheridge,    Joel,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     497 

Etovsrah     River     .  .!31,  290,  291,  296,  455 

Euclid  Water  House   812 

Eugene,    Prince    56 

Evans,    Augsuta,    memories    of    St. 

Elmo     234,  235 

Beverly  D.   Judge   600,1024 

B.  D.  Sr.  Mrs 1020 

Clement  A.   Gen.,    243,    457,    582, 

586,    587,   598,   934 

C.  W 982,  984 

David     34  2 

E.    A.    Mr 872 

Jesse     794 

John,   at   Kettle  Creek,    704,  766, 

990, 1049 

John,    Jr 766 

J.    L. 982,  984 

John  W.  Col 506,  983,  984 

John  West  Mr 982 

Lawton  B.,   mentioned   ..378,401 
School    History    of    Georgia, 

quoted     153,210,624 

Martin    421 

M.    R 821 

Stephen,   at   Kettle   Creek... 1049 

William,  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Mentioned     907,939,943 

Eve,   Joseph   A.    Dr 894 

Maria    Louise    918 

Paul   F.    Dr 894 

Everett,   James  A 20  2,496 

Jehu     336,  337 

Robert   A 991 

Robert  W 859 

William    S 572 

Everglades  of  Florida   375 

Everitt,    James     684 

John     336,  990 

Eyre,    Cadet    71 

Ezzard,    William,    Judge,    an   early 

Mayor  of  Atlanta,   510,  512,  572 

Ezzell,    Levi    670 

F 

Fain,   W.   C 544 


Fair,  James  Y.   Dr 384 

Peter   274 

Fairburn,  County-seat  of  Campbell  363 

Fairchild,    John    766 

Fairfax    Court    House,    (Va.) 49 

Fairman,   Henry  Clay    604 

Falligant,   Robert,   Judge    588 

Fallowfield,  John   380 

Fambro,    Allen   G 309 

Fambrough,     Thomas,     a    Revolu- 
tionary   soldier    631 

Fannin  Avengers,  The   397,854 

County,   treated    544,545 

Isham,    Dr.,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    990 

James  W.  W.,  Commander  of 
a  regiment  composed  chiefly 
of  Georgians,  in  the  war  for 

Texan    Independence 30 

Massacred    with    his    men    at 

Goliad     36-38 

Mentioned,    544,  826,  854,  977,  990 

James  W.  Jr 821 

William     836 

Fannin's   Men    642 

Fanning,    Isham    803 

Jeptha    .,. . .  803 

Farey,   John    S50 

Farley,  James   387 

Farmer,    Abner    634 

E.  K 301 

Farragut.    Admiral    965 

Farrar,  Jesse    572 

Robert   M 57  2 

Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      561 

Farris,    Peter    8S4 

Samuel     looi 

Fayette    County,    treated 545-547 

Mentioned    162 

Marquis  de  la   971 

Fayetteville,  the  county-seat  of  Fay- 
ette     .'545 

Featherstone,   L.  H.  Judge   491 

Federal   Constitution    139 

Government    285 

Town,  an  old  tobacco  village, 

now    obliterated    1021-1022 

"Union,"  a  newspaper  at  Mil- 

ledgeville     275,877 

Feery,     M.,     Corporal    in    Mexican 

War     396 

Felder,    Thomas    S.,    Attorney-Gen- 
eral     684 

Fellowship   Church    512 

Felton,   Leroy  M.   Col 774 

Rebecca   Latimer    (Mrs.   W. 

H.)     290 

William  H.  Dr.,   (Ex-Congress- 
man)   sketch   of,    298,    299,    470, 
557,    774,   846,    847,   1002 

William   H.    Mrs 513 

Felton's    Chapel    296 

Fendley,   John    977 

Ferdinand  "VII,   of  Spain 557,790 

Fernender,    W.    H.    Dr 572 

Ferrell,    Nicholas    714 

Ferrington,  Jacob,  at  Kettle  Creek  1048 
Few,    Benj.    Col.,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier,    338,    480,    482,    765,    767, 
835.  911,  985 
Ignatius.   Capt.,  a  Revolution- 
soldier,   480,   482,   765,   767,   835, 
911 
Ignatius    A.    Dr.,     444,     481,     482, 
765,    817,    821,   831,   833,   838 
James,   Capt.,   martyr  of  the 
Alamance     482,835,884 


Index 


1081 


William,    Col.,    a    Revolution- 
ary    soldier,     140,  146,  153,  272, 
480,  482,  765,  767,  835,  888,   911, 
913,  915,  985 

Feyer,  Francis  Lewis   702 

Ficken,   John    572 

Fielder,   Herbert,   Col 859 

John    803 

Fielding,   Wm.   H 949 

Fields,  Caleb  365,  490 

Gen 759 

W.    G 559 

Files,    Adam    4  96 

Finch,  George   387 

Findley,  James   1 058 

Ridge 189 

Finley,  John   704,803 

Mr.,  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Dr 4  28 

Robert    634 

Fish,    Gabriel    650 

Joseph    1023 

Nathan    696 

Wm.    H.,    Chief-Justice    600 

Fisher,   Guyton,  Rev 719,825 

Harris,   Dr 517 

King     551 

Fiske,  John,  Prof.,  quoted 207,209 

Fitch,    John    564 

Reuben    304 

Fitten,   John  A.,   Maj 579 

Fitts,  W.   W.  Dr 367 

Fitzgerald,   the  county-seat  of  Ben 

Hill     299 

The    Colony    City    of    Geor- 
gia     300,  301 

James     317,318,934 

P.    H 299,  300 

Fitzpatrick,  Benj.,  a  Revolution- 
ary   soldier    ..800,801,802,804 

William      637,638 

Flash  Harry  Lynden  309,  321 

Fleeting,    Richard    704 

Fleming,    Frank    749 

James     481,704 

John    4  90 

Peter   L.    Sr 676 

R 704 

Robert    748,749 

Samuel    704 

Thomas   P 572 

William,   of  Louisville    153 

William   B 739 

William  H.,  Ex-Congressman 
from    Georgia,     45,  49,  749,  914, 
915    917 

W.    O.    Judge    '.506 

Flemington    737 

Flemming,  John   361 

Fletcher,  Duncan  U.  Hon 937 

John    337,  926 

Flewellyn,  A.  H.  Capt 878 

E.    A 415 

Flinn,  Richard  Orme,   Dr 587 

Flint  River,  formerly  called  Thron- 
ateeska,  (see  Old  Creek  In- 
dian   Agency),    mentioned, 

18,    28,    162,    208,    505,    521 

Floerl,    Carl    ' 531 

John     531 

Florence,   Italy    230 

William    782 

Florida     8,  71,  75,  76,  87,  270 

Flannery,  John   106 

Flournoy,    Francis    Miss,     married 

Irby    Hudson    867 

Gibson     1017 


John  Manley    821 

Josiah    865,  869,  939 

Peter    F 865 

Robert,   a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      662 

Samuel   W 818,821,864 

Flovilla,   Ga 164 

Flowers,    James    977 

Floyd,    Charles   L.    Gen 361 

County,    treated    547-557 

J.    A 326 

John,   Gen.   283,  344,  361,  374,  528, 
547,  548,  555,  698,  816,  960,  1*015 

Richard    S.    Capt 361,835 

Stewart     864 

Fluellyn,   Abner,   Capt 1017 

Thomas     997 

Fluker,    Daniel    274 

George     1023 

Owen,   at   Kettle   Creek 1048 

Will,   at  Kettle   Creek 1048 

Plynn,  John  H 572 

Flynt,  J.  J.  Hon 458,  930 

Folks,  A.  P.  Dr 373 

Folkston,  county-seat  of  Charlton.  .373 

Folsom,   Montgomery    604 

Fontaine,   John    821 

Foot,  James  Sr 467 

O.    C 895 

Foote,    James    850 

W.  R.  Rev 1035 

Ford,   Edward   E.   Rev 119 

John    686 

Lewis  D.   Dr 894 

Merrick     421 

Susannah,    Mr 771 

William     990 

Foreacre,    G.    J 572 

Henry    387 

Formwalt,   Moses   W.,    first   Mayor 

of  Atlanta    569,  572 

Forney,    Daniel   M 162 

Forrest,   Gen 974 

Chapter,    U.    D.    C 522 

Nathan    Bedford,    Gen 552 

Inscription    on    monument 

erected   to    552 

Forson,    William     505 

Forsyth,    A.    B 572 

County,    treated    557-560 

County-seat  of  Monroe 790 

Ga 164 

John,     Gov.,     156,     159,     302,     405, 

557,   558,  778,  790,  817,  818,  823, 

850,     877,     878,     913,     914,     915, 

916,    1010,    1051,    1060,    1061 

Inscription  on  tombstone  of  558 

John,  Jr.,  Minister  to  Mexico, 

396,  558 
Julia,  wife  of  Sen.  Alfred  Iver- 

son    558 

Park     405,  406 

Robert,  Maj 451,913 

W.    G 572 

Fort  Argj'le    331-332 

Augusta,     (illustrated)...  113,  IIG 

Burnt     374 

Frederica:    1735,     (see    Fred- 
erica)     59,  65 

Gaines,   county-seat  of  Clay.. 449 

Gibson    182 

Goliad,    (see   Goliad) 

Hawkins,    1806    308,  309,  317,  345 

Sketch    of    307-308 

Heard,    Sketch    of 1043-1045 

Mentioned     147,211 

Hughes    504 

Jackson,    (Ala)    25 


1082 


Index 


Jackson,      (Ga) 400,401,495 

King's     113.  119 

McAllister     40i,  402 

Mcintosh    350 

Mitchell     69 

Montgomery    266 

Morris    137 

The  last  to  lower  the  Colo- 
nial flag   732 

Oglethorpe     1000 

Pickering     359 

Pulaski,    seizure  of   287 

Mentioned    400 

St.    Andrew    350 

Screven     390 

^Varren,    (Mass.)    47 

Wilham     350 

Wayne    Ill,  388 

Wilkinson    271,278,280 

Wright    268 

Wymberley,    mentioned    ...87,89 
Ruins    of    88 

Fort,    Allen,    Judge 934,937 

Arthur,   a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier   .988,  989 

Arthur,   Jr 990 

Henry  R 356 

James    934 

Mr 988 

Moses,    Hon.    (Judge) 270,962 

Mill,   S.   C 241 

Mountain    809 

Tomlinson,   Dr 274,279,284 

Tomlinson     T 934 

Valley,   Ga 495 

Forth,    Emanuel   Capt 591 

John     703 

Foscue,    Asa 270 

Foster,   Albert   G 641,806 

Arthur     632,    634 

Alex 449 

Capt 310 

G.    W 637 

George    Wells,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     822 

J.    W.,    Rev 967,968 

J.    Z 459 

Mr.  at  Kettle  Creek  ...639,  1049 

Moses    365 

Moses  R 365 

Nathaniel    G 641,806 

Place,    The   old    638 

S.  W.  Mrs 355,957 

Thomas   Flournoy    ..639,641,828 
»  William     766 

Fouche,   Jonas,    Capt 633 

Sidney   F 468 

Fountain,     Capt 525 

J.    T 982,  984 

W.    P 984 

Fowler,    J 528 

John    W 510 

Noah    R 57  2 

Simon    720 

Fox,    Amos,    Dr 579 

Walter     380 

Foy,    George    W 944 

Lewis     318 

Manassas     944 

FYance     65,  69,  70,  71,  72, 

145,  444 

Francis,    Frederic    703 

Francisville,   Ga.,   a  lost   town   495,  496 

Franklin.   Benj.   Anecdote   of    82 

Mentioned    142,  560,  677 

Bedney 803 

College,    the    oldest    State    Uni- 


versity  in  America    ..139, 

145,  271,  283,  423 
Growth  and  Expansion.  .425,  427 
Presidents  and  Chancellors, 

427,  434 

Gifts  and   Endowments.  .434,  436 
County,    created    by    an    act 
establishing       the       State 

University     139,140 

County,    treated    560,564 

Mentioned     283,285,286,674 

Seat   of   Heard    677 

J.   D.   Capt 102^ 

Philemon     1023 

Samuel    O 1021 

Mine,   The   418 

Springs     5562 

Fraser,    Donald    Dr 743 

George    387 

Frazier,  J.  J 699 

Mr 882 

Frederica,    Fort    and    Town    59,65 

Inscription   on    Fort    60 

Ruins   of   the   old   Fort    (illus- 
trated)      e'2 

Battle    of   Bloody   Marsh.  .'.73,  76 

Oglethorpe's   home    622 

Mentioned    . .  .66,  68,  331,  609,  610 

611 

Frederick,    Prince  of  Wales 60 

Fredericksburg,    Battle    of 294,297 

Mentioned 438,445 

Freeman,   Catherine  Mrs.,   wife   of 

Col.  John  Freeman 632 

Coldrop,    at    Kettle    Creek.. 1048 

Daniel,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

Holman,     Col.,    a    Revolution- 
ery  soldier   .563,  632,  1006,  1007 

H.    M.,     Dr 931 

James,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

James   C 929 

John   Col.,   a  Rev.   soldier, 

563,  632,  1006,  1007,  1048,  1057 
1063 

J.     C 715,  782 

Mary    306 

Samuel,   a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     421 

William,   at   Kettle   Creek... 1048 

French,   H.    L 922 

and  Indian  Wars   70 

Daniel  C 53 

Protestant   Church  of  Charles- 
ton     293 

Freylinghuysen,    Theodore    302 

Fricker,   Charles  A.  Mrs 723 

Frier,    John    702 

Frierson,   James  S 311 

Frink,    Samuel   Rev 118,119 

Frogtown,    a   creek      at      head      of 

Chestatee   River   758 

"From   Greenland's  Icy  Mountains" 
How    Bishop   Haber's   Great 
Hymn    was    set    to    music. 292 

Fi-j'ar,    John    342 

Fudge,    F.    E 785 

Jacob,     a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     497 

Fullbrighl,    H.   J.    Hon 970 

Fulgham,    Henry    720 

Fuller,    Richard   Dr 742 

William     A 572 

William    A.,    Br 680,681 

William    J 628 

Fullwood,    James    1015 

Fulton  Co.,  Treated   564,  606 

John     704,771,990 

Robert    564,915 


Index 


1083 


Samuel     V71 

Furlow    School,    The    937 

Timothy  M.   Hon    937 

Fussells,    Wm 6S6 

Futch,   J.    H 348 

Futrelle,    Jacques    «U6,  85i5,  856 

G 

Gabbett,    Sarah    E.   Mrs 222,223 

Gachet,   James  E 933 

Gaddis.    George    W 994 

James,    Sr 994 

Gaddistown,    Adieu    to    992,993 

Gafford,    John    31 S 

Stephen    714 

Gage,    John   E 97  7 

Mathew    865 

Galley,    Joseph    656 

Gaines,   Edmond   I'endleton   Gen, 

167,  449,  653 

F.  H.    Dr.,    a.i    accomplished 
educator    509 

G.  G 505 

Ira     657 

Lewis     294 

Gainesville,    Ga 285 

The  county  seat  of  Hall    653 

Gallatin     338 

Mr 472 

Galphin,    Fort    886 

Galpin,    George,   a   merchant   prince 

of    the    Georgia    Forest    ..338, 
700,  701,  881,  883,  886,  906,  1123 

Galphin's  Old   Town    146,147 

Galphinton,    on    the    Ogeechee     ..146, 
154,  343,  883 
The    story    of   an    old    Indian 

trading  post    700,701 

"Galveston  News"   mentioned    34 

Quoted     37 

Gamble,    John    704 

Joseph    704,  706 

Roger    Lawson,    Sr 706 

William    704 

Gambrell,   P.    H.    Mrs 237 

Gammage,    T.    T 821 

Gandier,    Peter    804 

Gannon,    L.    V 572 

Garardieu,  John  B 387 

Garbutt,   M.   W 301 

Gardner,    A 54  4 

H.    S 627 

James    900 

John    949 

Wm.   Montgomery    916 

Garland,    H 997 

Mr.,    a   revolutionary    soldier. 997 

N.   L. 931 

Garmany,    H.    Capt 642,933 

Gamer,    Alfred    502 

William     668 

Garnett,    Charles   F.    M 567 

Richard   B.   Gen.   Love   Affair 
with    Miss    Cecelia    Stovall..33 

Garney,   J.   A 629 

Garrard,    Louis   F.    Col 235,829 

Garratt,    James    546 

John    844 

William    J 579 

Garrard,    Wm.    Lt.-Col 400 

Garrison,    John    B 420 

N 657 

Gartland,  F.  X.  Bishop   412 

Gartrell,   L.   J.   Gen 57  2,596,1062 

Garves,   John    727 

Garvin,    I.    P.    Dr 895 

William 1  OOl 


Gaslcins,     Fisher     754 

John     472 

Gatchet,    Charles    715 

Gate    City    Guard,    The    590,592 

The     575 

Gates,    Charles    876 

General    507,988 

Gatewood,  Mrs.   T.   Furlow,   former- 
ly Miss  Cordelia  Hawkins. .500 
Richard     539 

Gathright,    Miles    691 

Gatins,    John    572 

Joseph     572 

Gatlin,    Stephen,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     630 

Gaulden,    Chas.    G.    Rev 329 

Jonathan    329 

W.    T.    Dr.    .-. 329 

Gaulding,    A.    A 929 

Wm.    Dr 668 

Gault,   Edward    812 

Gautamala     296 

Gay,  Allen,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

his   tomb    489 

Columbus 782 

C.    E.    Mrs 976 

G 681 

Susan     673 

General,    The,   famous  engine  figur- 
ing in  the  Civil  War 594 

Genesis    Point     401 

George  II  of  England   398 

III  of    England    334,880 

IV  of  England    503 

B 267 

Jesse,  Rev 678 

John     637 

John   B.   Dr 348 

William     634 

Georgetown,   D.   C 4,45 

The  County     Seat     of     Quit- 
man     870 

Georgia   Company,    The    150 

Cracker     297 

Episcopal    Institute     793 

Female  College,   The   ...,201,799 

"Gazette"     79,  100,  333,  682 

Historical     Society     ..23.83.1^)3, 
267,  269,  373,  402,  403,  404 
"Historical   and   Industrial"    .372 
History  of,   by  Avery,   quoted 

287, 283 
Home    for    Confederate    Sol- 
diers,  The    595 

Industrial  School  for  Colored 

Youths     427 

"Journal"    21 

Light   Infantry    396 

Marble     241 

Medical    College    427 

"Messenger"     148,307,309 

Military   Academy    282,581 

Mississippi    Company,    The... 150 
Mountaineers,    Characters   of 

251    252 

Northern,    The    474,  475',  520 

N.  and  I.   College   for  Girls 

160,  282,  283,  427,  490 

Pacific   Railway    367 

Railroad      120,197,291 

Regiment  of  Volunteers.  .311,  396 

"Scenes"    319,  341,  446 

School    for   the   deaf.    The 554 

School  of  Technology    ...427,  579 
Society  of  Colonial   Dames  of 

America    54,61,62.74,86 

114,  115,  385 


1084 


Index 


Society  of  Sons  of  the  Revo- 
lution     •'5  1 

Foot-note    T :! 

Southern    and   Florida   Rail- 
way      500 

State    Bank   of    Savannah 211 

State   College   of   Agriculture 
and   Mechanic  Arts    ...420,435 

State    Sanitarium    27  9 

The   little   steamship    9.3:; 

Trustees    of    80,81,121 

The    University      of,      oldest 
State    college    in    America 

139,  145 
(See  University  of  Georgia.) 
Volunteers,  in  War  for  Texan 

Independence  35 

Georgia's   first   woman  editor    ....lOli 
oldest   military   organization: 

Gerard,    Jacob     977 

Gerlach,    Conrad   M.    Capt 501 

Germantown    277 

German  Village,  The   61s 

Germany    239 

Gervin,    Robert    704 

Gettysburg,  Battle  of   33,442 

Ghent,    Dr 678 

Gholstin,    Louis    579 

Gibbes,    John    686 

Thomas     686 

Gibbons,     Sallie     953 

William     110,  953 

William,    Sr 383,409 

Gibbs,    Thomas   A 1007 

Thomas  F.  Dr 572 

Gibson,   E 607 

Gibson   Henry    859,1058 

Humphrey    634 

Jacob     60  7 

John,   a  soldier  of   the   Revo- 
lution      57  5 

R.    C 859 

Stringer    669 

The    county    seat      of      Glas- 
cock      607 

William,    Judge    607,608,997 

William    T 857 

Giddens,   M.    P 959 

Gideon,    Benjamin    98 

Dr 627 

Giffen,   Isaac  Newton    ("Little   Gif- 

fen  of  Tennessee")    41,44 

Gignilliat,    Charlotte   Mrs 456 

Home,    Marietta    456,457 

Norman  Capt 456 

Gilbert,  Drewry   1023 

Jabez    856 

James   J.    Mrs 815 

John 720 

John  B.   Dr 522 

Joshua,    Dr 5  72 

Mr 564 

S.    P.    Judge    824 

Thomas    684,720,864 

William     1023,  1058 

Giles,    Enoch   J.    Hon 968 

Gilder,    Jacob    856 

Gildersleeve,  Cyrus  Rev 730 

Gill,    Days    7  24 

William     7  81 

William    F 724 

Gilleland,   John    439 

William 540 

Thomas     766 

Gillion,    John    270 

Gilman,    Daniel    Coit    236 

Gilmer    County,    Treated    606,607 


Gilmer,  George  R.  Gov.   ..159,421,606, 
840,  841,  842,  846,  947 

Gift  to  University   435 

Quoted     276  306,749 

.leremy   F.    Gen 412 

John    843,  1057 

Thomas   Meriwether    ...843,1057 

Gilmer's    "Georgians"    1041 

Gilmore,    John    704 

Mr 982,  983 

Girardeau,    Mr 179 

Isaac    727 

Richard     727 

Girardv,  Victor  J.  B 916 

Girtman,    D.    L]    699 

Henry  C 699 

William,  M.   Dr 699 

Gist,    Nathaniel    191 

County,    treated    007,609 

Elizabeth    891 

Thomas,     Gen 153,514,607, 

608,  891 
Thomas,  Jr.,  a  soldier  of  1812 

912,  915,  916 

Thomas,   Sr 911 

William,    Jr.,    /. 911 

William,       a       Revolutionary 

soldier    140,608,890,911 

"Glascock's    Wash,"    plantation    of 

Wm.   Glascock 
Glass,   John,   at  Kettle   Creek       ..1048 

M 546 

Thomas,   at  Kettle   Creek    ..1048 

Glazier,    Adam    696 

Gleason,   George  W.   Judge    920 

Glen,  Holly    291 

James    1032 

G.    R.    Dr.,    quoted    ..271,272,756 

Glen,    George    1001 

John     572,1032 

Jesse   A.    Col 417,1039 

Luther  J.    Col 572,576 

Wilber  F.,   D.   D 586 

William    796,  1058 

Wm.   C.   Hon 417,1039 

Glover,    Eli    696,  864 

Elizabeth    Mrs 364 

T.    C.    Dr 364 

J.  F 896 

John    P.    Rev 949 

Glynn  County,   Treated    609,623 

John     609 

Gober,  George  W 467 

Goble,    C 607 

Godbe,    Wm 702 

Godfrey,  William   876 

Godwin,    John    819,822 

Goetchius.     Henry    R 824 

Going    Snake     182 

Coins,   George   C.    Mr 808 

Gold,   Benjamin,   Col 184 

"Gold    Deposits    of    Georgia"    (foot 

note)     184 

Gold  Discovered  at  Villa  Rica  366,  367 

Eleanor     184 

first      discovered      in     North 

Georgia    1031 

Harriet:   a  Romance  of  New 

Echota    183,  184 

Mining  in  Georgia,  Dahlonega 
once  the  center  of  activities 

in   America    185,189 

Goldin,    Seaborn    688 

W.    F.    Dr 688 

Golding,    Mr 936 

Thomas     424 

Goldsbv,   Richard    84  4 


Index 


1085 


Goldsmith    and    Renfro,     impeach- 
ment   trials,    The    513 

Capt.    a    Revoluationary    sol- 
dier      735 

J.   W 579 

Oliver    51,  770 

Golightly,    Charles    703 

Golson,    S 861 

Goliad,    Fort,      Georgians      massa- 
cred at    34 

Goodale.  Thomas    . . : 882 

Goodall,  Pleasant  702 

Solomon    572 

Goode,   Charles  T.   Col 718 

John    997 

Samuel    W.    Col 935 

Thomas     W 997 

Goodlett,    Caroline   Mrs.    ..219,220,221 

Foot-note    220 

Goodman,   A 669 

Jesse    754 

John    C 304,967,968 

S.    C 670 

Goodwin,    James    J 270 

John   B 470 

Lewis,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      497 

S.    P 718 

Goodyear,    William    884 

Goose  Pond  Tract   1042 

Gorce,    Binford    856 

Gorday,    G.    B 982,983 

Gordon,    Alexander    945 

Ambrose,     Maj 892 

A.    C.    Gen 412 

Charles    1001 

Charles    P 869,1036,1039 

County     170,183,280 

County     Treated     624-628 

G 896 

George,    an    eccentric    noble- 
man     1041 

George  G 1002 

George    W 794,864 

James.    Maj 988,1001 

John   B.,   Gen.,     mentioned      106, 

204,  205,    206,  207,  470,  507,  508, 

512,  586,  598,     603,  667,  854,  934, 

977,    997,1000,     1001 

Dubbed,     "The    Man    of    the 

Twelfth    of   May"    588 

First  used  the  expression  "U. 
D.    C."    in    presenting    Miss 

Winnnie   Davis    218 

Retirement  from  the  senate   .499 

And    Lee   Mills    206 

Institute     854 

Monument,    The    586 

Peter     380 

Statue,    The    598,934 

Thomas    1001 

Thomas  G 821 

William     Washington,      Gen. 

399,     407,  412,  413,  587,  624,  916. 
Monument   to   Railway   Pion- 
eer     404,  405 

Zachariah  H.   Rev 997 

Gorham,   John    564 

At  Kettle  Creek   1048 

Gorman,     James     1045 

John   B.   Dr 940 

John  B.  Jr 94  0 

Ossian    D 4)40 

T.   P.   Dr 895 

Gorton,   John    727 

Goshen,    a   settlement    near   Eben- 

ezer    531 


Gould,    E.   W.   Mrs 237 

Harriet,    a    romance    of    new 

Echota    183 

William    Tracy,   Judge    ..898,914 

Goulding,   B.   L.    Capt .'.292 

E.     R 823 

Francis  R.  Rev 292,  298, 

740,     829,  908,  915 

Francis   R.  Mrs 292 

Thomas  Dr 743,821,829 

Gouvain,   Madam    423 

Governor's  Foot  Guard  of  Hartford 

Conn.,  The,  Co.  I  591 

Grace,  Walter  J.   Hon 719 

Grady   County,    Treated    628,629 

Henry    W.     mentioned     218,  447, 
448,     450,  478,  578,  579,  582,  589, 
595.      601,  602,  628,  861. 
His    Reference    to    Confeder- 
ate Monument,  Athens  441,442 
Inscription       on      Monument 

to     585 

J.    E 699 

Monument    585 

W.   S.   Maj.    , 447 

Graham,    A 939,955 

D 955 

Jackson     787 

John,  Lieut-Gov.  His  planta- 
tion. Mulberry  Grove,  for- 
feited      108,  387 

J.    H 699 

John  M.  Mrs 164 

R 997 

Vault    104 

W.    P.   Dr 895 

Gramling,    K.    Capt 

John   R 579 

W.    G.    Sergeant    420 

W.    S ._ 579 

Grant,  Daniel,  first  man  in  Georgia 
to   manumit   his   slaves, 

1055. 1058 

Mentioned    424,778 

Gen 756 

Isaac    852 

John,   soldier  under  Oglethorpe, 
650,  771 

John    T.    Col 446,579,1009 

Lemuel    P.    Col 572,594 

N 627 

Park,    its    memories    of    the 

Civil    War    593 

President     805 

Radford     657 

Sarah    Francis,    afterwards 

Mrs.   John   M.    Slaton 975 

Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      693,1055,1058 

II.    S 297 

Wm.   D 579 

William  D.  Mrs 974 

Grantham,    William    876 

Grantland,    Fleming    274,275 

Seaton     284,285,929 

Graves,    John    Col.,    a    Revolution- 
ary soldier   1058,1060 

John  Temple,  editor  of  the 
"Xew    York    American". ..  .602 

Iverson    D 958 

Solomon    836 

William    727,  958 

Gray,    Abraham    387 

Absalom     929 

Archibald     949 

Basil     342 

Col 313 


1086 


Index 


David    3S7 

Edmund    762 

Garnett   850 

George    T.    Dr 968 

Hillery     766 

Isaac,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     365,  486,  561 

James     711,715,864,949 

John    702 

Joseph    F.     (foot-note)     376 

Lieut.,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier    735 

R 704 

Robert    387 

The  county-seat   of  Jones....  7  il 
Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  sol-     . 

dier    702,  1064 

William     882 

Graybill,  Henry,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    661,637 

John    864 

Greason,  John   766 

Great    Britain    25 

Ogeechee    331,  4o; 

Greece    192 

Green,    A ' 274 

Duff,  Gen 1037 

F.  M.   Mrs 213 

John,     a    Revolutionary     sol- 
dier      704,  939 

John    J 326 

Leonard    720 

Moses   P 907 

Mrs 928 

Mount    Cemetery,    Baltimore 

S 487 

T.  M.   Mrs 1048 

The  J.  S.  Collegiate  Institute,  648 

Thomas     949 

Thomas  F.  Dr.  Memorial  Tab- 
let  279.  280 

Greene.    Allen    715 

Benjamin   926 

County,    treated    630-641 

David    702,704 

D.   B 997 

Edward     766 

Francis  IT.    (Foot-note) 112 

Gen.,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

703,  708,  776,  986 
George  Washington    104 

G.  W.    (Foot-note) 112 

Isaac    766 

John    702 

Leroy     274 

M 926 

M.    J.    Miss    460 

Nathanael,    Gen.,    a    Revolu- 
tionary soldier,    l,    4,    5,   6,   125, 
126,  271,  279,  349,  397,  407,  411, 

630,  778 
His  Mulberry  Grove   Estate 

108-112 
Monument  in  Savannah  ..103-104 
Nathanael    Mrs.    (see    Mrs. 

Catherine    Miller)     5,  9 

Tomb  at  Dungeness   10 

Robert     773 

William     342,421 

William   C 467 

Greensboro,    the    county-seat    of 

Greene     ...21,141,313,454,630 

Green's  Ferry    180 

Greenville    782 

The    county-seat    of    Meri- 
wether     778 

Greenway,    John    702 


Greenwich,  traditional  place  of  Pul- 
aski's  burial    105,395 

Greenwood,    Henry    D 907 

The  widow    640 

Greer,    Gilbert    D.    Capt 491 

James    933 

J.   M 994 

Samuel  A 879 

Thomas     424 

W.  A 982,984 

William     949 

Gregory,    Jackson    467 

Moab    789 

Mrs 544 

Mr.    and    Mrs 543 

Shade    789 

Gresham,  A 943 

Alexander,     a    Revolutionary 
soldier     631 

A.  Y 821 

David     638 

Davis,  Major,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    631,637 

Edmund   B.   Col 907 

James     365 

John  J.  Judge   '. .  .323 

Joseph     702 

Leniuel    794 

M 933 

William     511 

Grey,   Archibald    496 

Edmond    360 

Isaac    467 

Grice,  Garry   929 

W.   L.   Judge   719,862 

Grier,    Justice    942 

Margarett,    afterwards   Mrs. 

Stephens     942 

Robert,    originator  of   Grier's 
Almanac    942 

Grierson,   Fort    884,886 

James    884 

Thomas     884 

Grieve,  Miller   274,  275,  276,  285 

Griffin.    Andrew    B 822 

Charles,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     453 

Eli   Dr 572 

James    505 

John    1046 

L.   L.   Gen 796,926,991 

Len     505 

Mitchell     953 

Nathan    270 

S 680 

The  county-seat  of  Spalding, 

926  928 

William     680 

Wm.    D 311 

Griff  is,    Henry    934 

Griffith,    Benjamin    607 

B.  M 607 

F.   C.  Mr 635 

James    949 

James  L 424 

S 607 

W.    G 635 

William    Rev 949 

Griggs,   James  M.   Judge    959 

James  0 859 

Grimes,  Thomas  W.  Dr.    ..821,  824,  829 

William     990 

Grimmiger,  Andreas   531 

Grimsley,    Joseph    B 449 

Joseph     528 

Richard     449,  528 

Grinatt,    Robert    634 

Griner,    Fish    304 


Index 


1087 


Grisham,  Wm -120 

Grisson,    Elijah     759 

Griswold,     Mr '.713 

Samuel     712,  715 

Griswoldvllle,    the    town    of 7l'3 

Gronau,    Israel    Christian,    Rev 530 

Groover,    Abner    329 

Chas.    E 329 

C.    1 818 

Daniel     329 

Fuller    329 

James    329 

John     336 

Grosvener,   Chas.   H.   Gen 203 

Grovenstein,  Angus  N.   Hon 533 

Grooves,   C.  L.  Mr 747 

Groves,   Robert    407 

Stephen     775 

Grovetown,    Ga 224 

Gross,    Wm.   H.,   Bishop   of   Savan- 
nah     311 

Grubb,    Thomas  F 572 

Gruber,    Peter    531 

Gi'un,    Shadrach    365 

Gsohwandel,  Thomas   530 

Guerry,    Dupont    202 

Mr 930 

Guess,   David    564 

George  (see  Sequova) ....  182,  416 

William     467 

Guest,  Moses,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     561 

Guigg,   Henry  Dr 919 

Guilford,    C.    H.    Battle   of 692 

Conn 271 

Guinn,   John   502 

Gullatt,    Henry    572 

James    572 

Gumm,   Cora,   Miss    277 

Jacob,    Major,    a    Revolution- 
ary Patriot,   monument  to, 

276,  277 

Jacob  Jr 277 

Gunby,  Robert  M 1018 

Gunn,   James,   United  States  Sena- 
tor     144,  411,  707 

John   McKay    879 

James  Jr.,  gift  to  University  434 

William    939,943 

Gunter's    Landing    178 

Guntersvllle,    Ala 178 

Gurley,   James  H 759 

Guyton,   Charles  J 719 

Moses    ; 719,  720 

Gwaltney,    L.    R.   Dr 553 

Gwinnett,    Button,   Gov.,   a  Revolu- 
tionary  Patriot,    407,    410,    534, 
641,  643,   653,  682,   738,   772,   898 
Gwinnett   County,    treated    641 

H 

Haas,    Jacob    579 

Sol 57  2 

Habersham   County    185,  285,  286 

Treated     646 

House    392-394 

James,  a  Pres.  King's  Council, 

SO,   380,  387,   406,   407,  408, 
409,  410,  646,  64'7 

James  Jr 140,487,410 

John,    a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     140,409,410,647 

Joseph,    Maj.,    a   Revolutionary 
soldier,    390,    391,    407,    409,    410 
646,  888 
Joseph,   D.   A.    R.   Chapter, 

collections  of   213 


Mr 052 

Neyle    392,  393 

Richard    W 412,648,651 

Robert    78 

Hackett,    Thomas   Dr 372 

Haddock,   Joseph  J.   P 766 

Haden,  James    704 

Haddley,    R.   V 301 

Haddon,   William,   Capt 704 

Hadley,   George  Maj 410 

Hagan,    A 337 

Edward     720,766 

J.    S.    Capt 944 

P.    S 908 

Haines,    Ellis    766 

Hairston,    Thomas    467 

Hakluyt,    Richard    549 

Halcomb,    Henry,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    647 

Halcyondale,    the   McCurry    planta- 
tion     675 

Hale,  A 502 

Jones    1007 

Mr 564 

Haley,  William    538 

Hall,   Boiling,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      862 

Ezekiel   Dr 496,497 

County,    treated    653 

Frank   W 759 

G 754 

Harrington    610 

Harvey    822 

Hugh,    Col.,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    662 

•  Isaac    771,  1063,  1064 

James    M 502 

J 754 

John    771 

John  I.   Judge    347,650,929 

John  M.  Dr 699 

J.    R 475 

Lyman,    Dr.,    Inscription    on 

slab   over  grave   of 654 

Mentioned,    343,    407,    410,    580, 

643,  653,   682,   726,   738,   898,   913 

Lyman  Chapter,  D.  A.  R.  358,  360 

Luther   E 779 

Robert    97  7 

Robert    P 497 

S 754 

Samuel,    Judge    497,523,600 

Talmadge     361 

Thomas     669 

Thomas    W 47 

William     1064 

Hallam,    Arthur    96,651 

James    817 

Hames,    John:    oldest    survivor    of 

Revolution,    462,    463,    478,    812 

Hamil,    John    794 

Hamilton,   A.    S.   Dr 416,879 

Charles    294 

County-seat    of    Harris.  .668, '669, 
670,  671 

Dr 295 

D.    B.    Col 671 

George   R 668 

Isaac    644 

James,   Lieut.    ..480,612,616,823 

James    Rev 949 

James  B 318 

James  F 864 

John    546 

John,  a  Revolutionary  soldier  662 

Joseph    J 670 

Levi    369 

Plantation    500 


1088 


Index 


Thomas    S04,  S95 

Thomas   N 424 

Hamlin,    Geoi'ge     96;J 

Hammerer,  John  D SS4 

Hammock,   I'aschal   H79 

T.    D i'Jf) 

William     879 

Hammond,  Abner,  a  Revolutionary- 
soldier    279 

Abraham,  a  soldier  of  1812,   1007 

Amos  W 57  2 

Col 980 

Dennis  F.  Judge    491,679 

Dudley    W 318 

Elijah     487 

Nathaniel  J.    Col.,    153,    541,    572, 
602,  796 
Samuel,  Col.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier   316,   411,   912,   915 

W.  R.  Judge  679 

Hampton,  Andrew    720 

Col 720 

Joseph     704 

Roads     363 

Hampton's    Point,    where    Aaron 

Burr   took   refuge 611,623 

Hampstead,   a  dead    town 395-390 

Hancock  Blues    310 

County    144,  473 

D 704 

Francis    703,884 

John,     a    Revolutionary     sol- 
dier     333,  682 

John,  of  Crawford   496 

Mancel 496 

William    4  96 

Hand,    Henry   H.,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    936 

Handley,   George    -. 4  07,888 

Handly,    George    887 

Handspiker,    Stephen    748 

Haney,    Thomas    57  2 

Hankerson,   John    949 

Hanleiter,    Cornelius   R.   Col 572,799 

William    R 57  2 

W.    R.    Mrs 928 

Hanna,  Mark,  his  home  in  Thomas- 
ville  where  McKinley  Presi- 
dential   boom    was    launched, 

246,  250 

Robert     704 

William     704 

Hanna's  School,   Miss    581 

Hannah,  A.  B 502 

Hannon,    Samuel    468 

Hansen,  Andrew  J.  Gen 467,961 

Aug'ustin    H.    Judge 961,964 

Charles  P.  Hon go.') 

William   Y 285 

Hanson,    Alexander  Contee 4 

Hape,   Samuel,   Dr 572 

Haralson    County,    treated    ....667,668 

Congressman    641 

Hugh   A.    Gen 507,  638,  977 

Sketch   of    667,  668 

Harben,  Will  N 1039 

Harbor,   Cold    724 

Hardaway,   R.   H.  Mrs 484 

Hardee,  William  J.  Gen.,  362,  401,  402, 
412,  456,  457 

Thomas     330 

W.  T.  Mrs 330 

"Hardee's  Rifle  and  Infantry  Tac- 
tics"     362 

Hardeman,  Isaac  Col 716 

John    84  3 

John  of  Coweta    491 

Robert    U 320,843 


Robert  V.  Judge  716 

Thomas   Jr.,    Col.    ..315,318,824, 
843,  868 

Thomas   Sr 318,  868 

Harden,    Adam    977 

Edward  J.  Judge   ...384,  412,  414 

John    977 

J.    M.    B.    Dr 739 

William   269,  564,   1001 

Hardin,   Col 295 

M 505 

Mark    A 679 

P.    M 572 

William     680 

Harding,    William    704 

W.    P.   Dr 572 

Hardman,    E.    S.   Mrs 690 

Larmartine  Griffin   690,692 

W.    B.    Dr 690 

William  B.  J.   Dr 690,692 

Hardwick,   C.   W 704 

Frank  T 1039 

Garland     704 

George  W 864 

John  W 697 

T.   W 740'.  1023 

William,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      697,  704,  1022 

W.    P 704 

Hardy,    Aquilla    490 

Hargrove,    Zachariah    B 295,551 

Hargroves,   Abram    4  72 

George    1016 

Harkies,    William    546 

Harkness,  James   34  6 

Harman,  Henry  E 605 

James    949 

Harmony    Grove,    Ga 200 

Harp,    W.    A 572 

Harper,   Alex  O.   Mrs 691 

C.    C 242 

Donald     557 

George     715 

John    J 669 

Mr 794 

Mrs 857 

Robert    766 

Robert,   at   Kettle   Creek 1049 

William,  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Harpue,  T 793 

Haralson,    Vincent    1007 

Harrell,    Jacob    .-605 

John    505 

John   D.    Col 506 

Martin    629 

S 990 

Sampson     629 

Solomon     934 

W.   W 505 

Harrington,    T 990 

Harris,    Absalom,    a    Revolution- 
ary soldier  662 

Archibald     977 

Augustin     274 

Benjamin     1018 

Charles     407,  6S4 

Sketch   of    668,  669 

Charles    B. 781 

Col 550 

Corra   White    298 

County,   treated    668-671 

E 559 

Edwin    311 

E.    S 97=^ 

George    Jr 365 

Graves    803 

Henry    779 

Henry  Sr 781 


Index 


1089 


Henry    U T79,  783 

Home,    The   Old    7/^9 

Isaac    N 1'  ■* 

Iverson  L.   Judge    ...-284.469,600 

Jack    lOOl 

J.    F.    iviajor    1036 

James     704 

James  O S'^ 

Jeptha    V 144,145 

Joel  Chandler   ..322,  863,  868,  869 

Creator  of  Uncle   Remus 603 

John    759 

John   L.    Judge    572 

L.   D 559 

Lundv    H.    Mrs 541 

Nathaniel    E.    Capt 323,580, 

586,  587 

Place,    The    734 

R.  H 629 

Sampson    W.    Judge    587,683 

Sampson     1058 

Samuel    B 634 

Stephen     644 

S 939,  943 

Stephen  N.  Capt 732 

Stephen  W 424,869 

Thomas    637,  638 

Thomas    R 870 

Wade    318 

Walker    1007 

Walton     274,637,638 

W.    A 1065 

William    781 

Wm.    J 860,  1029 

William     468 

Young    970 

Young   L..    G.   Mrs 440,447 

Harrison,   Burton   Col 15 

George  P.  Jr 412 

George  P.   Sr.,   Gen 412 

George    W 579,880,888 

Isabelle    Miss     107 

James    P 579 

John     634 

Joseph    S.    Mrs 723,1010 

Lynde,    Judge    249 

Paschal    803 

Uncle  Abe,  anecdote  of 367 

W.  H.   Capt 473,687,934 

Zadoc    D 579,880 

Harrold,    Frank    Jr 723 

Herdy    318 

Hart,  Benjamin,  at  Kettle  Creek,  1048 
Capt.,  a  kinsman  of  Thomas 

Hart   Benton    538 

County,    treated    671-677 

Daniel,    a   Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     497 

Family  Record,   The    673,674 

John    673 

John  C.   Judge    638,641 

Lucretia    673 

Morgan,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

Nancy     518,538,539,860 

A  heroine  of  the  Revolution, 

sketch   of    671-673 

At   Kettle   Creek    1048 

The  home  of    537 

Nancy,  Chapter  D.  A.  R 278 

Nathaniel    673 

Samuel    766 

Thomas,    Jr 638,673 

Hartford,   a  dead   town 671860 

Hartley,    Sherrell    704 

Hartridge,    Julian    412 

Hartwell,   county-seat  of  Hart 671 

Harvard  University  10,  292 

Harves,    Charles,    a   Revolutionary 


soldier    628 

Harvey,   James    704 

John    715 

M.   P 365 

Spencer,    Rev 365 

W.    S 365 

Zephaniah,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    694 

Harvie,    Daniel    1057 

William    843 

Harvill,  Andrew    .• 821 

Ellis    1063 

Harvin,  Wm.  E 348 

HaiTvell,     James     997 

Jackson     669 

Henry   J 864 

Hatcher,   George   E 237 

Robert     1064 

Samuel   T 822 

William     539 

Hathorn,    William    861 

Hatteras    446 

Hattewanlee,  a  town 548 

Havanna     71 

Hawk,   Jacob    879 

Hawkins,    Alexander  Dr 997 

Benjamin  Col.,  a  Revolution- 
ary soldier,  281,  307,  359,  476, 
494,  495,  496,  946,  947,  948 
Resident  Agent  among  the 
Creeks,  (see  the  Old  Creek 
Indian  Agency:  where  a 
forgotten    patriot    sleeps) 

18-28 
Cordelia,   Miss,    now   Mrs.    T. 

Furlow    Gatewood    500 

County-seat    of   Crisp   named 

for    497 

Fort,   sketch  of    307  308 

John    .267 

Sam    166 

Samuel  H.,    President   of  the 
Savannah,     Americus     and 

Montgomery  Railway    500 

Willis   A.    Judge    600,777,937 

Hawkinsville,  the  county-seat  of 

Pulaski    860 

Hawthorn,  John   990 

W.    R 629 

William     505 

Hawthorne,   Rev 874 

Hawthorne's   Pool    874 

Hay,   Charles    844 

Hayden,    Julius    L 572 

Hayes.    A 528 

John,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     511 

Jonathan    449 

Robert    L. 835 

Rutherford   B 523 

William  Rev 959 

Haygood,  Atticus  G.,   Bishop,   202,  784, 

832  833 

Benjamin    794 

F.   M.   Rev 572 

Green   B 572 

James    274 

Mrs 794 

William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     791 

Hayne,  Gen 909 

Literary    Circle,    (foot-note) .  .?30 
Paul  H.,  the  home  of.  Copse 

Hill     224,  228 

Mentioned     228,  917 

Quoted     231,232,233 

Mentioned  (foot-note)    231 

Robt.  Y 301 


1090 


Index 


Wm.    H 226 

Haynes,  Augustus   5'72 

Moses     539 

Reuben    572 

Hays,    C.   L. 949 

E 528 

George    949 

Harrison     949 

John    52S 

R.    P 949 

•  Hazelhurst,    S.    W 356 

The   county-seat    of   Jeff   Da- 
vis     698,  699 

Head,   D.    B.    Dr 668 

James    546 

James  R 668 

Quarters,     (name    of    mining 

camp  at   Dahlonega    759 

Samuel    B 822 

William     1058 

William  H 796 

W.    J.    Capt 66?' 

Healey,  Thomas  G 572 

Heard,  A.  V.  Mrs 976 

Barnard  Maj.  884,  1043,  1044,  1057 

At  Kettle  Creek  1048 

B.   W.    Gen 211,1044 

County,   treated    677,679 

George   C 781 

House:  where  the  last  meet- 
ing of  the  Confederate  Cab- 
inet    was    held,     (illustrated) 

211 

Jesse,     at    Kettle     Creek,     1043, 

1048,  1057 

John,  at  Kettle  Creek,  1043,  1044, 

1048,  1057 

Joseph    634 

Heardmont,    the   home   of   Stephen 

Heard    537,540,678 

Stephen,    Col.,    a    Revolution- 
ary   soldier,    537,  538,  540,  1042, 
1043,  1048,  1057,  1059,1061 

Sketch    of    67  7 

Thomas     804 

William     634,638,670 

Heard's  Fort    147,  211  540,  677,  678, 

762,  887 

Sketch    of    1043-1045 

Heam  Academy   555 

Heath,    George    949 

Heber,  Bishop,  how  his  great  hymn 

was  set  to  music   292 

Hebrew  Congregation  of  Savannah  102 

Heddrick,    John    994 

Heflin,   Wyley    804 

Heidleburge,    Thos.    C 990 

Helveston,    Philip    702 

Hemphill,    Philip   W 551 

Wm.    A 579 

Henderson,  C.  K.  Mrs 775 

Daniel    1065 

Elisha    696 

Isaac    P 835 

James    317,318 

John    686,884 

Manasseh     1065 

Robert    702 

Robert  J 837 

William,   a   soldier   of   1812, 

696, 1001 

Hendrick,   William    528 

Hendricks,    L. 502 

Hendrix,   Daniel    336 

John    C 572 

Hendry,    E.    D 853 

Henley,    M 748 

Henly,    George    587 


Hennerigues,    Isaac   Nunis    98 

Mrs 98 

Shem     98 

Henry,    Chas.    S 403 

County,  treated  679-681 

John    825 

John    Judge    862 

of   Navarre    206 

Patrick    679 

Robert     822 

Samuel  H.   Rev 812 

Walton  Chapter  of  D.  A.  R.,  801 

W.    P 794 

Wm.    Judge    1002 

Henson,    John    421 

Hepburn,    Burton,    Col 821 

Hepzibah,    Old    Brothersville.  .  .905,  908 
Herbert,    George,    Rev.,    holds   first 
Religious  Services  in  Geor- 
gia      78-79 

Isaac    893 

J 955 

John     157 

S 955 

Herndon,    Joseph     1007 

Reuben   ^ ...  865 

"Hermitage,"    The    39i 

Herod    Town    9.t« 

Heron's    Point     733 

Herring,  David    804 

Edmund    505 

James    977 

John     977 

William     572,  650 

Herrington,  Ephriam,  a  Revolution- 
ary   soldier    543 

Mr 926 

Richard,   a   Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     924 

Herriott,    John    387 

Herrman,    H 517 

Herron,    Alexander,    Col 733 

Herronton,    Wm.    S 929 

Herrishill,    William     990 

Hei-vey,  C.   P 823 

Hester,  John  Temple   522 

Hewey,   Joseph    510 

Heygood,    Atticus   G.    Bishop    838 

Hey  ward,  Duncan  C 453 

Heywood    875 

Hiawassee  River 178,  179 

The   county-seat   of   Towns 

696, 970 

Hickman,    John    P 221 

Hickory    Flat,    Ga 421 

Hicks,    Abner    1063 

An   Indian    627 

Capt 924 

Charles,   a   Cherokee   Chief.. 1000 

Charles  R 175 

Elijah,    a   Cherokee   Chief... 1000 

H.    Dr 711 

James    Maj 490,544,711 

W.    P 711 

Higdon,    Charles    720 

Ira     629 

Higginbotham,    J 5B8 

High,   James  M 579 

Highgate,  dead  town    395-396 

Highland    Clan,    The    Famous 772 

Guards    442 

Highsmith,    Daniel    945 

Mr 538 

Hightower,    Daniel    714 

James    865 

James,  Sr 99  7 

P 977 

William    365 


Index 


1091 


Hill,    Barnard,    Judge     320,940 

Benjamin    Harvey,    Judge,      299, 

446,  448,  519,  579,  583,  584,  585, 

597,  600,  648,  651,  696,  698,  781. 

977,  978 

Incsription   on   monument   to.584 

Monument,    mentioned,    218,  582, 

593 

Ben,  County,   treated    299-201 

Blanton  M 424 

Charles  D 446,  978 

David   B.,    Gov 585 

D.    H.,    Gen 282 

D.  P 670 

Edmond    702 

Edward     766 

E.  Y.    Judge    .978 

Hiram  Warner,  Judge,   600,  7  82, 

784 

Isaac    696 

James    884 

Jasper   N 870 

John     754,766,1058 

At  Kettle  Creek    1049 

John    B 488 

John   G 929 

John  M 579 

John   S 977,979 

John  Mrs 696 

Joseph     1063 

Joseph    B 636 

Joshua,  Sen 766.804 

L.    J 579 

L.    M.    Col 579,  811 

R.    S 676 

S 774 

Thomas     365,691,907 

Walter    B.    Chancellor,    236.  240. 
320,  433,  940 

Ward    865 

Warren  J 1007 

Wiley    1057 

William   C 870 

William    Capt 1017,1018 

William    F 607 

W.   M 510 

W.   Rhode    579 

Hillary,    Christopher    888 

Hillbryan,    John    963 

Hillhouse,    David   R.    Capt 104  7 

David  R.  Mrs.,  Georgia's  first 

woman   editor    1047 

David     1058 

Hilliard,   Henry  W.    ..818,821,824.826 

Thomas     1016 

T.    H.    Gen 374 

Hills,    Lucius   Perry    605 

Hillsman,    Dr 949 

Hillyer,    Carlton    1008 

Eben  Dr 100^ 

George  Judge,  447,   .")77,  579,   601, 
603,  1008 

Henry    579,1008 

John  F 4  4  7 

Junius  Judge,    424,    447,    448,    579, 
603, 1008 

Rebecca  Freeman  Mrs 447 

Shaler  G.  Dr.    ..424,436,447,640, 

792 

William    Hurd     605 

Hilsman,  Jeremiah  Dr 522 

P.     L.     Dr 522,  523 

Hilton,    Abram 766 

C.    C 1026 

William     1026 

Hines,  E.  D 669 

Family,    The    726 

James    K.    Judge    344,1023 


John   H 864 

William   H 859 

Hlnesville,   the  county-seat  of  Lib- 
erty      726 

Hinton,    Jacob    680,681 

Hippocrates    689 

Hirsch,    Joseph    579 

Historic   Old   Midway:   a  shrine   of 

patriotism    135 

Old    Milledgeville,    Georgia's 
capital  for  more  than   six 

-decades     156-160 

Old   St.   Marys 350 

Old  Wesleyan:  the  first  fe- 
male college  to  confer  di- 
plomas      200,202 

Outlines,  original  settlers  and 
distinguished    residents    of 
the  counties  of  Georgia,  part 

II    263-1065 

And    picturesque    Savannah. .  399 
"Records  of  Savannah,"   380,  382, 

402 
"History  of  the  Chatham  Artillery," 

399,  402 

Hitchcock,   James    821 

William   Capt 4  90 

Hoard,    Stephen    539 

Hoobs,    Lewis    702 

Matthew    766 

Richard,   Capt 522,523 

William     702 

Hjodge,     'D&vid,     a     Revolutionary 

soldier    480,  836 

James,  Sr 836 

P.    M 57-z 

William     538 

Hodges,   P.   B 676 

William    539 

W.    C 823 

Hodgin,  John   766 

Hodgins,    Willis    990 

Hodgson,  Asbury   875 

E.    R 875 

E.  R.   Sr 424,  436 

Hall     83 

Where  Georgia's  Heir  Looms 

are    kept     402-403 

Margaret   Telfair  Mrs 402 

Wm.    B 402 

Hodnet,    .1 781 

Hogan,    Edmund    861 

Hoge,    E.    F.    Col 1002 

Hogg,   James    704 

Hogue,  Jacob  3b5 

Hokitt,   Richard    766 

Holcombe,  Henry  Dr.,   4l2,  909,919,  921 

Henry  C 572 

John   K.    Sr 668 

John  K.   Jr 511,668 

Holden,    Horace    M 600 

Jonathan    387 

Holder,   John   N 691 

Holder,    Thomas    R 691 

Holiday,    Ambrose     766 

Holland,    Archibald     850 

E.    W 572 

Henry    945 

Jacob     812 

James    320 

James  H.,  Inscription  on  mon- 
ument  to    642 

Jonas   H 697 

Robert  T.,  Inscription  on  mon- 
ument  to    642 

Thomas    794 

Holloway,    Edward    997 

Peter    997 


1092 


Index 


Holleman,    Ed 365 

Holliday,  H.  B 854 

John     481 

Hollingshead,  William   773 

HoUingsworth,   James    919 

Hollis,    Thomas    79'5 

HoUoway,  Joseph   270 

Holmes,  Abiel  Dr.,  an  early  pastor, 
the  father  of  the  New  Eng- 
land   poet    614,728,730,731 

B.   T.   Prof 855 

Gideon    V.,    a    soldier    of    the 

Revoluflon     561 

Isaac,    Capt 311 

Oliver    Wendall     49,  137,  729 

Richard    Mrs 794 

Holmesville,    Ga 267 

Holt,   B.   W 711 

Cicero    866 

David   I.,    Quartermaster   in 
War  for  Mexican   Indepen- 
dence     36 

George     866 

George    Jr 866 

Hines     285,644,827,866 

L. 607 

Peyton    866 

Raleigh    865 

Robert   866 

Roy     866 

Simon    866 

Tarpley     309,318,865,866 

Thaddeus  G.  Col.  35,  323,  866,  991 

W.     C 823 

Holton,   William    712 

Home    School,    Athens    438,446 

"Home,    Sweet    Home" 184,239 

"Home,  The,"   a  ship,  wrecked  off 

Hatteras    '446 

Homervile,    county-seat    of    Clinch, 

452,  453 

Honduras    296 

Honey,    Robert    884 

Honolula    361 

Hood,    Andrew    997 

Edward,    Dr.,    a    Revolution- 
ary  soldier    662 

Erastus  C 670 

John    B.     Gen.,     40,  451,  456,  461, 
593,  624 

S.    C.    Rev 792 

Hoogman,    Jacob    337 

Hook,    Daniel    Dr 572,707 

James  S.  Judge 707,  1023 

Hooker,    Joseph    Gen.  ..  .31,  32,  209,  372 

Hooks,  Hilary   270 

Hooper,    James    564 

John    W.    Judge    468,490 

Hooten,    Henry   Rev 49  '• 

Hopeton,  a  famous  rice  plantation. 61 6 
Hopewell    Presbytery,    created. ..  .1052 

Treaty    of    476 

Hopkins,    Francis    1016 

I.    S.    Dr 580,832,838 

J.    A 365 

John  L.   Judge   579,  603 

Ranse 369 

Wm.    T 356 

Hopkinsville,    Ky 179 

Hoppoie  Micco,  a  Creek  Indian 

chief    494 

Hop-o-eth-le-yo-ho-lo     168,  169 

Speech  on  Mcintosh  Rock 168 

Hornady,  H.   C.  Rev 572 

Home,    O.    C 935 

"Hornet's  Nest."   name  given  by  the 

Tories  to  Wilkes  County.. 1058 
Horton,    Capt 380 


Josiah    794 

Major    609 

O.    R.    Prof 160,282 

Thomas     637 

W 977 

Hosea,    C.   T 931 

Hot    Springs,    Ark 222 

Houghton,  Wm.  H 864 

House,    Paschal    572 

Thomas     318 

Houser,  Walter,  Mrs 237 

Houston    County,    treated    681-685 

Mentioned     162,  202 

John,   a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier,   (Governor) 342,682 

Oswald    573 

Patrick    Sir,    343,409 

Post    1024 

Sam,     Gen 38,822 

W.    J 573 

Houstoun,   George  Sir 389 

James     380 

John,    Gov.,   sketch   of 682-683 

Mentioned    140,389,887 

Patrick,    Sir,    Registrar    of' 
Gtt-ants    and     Receiver    of 

Quit    Claims    388,  683 

William,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     389,409,410,683 

Hoover,    John    1063 

How  a  duel  on  horseback  was  pre- 
vented     268-269 

An   old   church   was   saved    ..342 
Peggy    O'Neill    dissolved    a 

President's    Cabinet    303 

Howard,    Charles    Wallace    Rev.    and 

Capt 292,  298 

Sketch   of    293-294 

J 538 

Jane  Vivian   235 

John  H.   Col 820,  821 

Mary,    (Mrs.    F.    R.    Gould- 

ing)     292 

Nicholas,    Col 821 

Robert,    Col 824 

Mentioned  in  foot-note 235 

R.    R 823 

Sarah     294 

Thomas    217,270 

Thomas   C.    Col 513 

Wm.   M 847 

William  Schley,  Hon 513 

Howe,    Fort    770 

Gen.,    a   Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      1003 

Robert     496 

Howell,    Albert    573 

Archibald     467 

Casper     997 

Clark,    Editor-in-chief    of   the 

"Constitution"    602,787 

Clark,    Sr 573 

Evan   P,   Capt.,    573,  577,  601,  787, 
1023 
Isaac,     a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     575 

John     702 

Joseph    850 

McKinney    638 

Nathaniel     1058 

Singleton    G 573 

Howley,    Gov 540,1044 

Richard,    Gov.,    407,  40e,  678,  738, 

887 

Hoxie,    Asa    B 823 

Hoxey,    Thomas   Dr 822,895 

Hoyt,  Nathan  Dr 424 

S.   B.    Judge    573 


Index 


1093 


Hubbard,    Richard    B.,    Gov.    of 

Texas    ■. 1008 

W.   L 573 

Huber,   A 475 

Hubert,    W 930 

Hubner,   Chas.    W.   Maj..    226,  238,  586, 

604 

Huckaby,  C.  P 959 

Isham,    a    Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     489 

Huddleston,   James    715 

Hudgens,    John    Col 994 

Hudson,    Alfred    559 

Irby     863,  864,  865,  867,  869 

James    T 745,746 

Jonathan  A 318,  821,  822 

L 559 

L.    W 864 

W.    J 670 

Huey,  S 669 

Huff,    Joseph    , 949 

Huger,   Isaac   Col 107 

Hughes,  A 1001 

Dudley  M 991 

G 935 

John  T.,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier    421 

Joshua,    Corporal     420 

Hughs,  William    502 

Hull,    A.    L,.,    mentioned,    431,  435,  439, 
«  443,  444 

Quoted    141,423,424 

Mentioned  in  foot-note 139 

Asbury    443 

Daniel    365 

Henry   Dr 443,895 

Hope,    Rev 423,424,443,779 

First  settler  in  Athens   143 

Pioneer  of  Methodism  1046,  1054 
1061 

Hopewell,    of  Maryland    1054 

William    Hope     426 

Hull's   Meeting  House    143,443 

Hulsey,    Eli   J 511,573 

Jennings     511 

Joel     502 

William  H 573 

W 502 

Hume,   James    387 

John     387 

Humphreys,  A.  W 929 

Joab,    Rev 812 

Humphries,    Charner    573 

Joseph    W 605 

Joseph    564 

Major     715 

Hunnicutt,    C.   W 573 

E.     T 573 

Hunt,  John  Sr 421 

Memmican,  Gen.,  publicly  rec- 
ognizes    the     Georgia     ori- 
gin of  the  "Lone  Star"  flag 

of   Texas    38 

Mr 644 

A.    J 668 

Elisha    994 

Henry    997 

James     703 

Lewis     684 

Wilkins     794 

Hunter,  a  young  man  933 

George   W 403 

George  R 496 

Job    1018 

John    491 

Redding    686 

William     525 


William    P 78 

Huntingdon,    Lady,    Salina,    Coun- 
tess of,   friend  and  patron 

of    Whitfield    . .    83,  84 

Hurd,   Henry    704 

Hurst,    William    711,864 

Hurt,    Elisha    1018 

Joel     579,844,1058 

Hutchens,  G.  R 860 

Hutcheson,    John    B 982 

R.    B.    Dr 668 

Hutchins,  Nathan  L.  Col 642,  643 

Nathaniel  L.   Sr.   Judge 644 

Robert     393-715 

Hutchinson,    Arthur     368 

College    3u« 

James    490 

Joseph     893 

Nicholas     670 


"I  go  to  Illustrate  Georgia,"  Fran- 
cis S.  Bartow   286,287 

Illinois     204 

Incas    77 

Independent  Presbyterian  Church.. 953 
Presbyterian    Church    of    Sa- 
vannah      292,382,384,840 

Indian  Agency,  The  Old   946 

Antiquities  of  Forsyth  County  559 

Antiquities    332,  472 

Antiquities  of  Campbell  Coun- 
ty      364 

Antiquities  of  Murray  Coun- 
ty      807 

Antiquities    of    Bibb    County, 

316,  317 
Spring,  treaty  of  19,  161.  169.  363, 

Mentioned     308,345,444,779 

Territory    ..173,175,178,180,181 

Towns  of  Gilmer    606 

Trade  with  Creeks  and  Cher- 
okcGs  113 

Traditions  of  Cobb    454 

Villages  of  Chattooga 415 

Villages  of   Cherokee 418 

Indianapolis.  Ind   299,  300 

"Tribune"    300 

**InGz"  235 

IngersollV  S.   M.'  Dr.' ' '.  !".V.'.'.'.'.V3'l'8,'821 

Ingraham.    Benj.    F 854 

Ingram.  Chas 318 

H 505 

John    704 

Porter,  Judge  671,829 

Innis,    Andrew    893 

Inman,    Daniel,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier,    grave    marked 339 

Hugh  T 579 

Joshua  Capt 985 

Joshua,    a    Revolutionary    of- 
ficer,  grave  marked   338 

Samuel  M 509,  579 

Shadrach,  D.  A.  R.  Chapter.. 339 

W.    P 573 

Innes,   A.  Mitchell   53,  55 

Inventions,    cotton   gin 125,130 

Ireland     220 

Irish  Jasper  Greens    395-396-397 

Ironside  of  Cromwell   135 

Irvin,    Alexander    1023 

David     704 

Irvine,    D 295 

John     387 

\ 


1094 


Index 


Robert   Dr 888 

Irwin,    Charles  M.    Rev 967,968 

County    299,300 

Treated    685-686 

David  Judge   ...46S,  469,  470,  523, 
779,  904 

Hugh     702 

Isabella     70  4 

Isaiah   T 1056 

Jared,   Gov.,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,   144.   153,    159,   340,   343, 
685,    775,    888,    933,    1023 
His  home  place,  "Union  Hill" 

1020, 1021 
Monument   in    Sandersville.1021 

John    1023 

Thomas     144 

William,   Maj.   Gen 964,1023 

Irwinton,    county-seat   of  Wilkin- 
son     1063 

Irwinville,  former  county-seat  of 

Irwin    685 

Ga.,    where    President   Jeffer- 
son  Davis  was  arrested 13 

Isbell,    J.    D 931 

Island    Town    415 

Isle    of   Hope    87-395 

Ison,   F.   M 854 

Italy     105 

Iverson,    Alfred,    319,  558,  738,  739,  821, 

827 
Alfred  Jr.,   Brig.   Gen.    ..598,716, 

739 

Irving.   Mr 54  9 

Ivey,   Jeremiah    804 

Owen    789 

William     1027 

Ivy,    E 1018,1027 

Hardy     566,57  3 

Henry   P 573 

M.    J 573 

Socrates    573 


Jack,   F.   M 573 

George    W 573 

James,    Capt 539,540,1058 

James,    Col 538 

W.    E 572 

Jack's   Creek    679 

Battle    of    1005,1007 

Jackson,   Absalom,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    789 

His  tragic   death   in   Camden 

355    356 

Adelaide,    E.    Mrs '.522 

Administration,   The    274,558 

Andrew,  Gen.,  171,  302,   400,  608, 
638,    695,    772,    870,    871,    991,    992 
How  Peggy  O'Neill  dissolved 

a   President's  cabinet 303 

Benjamin    1058 

Charles    A.    Rev 957 

Charles,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier,  buried  at  Dungeness, 

10,  349 
Col.,  a  Revolutionary  soldier. 735 

County    142,  200 

Treated     686-692 

County-seat   of   Butts    344 

E 794 

Fort,    (Ga,)    400,401 

Ga 164 

Gen 606,  754 


George   W 789 

Green    S 789 

Hall    273 

Henry    Capt 579 

Henry,    Dr 423,444,493 

Henry  R.   Col.,   311,  396,  397,  420, 
444,    823,    854,    896,    935 

Jabez    651 

James    Gov.     ...144,209,272,343, 

359,  373,   542,  600,  686,  707,  708, 

712,   911,    913,    923,    972,    9S1, 

1025.  1044 

Sketch    of    687-688 

Epitaph     687 

Resigns  his  seat  in  the  Uni- 
ted   States   Senate  to   fight 

the    Yazoo   Fraud 149,151 

James,    Chief    Justice,    320,    445, 
448,  600 

James,   of  Bulloch    337 

J.    P 821 

J.   M 1036 

John    424 

John    K 916 

Joseph     ,  .  .  766 

Joseph   W.    Capt 399 

J.    W 1018 

Joseph    Webber    687 

C.    H.    S.    Prof 792 

Mark    865,997 

Nathaniel     766 

Oak,   The.      A   property  own- 
er     438,  439 

R 977 

Spring     695 

Stonewall,  a  statue  of,  in  Au- 
gusta      896 

Mentioned     75,  498 

Thomas   L 669 

Walter    1058 

Warren    865 

Wilkins    715 

William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier,    510,     511,     631,     681,     715, 
836,  865 
William  H.  Col.   144,  423,  439.  591 
Jacksonboro,  the  passing  of  an  old 

town    923,  925 

"Jacksonian,    The."    a    newspaper 

edited   at   McDonough    680 

Jacksonville,    an   old    town    955 

Fla    106 

Jacobs,    Thornwell    605 

James,    Fort    536 

F.    M 525 

John    468,  766 

John   H 491,  573,  578 

Joseph  S.  Col.,  United  States 

District    Attorney    526 

Sartin    720 

S.  Boynton  Chapter,  U.  D.  C, 

The    92S 

Jameson,   J 754 

S.  Y.   Dr 314 

.lamestown     76,  80 

Jamieson.    John    387 

Janes,    Absalom    864,943 

Charles    G.    Judge    859 

D 724 

E 724 

Thomas   G 864 

Thomas    P.    Dr 943 

William     724 

William    F 85<i 

Jarnigan,    Needham    368 

Jarrell.  Hardy   949 

Jarrett,   Devereaux   884 


Index 


1095 


W.    D 27  4 

Jasper    County    271 

Treated     692-698 

Chapter,    D.    A.    R 695 

Monument  Association    106 

Spring    107 

Tlie  county-seat   of  Picltens..851 
William    Sergeant,     268,  463,  692, 

851 
Monument  at   Savannah,    (il- 

ustrated)     106-107 

Inscription     106 

Jay,  Mr.,  a  celebrated  architect  392-394 

Jeans,    Samuel     727 

Jeff   Davis  County,    treated 098,700 

Mentioned     265 

"Legion"     399 

Jefferies,  Harriet  Gould  Mrs.,  123,  124, 

914 

Jeffers,    John    926 

Jefferson    County    148,155^ 

Treated      700-708 

County-seat  of  Jackson,   686,  688, 

690 

Thomas,    427,    013,    642,    646,    700, 

912,  985 

Town     356 

Jeffersonville    987 

The   county-seat    of   Twiggs.. 985 
Jekvl    Island,    a    mecca    of    million- 
aires      619 

Sir    Joseph    619 

Sound     619 

Jelks,   E.   A 329 

James  0 861 

•     O.    K 329 

Jenkins,    Chas.   J.    Gov.,    70S,    709,    710, 
905,  914,  91.-),  1056,  1057 

C.   R.   Dr.    (Rev.)    202 

County,    treated    708-709 

Mentioned    710 

David     670 

Frank  E.  Dr 648 

Howell    W 97  7 

James     638,766 

Jesse    634 

J.    F 070,  982,  984 

Little    B 634 

Robert     766,  865,  867 

S.    T 879 

William     1018 

William    F.   Judge    867 

W.    K 984 

W.    R 982 

W.    T 968 

Jenks,    B 680 

William    680 

Jennings,  William    365 

Jernagin,    A 1015 

Major     933 

H.     W 933 

Moses     945 

Jerusalem   Church,   The    531 

Jesuits     70 

Jessup,    Gen 820 

Jesup,   County-seat  of  Wayne 1024 

Gen 1024 

Jett,    Ferdinand    468 

Jewett,    E 821 

Jews    in   Georgia,    The:    an   outline 

history     97-102 

Jinks,    Wellborn    949 

Willis     949 

Jobson,    Francis   W 989 

"John   Adams,"    The    9 

Johns  Hopkins   University,   men- 
tioned     230,  237 


Johnson,    Aaron    539 

Allen     669,  945 

Allen    E 573 

Andrew  Judge    510,  597 

A 607 

Angus    539 

B 009 

C 990 

County,    treated    711 

David     080,  929 

G.    D 854 

Guards,    The    442 

Haley    958,  959 

Herschel    V.,    Gov.,    159,  343,  409, 
707,  711 

Hugh    G 850-929 

J.    A 607 

James,     Gov.,     159,  829,  836,  856, 

958 

James    F 451 

Jesse    680 

John    267,  416 

John  Calvin    838 

John   D 670 

John   W.    Dr 337 

Joseph     057,  704,  854 

Joseph   H 606 

L 510 

Lancelot    803 

Lewis     387 

Lott    W 699,700 

Nicholas     977 

Richard    882 

Rienzi  M 506,  1024 

Robert,   Governor  of  South 

Carolina     379,  381 

S 896 

Samuel    Dr 51 

Stephen     103 

Thomas    D 270,949 

Thomas     929 

William   Dr 963 

William    Judge    803 

"Life  of   Nathaniel   Greene," 

quoted     109 

Mentioned  in  foot-note   112 

William    Jr 66S 

Wright    949 

Johnsons,    The     295,451,711,971 

Johnston,    a    Confederate    soldier, 

849,  850 

Abraham    766 

B 544 

Capt.,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     735 

David     697 

Gen 624 

Joseph    E.    Gen.,    14,    40,    43,    44, 
209,    210,   212,   450,   461,    1028 
His  monument  at  Dalton, 

1034,  1036 

Mary,   the  novelist    581,    604 

Thomas      387,421 

William    673,  1018 

W.    B 983 

William  P.  Col 15,16,17 

Johnstons,  The  410 

Joice,  John   686 

Joiner,   Alfred    789 

Asa    789 

B 990 

Curtis     861 

Meredith     684 

Mrs 794 

Jolly,    John    559 

Jones,  A.  Dr 895,1018 

Abner    528' 


1096 


Index 


Abraham,     a     Revolutionary 

soldier    340 

Ab.   F.   Capt 314 

A.  W 573 

B 939,  943 

Batt,  a  Revolutionary  soldier 

grave  marked    340 

B.  O.  Dr 573 

Charles  C.   Jr.,    Col.,    63,   65,    226, 

399,  414,  609,  629,  736,   740,  741, 
743,   762,   807,  886,   905,   918,   929 
Mentioned    in    foot-note.  .73,  379 
Quoted  in  account  of  "Light 
Horse  Harry  Lee's  death," 

4,  12 
Historical  sketch  of  Tomochi- 

chi,    quoted    86 

Life  of  Commodore   Josiah 

Tattnall,   quoted    92 

History    of    Georgia,    quoted 

472,  496 

Charles  Edgeworth   917 

Charles   H 940 

C.  O.   Dr 92S 

County    44,  271,  305,  313 

Treated     711,717 

David    773 

Dr 879 

E 387 

Edmond    318 

Edward     510 

E.    R 573 

Evan,    Rev 652 

E.   W.   Dr 794 

Francis    766 

Frank,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     924 

George,    Judge    and    Senator, 

78,  88,  411 

How    he    punished    culprits, 

357-353 

George    Wymberley    88 

H 836 

Henry    766 

Isaac    N.    .Tudge     859 

James    510 

James  of  Savannah,  Congress- 
man      407,  411,  528 

James,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier, 711,  714,  715,  924,  945,  977 

J.    B.    Judge    931 

James   S 929 

James  of  Ware   1015 

John,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier,    712,     924,     945,     948,    1023 
John,   341,   359,   505,   766,   781,   850 

John  Capt 823 

John,    Col.,    a    Revolutionary 

officer    338 

John   Dr 743 

John    Major    712,741,742 

Prevented    from    fighting    a 
duel   on   horseback    ....268,269 

John  A.  Col 827 

John  H 781 

John   J.    Congressman    ..340,343 

John    W 929,969 

John  William,   Dr.    (Rev.) 604 

Quoted     14 

Joseph    Dr 7  41,876 

Lavonia  Miss    562 

Lucian  H 96.*^ 

M.,    Historian,      549,  717,  813,  815 

945 

Major    7yy 

Mary    88 

Mitchell    963 


Nicholas   Capt 1017 

Noble,    Capt.,    afterwards 
Judge,  companion  of  Ogle- 
thorpe   and    distinguished 
officer   of   the    Crown,    his 
county-seat    Wormsloe     ..87-89 
Mentioned   380,  387,  406,  408,  532 
Noble    W.,    a    Revolutionary 

patriot    408,  409,  682,  712 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  As- 
sembly      88 

Oliver  H 573 

Philip,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     924 

Philip  H 817 

River    87 

Russell    .564 

R.   J.   Capt 372 

R.    T 419 

S 990 

Samuel     607 

Samuel   G.    Capt 450 

Sam.  P.  Rev 296 

Seaborn,  a  patriot  of  the  Rev- 
olution      340,827,892.. 

Seaborn    Augustus    907 

Seaborn  Mrs '. .  234 

Seaborn    Col 274 

Thomas     380,836,963 

Thomas  G.  Gov.   of  Ala 4  50 

T 669 

T.    M 958 

W.    B.   Dr 573 

W.    D.   Major    369 

William,   a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     424,  715,  790,  876 

W.    C 629 

William   Louis   Dr 740 

Jonesboro,    county-seat   of 

Clayton    450 

Battle   of    451 

Jordan,    Aaron    794 

Burial   Ground   in   Wilkes, 

131, 1043 

Cornelius     1023 

Family,    The     694 

Fleming,   Col 699 

Green     274 

G.    Gunby    » 830 

Harvie    698 

John    • 670 

Leonidas     285 

Matthew  J 496 

Reuben     695,696,843,1057 

Starling    702 

Jordin,    Benjamin    856 

Joseph    250 

Josephis   Town,    a   dead   town 396 

Jossey,   Henry    778,1058 

Jourdan,    John,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     1022 

Timothy    766 

Journal  of  Wm.   Stephens 389 

Joyner,    Benjamin    1058 

Berrajah     270 

Judson  College  

Jug  Tavern,    (see  Winder) 553 

Julian,  Mr 669 

Jusserand,    Monsieur    107 

Justice,    D 936 

J.    A 301 


Kaigler,  James   774 

Kallensworth,    Joseph    766 


Index 


1097 


Kaly,    Henry   W 68f 

Karver,    Henry   A 522 

Karwlsch,    Henrj^    5V3 

Kay,   William    573 

W.    E.    Col 622 

Keath,    A.   Lieut 420 

Keaton,    Benjamin    270 

Keely,    John     573 

Keener,    John    309,318 

Keese.   E.   H 879 

Peter    E 879 

Keiley,   Benj.   J.   Bishop  of  Savan- 
nah     310,  1053 

Kell,    Alexander    607 

James     607,876 

John     270 

John  Mcintosh   Gen 742,929 

Keiley,  James  M .' 501 

Joe   W 668 

Moses     487 

William    L 668 

Kellogg,    George    559 

M.    P.    Prof 487 

Kelly,    Daniel   P 835 

Jacob    1023 

James   M.    Major,    first   Su- 
preme   Court    Reporter. ..  .1023 

His   tomb    683,684 

John     270,  876 

M 505 

Robert    270 

Kelsey,  Joel    5t7  3 

William     573 

Kemble,  Fannie,  the  noted  actress 
who  married  Pierce  Butler 

65,  611,  623 

Kemp.    M 774 

Morgan    778 

Reuben    778 

William     270 

Kenan,   Augustus  H 285 

Owen   H.    Judge 491 

Kenard's  Ferry,   where   Oglethorpe 

crossed  the  Chattahoochee,  814 
Kendall,    Henry    Capt.,    a    Revolu- 
tionary   soldier    996 

Major     781 

Kendrick,    Drurj'    670 

James    865 

William   S.   Dr 417 

Wiley    949 

Kennedy,   Daniel  Dr 337 

David     408 

Fields     803 

J.    B 822 

John    702,  704 

L. 301 

S 544 

Solomon    26  7 

Stephen    337 

Kenner,  William  S 387 

Kennesaw  Mountain:   once  a  peak 

of   the   Inferno    208-211 

Woman's    tribute    to    Heroic 

Dead     457-460 

Mentioned    455,468 

"Rangers"     397 

Town,    Cherokee    Indian    Vil- 
lage      455 

Kent,   G 939,943 

Thomas     1029 

William  B.   Judge    1029 

Kentucky    305 

Keowee    Tract    140 

Kettle  Creek,  Battle  of. .  .131-134,  1048 

Mentioned     256 

Creek  Chapter,  D.  A.  R 131 


Key,    B 544 

Clarke    34C 

C.  W.    Rev 9  ( T 

Francis  Scott,   foot-note 4h 

Jesse  B 87P 

Joshua    Rev 908 

P.    C 2K« 

Thomas  H 519 

William     421,538 

W.    H.    Rev 879 

Kicklighter,    F.    J 573 

William     573 

Kidd,   William    573 

Kiker,    B 628 

Kile,    Richard    573 

Thomas     573 

William     573 

Kilgo,   W.  M 931 

Kilgore,   J.   T 821 

Killion,   Daniel    502 

David     502 

Kilpatrick,  J.  H.  T.  Rev 907 

Kimball,    H.    1 578,579 

Kimberley,   Anson    317 

Kimbrough,   Henry    6'/  0 

Kimsey,  Thomas  M 1032 

Kincaid,   W.    J.    Capt 930 

W.   J.   Mrs 928 

Kinchafoonee,   the  original  name 

given  to  Webster  County.. 1026 

Creek     723 

Kiney,    Jesse    650 

King,   Andrew    615 

Augusta  Clayton  Mrs 440 

Barrington     466,467,468 

D.  G 627,  628 

Captain     36 

Henry    615 

James    949 

John     356,361,888 

J Sirs 

J.   C 607 

John   P.   Judge,    120,  568,  773,  913 

Mary    Miss     126 

Mr.,  a  Revolutionary  patriot,  704 

Roswell     468,939,943,961 

Samuel    357 

Stephen     356 

S.     T 628 

Thomas    449,771 

Thomas   Butler,   his  dream 

of  a  Trans-Continental  Rail- 
way      614,  615,  623 

William     1015 

W.    W 353 

Yelverton  P.    64  0 

King's  Fort   113,  119 

Gap     <669 

Mountain    256 

Kingsbery,    Sanford    369 

Kingston,     Ga.     ...29,291,292.293,294 
A  lost  town  in  Morgan  Coun- 
ty      800 

Kinman,    C 627 

Kinney,  Belle  Miss  1035 

Kinsey,  Elijah    476,482 

Kiokee   Creek    ^4 1 6 

Kirby,   Francis    971 

Kirbys,   The    680 

Kirk,   Joseph    715 

Stephen    678 

W 710 

Kirkland,    J.    C 472 

Moses    579 

Kirkpatrick,    .John   C 511 

Kirkpatricks,   The    467 

Kirtley,  Lema  579 


1098 


Index 


Kiser,    John   F 579 

Marion    C 487 

Kisor,     John     861 

Kitchen,    James    J 60S 

Kitts,    Wade    70.i 

KJondyke     366 

Knickerbocker  Magazine    373 

Knight,    Carrington    491 

Enoch     491 

Henry    H 304 

Joel,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      545 

John     304 

John    G 304 

John    \V 869 

Jonathan    304 

Levi    J.    Capt 304,686 

Liucian   Lamar,    (foot-note) 

230, 240 
Address  at  Marietta   ...461,462 

Mentioned     563,637,824,976 

William    A 754 

Knott,    J.    R 627 

James  W 680 

Knowles,     FVancis     .387 

Knox,    Henry   Gen 492 

Robert  S.   Corporal    420 

Knoxville,  Ga 35 

County-seat    of    Crawford 

County    492 

Kogler,    George     531 

Kolb's     Farm     459 

KoUock,    George  J 412 

Henry   Dr 383,4  28 

P.  M.  Rev.   (D.  D.)    77 

Kontz,    Christian    573 

Koockogy,    Samuel    822 

Krous,    Harry    573 

Kuhrt,    Henry   Sr 573 

Kuykendall,  Peter   4  20 

Kytle,   Calvin  H 1032 

Zachariah    650 


Lachlan    Mcintosh    Chapter,    D.    A. 

R 107 

Lackner,    Martin    531 

Lacy,   Samuel   380 

Roger  de,  a  noted  Indian  Tra- 
der     882 

Isaac,    Ensign.      Inscription 

on   monument    642 

P 793 

Philemon    794 

Ladies'    Memorial  Association   of 

Macon    315 

Lafayette,    Battle   of    999,1000 

County-seat  of  Walker 99S 

The    Great,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     777 

Gen.    (formerly   Marquis    de) 
156,   395,   495,   535,  545,   988,989 

Visits   Macon    311,312 

Lays  cornerstones  of  two 
monuments    in    Savannah, 

Green  arid   Pulaski    103 

Hall    272 

Road    204,  206 

LaGrange,     Col 974,975. 

Female  College   973 

Ga 667,  668 

The    county-seat    of    Troup 

County    971 

Laing,   J.   A.   Col 959 

Lamar,    Basil     481,748,884 


B.    B 317 

Gazaway     B 793 

Henry    G.    Hon 35,321.716 

James,   at   Kettle   Creek 1049 

John,   at   Kettle   Creek    1049 

Mentioned,    317,    481,    713,    716, 
748,  865,  866 

John    of    Chattooga 416 

John  B.  Col 321 

Joseph    R.   Associate  Justice, 
324,   325,   541,   600,   605,   837,  902 

Lafayette,   Capt 748,750 

Lucius    M.     Col 288,861 

L.    Q.    C,    Jr 866 

L.  Q.  C,  Sr.  Judge,  Associate 

Justice    283,  321 

Lucius    866 

Mirabeau     866 

Mirabeau    B.,       750,  818,  821,  822, 
826,  828,  1018 

Peter,    Col 479,748,749,750 

Sarah    Cobb    479 

Walter  D.   Mrs 314,315 

Zachariah    Col 274,285,1045 

Zachariah     Sr. .,..884 

At   Kettle  Creek    1049 

Lamb,    Barnaby    702 

J.    C 304 

Jacob    703 

Stephen     702 

Lambdin,  Charles  E,   Prof 854 

Land,    Jesse    1001 

George     350 

Landneur,    Larkie    546 

Landrum,    J.    W.    Prof 563 

Sylvanus  Dr 718 

William     1017 

W.    W.    Dr 433,718,719 

Landscript    Fund     435 

Landselder.    Veit    531 

Lane,    A.    M 977,1053 

Andrew   W.   Mrs 238 

E 544 

H 836 

Jesse     510,  1001 

Joseph     835 

Marshall  H.  Rev 792 

R.   H 977 

R.     Q 836 

Samuel    Rev 678 

William     330 

Lanfair,    Austin    325 

Lang,    James 496 

John     766 

Thomas     822 

Langston,    Jeptha    573 

T.     L 579 

Langworthy,    Edward    ...387,409,1003 

Lankford,   G.    W 969 

Lanier,  a  dead  town  7  73 

Bessie   Miss    976 

Bird    926 

Chapter,    U.    D.    C 314 

Charles    236 

Clement     336,773,774 

Clifford     239,  320 

Lewis     336 

Oak,   The   621 

Robert    S 321 

Sidney:  Macon's  Memorial  to 
the    Master    Minstrel.    236,  240, 
320,  581,  621 

Laremore,    Isaac    705 

LaSalle,    French   Explorer    70 

Laslie,   Lochlain   955 

Lasseter,    B 681 

Lassiter.   Hardy    795 

Samuel    342 


Index 


1099 


Latham,    Col    365 

Thomas   A 491 

Lathrop,   Charles  T.  Col 861 

James    W 718 

Latimer,   Charles    513 

.James   H.    Dr 699 

R.    T 468 

Latta,    Alexander,    a    soldier    of 

1812    927 

Lattimer,   Charles    511 

Robert     854 

Launitz,    Robert    E 105 

Laurel  View,  home  of  Sen.  Elliott,  736 

Laurens  County,    treated    717-721 

Henry,   Hon 717 

John,   Lieut.   Col 717 

"Lauriger  Horatius"    48 

La  Vein,    Peter    387 

Lavender,    John    1063 

Lavonia,   most   important   commer- 
cial center  in  county 562 

Law,    Col 733 

Dr 794 

•    D.    S 627 

James    R 977 

Joseph    Col 734 

William    403,412 

William    E 739 

Lawhorn,     Allen     822 

John    724 

Laurence,    George    850 

Lawrence,    J 9S2 

James    Capt 641 

J.    M 983 

John,    a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      850 

Zachariah     856 

Lawrenceville,    the    county-seat    of 

Gwinnett    641 

Lawshe,   Er 573 

Lewis     573 

Lawson,  Alex.   J.  Judge    340 

Col 627 

David    309,866 

D 318 

E.   F.   Judge    340 

Hugh,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier,    140,     142,     146,     704,     706, 
1023 
John,     Capt.,     an     officer    of 

Revolution     340,988 

John,    Major    1017 

Reese    866 

Roger     704 

T.    G.    Judge,    Congressman,  866 
Lawton,  Alex.  R.  Gen.   88,  105,  412,  413 

Battery     88 

"Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  The"    ..154 

"Lead    Kindly    Light"    49 

Leak,    Garlington    929 

Leaite,   Counsellor   412 

Robert     836 

Leaksville,    Ga 450 

Lear,    Tobias    862 

Leathers,    Mr 759 

Leaves    from    the    Portfolio    of    a 

Georgia  lawyer   373 

LeConte,    Jane    739 

J.  A.  Mr 633 

John     425,430,739 

Joseph      425,430,739,740 

Louis     739 

Pear   Tree,    The    936 

William     803 

Ledbetter,    Richard,    a    Revolution- 
ary  soldier    760 

Lee,   Alice    886 


And   Agnew    382 

And  Agnew's  "Historical  Rec- 
ord of  Savannah"    402 

County    168 

Treated     721-725 

Fitzhugh   Gen.,    quoted    12 

Gordon,    Congressmann   from 

Georgia 
Henry,    Gen.    ("Light-Horse 
Harry"),  349,  350,  577,  588,  604, 
775,  885,  912,  934 
Buried    at    Dungeness    on 
Cumberland  Island  for  nine- 
ty-five   years     1-12 

Epitaph    on    Tomb    2 

Ivy    605 

James  W.  Dr.   (Rev.) 67,605 

Jesse    754 

Major,   "Light-Horse  Harry's" 

eldest   son    10 

N.   P 959 

Richard   Henry    721 

Robert    E.    Institute    996 

A    Statue    of,    in    Augusta.. 896 
Visits   grave   of   father   at 

Dungeness    11-12 

Mentioned,   3,   14,   118,   212,   244, 
348,    373,    722,    1012,    1029,    1034 

Stephen  D.    Gen 598,  934 

T.   R 969 

Wideman    605 

William    Gen.,    a    Revolution- 
ary  soldier    694 

Wyatt    424 

Leesburg,   the  county-seat  of  Lee.. 721 

Leftwick,  John  T 864 

Le    Gallienne,    Richard    240 

Leigh,    Anson   B 491 

Benjamin     4V)1 

Cannon    612 

Leimberger,  Christian   531 

"Leisure   Hours,"   by  J.   B.   Cobb,   197, 

199    454 

Leitch,   W.   N '.517 

Leitner,     Joseph     531 

Leland,    Stanford   University 256 

Lenian,    Ensign    71 

Lemmenhoffer,    Vait    531 

Lemon,    Robert     467 

Lennard,    L.    M 958,959 

Lenox,  Charles,  Duke  of  Richmond  880 

Leonard,    John    421 

Thomas  K.  Dr 348 

Lester,    George    N 470 

(3erman   L 573 

James    D 794 

Henry    850 

Mr 794 

Richard     644 

Rufus   E 412 

Lett,    Capt 342 

Leverett,    Durrell     697 

LeVert  Female  College   939 

Octavia  Walton  Madam,  005,  939 

Levi,    John    546 

Levy,   Lionel  C.   Col 824,976 

Lewis   Curtis    929 

David    W 757 

Dixon,  H 869,  1051 

Elijah     B 774,862 

George     945 

Henry    705 

Henry  G 600 

Henry  T.   Judge    640,641 

J.    B 360 

John    F.    Col 861 

John  Major,   a  Revolution- 


1100 


Index 


ary   officer    294 

John  W.  Dr.,  C.  S.  S 421 

Leander    A 802 

Miles    W 640 

Olive    383 

P.   A 715 

Peter  Tillman    997 

Thomas   Jr .-341 

Thomas  Sr 341 

Ulysses,   Col 818,821 

William,     a    Revolutionary 

soldier    933 

Lexington,    Va 2,11,12 

Ga 197 

Road     142 

The  county-seat  of  Oglethorpe, 

839 

Leyden,    Austin    573 

Liberty  Boys,    The    884 

County     268,  2,60 

Treated     725-743 

Guards,    The    735 

Independent     Troops,     The... 735 
Library     of     Southern     Literature, 

foot-note    196,225 

"Life   of   Johnson"    51 

Lightfoot,    Benjamin    496 

Lin,    R.    H 573 

Lincoln,    Abraham    ...289,402,445,456 

Benjamin,    Gen 744 

County,  treated  744-750 

Gen 923,986 

President     867 

Lincolnton,  the  county-seat  of  Lin- 
coln      744 

Llnder,   John    676 

Lindsay,    George    823 

John    766 

Lindsey,    John    105H 

John,  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Mr 538 

William     1063 

Lines,  J.   Colton  Maj 282 

Linnwood    Cemetery    827 

Linton,    Alex.    B 424 

Linwood  Cemetery,  Columbus   44 

Lion   of  Lucerne    419 

Lipham,    Capt 1058 

Lippett,   A.   J 1064 

Lipscomb,  Andrew  A.  Dr 431,441 

M.  A.  Mrs 438,  649 

T.     W 243 

Lisbon,    Ga 213 

Lisles,    Charles    546 

Little  Cedar  Creek  554 

"Dorrit"    50 

Frank   Maj 1002 

"Giffen   of    Tennessee,"    how 
a  famous  ballad  came  to  be 

written     39-44 

Mentioned    -.232,233 

Jacob    684,936 

James  H.    Col 564 

James,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

John   D.    Capt 824,  829 

Kennesaw    208 

Prince    25 

River    134 

River  Town,  a  Cherokee  Vil- 
lage     418 

Round  Top    827 

Samuel    705 

William     883,939,943 

William  A.  Judge,  600,   821,  824, 
828,   829,    939,   940 

William   G 939 

W.    R 563 

Littlejohn,   Z.   A 501 


Lively,   Abraham    340 

Matthew,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    340 

Lively,    S 691 

Liverpool    ' 79 

Livingston,    Adam,    a    Revolution- 
ary  soldier    632 

Alfred     835,  837 

Longstreet,   Augustus  B.   Judge 831 

Leonidas  F.  Col 513,  632,  836 

Livingston,    the   forerunner   of   Ronie 

551 

Lloyd,    Edward    Capt 397 

James    573 

James,    Jr 573 

John     573 

Loachaby,   John    823 

Lochran,    O.    A 446,448 

Lochrane,   Osborne  A.   Judge,   Chief 

Justice      321,579,599,716 

Lockett,    A 794 

Abner    794 

Sol 949 

Lockitt,   T 1018 

Lockhart,    B 748 

John    748 

Locust  Grove,  when  the  first  Cath- 
olic   Church    in    Georgia 

was    built    1054 

Lodi    206 

Loflin,   James    670 

Logan,    Daniel    703 

J.    H.    Prof 573 

J.  P.  Dr 573,  57C 

Major    : 1031 

Logue,   Calvin    608 

"London    Times"     240 

"Lone  Star"  Flag  of  Texas  woven 

by    a    Georgia    woman,    34,  44, 
495 

Long  Cane    696 

Crawford  W.   Dr.    ...424,425,445 
Bronze  medallion  at   Univer- 
sity   of    Penn 690,691 

Monument    unveiled   at    Jeff- 
erson      688,690 

Discoverer    of    Anaesthesia.  .776 

Creek    843 

H.    H 948 

Island    93,  94 

James    777 

James    S.    Dr 9?9 

John    369,  371 

Nicholas,     Col 1058 

Nimrod     W 864 

Samuel,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      775,  777 

Stephen    H 566 

Young  J 491 

Longino,    H 680 

Longinos,    The    365 

Longley,  F.  M.  Judge    978 

Lontsstreet,  Augustus  B.   Judge, 

639,  837,  916 

Longstreet  Chapter,  U.   D.   C 656 

Gen 562 

Helen  D.  Mrs 562,  563,  872 

James,  Lieut.  Gen.  583,  627,  1038 

Institute     487 

William     564,893,915 

Lookout   Mountain    293 

Looney,    John    182 

Lopez,    David    98 

Mrs 98 

Lord,    William     1063 

Lothrop,    D.   and   Co 226 

Lett,    Arthur    336 

Daniel    336,472 


Index 


1101 


Louders,    Abram    766 

Louis  XVI  of  France   700 

Louisiana     45,  46,  47,  230 

Bishop    of    120 

Province    of    70 

Louisville,  the  county-seat  of  Jeffer- 
son     705 

The  old  Slave  Market:  a  soli- 
tary   remnant    of    feudal 

days    in    Dixie    154,155 

Burning    the    Iniquitous    Rec- 
ords of  the  Yazoo  Fraud 
before  the  State  House  152,  153 
Georgia's    first    permanent 

Capitol    14G 

Mentioned,   101,  144,  140,  157,  700, 

701 

Academy    705 

And  Wadley  Railroad   14  8 

"Gazette"     148 

Love,    Amos,    a   Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      718,719,720,880 

David     638 

James    977 

Peter  B.   Dr 719,721,964 

wniiam  A.  Dr 579 

W.    H 967,  968 

Lovejoy,   Burt    573 

B 696 

John     680 

J.    H 573 

Lovell,   B.   F.   Jr 84 

Loveman,    Robert     1035,1039 

Lover's  Leap,  near  Lexington 842 

Oak     621 

Lovetts,    The    711 

Loving,    John    317 

Low,    C.    Sr 1018 

General     669 

Henry    715 

James    387 

Lowe,    Henry   J 670 

Isaac    884 

James  P 934 

John,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      714 

Lower   Creeks    162,164 

Lowery,    Davis    990 

John     387 

Lowndes  County    301 

Treated    750-754 

William     750 

Lowrey,    George,    President   of   the 

Cherokee    Council    182 

John   S.   Mrs 957 

John  W 468 

Lowry,   B 628 

David     1058 

John    Col 550 

Robert   J.    Col 509,573,577 

Wm.   M 573 

Loyless,  E.   B 958 

Thomas    W 901 

Lubbock,   Governor  of  Texas 15,17 

Lucas,    E.    B >822 

E.    L.    821 

Fred    W 424 

G.   B 821 

Nat      949 

W.    D 821 

Lucerne,  Lion  of   419 

Luckey,    S 933 

Luckie,  A.  F 573 

Lucy    Cobb    Institute,    sketch    of, 

437,  438 

Luffman,   William    812 

Lukes,    The    304 

Lula,   a  town    655 


Lumpkin   County,    treated    754,760 

Mentioned    185,186 

George 843,1058 

H.    H 794 

John     843-844 

John   H 555,847 

John    H 555,845,847 

Joseph  Henry,  Chief  Justice, 

163,  165,  167,  285,  319,  424,  426, 

446,     447,     448,     503,     600,     684, 

782,   844,    845,   847 

Joseph  Henry,  Asso.  Justice,  447 

Law    School     426,446 

Lucy,  married  Middleton  Pope, 

843 
Martha,    now   Mrs.    Compton, 

446,  567,    569,  570 

Samuel    600,  845,  847 

The  county-seat  of  Stewart,   931 

Washington    420 

Wilson,   Gov.,   141,   159,    423,   433, 

445,  448,  567,  754,   755,   843,  844, 

847,    931,    1060,    1061 

Lumpkin's    Battery     442 

Lumpkins,    The    847 

Lupton,    John    727 

Lurton,    Horace    H.    Judge    903 

Lushing,   Mr 857 

Lyall,   Sir  Charles,  F.  R.   S 617 

Lycurgus     357 

Lyle,    James    G 490 

Matthew     705 

Lynch,    Dennis    634 

James    573 

John    573 

Michael    , 573 

Peter    573 

Lyon,    Edward    129,130 

John     129 

Richard  F.,  of  Dawson 600 

Richard    F.    Judge    319 

William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      708 

Lyons,    James   M 490 

J.    R 821 

The   county-seat  of  Toombs 
County    968 

Mo 

McAdoo,    Wm.    G.,    Secretary    of 

Treasury     216,363,470 

McAfee,    Taliaferro    . . .' 467. 

McAllister,     Fort      401 

Mathew   Hall    403,412,413 

Samuel    705 

McAlpin  Henry  Judge   394 

McArhor,   Thomas  W 573 

McArthur,    Douglas    1029 

John     798,945 

Walter    S 1030 

McBean,    Lachlan    882 

McBean's    Creek    542 

McBrayer,   Andrew    850 

McBride,   John    865 

McCall,    Charles    336 

Francis    S 329 

George     337 

Hugh,    Capt.,    Rev.,    Soldier 

and  Historian,  73,  134,  378,  410 
413,    815,    1048 

J.   G  Judge    328 

Moses  M.   Rev 792 

Roger     307 

Stephen     374 

William,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     720,  924 

McCalla,  A.  C.  Judge   920,921 


1102 


Index 


McCallie,  S.  W.  Dr.,  Georgia  State 

Geologist,   quoted   185-189 

McCall's   History    of    Georgia    338 

McCamy,    Robert   J.    Judge    1039 

McCants,    Andy    949 

Jerry    949 

McCardell,    Charles    317,318 

MeCarter,   Aaron    766 

McCarty,     Roger     715 

McCay,    Charles    F.    Prof.,    Gift    to 

University    435 

Edward    539 

Henry  K.  Judge 600,  847,  937 

McClarty,    George    364 

Wilson     364 

McClean,    Andrew    884 

McClendon,    Guyton    965 

John     724 

McClelland,    John     771 

Samuel    771 

McClesky,    J.    R.    Capt 824 

McClinigan,    Elizabeth    705 

John    705 

McCloud,    Mr 13U 

McCluslcy,    John    822 

T.    H 467 

McColIum,    Jacob     502 

McConlcey,    William    705 

McConnell,    Eli    Gen 420 

H 628 

J 656 

John     420 

J.    M 3'72 

W.    P.    Dr 728,895 

William    416,  573 

McCook,    Gen 209 

McCord,    James   B 449 

Mr 346 

Robert    844 

Stewart,  soldier  of  1812 835 

McCormac,   Mathias    861 

McCormack,  David    861 

McCormick,    Col 720 

Paul     702 

McCranix,   John    304 

McCree,    Mrs 644 

McCreery,    William     705 

McCrimmon,  Duncan  F 1033 

McCroan,    James    705 

Thomas     705 

McCullock,    Patrick    705 

Joseph    P 1001 

McCoIlough,   John   Jr 771 

John  Sr 771 

Seth    771 

William    771 

McCully,    Josiah    680 

McCurdy,    David   R.,   a  Revolution- 
ary  soldier    1008 

McCurry.    A.    G 675,677 

John    G 676 

Julian   B 676 

McCutchen,  C.  D.  Judge   1002,1039 

McCutchins,    B 1001 

McCutlers,     B 705 

McDade,    David    794 

John    644 

McDaniel,    Charles    A.    Col 368 

Henry    596 

Henry  D.    Gov 267,582,1009 

L.     O 573 

P.     E 573 

William    644 

McDonald,    Alexander    864 

Charles     771 

McDonald,    Charles    J.     Gov..    159,  308, 

318,     319,  468.  623,  811 

Edward     879 


James   .1 879 

John    879,884 

Josiah     634 

McDonough,   county-seat   of  Henry 

679 

James    Capt 679 

McDougald,    Daniel   Gen 821 

Robert      317 

McDougalds   Mound    317 

McDowell,    William     773 

McDuffie    County,    treated    760-768 

Mentioned    481 

George,    429,    484,    557,    760,    767, 

915 

John     884 

Mr 955 

M 686 

McElroy,   I.    S.    Dr 825 

Samuel    511 

William     511 

McElvain,    Daniel    789 

McElvan,   Elias   505 

McEntire,    Dr 563 

James    812 

McFarland,   John    945 

T.   G ,1001 

X.   G 1001 

McFerrin,    Billy,   an   Irish   Black- 
smith     129 

McGee,    James    843 

Patrick     705 

Pleasant    812 

Theopilus     949 

Thomas     670 

McGehee,   J.    B.   Rev 879 

Micajah    843,  1057 

Samuel     538 

McGhee,    Tam    843 

McGibony,    R.   A 823 

McGillivray,   Alexander,    Great   Chief 

of  Muscogee   Indians 814 

Chief  of  Upper  Creek  Indians  164 
Chief   of  Lower   Creek   Indians 

21,  22 

Mentioned     476,1006,1019 

Lachlan      387,882,883 

McGirth,    Daniel     334,335,338 

The   notorious   Toi-y   leader,    134, 
268,  986 

McGlasher,  Peter  Gen 412 

McGough,    John,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier   631 

Mr 632 

Robert,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      715,  795 

McGowan,  J.  J 106 

McGregor,  J.  A 311 

R.     T 311 

McGriff,  P.  T.  Judge   326,  861 

Thomas      861 

McGuire,   James    634 

Thomas    369 

McGuirks,    The    526 

McHenry,   Hallis,   Miss    801 

James    883 

Mcllroy,    Adam    705 

Mclnnes,   D 387 

Mcintosh,   Ann,   Mrs 771 

County,     treated     768-7Y2 

Family,    The    768 

Guards    457 

Henry   M 524 

J 162 

James    McKay    772 

James    M 742 

James  S.   Col 741,  772 

John  Col.,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      741,  771, 772 


Index 


1103 


Lachlan,  Gen.,  334.  410,  476,  622, 

643,   668,    669,    742,    771,    772, 

898,  934 

Maria   J 740,772 

Reserve     340 

Rock:  where  the  most  famous 
of  Georgia  treaties  was  made 

with    the    Creeks    161-1C9 

Memorial    to    Gen.    Mcin- 
tosh     163 

R.    C.   Sr 329 

Trial    345,  340 

William    Gen.,     182,  345,  484,  971 
Chief  of  Lower  Creeks  and 

friend  of  Georgia   2  5 

Murdered    for   his   part   in 
the   Treaty   at   Indian    Springs, 

161-169 
Memorial    to    the   Chief   un- 
veiled by  the  D.  A.  R 163 

Mclnvail,    James    715 

Mclver,    Calvin    Rev 908 

McKay,    a    Revolutionary    soldier.. 735 

Hugh     318 

McKay's    Riflemen    735 

Trading     House     734,886 

McKelv^y,    James    705 

John     705 

McKenzie,   Alice  Mrs 563 

j^ 336 

B.   Tait  Dr.    .... ......  ...  .690 

Chesley     8;76 

Daniel    Rev 6S4 

Mr 8»2 

McKinley,     Carlisle     491 

William.    President,    how   his 
Presidential    boom    was 
launched  in  Thomasville, 

Ga 246-250 

Mentioned    901 

McKinney,   Thomas  L 168,494 

McKnight,    John     491 

William     681 

McLain,   W.   A.   Mrs 958 

McLane,   Wiley,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    759 

McLaws,    A.    H 896 

Emily    Lafavette    917 

Lafayette  Gen 406,412,916 

McLean,  James  at  Kettle  Creek.. 1048 

McLendon,    A 346 

Beniah     491 

Dennis     720 

Jacob,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

Nicholas  ^V 573 

Samuel,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     680 

McLeod,    A 945,  955 

Alexander,    Talmadge    798 

Angus    798 

George   M.    Troup    798 

Hugh  M.  Lieut.,  receives 
"Lone  Star  Flag"  from 
Miss  Joanna  E.   Troutman, 

the    designer    35 

Acknowledges    same    in    let- 
ter     3  5 

Mentioned     34 

"U^lliam   Archibald    798 

McMahon,  J.  Capt.  in  Mexican  War  396 

McMichael,   John    346 

McMichan,   James    705 

Moses     705 

McMillan.   Alexander    1047 

Col 563 

David     798 

Garnett    Col 648,650 

John    304,  329 


Malcolm     798,968 

Mr 651 

Murphey,    Rev 968 

Robert    Col 651 

McMullan,    F.    L 676 

Hugh     416 

McMullen,    James    329 

John,    a   Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      676 

Sinclair    676 

McMullin,    S 644 

William     754 

McMunn,    J.    A.    Dr 825 

McMurphey,    D.    D 896 

McNair,  B.  H 629 

McNatt,    Amos    908 

McNaught,    William    ...573 

McNeal,   James   888 

McNeill,    Daniel    705 

McNight,   Washington   Rev 888 

McNorton,    Neill     821 

McPhail,    Duggan    326 

McPhaul,    Wm.    H 1065 

McPherson,    Elijah    369 

Fort     595 

James    Gen 573,593,849 

James  B.   Gen 208,  210 

Mr 577 

McPope,    Jesse    715 

McRae,    Christopher    798 

D 955 

Flarguhar     798 

J 955 

John    798 

The    county-seat    of    Telfair. 

952-955 
McRight,  William,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    644 

McWaters,    Hubbard    365 

McWhir,   William    Dr 740 

McWhorter,    A.    M 369 

Hamilton,    Judge    847 

J.    G.   Dr 895 

R.    L 640 

McWhorters,    The    638 

McWilliams,     Capt 957 

Robert    365 

Mabry,    Ephraim    856 

H.    P 369 

John,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     836 

W.    J.    Capt 304,934 

"Macauley,    The   Georgia,"    C.    C. 

Jones    414,918 

Macedonia    Church    489 

Machiavelli    935 

Maclntyre,  Archibald   964 

A.    T.    Judge    964,991 

Mack,   J   B.   Dr 164,241 

J.    B.    Mrs.     (foot-note) 241 

John    705 

Mackay,    Patrick    705 

Robert    884 

Samuel    564 

AVilliam    705 

Maclean,    Clara   D 604 

Macon    County,    Treated 772,777 

Ga.,     19,     34,     148,     200,     201.     236, 
237,    238,    239,    453 
America's    first    Christian 

baptism  at    310,311 

History    Club    of 237,242 

In    the   Mexican    War 311 

,  LaFayette's   visit    to.... 311,  312 

The   metropolist   of  middle 

Georgia    SOS,  311 

Guards    311,397 

Lodge    312 


1104 


Index 


Nathaniel    Hon 305,308,772 

"Telegraph"     45,  309 

Volunteers     310 

Macon's    Tribute    to    Southern 

Women  314,  315 

MacPherson,   John    302 

Margaret    302 

Madden,  James  M 856 

Maddock,    Joseph    884 

Maddox,   Benjamin    539 

OF  ..243 

James   A.' '  judge 1039 

John    420 

John    A 421 

John    W.    Judge 416,552,557 

Joseph    865 

Robert  F.   Col 577,  836 

Robert    Y 573 

S.    R 1036 

Warren   Capt 920,921 

Maddux,    John    696 

Thomas    1018 

Madison   County,    treated 774-777 

Female    College,    The 799 

James     305,774,799 

Springs     7  74 

The  county-seat  of  Morgan,   799 

Madrid     74,  362 

Maffett,   John  Col.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    511 

Magenta    206 

Magnolia,    a   lost    town 453 

Mahon,    Lord    376 

Mahone,    Thomas    669,670 

"Major    Jones'    Courtship" 414 

Mallard,    John    B.    Prof 740 

R.    Q.    Dr 743 

Thomas     137 

Mallon,    Bernard    Prof 581 

Mallorv,    C.    E 522,524 

Stephen   R 965 

Mallory's  "Life  of  Jesse  Mercer,"  1041 
Malloy,    D.    G 329 

Malone,   D.   R."  Mrs.".'.'. .'.'.'.'.'.'..'.".'.  .'.'237 

F 696 

J   .W.    Rev 821,879 

Peter    940 

Robert     907 

S 696 

William    680 

William    B 468 

Malony,    Samuel   M 467 

William     467 

Malplaquet    206,  207 

Maltbie,    William    644 

Manadue,    Henry,   at   Kettle    Creek, 

1045,1048 
Manassas,    Battle    of ..  .75,  78,  288,  1010 

Mandeville,   Appleton    367,371 

L.    C 371 

Leon   P 369,  371 

Mangham,    Henry    949 

Mangum,    Nat    573 

Robert    573 

Wheeler     573 

William     573,884 

W.    E 856 

Manley,    Emma   Miss 563 

Joseph    P 929 

Manly,  W.   J.   Dr 10-36 

Mann,    David    W 684 

John      936 

Reuben     803 

JV.   S 970 

Manning.    .Tethro    573 

Manuel  Labor  School,  first  in  United 
States    436 


Mansell,    Joseph    859 

Mansion    House    273 

Manson,    Francis   C 864 

Jane    795 

Maplehurst    552 

Maples,    Israel    789 

Marbury,   Horatio    1058 

Leonard  Col 480,910 

At    Kettle    Creek 1049 

Marcomson,    John,    a   soldier   of  the 

Revolution    575 

Marengo    206,  210 

Marietta,    county  seat    of    Cobb 454 

Ladies'   Memorial  Association, 

458,  460 
Marietta's    Two    Silent    Bivouacs, 

460,  462 

Mariner,    Benjamin     317 

Marion,    a  lost   town 985,987 

County,   treated   777,778 

Francis    Gen 985 

Revolution. ..  .713,    777,   932,  985 

Marist    College    581 

Markham,    W^illiam    573 

Marks,    James. ..434,  774,  843,  844,  1057 

R.    T /.  ..821 

Markwalter,   Mr 441 

Marlborough,     Duke    of 56 

Maroney,   P.   D 994 

Marsh,   Edwin   W 579,100^2 

Spencer    416,1001 

Marshall,    A.    A.    Dr 792 

Abraham     482 

Daniel,   Tomb   of 476,481,482 

G.    W 922 

Jesse    564 

John    856 

M 342 

Stephen     865 

Marshalsea,   The    50 

"Marshes  of  Glynn,   The" 236 

Marthasville    446,  567,  570 

Martin,    D.    L ^ 301 

Emanuel     369 

P.    J.    Dr 573 

George    720 

J.    A 1029 

Jacob    716 

James    Sergeant,    inscription 

on    monument    642,879 

Jane  E.  Mrs 815 

John    Gov 407,705,879,1023 

John   H.    Judge 818,820,862 

Joseph    476 

Marshall    781 

M.    H.    Dr 505 

P.   Sergeant,   in  Mexican  War, 

396 

W.    C 1035 

W.    H.    Col 732 

William     505 

Martelle    Tower    390-391 

"Mary  and   John."    The,    a  vessel.. 726 
"Maryland,   My   Maryland,"    origin 

of  the  famous  war  song,  44,  49 

Maryland    74 

Mary  Telfair  Home  for  Old  Women, 

953 
"Marye,"   General  Gordon's  horse.. 587 

Mason,    G.    T.    Judge 968,969 

Lowell,   Dr 292 

Mark    861 

W.    W 864 

Masonic   Lodpe,    first  organized   in 

Georgia    100,105 

Masons.    The    103,105 

Massachusetts 79 

Massengale,    St.     Elmo 763 


Index 


1105 


Massey,    Joseph    727 

Josiah     467 

M.    Mrs 221 

Reuben    804 

R.    J.    Dr 524,525,573,799 

Masterson,    John    386 

Masury,    John    W 249 

Matheson,   K.  G.  Dr 580,753 

Mathews,   George   Gov.,  a. Revolu- 
tionary   soldier,    283,    539,    540 
806,  842,  843,  846,  847,  887,  888, 
914,   986,  1006,   1042,    1060 

James    803 

John    990 

Philip,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      497 

Thomas    856 

Wallace    Dr 329 

Mathis,   Joel   949 

John    949 

Matthews,    Charles    803 

Isaac,   a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

692 

James    754 

Jesse    803 

L, 997 

Lewis   M 850 

Mark    A.    Rev 628,1039 

Oliver     766 

Timothy     317 

William  Capt.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     692,  994 

Mattock,    Joseph    763 

Stephen     945 

Mattox,    James    977 

John    945 

John   Homer   Dr 452 

M 977 

Maurer.    Gabriel    531 

John    531 

Maxwell,    Audley    Col 7  29,733 

C.    W 629 

E.   H 629 

E.    W.    Dr 525 

James    Col 612,733,888 

Point    733 

Thomas  538 

William    P 787 

Maxwells,   The,    Liberty's   oldest 

family     736 

May,    Daniel    468 

John    823 

Mark    720 

William     421,  1023 

Mayer,    David    573 

Mayfield,    Stephen    Rev 920,921 

Maynard,    John    705 

Mays,    Gideon    720 

Stephen     510 

W.    C 977 

Mayes,   William    467 

Meade,    Gen 708,709 

Meadow,  David  W.  Judge 777 

Garden,   county  home   of 

George  Walton    122,  124, 

912, 1004 

Isaac     843 

Jason,   a   Revolutionarv  sol- 

dier    497 

J.    M.    Jr.    Dr 968 

J.    M.    Sr.    Dr 968 

Silas    B 968 

Means.    Alexander   Dr 832 

Alexander    A.    Dr 838 

Measles,    William    77S 

Mecaslin,    J.    H 573 


Mecklenburg   Declaration    of   Inde- 
pendence      694 

Meddows,    Benjamin    670 

Medical  College  of  Georgia,   The... 894 

Meek,   A.    B.,   a    historian 813 

Meeks,   Himerick    472 

Meigs,    Dr 960 

Josiah   Prof.,   and   President 
of    Franklin    College,    141,  143, 
272,  423,  427,  428,  558 

Meldrim,  Peter  W 106 

Mell,   P.   H.,   Chancellor.  .  .432,  640,  740, 

741,  839 

Rifles,    The    442 

Mell's    Kingdom    839 

Manual    432 

Meltock,   Joseph    481 

Melton,    C.    W 990 

"Memories   of   Fifty  Years" 469 

"Men  of  Mark  in  Georgia,"  quoted, 

271,  272 

Mercer,    Dr 724 

George    A.,    Jr 84 

George    A.,    Sr 106 

Hill    1046 

Hugh    W.    G6n 391,412 

Jesse  Rev.,  347,  640,  778,  806,  857, 
871,  1051,  1055,  1061 

Jesse  E 301 

J.    R 957 

Silas    Rev 1058 

University     242,  322 

Removed    to    Macon. ..  .313,  314 

Merchon,    H.    M 375 

Mercier,    Judge    527 

George     528 

Meredith,    John    1063 

Meriwether,    Alexander    317,  318 

Capt 310 

County,    treated    778-784 

David  Gen.,  1.53,  162,  423,  424, 
444,  44S,  696,  697,  778,  779, 
1046,    1055,    1057,    1060,    1061 

Francis    1057 

Frank    843 

George     697 

James 363,    444,   705,   706,   779 

James   A.    Judge 864,869 

Thomas,    a    Revolutionarv 

soldier    694,697,1057 

Merrill,    Benjamin    369 

Lemuel     822 

J.    H 965 

William     369 

Merritt,    Col 467 

Mershon,    A.    R 821 

Meson    Academy    844 

Methodism,   Rev.    Hope    Hull,    a 

pioneer  of    1054 

The   TV^esley    Oak 66,69,137 

Historic    Old    Wesleyan,    200,  202 

Mentioned     207 

Methodist  Conference,   first  of 

Georgia     774 

Methodists    298,  342,  420 

Mexican   War,   Cherokee-    419 

Mentioned    294,  311 

Chatham    396-397 

Mexico    195,  362 

IMezell.    GrifTin    955 

William     33e 

Michael.    Barnard    336 

William     1007 

Michand's    Forest    Trees 617 

Mickleberry,    "U'llliam    Mrs 928 

Middlebrooks,  Isaac   ..- 670,804 


1106 


Index 


Lucius   L 243 

Middle   Georgia,   Military  and    Agri- 
cultural   College    160,  2S1 

Middleton,    W.   S.    Dr 1026 

Midville,    Ga 339 

Midway  Centennial,   The    736 

Church,  a  shrine  of  patriotism, 

135-138,   726-743 

Meeting  House   268 

Society    737 

Mikva,    Israel,    Congregation 98 

Milfort,    Le    Clerk    814 

"Militia  Drill,    The" 446 

Millar,   Andrew    691 

Ezekiel    766 

James  A 496 

John    656 

William     884 

Milledge    Avenue,    Athens 437 

Chair  of  Ancient  Languages,  143 
John,   Gov.   and  U.   S.   Sena- 
tor, donates  land   to  Frank- 
lin   College     142,143 

Mentioned 106,    107,    153,    158,    357. 

380,     410,     652,     888,     892,     905, 

914,  915 
John,    a    companion    of   Ogle- 
thorpe     271 

Richard,   one   of  the  founders 

of  the  Union   Society 99 

Milledgeville    356,  4  51 

County-seat   of    Baldwin   and 

former    State    Capitol 271 

Ante-Bellum   days  recalled 

272-273 
Famous  newspaper  of  ..275,276 
Two  noted  schools  of  ..281,283 
The    State    Capitol    for   sixty 

years     156-160 

Town    founded    157 

Mentioned,     21,  147,  148,  271,  302, 

312 

"Federal  Union"    275,276 

"News"     276 

"Southern    Recorder"     275,276,284, 

285,  673 

"Union  Recorder"    276 

Millen.    John    412,453,708 

Joseph    766 

The   county-seat   of  Jenkins.. 708 
Miller,   Andrew   J.   Judge 362,784, 

915,  916 

Andrew    Gen 876 

B.    E.    Dr 944 

Bright    Dr 934 

Catherine,  Mrs.   (see  Mrs.  Na- 
thaniel   Greene)     5,  9 

Tomb  at  Dungeness   10 

Charles    S 270 

County    268 

Treated     784-785 

Dennis    628 

E 1029 

E.   A.  Judge    778 

E.    C.    Col    732 

H.    V.    M.    Dr.!    '2'88,'556i  579,'805 
"The    Demosthenes    of    the 

Mountains"     598 

John    882 

John    A 638 

Major     991 

M.   J 1015 

Phineas     6,11,349 

Phineas    Mrs 126 

Robert 705 

Stephen    F 493,864,989,991 

MilUcan  Chapter,  U.  D.   C,  The... 563 


Milligan,  Andrew,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    770 

R 1007 

Mills,    Albert   L.,    Brig.    Gen 591 

Daniel     1068 

Henry    70  2 

James    949 

John     387 

"Mills,   The,"  country  place  of  Thom- 
as G-lascock,   Sr 892.911 

Milner,    John    Rev 857 

William     702 

Willis   J 856 

Milton  County,  treated   786-787 

Dr 895 

Homer  V.   Gen 786 

John    Col 820,821,864 

John,     a    Revolutionary     sol- 
dier     786 

John,     Governor    of    Florida, 

706,  786 

Moses     835 

Pickney  H 607 

The  Poet,   mentioned   76i 

William  H.  Gen 786 

Mimms,    Floyd    ,.936 

Mims,    Edwin    Dr 225 

John    F 573 

Martin     930 

W 936 

Williamson    794 

Mineely,    John    705 

Minis,    Abraham     98 

Mrs 98 

Leah     98 

Esther    98 

Simon    98 

Philip,  first  Jewish  child  born 
in    Georgia    98 

Minor,    Samuel   W 681 

Samuel  W 491 

Mint,    United    States,    branch    at 

Dahlonega    186 

"Miscellanies    of    Georgia"     20,380 

"Missionary  Herald"    174 

Mississippi     70,  149,  171,  454 

River,    69,    70,    71,    150,    164,    173, 
178,  179,  194,  212 

"Scenes"     : 454 

The   famous   Ram    965 

"Village  in  the  Civil  War,"  by 
Prof.    John    Fiske,    quoted, 

207,  209 

"Missoe,"  original  Indian  name  for 

Cumberland    Island     6 

Missouri    180 

Mitchell,    Albert     416 

A.    W 573 

Barney    36y 

County     268 

Treated     787-789 

D 774 

Daniel    R 551 

David  B.  Gov.,     153,  159,  265,  283, 
337,  407,  787,  816,  871 

David    W 1036 

Emily   G.,   afterwards   Mrs. 

Blackburn    962 

Fondrem    Mrs 719 

Fort    547,  816 

F.    N 525 

G 605 

Henry  Gen.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    629,  662 

Isaac    977 

James    1036 

John      669,  714,  727 

Julius     669 

Madison    R 644 


Index 


1107 


Mr 554 

Nathaniel     962 

N.  R 963 

R.    G.    Judge    823,  965 

Richard    Col 963 

Samuel    567,  573 

Sarah    727 

Thomas,     a     Revolutionary 

soldier     .  .423,  424,  680,  748,  963 

"Thunderbolts"     439,  442 

William     423,  766,  804 

I  William  D.   Col 965 

William  H 686 

William   J.,    Surgeon    in   war 

for  Texas  Independence   30 

Mizell,   Joseph    360 

Mizzell,   John    374 

Mobile    River     150 

Mobbley,    L 686 

R 669 

Reuben    R 670 

William     856 

Mobley,    J.    M 671 

Thomas    M.'   1007 

Molena,    Mr 98 

Mong,    William    714 

Mongin,   John  D 907 

Monk,  John    773 

Monghon,    Thomas      864 

Monroe    791 

County     162,305,308.. 

Treated     790-798 

County-seat  of  Walton   1003 

James,    President,     101,  383,  788, 
790,  901 

Musketeers    310 

Nathan    C 319 

Montaigut,    David    387 

Montigu,   Duke  of    390 

Monterey    Square    104 

Montfort,   Joel   E 949 

Peter    949 

Theoderick.    949 

Montgomery,   Ala 287 

County,    treated    797-798 

David     803 

Fort    266 

Gen 302 

Hugh    416 

James     510,573 

John  H 1023 

John   S.   Judge    719 

Mr.,   at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Richard,  Major-Gen 797 

Samuel     949 

William  W 600,  915 

Monticello,  the  county-seat  of  Jas- 
per     692 

Moodie,  Thomas   387 

Moody,  Allen,  Corporal    420 

Capt.    of   Mississijipi 15 

Dwight   L 296 

G 267 

Thomas     317 

Moon,    John   W 850 

Joseph     1007 

Mooney,    James,    ethnologist ..  .')19,  813, 
873,    875.    955.    970,    991) 
Quoted  on  the  Cherokee  Re- 
moval     176-182 

Moons,    William    511 

Moor,    James    634 

John     790 

Moore,   Abednego    691 

Alsa    423 

Andrew     705 

A.    F.   Maj 821 

D 467 

Elijah    274 


Fort     880 

James    544,628,702 

James   S 821 

Jiles    771 

John     458,795,856,864,1015 

John   L 467 

John    T 314 

Joseph   703 

Lorenzo    D 348 

Matthew     705 

M 656 

Philip     387 

Virgil    Mrs 364 

William    387,  702 

William    Capt 539 

W.   A 579,  1002 

Wm.    F 854 

Moran,    P.    J 186 

Moravian   Mission,    The    183 

Moravians,    The    807 

More,  Hannah    52 

Morean,    Gen 947 

Morel,    Mrs 331 

Peter    380 

Moreland,    Isaac    715,  865 

John  F.   Dr 781 

John     958 

William     959 

Wood    794 

Morgan,     Benj.     F 668 

County    271 

Treated     799-806 

County-seat   of   Calhoun 347 

Daniel   Gen.,   a   Revolution- 
ary   soldier     ..347,544,799,941 

David   W.    Col 977 

E.  H 453 

Guards     310 

Hardy     936 

Jesse    766 

John    E 976 

M 502 

M.    J 936 

S.  B.  C.  Mrs 124 

Stockely     696 

William     546,  668,  1049,  1058 

Morganton,  the  original  county-seat 

of    Fannin     544 

Morris,    Capt 561 

David   R 787 

Fort    137 

Fred    Capt 464 

Henry    525 

Joseph    468 

.1.    Gideon,    Capt 456 

Levi    573 

Simon    864 

Thomas     563 

William,     a     Revolutionary 

soldier     511,512 

William    S.    C 908 

Morrison,  Adam    705 

John     705 

Malcolm    267 

Morrow,    D 627,628 

R.    E 451 

Morton,    James    329 

J.   O.   Judge    328,  980 

Josiah    423 

Lavonia    Miss,   afte-wards 

Mrs.   Henry  G.   Turner   980 

Oliver    H.,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     714 

William    M .' 424 

Moseley,    David    876 

Elijah    416,  680 

H.   T 931 

Moses,   Chas.  L 492 

Ebenezer    715 


1108 


Index 


Raphael  J.  Maj 102,824,828 

Moss,    Hudson     650 

William      387,  538,. 1058 

Mossman,     James     387 

Mott.     John     773 

Moultrie,    county-seat   of   Colquitt.  .473 
An   outline    sketch    of    ..474-476 

William    Gen 101,473 

Mound   Builders    307 

Mounds.    Indian,    in    Bibb 316,317 

McDouKalds     3,  7 

Mounger,   Henry    1058 

Mountaineers    of    Georgia,    charac- 
teristics of    251,  252 

Mountain  Town,  an  Indian  village.. 607 
Mount  Berry:  How  the  Sunday  Lady 
won     the     mountains.  .250,  267 

Blanc    743 

Carmel     477,478,482,945 

De  Sales  Academy   309,318 

Lavender    254 

Vernor,     the     county-seat    of 

Montgomery    797 

Yonah     1030 

Zion    473 

Zion   Academy    20,428 

Moye,    Allen    879 

Muckleroy,    Lewis    977 

Mulberry    Grove,    plantation    given 
to    Gen.    Nathaniel    Greene 
on  the  Savannah  River,  4,  108, 
112,  126,  411 

Mullaly,    William    821 

Mullen,    J.    A 368 

Mullens,    W.    F.    Lieut 420 

Muller,   Capt 986 

Mullis,    J.    H.    Jr 327 

Osborne    467 

Mullis,    J.    .    Jr 327 

MuUryne,    John,    a   staunch    Royalist 

89,  92,  387 

Mary    89 

Mumford,    Peter    374 

Munnerlyn,    Charles    505 

Charles  J.    Col 506 

Munro,   G.  W.   C 778 

Murder  Creek    697 

Murdock,    John     705 

Murfreesboro,     Battle    of 43 

Murian,   Nicholas,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier     : 1022 

Murphey,    Alexander    907 

Charles,   Col 510,512 

Edmund,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      907 

Eugene  E.   Dr 907 

M 936 

Nicholas     907 

Murphree,    John,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier,    grave    marked    ....339 
Miles,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier,   grave    marked     339 

Murphy,    Anthony    573 

Josiah    990 

Miles    1023 

Murdock,    Rev 730 

Solomon  B 1063 

Timothy    C 573 

Murray,   Arzie    949 

County    463 

Treated     806-812 

David     806 

John  S 949 

Road,  The 900 

Thomas    W 749,800 

Thomas     748 

Murrell,    C.    B.    Judge    517 

Murry,    W.    A 983 


Muscogee    Academy,    The    819 

County    168 

Treated     812-830 

Muscogees,    (see    Creek    Indians) 

In  the  Mexican  War    822 

Musgrove,    Maiy     379 

Massey,    Needham    773 

Myers,  Edward  H.  Dr.   (Rev.) 202 

J.    C.   Mrs 221 

John   T.   Judge    360 

Mordecai     864 

Myrack,    Richard    856 

Myrick,    F 997 

Goodwin     274 

John    1057 

"My    Springs"     239 

"Myths   and   Legends  of  the   Cher- 

okees,"      (foot-note)      ..182,549 

N 

Nacoochee    Institute    1030 

Legend    of    103O 

Nail,   Reuben    945 

Nail,    A.    M 929 

John     1058 

Nancy    Hart   Chapter,    D.    A.    R..'.  .538 

Napier,    Leroy    Col 975 

Mrs 519 

N.    C.    Capt 1002 

Rene     538 

Thomas     274,865,1058 

T\Mlliam     274 

Napoleon,    Court    of 197 

Tribute    to   Mr.    Crawford 493 

Mentioned     63,206,305,483 

Naramore,    Sylvester    670 

Nash,    Capt 924 

Francis    Gen 301 

Nashville,    county-seat  of  Berrien.. 301 

Tenn 179,219,221,243 

Nason,   Eli   486 

W.    I , 5 

Neal,  David,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      856,1017,1018 

James     856 

James    T 505 

John     490,579,856,864 

Robert    490 

Thomas,  soldier  of  1812 665 

"Nebraskan,    the    Peerless". ..  .246-248 

Neel,    Joseph   L 628 

Neerwinden    207 

Neill,    Cecil    825 

Neisler,    Charles   H.    Mr 950 

Hugh    Dr 423,424,948,951 

Hugh    Mitchell   Dr 951 

Nellums,    Curtis    270 

Nelmes,   A.  M.   Mrs 928 

Nelson,     Allison     573 

Commodore    908 

Henry    789 

John,  at  Kettle  Creek,  1043,  1048 

Robert    766 

Rosalie     231 

S 538 

Thomas     997 

Thomas   M.    Major 40 

William     857 

Nemmons,    William     490 

Nesbit,    William    644 

Nesbitt,   Rebecca   L.    Mrs.,   quoted, 

459,  460 
R.    T.,    Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture     470 

Neufville,    Edward    Rev 78 

Neves,   William   449 


Index 


1109 


Nevil,  John   926 

Newborn,  Thomas   1015 

New   Echota:    the   last   Capitol   of 
the    Southern    Cherokees, 

170-175 

A    romance   of    183,181 

Mentioned    182,  190,  192,  418 

Newell,   Alfred  C,  grandson  of  Gov. 

Colquitt     606 

H.    C.   Rev 648 

New    England    137,689 

England    in    Georgia 726-743 

England  Society  of  New  York, 

441 
Hope  Church,  Battle  of..S49,  850 

Mentioned    31,  459,  775 

Inverness    768 

Jersey    74,  181 

Orleans,    La 45,230 

"Orleans  Delta"    47 

Town   (see  New  Echota). 

York,    Treaty   of 23 

Mentioned,   74,  SI,  105,  126,  202, 
204,   249,    265,   452,    470 

Newman,    Cardinal    49 

Newnan,    Daniel    Gen 162,484,485, 

681, 1001, 1002 

Newnan,   Ga.   (see  BuUsboro),   484,  485, 

486,  487,  488 

Newsome,    Ben    Dr 949 

George  Dr 949 

Gideon    949 

James   A.    Capt 963 

Joel   637 

Joel   D 977 

John    1018 

Joshua    774 

Peter    1018 

Solomon    1018 

Newson,    James    771 

Newspapers,  Atlanta's  595 

Newton    County,    treated S30-838 

County-seat    of   Baker 268 

Charles    F.    Mrs 928 

Elizur     423 

John    Sergeant    268,407,830 

John  Rev 840,843 

John,     of    Clarke 423 

John  H 864 

Moses    705 

P 544 

William   N 804 

Nichol,    Nathaniel    487 

Nicholls,    John   C.    Congressman, 

403,  412 
Nichols,  Isaac  B.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier   999 

William    P 574 

Nicol,    James    387 

Nicoll,    John    C 864 

Night.    S.    D 919,921 

Nightingale,    Florence    252 

Phineas  M.  Mrs.   (Mary  K.),  126 
Letter  in  regard  to  cotton 

gin    127,  128 

Phineas   M 4,- 7,  8,  125,  127 

Nicholson,    Joseph    H.    Judge 48 

Rebecca   Lloyd    Mrs 4  8 

Nisbet,    Eugenius    A.    Judge,    319,  576, 
638,  641,  782,  844 

James   Dr 423,638 

James   A 35,323 

John    424 

Reuben    Dr 867 

Thomas     908 

Nix,  E.   G.   Mrs 976 

Mr 554 


Nixon,    Francis    365 

Nix's   Cave    554 

Nixon,  Francis   365 

P.    M 242,  243 

Noah,    Shem    98 

NoblP,    S 803 

William     803 

Nobles,    Sanders    453 

Nolan,    Quincy   R 680 

"Nonchalence,"   residence  of  Joseph 

Bryan    96 

"Non   SiVji   Sed   Aliis,"    Georgia's 

motto    98 

Norcross,    Jonathan    567,573 

Norman,    John    T.    Mr 815 

Newton  J 732 

William    727 

Normandy,    France    89 

Norrell,    William    N 702 

Norris,  J 544 

John    564 

William     544,  711 

W.    P 782 

North,   Anthony  Mr.   and  Mrs 485 

Anthony   Mr 486,491 

John    453 

Mary     486 

Dr 485,  486 

Carolina     18,  74,  109,  114,  214, 

238,  308 
Georgia  Agricultural  College, 

426,  755 
Georgia  Methodist  Conference, 

510 

Northen,     William     J.     Gov.,     271,  300, 

477,  499,  596,  599,  717,  757 

William   J.   Mrs 871 

Norton,    John    994 

Norwood,   Caleb   795,939 

Thomas  Manson  Judge,   411,  414, 
795,  796,  939,  940,  1038 

Nottingham,   Curtis  Dr 318 

James     844 

Nowell,  James  1007 

Nuckollsville     187,  757 

Nun,   Edward    936 

Mr 936 

Nunez,     Moses    387,883 

Nunis.    Daniel    98 

Moses     98 

Dr.    and    Mrs 98 

Dr 380 

Nunnally,   G.   A.  Dr.    (Rev.)    242, 

243,  553 

Nutt,    Andrew    804 

John    1023 


Oak   Hill   Cemetery,    Newnan.  .488,  489 

Oakland    Cemetery    571 

Oak,  The  Jackson:  a  property  owner, 

438,  439 

Oats,    Mrs 936 

Obarr,  Mrs 188 

Rev.   Mr 187,  188 

O'Berry,    J.    E 326 

O'Brien,    Kennedy    882 

Ocfuskee     166 

Ocmulgee   Bank    201 

Old  Fields    307 

River     ...19,  25,  162,  281,  307,  308 

Oconee  County,   treated    838 

River,      142,  144,  281,  307,  433,  446 

War    271,  476 

O'Conner,  D.  Lieut.,  Mexican  War,,  396 


1110 


Index 


Odom,  Archibald,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier   271 

D.    P.    Dr 969 

Ephraim    702 

J.    S 958 

L.    B 968 

Thomas    703 

Uriah    766 

W.    W.    Dr 969 

O'Donoghue,  Father   10'51 

Ogeechee    Ferry    734 

River     14  6,  332,  343 

Oglesby,  J.  G 579 

J.    W 329 

Thomas    1 46S 

Z.     W 329 

Oglethorpe   Barracks    400 

County,    treated    839,848 

Chapter,    D.    A.    R 815 

James  Edward,   founder  of  the 
Colony   of  Georgia,    his   mon- 
ument  and   his    mission,    50,  58 
Inscription    on    monument    in 

Savannah    54 

Negotiates    an    important 
treaty  with   the  Creek  In- 
dians  at  Coweta  Town.. 69,  72 
Decisive   victory    over    Span- 
iards   at    Bloody    Mai-sh.  .73,  76 
Mentioned,   6,   59,   60,   61,   62,   63, 
67,  68,   77,  78,   79,  85,  87,  97,   99, 
105,  114,  115,  271,  331,  332,  350, 
360,  378,  379,  380,  381,   390,  391, 
399,  406,  407,  408,  532,  549,  583, 
609,  619,  662,  733,  768,  771,  798, 
814,  839,   881,   907 
Light  Infantry  of  Savannah.  .287 

Monument    621 

University    2  84 

The  county-seat  of  Macon.... 772 

Oglethorpe's   Regiment    609 

Ogletree,  William,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    1091 

O'Hara,    Bishop    79 

Theodore    826 

Ohio      204,  247,  249 

River   178.  179 

Ohoopee  Church    686,1020 

River    335 

O'Keefe,    D.    C.    Dr 573 

Okefinokee    Swamp     374,375,454 

Sketch    of    1014 

Old   Agency   on    the   Flint 168 

Broom,    a   Cherokee  Chief.... 415 

Calhoun   Mansion    487,488 

Capitol    at   Milledgeville    (Il- 
lustrated  156 

Carrollton     369 

Chenault  Home,  The:  In  the 
neighborhood  of  which  oc- 
curred the  famous  raid  on 
the     Confederate     Treasury 

wagons    213,218 

Coffee    Road    471,954 

College    at    Athens 144,434 

Colonial    Cemetery    104 

Forts   on    Cumberland 350 

Gignilliat  Home,   Marietta. 

456,  457 
Guard,  of  New  York,   The.... 
Heard  House:   Where   the  last 
meeting   of  the    Confederate 
Cabinet    was    held    (Illustra- 
ted)      211,  212 

"Hickory"     25 

Independent    Presbyterian 

Church    of    Savannah,    382,  384 


Ironsides    613,  614 

Jewish  Cemetery  of  Savannah, 

101 

"Nine"     1011 

"Penn"    690 

"Rock"    (Gen.    Henry  L.   Ben- 

ning)     234 

Sixes,  a  Cherokee  town 418 

Slave-market    at   Louisville, 

154, 155 

Smyrna   Church    1050 

Stop,  a  Cherokee  chief 418 

Talbot   Mansion    1053 

Tebeauville    loio,  1012 

Testament    73 

Town,   a  Cheiokee  village. ..  .455 
Oldest  Presbyterian  Church,    The.. 840 

Oliff,    Mr 336 

Olin,    Dr 831 

Oliver.    Alexander    766 

D 538 

Dionysius,  at  Kettle  Creek.. 1048 

Francis    424 

James    766 

John    J.    P 766 

J.    S /.  .573 

James   W 879 

Peter    538 

Place,    The     744,745 

P.    M 467 

Thaddeus    990 

W.    C 969 

Wm.   J 879 

Olivera,    David    98 

Jacob     98 

Isaac    9  S 

David    Mrs 98 

Leah    98 

David.    Jr 98 

"Olustee,  Hero  of"   (see  Gen.  Alfred 
H.    Colquitt). 

O'Neal,    Daniel    505 

Erin    Miss    237 

Z 502 

O'Neill,    Peggy,    how    she   dissolved 

a   President's   Cabinet 303 

Oostanaula,   an  Indian  settlement,   677 
Oothcaloga,   residence  of  the  Adairs, 

627 

O-poth-le-yo-ho-lo    165 

Speech    on   Mcintosh    Rock. 

168,  ]G9 

Orcutt,   Thomas  E 311 

Origin    of    the   Southern    Cross    of 

Honor     222,  223 

Of  the   U.   D.   C 218,222 

Orme,    A.   J 574 

F.    C 574 

F.  H.  Dr 579 

Richard   McAllister,    275,  276,  284 

William    P 574 

Ormond,    W.    L 57  4 

Orphan   House,   at   Bethesda 80,84 

Orr,    B 856 

Burrell     929 

Philip 491 

Osborne,    Henry    Judge. .  .361,  888,  1023 

Jesse    994 

W.    C 669 

Osceola,    a    Seminole    chief 452 

Osgood,    John   Rev 727,730,731 

Josiah    727 

Oswego,    N.    Y 266 

Othcaloga    Biu-ial    Ground 294 

Otis,   John    812 

Ottery,    Alexander    766 

Ottolengie,    Joseph    387 


Index 


1111 


Ousley,    Robert    715 

Outlaw,    M.    A 711 

Overby   B.    H 574 

Overman,    J.    R 473 

Overstreet,    Henry    S82 

J.    F 473 

Owen,    Allen    F 94o 

D 774,  778 

Daniel    G 939 

George     634 

Owens,    George   W.    Congressman.  .412 

Ferry     356 

Joshua    286 

Owens'   Mansion   394 

Oxford,    Ga 190,202,370,830 


Pace,    Charles    864 

Davis      522 

Jeremiah     502 

Richard   Rev 865 

Silas    766 

Thomas     699,766,884 

AV.    H 699 

AV.    W 967,  968 

Padgett,    E 348 

Page,   John    468 

John   R 821,  822 

Thomas  Nelson  ". .  .322 

Parham,    Captain    505 

Roland     794 

Sara  Miss,  married  Sen.  John 

Hill    695 

Thomas     997 

Paine,   Wm.    AV.   Consrressman 412 

Palmer,    Benjamin   M.    Dr 888 

Daniel     7S9 

George,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier,   grave    marked 340 

.Tesse    31  S 

John   M.    Gen 204 

Palmetto  State    22  4 

Palmore,   J.   Dr 491 

Palmyra,    location    of 723,724 

A    town    obliterated    from    the 
map     520 

Paramore.    John    963 

AMUiam    34  2 

Paris    Exposition    296 

The    original    county-seat    of 
Emanuel     54  3 

Parish,    Henry    754 

Joel    Capt.,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier     631 

Jonathan  Capt 715 

Of    St.    George 702,703 

Of    St.    John 731,738 

Park,    Andrew    Dr 781 

Elizabeth    Miss,    afterwards 

Mrs.   Dongstreet    639 

Ezekiel  Evans,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     6;50,  637 

James    1001 

.lames  D 637 

J.   G.    Judge 643,719 

.John  Maior   424 

Robert    E.    Capt 587 

Robert   Emory  Mrs 550 

Thomas    865 

AA'illiam,   a   Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     424 

Parker.    Abraham    766 

Alexander    795 

David    M 919,921 

Klisha     945 

Henry  Gov 380,407 


Hyde   Sir    330 

James    H 17 

Joseph    564 

T.    A.   Judge    360 

Parks,    Benjamin,   anecdote   of  gold- 
mining   days    186,188 

Henry    564 

James   G.    Col 720,959 

M.    M.    Dr 160',  277,  282 

Parr,    C.    D 574 

Jacob     949 

L.   J 574 

AVilliam     949 

Parrish,    A.    B 303 

Ansel   Rev 303 

E.    C 303 

H.  W 303 

J.     A.     B 303 

J.    A.    J 303 

J.    W 303 

'p_    J 969 

Parrott!   George  W. '....'...'...'..  .'...579 

J.    L 959 

"Parson    Andrew"    95 

Parsons,   Edward    574 

Samuel,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     546 

Passmore,    Alexander    1063 

Pataula    Falls    44  9 

I'ate    .James    681 

J.    H 982 

AVilliam   680 

Patillo,    AA^    P 579,833 

Patrick,    Robert    634 

Patten,    James    304 

AVilliam    Lee   Dr 304 

Patterson,    Batty    674 

John    876 

J.   AV.    Capt 752 

R.     AV 322,  323 

AVilliam   674 

Pattillo,    F 684 

James     680 

AVilliam    F 670 

Patton,    James    539 

John      387 

Robert    295 

Samuel,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      539 

Patts,     AA'illiam     84  4 

Paulding   County    455 

Treated     848-850 

John     848,  849 

Paulett.    Henry    .^65 

.lesse     705 

Lewis    M 487 

Paulk,    Drew   AV 301 

Elijah      472 

J.    L 629 

AV.    T 301 

Payne.    -Alban    Smith    Dr 675 

Columbus   M. 574 

Edward    57  4 

John     56  4 

John   Howard    183,  6i6 

Ari-ested    in    Georgia. ..  .172,  173 

Thomas    564 

AA'illiam     479 

Peibody,    Charles    A 821 

George  F.,   gift  to  University, 

436,  439,  829 

N.    J 823 

Orchestra    237 

T.    H 17 

Peace   IVIonument,   The    590 

Peachtree,  how  the  name  originated, 

571 


1112 


Index 


Peacock,    Albeit  Mr 233 

J.    B.    Dr 324,  327 

J.    P 327 

L.     M 516 

P.    L 326 

Robert    773 

Samuel    337 

Thomas  727 

Washington 997 

Peake,    Solomon    ...657 

Pearce,    Everett    879 

H.    J.    Dr 655 

James    893 

John    564 

John   W 789 

Philip    879 

Seth,    a    Revolutionary    sol. 

dier   708 

T 990 

Tillman    670 

William    926 

Pearson,  F 681 

Jeremiah    715 

John    472 

Pease,   O.    0 574 

Wm.    C 825 

Peavy,    E 781 

Peck,  Ira  990 

John   B 574 

John    C 574 

William  Henrv  Prof 604 

Willis    574 

Peden,   Henry  W.,   inscription    on 

monument    642 

Peebles,    J.    L. 629 

Peek,    J.    A 859 

W.     L.     Col 919,920,921 

William    859 

Peel,  John,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

704,  70-5 

Richard    705 

William     670 

William    L. 579 

William   L.  Mrs 723 

Peeples,    Cincinnatus    Judge, 

657,  795,  796 

Drury     812 

Henry    657 

Joseph    804 

Richard    A.     Judge.  .  304,  657,  752 

Tyler   M.    Col 645 

W.   J 812 

Pelot,    Joseph    S 412 

Pendergrass,   James  B.  Dr 691 

Nathaniel,  an  Indian  fighter,  691 

Pendleton,    Bishop    752 

Capt 924 

Chas.  .R.   Col 310,1011 

Louis    Beauregard    ....1011,1014 

Major    110,  111 

Nathaniel    1045 

Philip   C.   Maj lOliv,  lOll,  1012 

Penfield,   the   cradle  of  Mercer  Uni- 
versity       313,636 

Penn,  William,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     693, 696 

Pennick,  Joseph    804 

Pennington,    Col 553 

E 365 

Samuel 804 

Thomas    702 

Pennsylvania    74 

University    of,    medallion    to 
Dr.    Long    690,691 

Pensacola,   Fla.,   Treaty  of 1004 

Pentecost,   George    490 

John    W.    Col 491 


Penton,    AVilliam     766 

Peoples,   Henry   1018 

Henry     1018 

Percival    Square    85 

Perkerson,  John    387 

Perkins,   Archibald    638 

Col 502 

Jackson     949 

Jesse     637 

J.    B 502 

Logan     286 

Peter     766 

Perry,   county-seat  of  Houston, 

681,  683,  684 

J.    A 645 

J.    B.    Mrs 957,958 

John     496,773 

Josiah    864 

Matthews  C.  Commodore 682 

Oliver  H.  Capt 681 

William    715,989 

Perryman,   Edward   D 670 

E 1018 

Robert    L 991 

Perryville,    Ky.,    Battle    of 368 

Person,    Major    ,..696 

Persons,    A.    P 824 

G.    Ogden    164 

Henrv    940 

John    997 

T 1018 

Turner    490 

T.    A 711 

Pervis,    .John    267 

Peters.    Richard     570,574 

William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier   752 

William    G 574 

Petersburg,    an    old    forgotten    to. 

bacco    market    305,306,536 

Va.,    Battle    of 447 

Peterson,    Ben    473 

Hal 472 

J.    S 574 

Petter,   James    949 

Pettigrew,    John    702 

Petty,    George    M 997 

Pewgate,    Josiah    766 

Pharooahs     .- 97 

Pharr,  Mr 1058 

Marcus    744 

Plantation    745 

Phelps,   Acquilla    697 

H.    C.    Dr 821 

Phi    Kappa    Society 446 

Philadelphia     82,  88,  101,  147,  333 

Church,    Old    867 

Philips,    W 896 

Phillips.    A 896 

Elbert    856 

George    633 

Harvev   T 579 

Joe,   at  Kettle  Creek 104  8 

Joel    766 

John   A.    Capt 967,968 

Levi    4  90 

T.    C 627 

TTriah     627,  628 

W.    B 823 

William    Gen.    ..458,470,544,904 

\\Mlliam  D 804 

yv.    D.    Judge    148 

"U'illiam    R 929 

Zachariah  Col.   346,  490,  766,  1048 

Phinizv,    Ferdinand    424,655,846 

J 896 

'Phoenix   Hall    466 


Index 


1113 


School  863 

Phone,   Daniel    512 

Plchler,   Thomas    531 

Pickens     886 

Andrew    Gen.     (Rev.    Sol.),    132, 

134,     281,     359,     476,     713,     851, 

1048, 1051 

County,    treated    851,852 

Joseph,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      1048 

Pickett,    Albert  J.    Col.,   quoted  on 

Dr.    Bibb    306,338,549,813, 

814,  815 

Mill     849 

Pickett's  Charge    442 

Pidcock,    C.    W 475 

F.    R 475 

John    475 

J.    N 475 

Piedmont    College    648 

Continental  Chapter,   D.   A.   R., 

791 

Institute    858 

Park,   the  Peace  Monument.  .589 

Pierce,   Bishop    641 

County     265 

Treated     852-853 

Franklin    Gen 363,413,852 

George   Foster  Dr.,    285,  323,  638, 
641,  828,  832,  833,  838 
First  President  of  Wesleyan, 

201,  202 

Lovick   Dr 638,822,829 

R.   H 503 

William,    patriot    410 

William    G 34  8 

'Pike,   Capt 963 

County,   treated    853,858 

Henry    1007 

Willi{),m    1007 

Zebulon   M.    Brig.-Gen 853 

Pilgrim,    Isaac    B 574 

0.  A 574 

Pillow,    Gideon   J.    Gen 999,1000 

Pincher,    W 936 

Pinchot,    Gifford    261 

Puckett,    Alexander    789 

Pindartown,  an  old  Indian  village,  1064 
Pine  Mountain   120',  210 

Mountain    in   Harris 669 

Mountain,    Battle  of 456 

Mountain  in  Upson   996 

Pinkard,    Thomas    678 

Pinkerd,    John    634 

Pinson,    Robert    J 490 

Pio  Nono   College 311 

Piper,    John   F 836 

Pipkin,    Isaac    720,861 

Pitman,    Daniel    574 

Henry  H 628 

James  Capt.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     424,775 

Jesse    1063 

Philip  505 

Pitt,    WiUiam,    Earl   of   Chatham, 

sketch    of    375,  376 

Last  speech  in  the  House  of 

Lords    376-378 

Epitaph  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey     377 

Plant,    H.    B 249 

1.  C 319 

Planter's    Hotel    273 

Pleasants,    Eliz.    Woodson 477,478 

Poe,    Edgar   Allan,    mentioned 4  9 

Washington     323 

W.   A 314 


Poland    104 

Polk  County,  treated   :.. 858-860 

Mentioned    455 

Gen 555,  624 

James    K 848,858,906 

Leonidas   Lieut.  Gen.   and 

Bishop    119,120,906,916 

Killed  at   Pine   Mountain, 

456,  457 

Pollard,   J 491 

William    1058 

Pollock,    Jesse     684 

Ponder,    A 794 

D 794 

Pon    Pon,    a    settlement 727 

Pool,    William    R 67^ 

Pooler,    Quinton    387 

Pope,    Alexander    51 

Quoted    foot-note    52 

Britton    949 

Burrell,    at    Kettle    Creek, 

1048, 1058 

Daniel   1029 

Henry,   at   Kettle   Creek, 

715,  lU-48,  1058 

Jesse  M 715 

John    967,  968,  1058 

M 629 

Sarah     843 

Solomon   495 

William,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

William   H 601 

Wylie,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

Middleton    843 

Poplar  Springs  Church    718 

Porter,    D.    W 803 

Frederick    528 

J.    H 579 

John    S 270 

John    W 804 

Oliver,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      ..157,631,637,836 

Oliver  S.,   Sr 631 

Rufus    K.    Dr 908 

Wilham    864 

Porterdale,   a  town    631 

Portugal    98 

Portugese    Jews    98 

Posey,    B 948 

John   Hamilton    1022 

Possum    Trot     254,  255 

Potomac   River    272 

Pottle,    E.   H.   Judge 284 

Joseph    E 284 

J.    R.    Judge    601 

Potts,     Henry     634 

Pou,    Joseph    T.    Judge 824 

Poullain,    Anthony    1058 

Major    637 

Pound,   Jere  M 854 

Poinds,    M 865 

Powe,    John   W 968 

Powel,    James,    Sr 491 

Powell,    Arthur   G.    Judge 600 

Chapman    Dr 574 

E 876 

Francis     990 

George    997 

James     888 

J.    E.    Rev 792 

James  E 387 

James  W 958 

Jesse     794 

John    696 

Lewis     766 

N 774 

R.    H.    Prof 753 


1114 


Index 


S 544 

Thomas    S.    Dr 574 

Tillman    876 

William    505,  546 

Power,   Frank,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     539 

James     468 

Powers,    Abner  P.   Judge 323 

Clem    864 

Hardy    861 

Poydras  College,   La 4  5,46,47 

Povthress,   Major   908 

Prather,    J.    D 931 

Pratt,    Charles,    Earl    of   Camden, 

sketch    of    34S,  1040 

Daniel    712,  715 

George    8  4  6 

Mr 713 

Prattville,   the  town  of 713 

Preer,    Peter    S24 

Prentiss,   Gen 1  028 

Presbyterian    Church,    Southern, 

where    organized     888 

At   Cartersville,    tablet   to 

"Bill    Arp"     290 

Independent,    The    292 

Poplar  in    Wilkes 1049,1050 

Ordination,    First   in   Georgia, 

1049, 1050 

Old   Smyrna  Church 1050 

Liberty  Church   1052 

Hopewell   Presbytery  created, 

1052 

Theolosical  Seminary   841 

Presbvterianism  in  Savannah,   382,  384 
Presbyterians,   anecdote   about   the 

old  church  at  Camden 351 

Occupy   old   St.    Paul's  in   Au- 
gusta   for    four    years 119 

Mentioned     137,273 

Prescott,   Helen   M.   Miss 744 

J.    B 529 

Preston,  county  seat  of  Webster.  .1026 

Henry    387 

Henry    Kirk    403 

James  H.  Major,   of  Baltimore, 

Md 591 

Willard    Rev 384 

William    C 761,1026 

William   H 697 

Prevost,   Lieut. -Col.,   a  British   com- 
mander in  the   Revolution, 

137,  932 

Price,   Charles    416 

James    416 

J.    E 607 

TVilliam    416,  876 

William   P.   Col 654,756 

W^illiam    T.,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    869 

Pridgeon.    M 337 

Prince,  Oliver  H.,  319,  436,  446,  448,  864 

Oliver  H.  Jr 309,  319 

Prince's  Digest  of  the  Laws  of 

Georgia    319 

Princess  of  Wales    113 

Princeton,    N.    J 302 

Prior,    Asa    859 

Robert    70-5 

Prison   Commission    280 

Pritchard,    Col.,    a   Federal   officer... 15 

Thomas     467 

Proctor,    Joshua    505 

Proudfit.    Alexander   Mrs 238 

Provincial    Congress    268,333 

Pruett,    S.    W 286 

Pryor,    Absalom    342 


William    B 491 

Pugh,  Francis  Col.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    1022 

John    421 

Pulaski,    Casimer   Count,   a   Polish 
officer   in   the   Revolution, 

107,  395,  407,  608,  891 
Monument    in    Savannah    (Il- 
lustrated)     103,105,395 

Inscription     107 

County,    treated    860-862 

Fort     40O 

Seizure   of    287 

"Pulaski,    The,"   lost  at  sea 400 

I'uritans    in    Georgia 208 

of    Boston,    The    135,136,702 

Pursell,    William    468 

Purvis,    Jesse    705 

Purysburg     91 

Putnam    County,,    treated 862-870 

Mentioned    271 

E 421 

Israel    Gen.,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     862 

Phalanx   of  Hartford,    Conn.. 591 

State    Fencibles    310 

Pye,   John    .'..380 

Pyrom,    Lewis    781 

Q 

Quaker  Road,    The  Old,  leading  to 

Savannah    342 

Quakers   in    Georgia 481,762,767 

Quarterman,    John,    Jr 727 

John,    Sr 727 

Robert    Rev 728,729,730, 

731, 743 
Quebec,    Siege   of,    mentioned.  .797,  302 

Queensboro,   a  lost  town 342,343, 

701,  704 

Quigg,    Henry   Dr 918,921 

Quillian,  H.   K 607 

Quin,    Silas    O.    (or  Quinn) 267 

Quincy,    J.   W.    Judge 473 

Samuel  Rev.    .  .• 79 

Quinn,    Albert    416 

James  Gen 705 

Quintard,   Bishop,   author  of  "Balm 
for   the    Weary    and    the 

Wounded"    120,456 

Quitman,    county-seat   of   Brooks, 

327,  328 

County,    treated    870 

John  A.   Gen.,    officer  of  Mex- 
ican  War    327,  870 

R 

Rabun    County,    treated    870,  877 

Gap   School 875 

M ^ 637 

William  Gov.,   159,   722,   870,   871, 
938, 1058, 1061 

Rackley,    Leban    789 

Rae,    John    701,882 

Family,    The    536 

Ragan,   Alexander   • 861 

Robert   A 861 

Ragland  E 53S 

Thomas     818 

Ragsdale,    Elijah,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    835 

Elijah  N 511 

S.     W 850 

William    M 511 

Raines,  C.  W 318 


Index 


1115 


Li.    H.    Mrs.,    founder    of    the 

IJ.   D.    C 220,  221 

(.Footnote)    219 

Rainey,    Herbert   C 491 

Isham  H 491 

N.  R.  C 931 

Ramsey,  James    564,  668 

J.   A.   Dr 574 

J.    N.    Col 671,  824 

W.    P.    Dr 491 

Raley,     Charles,     a     Revolutionary 

soldier    988,989 

Rambo,    Regina    Miss,    how    she 

marked  an  era    462 

Randall,  James  Ryder,   Poet  and 

Editor  origin  of  "Maryland, 
My    Maryland,"    ..45,    49,    226, 
228, 901,  917 

Wheeler    Dr 491 

Randle,    William     803 

Randolph   County,   treated 87  7-880 

Henry    318 

John,  of  Roanoke  96 

John  877 

Ransom,   James  B 864 

"Rasselas"     51 

Rattle   Snake   Springs    179 

Rauls,    William     926 

Ravel,  James   94  8 

"Raven,    The"     49 

Rawles,    James    342 

John     337 

Rawls,  Morgan   533 

Rawson,  E.  E 574 

W.    A 574 

Ray,    B 990 

Duncan    504,  963 

James    934 

John    481,490 

Sanders     369 

Read,    James    387 

James  B.   Dr 94,856 

Jesse    789 

Joseph    656 

Reagan,     John    H.,     Confederate 

Postmaster    General,    quoted, 

14,  16,  212 

Reaves,   W.   A 1032 

Reconstruction     160,  297 

Red,    James    702 

John    702 

Samuel    702 

Thomas     702 

"Red    Old    Hills    of    Georgia" .  .414,  444 

Redcllff,    Samuel   G 939 

Redd,   James  K 822 

Thomas  Y.   Lieut.   Col.   of  Ga. 
Volunteers    in    Mexican    War 

396,  823 
Redden,  George,  at  Kettle  Creek..  104  8 

John   Scott    1045 

Joseph  Scott,  at  Kettle  Creek, 

1048 

Scott,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

Reddlck,    a  Revolutionary   soldier.. 694 
Redding,    Anderson,    a    Revolution- 
ary     soldier,     669,  790,  794,  795 

Thomas     795 

Reddish,    Isham    1026 

Reddy.     William     361 

Redish,    John    267 

Redley,    David    1065 

James   M 1065 

Redman,    William    884 

Redwine,    Jacob    511 

John    491 

Lewis    491 

Reed,  Alex.   0 854 


John  C.   Col 484,  604,  846 

Thomas  B.   Speaker 498 

Thomas     574 

Wallace   Putnam    604 

Rees,   Joel    922 

Reese,    Augustus,    Judge    806 

Chas.     M 424 

David    Dr 697 

David   A 698 

Frederick  F.,  Bishop  of  Geor- 
gia     54 

John     705 

Joseph   Dr 678 

Reeve,  Judge   995 

Reeves,   Edward    487 

James  W 510 

Joseph     861 

Register,   Abraham    453 

Samuel    4  53 

Rehberg,    C.   F 629 

Reld,    Adolphus    A.    F 1033 

Alexander    637 

Daniel    467 

George     369,  634 

John   B 929 

Matthew     369 

R.   J.   Dr 931 

Robert  Raymond  Judge.. 914,  915 
Sallie  Fannie,   afterwards  Mrs. 

W.   D.    Grant    975 

Samuel,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      865,  868,  977 

Thomas     387 

William,    Col 696,975 

William    S.    C 716 

Reidsville,  the  county-seat  of  Tatt- 
nall   County    943 

Relley,  Owen   396 

Reinhardt   College    420 

Lewis    420 

Reiter,    Simon    531 

Remsen,    Rem 748 

T.   H.   Judge   748 

"Reminiscences  of  an  old-time  law- 
yer"       1061 

"Of   Famous    Georgians,"    by 

L.   L.   Knight    240 

Mentioned  in  foot-note    230 

"Of  the  Civil  War,"  by  Gen. 

John    B.    Gordon 205,513 

"Representative    Southern    Poets," 

by  Charles  W.  Hubner,  226,  23S 

Renean,  Jesse   574 

Russell     574 

Resaca,    Ga 624 

Retreat,   the  home  of  T.   B.   King.. 623 

Returns,    R.    T 490 

Reuter,  Peter 531 

Revill,    H.    H.    Judge    784 

William    T.,    a   noted    educa- 
tor     783,  784 

Revolution,    Baldwin    County    In,    268, 

276,  279 

Bullock   County   in    334,335 

Burke  County   in    338 

Daughters  of,   3,   20,    74,   123,   124, 
131, 163 
Monument    to    Major    Jacob 

Gunn    273,  276,  278 

The    American,    mentioned,    51, 

65,    93,    100,    102,    123,    136,    137, 

139,     141, 147 

Battle  of  Kettle  Creek. .  .131134 

Bonaventure    90-93 

Dungeness     1-13 

First  capture  made  at  Tybee 

390-391 
Historic  Old  Midway 135-139 


1116 


Index 


Historic  Old  St.  Pauls 117-122 

Nancy  Hart    671-673 

Savannah's    Monuments.  .103-107 
Savannah's      Revolutionary 

Mansion    103-lOS 

Siege    of    Augusta    118-121 

Revolutionary    Memorials    of   Cam- 
den     353-354 

Monuments  of  Savannah. 103-107 
Soldier's   grave    marked.   Ma- 
jor Jacob  Gunn   276-277 

Reynolds,   Benjamin,  a  Revolution- 
ary soldier   656,  714 

Col 424 

Frank  T 1039 

Gov.   of  Alabama   424 

Governor  of  Georgia   882 

Gov 762 

James    Madison     907 

John  A.  Rev 918 

Joshua    Sir    51-83 

L.   C.   Esq 948 

Moses     997 

Parmedus    835 

Silas     491 

Thomas     823,850 

William     E.     Prof 282 

William    H.    Dr 842,963 

Ga 948 

Rhiner,    John    544 

Rhode  Island,  Report  of  the  special 
committee    of   the    Gen.    As- 
sembly   to    locate    the      re- 
mains  of  Gen.      Nathaniel 
Greene     109 

Rhodes,    Aaron    907 

Absalom    907 

Absalom    W 907 

C.     C 574 

John  G.   Corp 420 

Matthew,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      647 

William     574 

Rhyne,  James  A 852 

Rice,    Capt 268 

Frank  P 57  4 

Li 538 

Z.     A 574 

Rich,    D.    E 544 

Richards,   J.   J 574 

Robert    H 579 

S.    P 574 

Watkin   760 

Wm.    G 574 

Richardson,    A 865 

Amos,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     676 

Armistead,   Maj S59 

B.   H SIS 

E.  H.  Dr i^r-,9 

F.  M .'-)74 

J'ames    1007 

John  M.   Major   368 

Walker    lo.'is 

William     49G 

Richardsone,  Cosmo  P.  Capt.  M.  D. 

.31)9 

RicTie,    Charles    6.')0 

Richmond   Academy,   the   oldest   of 

Georgia's  schools   S!)9 

Academy,  trustees   118 

Mentioned    451,891 

"Blues"    396,  R96 

County,  treated  and  mentioned 

481,  880.  918 

Duke    of     376-377 

Hill,    the   home   of   Gov.    Schley 
■    892,  922 


Light      Infantry      Blues,      Vir- 
ginia National  Guard,  The,  591 

Va 212,214,215,216,219 

Ridge,   John  Maj 172,174,970 

Murdered  by  Cherokee  Indians 

172,  174,  181,  182 

Ricketson,    John     472 

Ricksey,    Charles,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier     647 

Rickey,    Charles    647 

Ricks,    John    949 

Rideau,  James,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      939,  994 

Riddle,    Gideon    977 

Ridley,    Everett    1064 

F.    M.    Dr 978 

H.  B.  Capt 716 

Robert    1064 

R.   A.   T.   Dr 978,979 

Reiser,   John  Michel    531 

Riggins,    Thomas    936 

Riley,  A.   C.  Judge   684 

Col 759 

George    S 6S4 

Hamp    949 

Jeff    949 

John    949 

Thomas     356 

Ringer,  James   977 

Ringgold,    county-seat   of   Catoosa,   372 

Major     372 

R.    H 896 

Battle    of     372 

Riordan,    Julia    605 

Riplen,   Thomas  R 674 

Ritch's    Cavalry    442 

Rivers,    Joel    1063 

Lewis     879 

Riverside     655 

Roach,    E.    J.    Dr 574 

Roanoke,    Ga 269,  932 

Roany,  D.  D 628 

Roark,  W.  W 574 

Robbins,    Jeremiah    977 

Roberson,  John   267 

Robert,    P.    G.,    foot-note    221 

Roberts,    Agrippa   P.    Capt 1036 

D 528 

David   M.    Judge    517 

Drewry    702 

Hall    202 

John    453,  702 

L 754 

M.  B 304 

Mr ..365 

Wilev     ; .  .467 

Willis    865 

Robertson,    Andrew    387 

F 424 

James    387 

John     .; 1023 

John  Sr 1023 

John  W.,   Adjutant   General,    470 

J.    J.    Dr 211 

Matthew,  Maj 309,  864 

Pleasant    843 

Robinson,    E 997 

James    N 365 

J.   J 453 

John     369,496,650,703,997 

John   E 490 

Lark     342 

Randal,    a   soldier   of   the    Rev- 
olution,   his   tomb 488,489 

Robert   R 365 

William     997 

Robson,    Clotworthv    705 

John    804 

Rockdale   Countv,    treated 918-921 


Index 


1117 


Rockefeller,  John  D 313,916 

Rockmart,    Ga 858 

"Rock  of  Chickamauga"    207 

Rock    Spring    810 

Rock   Springs  Academy    487 

Rockwell,    C.    F.    Capt 7  09 

Roddenberry,  R.  .J 699 

S.   A.   Judge    965 

W.    B 629 

Roddy,    Thomas    369 

Rodgers,    E.    S 311 

James    705 

J.   N.   Dr 369 

Anecdote   of    371 

Robert    705 

Roe,    James    702 

John    528,  879 

Joseph  A.,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     340 

Rogers,   B 793 

Commodore    862 

Drury    766 

Edward     7  05 

George   W 670 

■    Henry    977 

James    997 

John   702 

John    C 57  4 

J.    A 955 

Michael    63  7 

O.    Rev 793 

Robert     804 

Thomas     822 

William     559 

William   B 864 

Roland,    John    771 

Rollins,    John    812 

Rolston,    Lewis    759 

Roman  Catholic   Church,    first  house 

of  worship  built  in  Wilkes,  1053 

Catholics    273 

Legions    250 

Romare,    Paul    5  79 

Rome,    the    county-seat    of    Floyd.. 547 
(Ga.)    Pioneers   the   way   in 
honoring  the  women  of  the 

Confederacy    241-240 

Chapter,    U.    D.    C 552 

Ronan,    John   T 108 

Roney,    Clark   A 490 

Thomas     491 

Roosevelt,   Theodore,    261,  334,  410,  466, 
731,  732,  742,  932 

Root,    Sidney  Maj 574,935 

Rose,    Simri    34,307,309,317,318 

Hill   Cemetery    321 

House    205 

"The    Summer,"    poem    by 
Richard  Henry  Wilde,  its 

singular   history    228,230 

Rosecrans,   Gen 1028 

Rosenfield.    Henry   L 601 

Ross,    A.    B 311 

George     714 

Henry  G 318 

Isaac    977 

John,    Cherokee    Chief,    172,  175. 
179,  181,   182,  205,  606,  007,  824 

John    B 319 

Lafayette    Dr 949 

Sanders     882 

Thomas    387 

William     387 

William    P 175 

Ross's    Landing    178 

Roswell  Mills    467 

Round    Pound    1000 

Top  Mountain    994 

Roundtree,    Moses     955 


Rountree,  Andrew  T 329 

Francis     754 

George    54  4 

S.    S 329 

Rouse,    Jesse    773 

Row,    William    330 

Rowe,    Allen     781 

P.    F.    Prof 996 

John    467 

William     795 

Rowell,   John,   a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      668 

Rowland,    C.    A 841 

N 544 

William     544 

Roy,  G.  G.  Dr 579 

Royal,     Wilham     949 

William  H 574 

Rucker,    George    564 

James,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      1017 

J.   W 574 

Pressly    1058 

S 421 

William     538 

Ruckersville,     Ga 285,541 

Rudicill,    Robert    Y 416 

Ruff,    William    681 

Ruger,   T.   H.   Gen 159,709 

Ruggles,   Harriet    184 

W.    B 574 

Rumph,    David    879 

John  D 1026 

Mr 773 

Samuel    B 773 

Thomas   C 1026 

Rush,    Dr 956 

Rushing,    William    926 

Rusk,    David     421 

Gen 38 

Ruskin,    John     773 

Rushton,    Robert   E 574 

William     574 

Russell,   Benjamin  E 506 

David     705 

D.   M.    Dr 859 

James  Gordon,   Judge    1039 

Richard   B.   Judge    600 

Stoddard     822 

W.    A 579 

Rust,  Y.  C.  Capt 522 

Rutherford,    A.    S 821 

John,    Col.,    a    Revolutionary 
soldier,   34,   157,   274,   888,   1022, 
1023,  1058 

J.   H 926 

Mildred,   historian  and   educa- 
tor      220,  221,  223,  438 

Robert     144.274,285 

Williams  Prof 144,424 

Williams    Mrs.    (Laura    Cobb) 

437. 440 

Rutland,    Redding    318 

Ryall,     Wright     955 

Ryan,   Frank   T 57  4 

James    766 

John     579 

Lewis     940 

S 

Sackett's    Harbor     265,266 

Sadler,     A 882 

"Safer  Torah,"   a  copy   from   Eng- 
land by  Jewish    Emigrants.  .98 

Saffold.   Adam    806 

A.    G 794-803 

Mr.,   at   Kettle   Creek    1049 

Reuben    1058 


1118 


Index 


Sale,   Cornelius   539 

Sallelle,     Ro^bert,    a    Revolutionai-y 

soldier    735 

Sailers,   Peter  Jr 771 

Saltzburgers,    The    532,618 

Samner,  J.   R 1029 

Sampler,    Jeremiah     3G5 

Sampson,   Robert   7  0  5 

William     705 

Samuels,   E.  H 747 

San   Antonio,    Tex 238 

Sanders,   Billington  M.   Rev.    ..483,640 

C.    C.    Col 056 

Charles    H 864 

Ephraim    715 

Ferdinand   C 1027 

George     607 

J.    B 360 

Joshua    766 

Peter    714 

William    C 579 

Sandersville,    county-seat    of   Wash- 
ington      1019,1020 

Ga 685,  686 

Sands,    Joseph    879 

Sandwich,   Thomas  Dr 749 

Sanford,    Daniel    B.    Judge    284 

Love    705 

Shelton,    P 640 

William     274 

W.   S.   Gen 274 

Sandy  Creek    265,  266,  423,  424 

San   Jacinto,   Battle   of    38 

Sanson,    James    1058 

William     1058 

Santa  Anna    294 

Gen 38 

Sapp,    Benjamin    945 

Henry,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     988 

John,   Judge    789 

Luke     945 

Remilson,   wife   of  Henry   Sapp 

988 

Richard     1039 

William     1023 

Sargent,    H.    J.    Capt 854 

Sasser,  J.  M 629 

William,  a  soldier  of  1812 782 

Satilla    River    350,356,360,374 

Satler,     R 936 

Sauls,    A.    M 823 

Saunders,    A 564 

Charles   H.    Rev 835 

J 505 

James    M 1027 

Joseph     705 

Lydia  Mrs 727 

Mr 1023 

William     794 

Saussy,    Fred 360 

County-seat  of  Chatham. 3 7 5,  414 
Savannah,  12,  53,  62,  66,  68,  71,  72, 
76,  77,  80,  81,  83,  84,  88,  89,  93, 
94,  95,  99,  100,  101,  102,  105, 
108,  110,  114,  118,  126,  135,  147, 
220,  221,  228,  246,  330,  331,  333, 
343     349 

Chapter,   D.   A.    R 104,107 

"Evening    Press,"    foot-note. .  .58 

Founded    378 

Harbor    96 

"Historical  Record   of" 402 

"Morning  News"    ....58,394,414 

Origin   of  the  name 380 

Memorials  to  earliest  friends 

381    382 

River,    93,    95,    113,    132,    134, '213, 

216,   217,   338,    343,    379 


Siege  of   105,106,107 

Volunteer   Guards    400 

Savannah's     Revolutionary     monu- 
ments      103-107 

Sawyer,  B.  F 604 

Jonathan    720 

Saxe,   Marshall    2O6 

Saylor,    .Jake    949 

Sawyer     949 

Scarboro,    Jason    907,  968 

Scarborough,    William,    builder    of 
first  steamship  to  cross  the 

Atlantic    78 

Scarlett,    Miss 29 

Schaeffer,    Edward    931 

Schartner,   Jacob    531 

Schermerhorn,    John   F 173 

Schley  County,  treated   921 

William  Gov.,  565,  892.  914,  916, 
921,  922 

Winfields,    Admiral     922 

Schmidt,    John    531 

Schoonmaker,    T 823 

Scogglns.   John    678 

Scomp,    H.    A.    Dr.,    quoted    on    Se-  ' 

quoya     19(5,196 

Scott,     A 823 

Archibald  Henry    641 

Capt 924 

George  W.  Col 509 

Joel    B 821 

John,   soldier  of  1812 776 

John     705 

John,    Gen 273,274,280 

John    Epps,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier      662 

Joseph    B 501 

Mary   Howell  Mrs 277 

Matthew    T.    Mrs.,    President 

General  of  the  D.  A.  R 591 

Theodore    634 

Thomas     684 

William     634,696 

William   J.    Dr 641 

Winfield    Gen.     173,176,178,820, 

889 

Scott's    Magazine    641 

Scottsboro,    Ga 273,281 

Screven   County    151 

Treated     923-926 

Screven,  Col 733,  735 

Fort    390 

James,     Gen.,    a    Revolution- 
ary    soldier     731,741,923 

James,    Gen 268 

Prevents    a    duel    on    horse- 
back     268,  269 

James   P.    Capt 399 

John,    Capt 106,400,1018 

J.    P 895 

Thomas    F.    Capt 732 

Scruggs,    Jesse    703 

William    L.    Col 605 

Scudden,    A 559 

Scull    Shoals    527,639 

Seabrook,    Edward   W 607 

Seago,   A.   K 574 

E.    M 574 

Seagroove,    James    888 

Seal,    Georgia's   Great,    buried   dur- 
ing Reconstruction   ..1056,  1057 

Seals,   A.    B 574 

John    H .^ 574 

Thomas     715 

Seanor,  J.   B 301 

Searcy,  Daniel  B.   Dr 795 

Wm 939 

Sears,   H 453 

Sear's  "Wonders  of  the  World"..  1000 


Index 


1119 


SeCour,    Edward    487 

Secession   Convention   at   Milledge- 

ville    156 

Secretary   of  War    165,  181,  187 

Sell,    Jonathan    766 

Jonathan,  J.  P 766 

Sellers,     James     680,681 

Mulberry   Col ISy 

R 773,  778 

Samuel    267 

Semmes,    Admiral,   a   noted   Conl'ed- 

eiate   naval   ofTicei' 7  4  2,  920 

Paul   J.    Gen 827 

Seminole  Indians    4  52 

War     291,  296 

Seney,    George   I    202,832 

Senoia,    Ga 345 

Institute    487 

"Sentinel,  The,"  a  paper  edited  by 

Judge    Liongstreet    900 

Sequoya,   (see  George  Guest),  170,  174, 

416 
The  modern  Cadmus    ....190-196 

Sequoias    190,  416 

Serman,    Benjamin    754 

Sermons,    Benjamin    453 

Sessions,    George    458 

J.    J 959 

W.   M.   Judge    623 

Sessum,    Patrick    270 

Sevier,   Gen 550 

L.   John   Gen.,   inscription   on 

monument  to   551 

Seward,   James   L 7  52,964 

William     H 862,867 

Sewell,    Samuel    564 

Sexton,    M.    A 967,  968 

Seymour    886 

Isaac   G.    Capt 310 

James    Rev 118,119,884 

Shackelford,     E 53S 

J.    H.    B.    Rev 522 

Shaddock,    Mrs 64  4 

Shaffer,    Gen 1028 

Shaftoe,   Francis,   foot-note    52 

Shaking    Rock,    near    Lexington.  ..  .841 

Shand,   Peter    702 

Shannon,    John     463 

Mr 564 

P.    J 311 

S 564 

Sharp,    Capt 985 

Grove    945 

Hamilton  W.   Capt 963 

Hiram     369 

Jacob    703 

James  P 879 

John    702,  945 

J.    J.    A 420 

William     789 

Sharpsburg    206 

Share,   John    727 

Shaw,    Augustus    574 

Dr 612 

George    574 

Hilary   M 449 

James    11 

John,   who  changed  name   to 

Butler    612 

Joseph    491,  634 

Joseph  H 546 

Louisa  Mrs 4,7,11 

Pierce,  who  changed  name  to 

Butler    012 

Robert     681 

William     574 

Shea,    Mr.,    a   Historian    549,813 

Shearer,   William    574 

Sheeham,   Cornelius    574 


Sheffield,   Arthur   528 

Isham     528 

West    523 

W.    G 348 

Sheftall,   Benjamin,   a  pioneer  Emi- 
grant     97,99,380 

"Cocked    Hat"     101 

Levi    102 

Mordecai,    a    Revolutionary 
patriot,  gives  a  burial  ground 
to  the  Jews  at   Savannah    ..99 
Proscribed    as    a    "Great    Reb- 
el";   made   Commissary    Gen- 
eral   of    Issue    for    the    State 

of    Georgia    100 

Becomes  a  prisoner   100 

One   of  the  organizers   of   the 

Union    Society     100 

Victim    of    shameful     ingrati- 
tude     101 

Rescues    the    Charter    of    the 

Union   Society    105 

Mordecai    Sr 412 

Moses  Dr 101 

Perla    97 

Sheftall,    a    Revolutionary    pa- 
triot  dubbed    "Cocked   Hat 

Sheftall"    100,  101 

Shelby,    Moses    638 

William     638 

Shell,     Jonathan     884 

Bluff    343 

Shellman,    Chas.    Capt 31 

Cecelia   Stovall    32 

Heights:    a   Romance    of    Sher- 
man's   March     31,33,288 

James    704 

John    706,  1023 

M 705 

Shelnot,    James    627 

Shelton,   E.   L 311 

Shepard,   James    539,1007,1058 

Dr 933 

M.    B 785 

William     926 

Shepher,    Lilian   McGregor,    Miss.... 4 6 

Plantation,   Battle  of   933 

Sheppard,   John    1023 

Walter    W 730 

Samuel    387 

Wiley     1063 

Sheridan,    Thomas    574 

Sherman,   William  Tecumseh  Gen.,   40, 

93,   157,    208,   209,   210,   400,   412, 

512,    552,       576,    578,    593,    624, 

800,  849,  860,  102] 

Romance   of  his  March   to   the 

Sea    3133 

March  to  the   Sea  ends.  .401,  402 

Sherrill,    Reuben    766 

Sherwood,  Adiel  Dr.,  310,  542,  635,  640, 

865,  867 

Ann  Adams  Mrs 635 

Shewmake,    Joseph    D 467 

Mason    510 

Shewmate,   John  T 745,  746 

Shields,    John    844 

Samuel    804 

William    1023 

Shiloh    206,  207 

Battle   of    1028 

Shine,    John,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     987,  989 

Shingler,   G.   P 785 

J.     S 982,  983,  984 

T.     J 982-984 

W.     A 982,  984 

Shipp,    Cannon   H.    Dr 491 

J.   E.   D.   Judge    723 


1120 


Index 


R.    L.    Judge    475 

Shivers,  Barneby   1018 

John,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier       1017 

Johnas     lOlS 

Mark  M.    Dr 44  9 

Thomas     574 

Shockley,   T.   B 627 

Shorter,   Alfred,   Col 553,  556 

College    552 

Elis  S.   Judge    ..318,546,821,827, 
865,  869 

Jacob    1058 

James    H 822 

Mr 336 

Shotter,   Spencer  P 395 

Shotwell,    Alexander    505 

Showalter,   Anthony  J 1039 

Shrewsbury,  Earl  of  938 

Shropshire,    Wesley    416 

Shumate,   I.   E 1039 

Shuttleworth,    P 771 

R 771 

Shuson,   James  W.   Dr 997 

Sibbett,   W.   P.   Dr 473 

Sibley,    William    949 

Sidney,    Philip    Sir    260 

Signers    of    the    Declaration    from 

Georgia    122,123 

Of    the   Declaration    of    Inde- 
pendence     136 

Sikes,   Matthew    1058 

William  L.   Dr 1 005 

Sikwayi,    (see    Sequoya) 

Siloquoy,    an   Indian    settlement. ..  .627 

Silver    Bluff    338 

Silvey,    D 365 

D.   H.   Rev 574 

John     574 

W 365 

Simon,    Petit    781 

Simmons,    E.    G.   Col 937 

Edgar   G 298 

James     607,852 

J.    B 931 

James  P 645 

John   Dr 74  8 

Lucy     7  23 

Major     754 

Sterne    747,748,1051 

Thomas    J.     Chief    Justice,     321, 
497,  600,  650 

William     496 

Wm.    E 645 

William  H 852 

Simms,   James   P 83  7 

Robert,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      660,662,678 

Sarah  Dickinson,  a  Revolution- 
ary Heorine    678 

William    Gilmore    225 

Simons,   Abram  Capt 1058 

Simpson,  D.  A 1018 

D.  J 931 

E.  P 931 

F.  T.    Rev 1049 

James    70.-) 

John    387,  51(1 

Li 467 

L.  .C 574 

William     1049 

W.   W.   Rev 859 

Sims,   Frederick    1058 

H.   P 1027 

J6hn    778 

Judge     935 

Leonard    317 

R.   M 680 

Rob    747 


W.   J 1027 

William    M.,     inscription    on 

monument    642 

Sinclair,    Elijah   Rev 201 

Singletary,   James    936 

Singleton,   Edward,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier     : 759 

Richard    Col 761 

Sinquefield,     Aaron     1023 

Samuel     766,  1023 

William    766 

Sip,  John    977 

Sirmons,    Walter    E.    Jr 359 

Sisson,   V.   P 574 

Sitton,   Jacob    502 

Skeene,    P 365 

Skelly,    William    705 

Skelton,   J.   H.   Maj 676 

Skidoway    Narrows     87 

Skin    Chestnut,    Douglasville    once 

known  as   524 

Skrine,     Quintillian     908 

Slade,   James  J.    Capt 234,235 

Jeremiah    505 

J.  J.  Capt 824 

Slappey,    John    G 9^9 

Slater,    John    R 304 

Slaton,    Henry       131,132 

John    M.     Gov.,     594,  596,  599,  753 
779,  782,  783 

Reuben    416 

William  F.   Maj 579,581,783 

William  M.   Prof 581,  783 

Slatter,   Jesse    705 

Solomon,   Maj.. 1017 

Slattings,     James     794 

Slaughter,  John  Dr 371 

Samuel,    a    Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      279 

Slave  Market,  at  Louisville,  a  soli- 
tary    remnant     of     Feudal 

days  in  the  South 154-155 

"Slavery,  Cobb  on,'!  a  masterpiece  445 
Sloane,  Andrew  Congressman   412 

D.  N 574 

James    304 

Slobe,    Joseph    771 

Slockumb,     Seth     703 

Sluck,    Thomas    882 

Small  pox,  breaks  out  in  Savannah  94 

Smith,   Alvarado    944 

Andrew    365 

Asabel   R 644 

Benajah    746 

Boiling     670 

Bradley    467 

Buckingham     338,  362 

B.  T.    Mrs 563 

C.  Alphonso    Dr 232 

Charles    804,  1007 

Charles  H.  Maj 297.556,644 

How    he    found    "Bill    Arp," 

289,  290 

C.    W 944 

Daniel    680 

Daniel    B 365 

Davis     795 

Dixon     1023 

Edgar    F.    Provost    691 

Edwin  L.,  Mayor  of  Hartford, 
Conn 591 

E.  R 982,  984 

Fannie    Bell    Mrs 94  4 

Francis  Gordon  Mrs.,  daughter 

of  Gen.   Gordon    588 

F.  M 375 

George     C 840 

George  G.  Dr.,  307,  635,  637,  717, 

774,    793,    831,    1014,    1045 


Index 


1121 


Quoted     273,308,309,341 

History     of    Georgia    Meth- 
odism   cited    84 

George    L 778 

Guy    843 

Haddon  Rev 79 

Hardy,    Capt.,    a    Revolution- 
ary   soldier    719,720 

Harrison,    foot-note    307 

H.    H 997 

Henry     270,  564 

Hoke,     .422,  458,  521,  591,  592,  59G 
599,  603 

H.     S 977 

Hugh    Rev 119 

I.    E.    Dr 491 

Isaac.    Rev.,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    790,  795 

Jackson     681 

James,   Esq 944 

James     696 

James  A 415 

J.    E.    Sir     926 

J.     Henley     574 

J.   M 510 

James    M.    Gov.,    596,    650,    710, 
791,  829,  943,  991 

James   Monroe    847 

Job 884 

John    267,  564,  691 

John    B 365 

Jonas    S 569,574 

Joseph    638 

J.    R 711 

J.    T 678 

Luther  M.   Dr 491,832 

Manarum    356 

Marshall    A 944 

M.  A.  Mrs.,  was  a  Miss  Hag- 

an    944 

Martin    W 944 

Major     645 

M.    L.    Gen 447,448 

Mike    M 944 

Moses    Rev 752,789 

Xathan.  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

f;>scar  M.   Judge    944 

O.   L.   Dr.    (Rev.)    202,832 

Peter    Francisco     491 

Peyton    633,  637 

R.    A.    Capt 506 

S.    J.    Dr 690 

Stephen    546 

Tete    523 

Thomas    882 

^Vilber     984 

W.    B 936 

^Y.    T 823 

William   Capt..  a  Revolution- 
ary soldier,  551,  754,  1015,  1017 
C'Hell  Nation"),   his   tomb... 489 

William   D 916 

"Uniliam  E.  Capt 522,  523 

W.  F 931 

Smithsonian    Institute    190,373 

Smyrna,    near    Washington     ..128,920 
Church,    near    T^^ashington.  .1050 

Smythe.    A.    T.    Mrs 221 

John    M 900 

Snap  Bean  Farm,  the  home  of  Uncle 

Remus     596 

Sneed,    D 724 

Snell,    John     544 

Snelling,    R 774 

R.    J 933,934 

Snodgrass    Hill     206 

Snow,  Mr.,  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Society   of   the   Cincinnati    Ill 


Sodown,     Jacob,     a    Revolutionary 

soldier    703 

Soldier's   Branch    953 

Soldiers  of  the  Revolution   ....511,  545 

Solferino     206 

Solomons,   Perla  Sheftall    105 

"Sons    of    Liberty"     ..333,342,385,386 
"Song  of  the  Chattahoochee"    236,  240 

Soperton,  the  village  of 721 

Sorrel,    G.    M.    Gen 412 

Sosnowski,    Madam    438 

Soule,    A.    M.    Dr 426 

South    America     380 

Carolina,    87,    91,    109,    114,    128, 
140,    162,    186,    188,    285,   378 

Georgia  Normal  College    427 

Southern   Cross   of   Honor,    origin    of 

222,  223 

Female    College    973 

Medical   Journal    895 

"Recorder"     275 

"Watchman"     437 

Souze,    Rev.    Mr 1054 

Spain     56,  58,  59,  65,  79 

Battle   of   Bloody   Marsh,    73,  76 

J.    W 329 

Spalding  County,    treated ..926,930 

James    .\ 610 

R.   D.   Dr 218,579,582,584 

Thomas     . .  .622,  772,  926,  927,  929 

Spaniards    (see    Spain) 358,359 

Spanish    American    War    1028 

Jews    98 

Traditions     348,349 

Spanks,    J.    W 754 

Spann,    Richard    528 

W.    F 1027 

Sparks,    Josephus    977 

Samuel    720 

T^'illiam  H.  Rev 469 

Spear,   Simeon    929 

Spears,   John  L.   W 270 

William    564 

Speed,    Terrell    804 

Alexander  M.  Judge,  600,  796,  806 

Speer,    D.    N.    Maj 579 

Emory  Judge,   United   States 
District    Judge,    145,    313,    322, 
447,  448 
Mentioned    in    foot-notes.  .53,  73 

Quoted    922,993 

Eustace   W.    Dr 447,796 

L.     W 699 

William  Capt 491 

Spence.   C.  C.  Rev 648 

John    387 

John  M 472 

William     724 

Spencer,     Amassa     864 

C.    J 785 

John    882 

Lambert    821 

IMonument    589 

Richard    727 

Samuel    J31,  589,  828 

Samuel  Mrs 478 

Spivey,    Thomas     C70 

Spradlin,    John    1001 

Joseph    638 

Spratling,   E.  J.   Dr 691 

Spring  Bank,  a  famous  school  taught 
by  Dr.  C.  W.  Howard.. 293,  294 

Springer.    Col 859 

Rev.    Mr 558 

John    Rev.,    first    Presbyterian 
Minister    ordained     in     Geor- 
gia,  841,   1009,   1046,   1047,   1050, 
1055,  1061 


1122 


Index 


Famous    school    at    Walnut 

Hill    1051 

W.    G 369 

Springfield,  Mo 180 

The  county-seat  of  Effingham 

530 
The  home  of  Gen.   Blackshear 

719 

Spring  Hill  Redoubt   106,  107 

Place    463,  807 

Place,    Ga 469 

the  county-seat  of  Murray... 806 

Sprowl,     Capt 924 

Spurgeon,    Major    133 

Squeb,    Capt.,    commander    of    the 

"Mary    and    John"     720 

Stacy,    Dr.,    quoted    733 

James  Dr.,   quoted,    137,  492,  728, 
736,  743 

Mentioned   in   foot-note    137 

Stafford,   Alvis    S56,  857 

Ezekiel    945 

J.  A.  Mr 857 

Thomas     361 

Stallings,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,   735 

Stalling's   Dragoons    735 

Stamp    Act     94 

Stamper,  M.  W 997 

Stamps,   James    490 

E.  R.  Mrs 238 

Standifer,    Jesse    634 

Skelton     634 

Stanford,  James  W.  Dr 879 

Joseph  Newton    879 

Lord      377 

L.    L 671 

Thomas     879 

Stanley,   Lord    302 

Samuel    720 

Thomas     423,973 

Stansell,    Joel    Rev 920,  921 

Stanton,   Frank  L 604,  725 

Stapler,     Amos     884 

James    676 

John      773 

Staples,    Mr.,    at   Kettle    Creek 1048 

A    pioneer    of    Wilkes 1046 

Stapleton,     George    Larsom,    a    Rev- 
olutionary   soldier    704 

James  R 1027 

Thomas     879 

"Star   Spangled   Banner"    48 

Stark,    John    632 

Starke  James  H 804 

Starling,  William   453 

Starnes,  Ebenezer   915 

Starr,    Elijah    1032 

Silas   H 835 

State   Capitol   moved   from   Milledge- 

ville   to   Atlanta    578 

Fencibles     of     Pennsylvania, 

The     591 

Fencibles,  "Veterans  of  Phila- 

^    delphia.     The     591 

Normal   College    427,435 

Rights    286.291 

Statenville,  the  county-seat  of  Echols 

529 
Statesboro,    Ga.,    the   county-seat    of 

Bulloch    333 

Steed,   J.   E.   Capt 365 

Walter    E 947,951 

Stegall,   W.   W.   Rev 678 

Steiner,  Lupretcht    531 

Simon    530 

Stekoah    875 

.Stephens,   Alexander   H.,    156,  596,  930, 

1054 
Love  Affairs  of    802 


Alexander  Capt.,  a  Revolution- 
ary soldier 942-1060 

Andrew    Baskins    943 

County,   treated  930,931 

G 502 

Heard  Chapter  of  Elberton, 

537,  538 

Jesse    720 

John     702,  836,  105S 

Linton   Judge    469,859 

Mr 575,  638,  942 

S 856 

Thomas     389,  715 

William     Gov.,     380, -389,  390,  407, 
..      413,  532,  544,  888 

W.    H 931 

Sterling,   Wm.   J 977 

Sterne.   Abraham   Rev 807 

Sterrett,    Josiah    706 

Stevens    H.    D 329 

H.  D 329 

J 678 

John    727 

J.  W 853 

O.    B.    Col 959 

Solomon    .^ 997 

"^^alker    705 

William,   Bacon  Dr 403,413 

"U^lliam     336 

William    B.,    Bishop    of    Pa., 
quoted,    foot-note    ..51,73,132, 
743,  815 
History    of    Georgia,     cited.. 84 
William     Judge     and     Grand 

Master   of  Masons    112 

W.    W 872 

Stevenson,    M.    F.    Dr 188 

Stewart     849 

Alexander    336,628 

Amos     939,  943 

Andrew    J 668 

Bailey    715 

County    269 

Treated    931,935 

Col 735 

Daniel    Gen.,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    547,731,741,931 

Daniel    R 741,742,879 

Finley   G 864 

Gen 932 

George    6-.>7 

Henry    922 

Henry    922 

James     364,502 

James  A.   Dr.    ..387,919,920,921 

John   Jr 727,  766 

John    766,  879 

John    Sr 727 

John   D 929 

John  L.  Rev 920,  921 

Judge    929 

Maj 595 

Mathew     387 

Peter    318 

R 774 

Randall    778 

William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     922 

Stiles,   Ezra  Dr 729 

George  W.   Capt 400 

Samuel    332 

William  H 296,332,412 

Stilesboro     296 

Still,   M.   P 959 

Stocks,    Isaac     634 

Thomas   Judge    638,863,864 

Stokes.    Alexander    387 

Augustus    H.    Col 491 

John    1023 


Index 


1123 


J.  W.  Rev 723 

William    804,  1058 

Stone,     A.     W 574 

Stone-Castle   Chapter,   D.   A.   R 957 

Jeremy    317 

Mountain,  a  monolith  of  gran- 
ite     491,  510 

River    207 

Stonecypher,    John    564 

Stonewall,    the   name   of   a   cemetery 

at  Griffin   929 

Stony  Point,  Battle  of   1025 

Storey,  E.  M.   Gen 491 

Storks,  John  836 

Storr,  John   387 

Story,    Benjamin    A 778 

"Of    Georgia    People,"    by    Dr. 

George    Smith    273 

"Of    the    Confederate    States," 

quoted    210 

J.  T 1001 

Samuel    686 

Samuel    S 1065 

"Of    Wilkes    County"     1049 

Stovall,    Cecilia    Miss    31,33 

George     564 

J 748 

Josiah     564 

M.    A 916 

Mr 312 

Pleasant  A.,  pionner  of  Clarke, 

74,    424,    5S9,    901,    957,    917 
United    States    Minister    to 

Switzerland     62 

Quoted     76 

Foot-note    76 

Stowe,    W.    A 931 

Strahan,  Chas.  M.  Prof 427 

Strain,    N.    F 420 

Strange,    James   W 627 

Straus  family,  The   940 

Isidor     102,  828,  855,  939 

Nathan    102,828,939 

Oscar    828,  829 

Oscar  S.,  United  States  Min- 
ister to  Turkey,  and  mem- 
ber of  Cabinet   102,  869 

Strawn,   James    54  6 

Street,   J.    C 787 

Streight,    A.    D.    Col 552 

Strickland,    Lewis     945 

R 267,  505 

S 6S0,  681 

Simon    467 

Wiley     879 

Stringer,    Charles    720 

Francis    702 

John    720 

Stripling,    B 945 

Strobel,   Mr 530 

Strong,   Christopher  B.   Judge,   323,  794 

Cicero  H 574 

Johnson    691 

Noab    559,  644 

Samuel    M 34 

Strother,    William    387 

Stroud,    Orion    1007 

Thomas,   at   Kettle   Creek... 1048 

Stroup,    Alexander    627,628 

Strozier,  E.  F.  Judge   501 

Stubbs,    H.   W 329 

Studdard,    James    804 

St.  Augustine,   Fla 65,331,359 

St.   Catherine's  Island    643 

St.    Elmo    234 

Its     memories     of     Augusta 

Evans    Wilson    234,  235 

St.    Elmo    Institute    234 

St.    Gall     95 


St.   George's  Parish,  a  nest  of  loy- 
alists      337,340,342,701 

St.   James  Episcopal  Church,  Mar- 
ietta     456 

St.   John,   Isaac  M 916 

St.    John's   Gospel,    translated   into 

Sequoyan    174 

St.    John's   River    349 

St.  John's  Parish   26S 

St.    John's    Riflemen    268 

St.   John's  River    63,  349  ■ 

St.   Louis,   Mo 219,  247,  310 

St.  Mary's,  county-seat  of  Camden 

348,  353,  354,  355,  356,  357,  35S, 

452 

Historic  Old  St.  Marys.  .350-351 

Smuggling  days  recalled,  351,  352 

How   culprits   were   punished 

in  olden  times    357,358 

St.  Mary's  River   ..9,  268,  349,  350,  358, 

359 
St.    Michael's   Church-yard,    Pensa- 

cola    1004 

St.  Pauls  Church,  the  oldest  edifice 

in   Augusta,    (illustrated),    112, 
115,  117,-121,  122,  340 

St.    Paul's   Parish    8S3 

St.   Simons,  Foi-t   609,  618 

St.  Simons  Island,  59,  65,   66,   331,   609, 

612,  622,  623 

Battle  of  Bloody  Marsh   ..73,  76 

St.    Stanislaus    College    311 

St.  Valentines  Day   131 

Stubblefield,    Jeter    1049 

Stubbs,   John    766 

Sturdevant,    C 1018- 

Sullivan,    D 678 

Florence    888 

H 990 

Major     794 

Patrick    1054 

Thomas,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      386 

"Summer    Rose,     The,"     poem    by 
Richard    Henry    Wilde,    its 

singular   history    228,230 

Summerall,    D 267 

Summer,  J.  C 544 

Summers,  J.  C 686 

Summerville,    county-seat   of   Chat- 
tooga     415 

The    Sand   Hills    905 

William     668 

Summey   House    434 

Sumner,    Edward    72  7 

Sumpter,   a  Revolutionary  soldier,    932 

Sumter     County     298 

County,    treated    935-937 

County  Volunteers,  The,  397,  935 
Thomas,  Gen.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    935 

Sumterville,   the   forerunner   of  Dub- 
lin     717 

Sunbury     105,  135,  268,  269 

An  extinct  meti'opolis,  once  a 

rival    of   Savannah    732 

Fort    772 

"Sunday    Lady,    of    Possum    Trot, 
The,"   (Miss  Martha  Berry) 
How  she  won  the  mountains 

250-261 
Sunny  Villa,  the  home  of  Col.  Wil- 
liam  Reid    975 

"Sunrise"     238,  239 

Supreme  Court  of  Georgia   163 

Surrency,    Millard    699 

Sutherland,    the    home    of    General 

John  B.   Gordon    507 

Suttler,    Bernard    806 


1124: 


Index 


Sutton.    Allen    684 

George     50-1 

J 544 

Leroy    502 

R.,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

Swaiger,    George    530 

Swain,    David    Gov 541 

E 544 

Jesse    627 

Rev.    Mr 879 

Swainsboro,   the  county-seat   of  E- 

manuel     541 

Swan,    Ga 299,300 

Swann,  Eliiah,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      836 

Thomas     680 

Sweat,    Frank    ...473 

James    1015 

N 336,  337 

Sweetwater,    a    Cherokee    village.. 455 

Swift,    Charles  J.,    foot-note 235 

Quoted    39,  44 

Creek    307 

George   P 997 

William     803 

Swilley,   R 267 

S 267 

S.    E 754 

Swinbourne     225 

Sword,  James,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      1007 

Sylvania,    the    county-seat    of    Scre- 
ven     923 

Sylvester,  the  county-seat  of  Worth 

1064 


Tabb,    John   B 230 

Tabor,    J.    E 931 

Tafia,  a  mean  liquor  traded  to  the 

Indians    881 

Taft,   William   H.,    President,    341,  601, 
847,  901,  902,  916,  966,  1039 

Tahlequah,  I.   T 175,182 

Tailfer,     Patrick     380 

Tait,    Charles   Judge    541 

Talbot  Countj',   treated   938-940 

J 933 

John,     1042,  1051,  1053,  1057,  1060 
Matthew,   Gov.,   his  old  Man- 
sion in  Wilkes   ..125,  938,  1051, 
1052,  1053,  1060,  1061 
Talbotton,   the  county-seat  of  Tal- 
bot      938,  939 

Taliaferro,    Benjamin   Col.,   a  Rev- 
olutionary soldier,  140,  153,  941, 
1057,  1060,  1061 

County,   treated    940-943 

Dixon 1036 

Talking  Rock,  an  Indian  Settlement 

851 

Talley.   A.   S 574 

Elisha    678 

Henry    835 

James  W.  Dr 304 

Tallulah  Falls,   Georgia's  Niagara.. 872 

Industrial  School    649 

Talmage,    John    423 

Samuel  K.   Dr 284,428,908 

Talona,    a   village    607 

Talulu,  name  of  an  Indian  village,  873 

Tampa,  Fla 240 

Tanner,   Hampton    472 

Tanner,  J.  S 574 

Joseph     926 

T.    L. 502 

W.    J 574 


Taolli,    an    ancient    Indian    Village 

in    South    Georgia 472 

Tapley,   James    544,711 

Tariff  Convention  at  Milledgeville.  .271 

Tarleton,     Gen 278 

Tarvers,   Benjamin    715,821,822 

Elisha    715 

Gen 990 

Hartwell  H.  Gen 991 

M.     C 1035 

Tarvin,  George   720 

Tasso,   Torquato    228,917 

Tate,    Ga 241 

Charles    1058 

Farish    Carter    852 

John  A.  v.,  inscription  on  mon- 
ument     642 

John  1 607 

John     R 607 

Marble  Quarries  of  419 

Samuel     420 

Samuel  Jr 851,  852 

Stephen  C 851,852 

William     538 

Tatem,   J.    C 699 

Tatom,    Silas    977 

Tattnall    County,    treated 943-946 

Edward  F.  Capt 399,  412 

Josiah,  Governor  and  General 
a  zealous  Wliig,  89,  91,  92,  387, 
407,  412,  943 

Tatum,   Howell    502 

Taylor,    A 882 

Columbus    879 

County,    treated    946-952 

Mentioned    19 

Ezekiel    958 

Frances   Long   Mrs 691 

Francis   879 

Gen 569 

H.   R 821 

Henry    267 

J.     A.    Dr 574 

J.    J 327 

James    M 773 

James  N 922 

Job    793 

John    267,  821 

J.    M 861 

J.    R 326 

L.    T 935- 

Robert     424 

R.    L 502 

S 948 

S.    K 95S 

W.    H 502 

William    491,496,856,879 

Zachary    Gen,     624,777,914, 

946,   10'64 

Taylor's  Ridge    372 

Tazewell,  the  oriain&l  name  of  coun- 
ty-seat   of    Marion    7  7  7 

Teasley,  E.  C 931 

Tebeau    Creek    1012 

F.    E.    Capt 1011 

Tebeauville,  a  dead  town.  ..  .1010,  1012 

Tecumseh,  and  Indiar  War  Run 25 

Tefft,    J.    K 403 

Telfair    Academy     403,404,953 

County,    treated    952-955 

Edward,  Gov.,  341,  343,  402,  403, 

404,  407,  410,  887,  888,  892,  952, 

1003 

Hospital    953 

Marv  Miss    384,  402 

Thomas     412 

Temples,    Jones    945 

Temple,    Lord    377 

"Tennebaum,     O    Tennebaum" 48 


Index 


1125 


Tennessee,     .12S,  170,  191,  204,  283,  301 

Company,    The    15^ 

River    150,178,179 

Story    of    how    Little    Giffen         . 

came  to  be  written 39,44' 

Tennille,  Benjamin   1023 

Ga 1021 

Robert,    Col 1021 

William  A.,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    2  79 

Tennyson,  Alfred  Lord.  96,  225,  237,  651 
Terminus,  Atlanta's  old  name. 556,  578 

Terrell  County,  treated    956,959 

David    Meriwether    781 

James  Capt.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    500,564 

J.   H.  Dr 931 

Joel     1058 

Joel   E.    G.    Dr 781 

Joel    W.    Dr 490 

John     340 

J.    J 629 

Joseph  M.  Gov.,  586,  587,  596,  599. 
781,  782,  784,  931,  956 

J.    Render    784 

R.    R 629 

Richmond,    a   Revolutionary 

Corporal     830,865 

T 656 

Wilie    681 

William    Dr.,    510,    636,    864,    956, 
1055,  1060,  1061 

Gift    to    University 435 

William,    at   Kettle   Creek...  1049 

Terry.  Carlisle  Dr 4  0,  41 

George   W 574 

John     491 

Joseph,   a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier      812 

Steph^     574 

William     1007 

Texas    221 

Lone  Star  Flag  of  495 

"U^oven  by  a  woman    ....34,  44 
The,  a  famous  engine  in  the 

Civil   War    594 

Thigpen,  M 544 

Thomas,    Dr 832 

A.  G.  Dr 574 

Bryant  M.   Gen.,  279,    1035,  103C, 
1038 

Charles  Spalding,   Sen 7  72 

County    2S3 

Treated    960-965 

Daniel    7  02 

E.  J.    C.    Rev 791 

Edward  Lloyd  Gen.,   448,  S21,  837 

F.  A 1036 

George  H.   Gen 207,208 

Giden    702 

Grigsby  E.   Jud;ge    ..491,821,824 

Hezekiah    505 

James,   a   Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     279,  1023 

James  R.  Dr 832 

Jesse,  a  Revolutionarv  soldier.. R04 

Jett.   Gen 144.283,960,994 

Builder  of  the  State  Capitol 

at    Milledgeville    15S.159 

Job     702 

Joel     538 

John    702 

John    Sr 703 

John    S 519 

Lovick  P.    Col «t5 

M.   W.   Mrs <;94 

Peter    720 

Troup,  R.  L 798 

Stevens    4  23 


Suesylla   Miss    1035 

Tom    900 

W.    H.    Col 178 

Thomaston,  county-seat  of  Upson,   994 

Thomasville,    Ga 247,248,249 

The  county-seat  of  Thomas.. 900 
Thompson,    Aaron,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier     70S 

A 657,  70S 

Alexander,     a    Revolutionary 

soldier    387,  770 

A.    J 327 

Beverly   D 491 

C.  J 759 

Carrie   Tait  Mrs 740 

D.  W 969 

Edward    705 

Ephriam    S59 

E.  B 365,  864 

George    70  5 

Glenn,  Rev 944 

G.    Harvey   Capt 592 

Isham      538,  539 

James    705 

J.   B 327 

J.    Edgar    570 

James    387 

J.    M 948 

John    680,  766,  835 

John    P 781 

John  R.   Dr 8SS 

Joseph,  Dr 574 

Maurice     225 

M.    S 935 

N.   N 935 

O.    B 654 

Robert    449 

Shei-wood,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier   692 

Thomas  C.   Dr 968 

Wilev     541 

W.     D 691 

William    387 

Thomson,    James    52 

J.    E 969 

The  countv-seat  of  McDuffie,  76n 

^Villiam    S 501 

William    T 414,799,917 

Thoreau's    hut    225 

Thorn,  C.  H.  Maj.,  a  Revolutionary 

soldier    044 

Thornton,    D.    Rev 538 

Eugene     H 587 

11.  A.  Dr S21 

M 365 

Pressley,   a  Revolutionary  Cor- 
poral     836,  844 

Simeon    W 574 

Thorpe,    Benjamin   F.    Rev 900 

Q     A. 990 

Thrash,    Isaac    781 

Thrasher,    Barton   E.   .Judge 838 

George    64  4 

Isaac    833 

John,     a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     566,  838 

Threadcraft,    George    336,771 

Thornateeska,    name   given    to    the 

Flint    River   by   Indians 521 

Chapter.    D.    A.   R 1004 

Thrower,    L.    Mrs 774,920 

Thunderbolt:  How  the  name  origin- 
ated     89,  391 

Thundering    Springs    995,996 

Thurmond,    John,    a    Revolutionary- 

soldier    489 

W.    H 574 

Thweat.    James  Dr 795 

Tibbs,    Wm.    H 1039 


1126 


Index 


Ticknor,    Douglas    Dr 41,43 

Frank  O.  Dr.,  how  a  famous 
ballad  came  to  be  written 
"Little  Giffen  of   Tennessee" 

39,  44 
Francis  O.  Dr.,  Torch  Hill,  the 

home    of    231,  234 

Tablet   to,    unveiled    232 

Mentioned     231,827 

Rosa    N.    Mrs 40,44 

Thomas    M 4  4 

Tiedeman,   George  W 395 

Tierney,  Corporal  in  Mexican  War,  390 

Tift,   Asa  F 965 

County,    treated    965-968 

Edward  F 967,968 

H.    H 792,966,967 

Nelson    270,  520,  522,  960,  965 

W.     O 907 

Tifton    960 

Gazette,    The     907 

The  county-seat  of  Tifton 965 

"Tiger    Lillies"     236 

Tigner,    E.    A.    Dr 781 

George  S.  Dr 781 

Hope    781 

Philip     '838 

AYilliam     539 

Tilden,  Samuel  J 523 

Tilghnauw,    A 546 

Tillerton,   George  W 675 

Tillett,    Giles    884 

Tilley,    George    939,943 

John    528 

Joseph     702 

Tillman,     Jamea     945 

Tilman,   John    702 

Tilton,  W.   0 100 

Tinsley,    Philip    449 

Tipton,    C.    G 1065 

R.     L 982 

Tisdale,   H.    S 823 

Tisdel,  L.  0 301 

Tison,    J.    M.    B 617 

Titanic,  The   855 

Tobesofkee   Creek    795 

Toccoa   Falls    930 

The  county-seat  of  Stephens,  930 

Todd,   John    705 

Toland,   John    705 

Tomlinson,  Aaron,  an  officer  of  the 

Revolution    703 

Augustus     G 859 

Harris    520 

Jared   930 

John    Sr 453 

Tomo-chi-chi    6 

Grave    of     84,85 

Inscription   on  boulder    85 

Tompkins,     William     774 

Tondee,    Peter    99,385 

Tondee's  Tavern,  the  cradle  of  Lib- 
erty  in    Georgia,    99,    268,    385, 
386,  702 

Tonkin,   James    705 

Toombs  County,  treated    968,969 

Gabriel     130,1058 

'  Gen 523,  950 

"Life    of,"     by    Pleasant    A. 

Stovall    211,  212 

Robert    ..150,    454,    917,    966,    968, 
1046,  1061,  1062 

William     1058 

Toomer,   A.  H 825 

Toon,   J.   J 574 

Torch  Hill,  the  home  of  Dr.   F.  O. 

Ticknor    231-234 

"Torch    Hill"     41,42 

Tories    268 


Power  overthrown  at  Kettle 

Creek    131-134 

Torrence,    John,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier   1017 

•  William   H 285,962 

Torry  Pond    518,745 

Towers,    Amos    510 

Towns  County,  treated   969,971 

George    W.,    323,    453,    804,    940, 
948,    969,    970,    978,    1060,    1061 
.John,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      804 

Townsend,   Chas.  O.   Prof 202 

Eli    803 

Toy,    James    M 574 

Track   Rock    993 

Tracy,   Edward  D.   Judge,    309,  312,  323 

Trammell,  F.  H 836 

Leander  M.    Col 1037,1038 

Lee 997 

Paul   B 1038.  1039 

Traylor,    Edward    865 

George  H 977 

John  H.    Col 979 

W^illiam     997 

Treadaway,    Thomas    ^16 

Treaties,    Coweta    Town    69,  72 

Treutlen,  John  Adams  Gov.  ..407,683 
Trenton,  the  county-seat  of  Dade.. 502 
Tribbel,   Samuel  J.  448,  691 

Trice,   William    496,  997 

Trion,   Ga 416 

Trippe.   J.   F 879 

James  Madison   879 

John     865 

Robert    P 000,  098,  796 

Triplett,    Francis     1049 

Henry    822 

Thrope,   V.   D 823 

Troup  Artillery   ^ 442 

County    ▼ 168 

Treated    971-979 

George   M.    Gov.,    Life   of 3S4 

Treaty  of  Indian  Springs,  161-169 

Mentioned,    150,    157,    159,    274, 

407,  411,  414,  583,  720,  721,  750, 

797,    798,    914,    938,    971 

G.   M.   Jr 798 

Jo.shua     301 

Gov.,    will    of 719 

Troupville,  a  dead  town    750 

Trout,   John  F 574 

Troutman,   H.   B 490 

Hiram    B 35 

.Joanna    Miss    495 

Joanna  E.  Miss,   (Mrs.  Vinson) 
designer    of    the    Lone    Star 

Flag  of  Texas    34-44 

Letter  to  Lieut.  Hugh  McLeod 

.35 

John  F.  Sr 495 

Truitt,   Mr.,  at  Kettle  Creek 1049 

Trulock,    C.    B 629 

Sutton   H 505 

Z 629 

Trustees  of  Georgia   SO,  81,  121 

Trvon,    Gov 482 

N.    C 239 

Tuggle,    William     680 

Tullett,  Samuel   884 

Tumlin,    Lewis    295,298 

Tune,    William    949 

Tupper.   H.    A.   Dr 14 

Turnage,  Henry    * 318 

Tu'x-ner,  Abner  804 

C.    H.    Dr ..920,  921 

County.treated    979,  984 

Daniel    304 

Daniel   R 467 


Index 


1127 


Elijah     V15 

Elisha    P 496 

G.     B S36 

Henry    ""3 

Henry    G.    Judge,    tomb    of,    327. 
328,  600,  979 

James    9-15 

J.   A.   S.   Capt 935 

J.   D.   Dr 579 

J.   E 301 

Joel   L.   Dr 676 

John     304,365,510 

Joseph,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     865,  866 

Joseph   A 868 

Joseph  S 868 

Larkin    369 

Plantation,    The    862 

Richard     380 

S.   M. 329 

Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      497 

W.   H 680 

William     S63,  865,  868 

Tutt,    William    H 905.915 

Twain,    Mark    188,189 

Tweedy,   Esther   705 

Twiggs,    burial    ground S89 

Countv    271 

Treated     985-991 

Col 986 

Daniel    E 916 

David    Emanuel    Gen.    ..889,987 

H.   D.   D.   Judge    890 

John  Gen.,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier,   142,    338,    542,    889,     892, 
910,  916,  985 

Twitty,   P.  S.   Rev 879 

Tybee    Island    79,87 

First    capture    of    Revolution, 
390-391 

Tyler,    Gen 975 

Fiobert     C 974 

Tyner,    Richard    538 

At   Kettle  Creek    1048 

Tyns,    John     789 

Tyson,    T.   W.   Dr 1065 

Tubman,    Richard    120 

Tucker,    Capt 963 

Daniel    274 

Ethrel    539 

Harper    274 

Henry    705 

H.    H.    Dr.,    Chancellor    and 
Baptist   Minister    .431-432,  1019 
Tucker's  Ferry 179 

U 

Uchee    Indians    69 

Uchees.    The    338,906 

Lnder   the  Lash:    Pathetic  Incidents 
of    the    Cherokee    Removal, 
,,     ,  176-182 

L  nderwood,  James    94.5 

John    490 

John    J 754 

John  L.    Judge    .789 

John  W.  H.  Judge,   325,  540,  555, 

556 

Joseph    538,  1032 

Judge    188 

W  illiam  H.  Judge,  469,   540,  1039 

William     774 

ITnion    Academy    862,867 

County,    treated    992,994 

Hill,    the    home    of   Governor 

Jared  Irwin    ....685,1020,1021 
Point    197 


Society  of   Savannah,   84.  99,  105 
United  Confederate  Veterans,  221,  223, 

243,  314 
Daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 
Bryan    M.    Thomas    Chapter, 

1035,  1036 
Franklin    Chapter    of    Tennille, 

1023 
Kennesaw    Chapter,    unveiled 

monument  at  Marietta  458-460 
Lanier    Chapter,    Macon,    un- 
veiled monument  to  Women 
of  the  Confederacv    ...314,315 

Mentioned     222,243.245,281 

Sons     of    Confederate     Veter- 
ans,   Flovd    Camp 242,244 

States  Government,  160,  162,  164, 

171,    172,    173,  186 

States  Senate,  Golden  Age  of,  301 

States    War   Department 276 

University    of    Georgia,    the    oldest 
State   College    in   America, 
139,    145,    158,    201.    271,    272, 
277,  280,  285,  535 

Of   Pennsylvania    285 

Upper    Creeks    163,  164 

Mississippi   Company,    The... 150 

Upshaw,    W.    D 793 

Upson    Countj',    treated 994-998 

Stephen    840,846 

Sketch     of      994,  995 

Upton,    B 1018 

David  W 821 

Gen 215,  974 

Usry,    Joshua    60S 

"Ussybow"    Sound    87 

Urquhart,    Dr 491 

V 

Valdosta,   plantation  of  Gov.   Troup 

721,  797 
The   county-seat   of  Lowndes, 

750,  751,  752,  753 

Valley  Forge    277 

Town  Mission   School,   The... 652 
Vallombrosa.    one   of   Gov.    Troup's 

plantations    721 

Valmy    206 

Van   Buren,    Martin    303,469,473 

Vandiven,    A.    G.    B 628 

Vandevier,    :Mr 650' 

Vandiver,   M 627 

Van  Epps,  Howard,  Judge   ....297,  605 

Van    Hoose,    A.    H.    Prof 825 

A.  W.  Dr 553,  654 

Vann,    Bush    Judge    785 

David,  a  half-breed   808 

Vann's    Vallev    554 

Van  Winkle,    E 579' 

Van  Zant,   Lewis   994 

Varello    Farm,    plantation    of    Col. 

Samuel    Hammond    912  , 

Varnadoe,   James  O.   Maj 751,752 

Samuel  McWhir   739,  740,  752 

Varner  House,    where  the   famous 
Mcintosh  treaty  was  signed, 

161,  163,  168,  346 
168,  346 

Mrs 455 

Vason,   David  A.    Judge    ..522,523,803 

Vanghan,  W.  W 559 

Velasco,  Texas,  Lone  Star  Flag  first 

unfurled    at    37 

Venable,   Charles  S 430 

.James   M 688 

W.    R 574 

A'^eneral,    Mr 98 

Verdery,    Augustus    N 859 


1128 


Index 


Vereen,   William   C 475 

Vernon,   Isaac    766 

River     87,88,388,389,390 

Vernonburg,  a  dead  town 395-396 

Vesey,    Capt 865 

Vespucci,    Amerigo    935 

Vick,   Moses    267 

Vlckers,    John    472 

Joseph    720 

Vickery,    James    676 

William     676 

Vienna,    Austria    296 

Vienna,  the  county-seat  of  Dooly  ..517 

Villalonga,   John   374 

Villa  Rica:   Gold  Discovered    ..336,367 

Vineville     311 

Vinson,   Green   495 

Joanna  Troutman,  Mrs 495 

W.    P 959 

Virginia,  2,  3,  4,  10,  11,  74,  114,  212, 
214,   231,   287 

"Virginians  of  the  Valley"    232 

Vocelle,   James  T 349,352,354 

W 

Waddell,  James  D 469,859 

James    O.    Gen 859 

Moses  Dr.,    306,  424,  428,  429,  760, 

859 
His   school  at  Mount   Carmel, 

477,  478,  482 
Wade,  Henry,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     561 

N 387 

Peyton  L.   Rev 924 

Thomas    424 

Wash    949 

Wadley   D 773 

M 774 

William  M.,  monument  in  Ma- 
con     315,  320,  413 

Wadsworth,  W.  A.  O.   Capt.,   volun- 
teer officer  in   the  war   for 

Texan  Independence  36 

Mr.    and   Mrs 519 

Wafford,    D 656 

Waggoner,    George    760 

Wagner,    Henry   C 4  / 

John    420 

Wagnon,   W.    O.   Col 369 

Wagram    206 

Wainwright,  Adam   949 

Wainwrights,    The    374 

Walden,    Alexander    650 

Pond     22S 

Waldhaner,  Jacob  Casper   531 

Waleska,   Ga 420,421 

Walker,  Alexander  C.  Col 906 

Archer     539 

Arthur     703 

B.   F 574 

Charles     884 

Clem     789 

County,    treated    998,1003 

Dawson    A.    Judge     600,1037 

Eli     856 

Elijah     906 

E.   B 574 

Fort    594 

Freeman,  Maj.,  United  States 

Senator,    447,    906,    913,    914. 
1009, 1010 

Sketch     998 

George     861,  893 

Henry    76G 

Hugh  K.  Rev 1039 

J.    A 327 


James,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     996,  997 

James    L. 861 

James  P 102  7 

.Joel    702 

John    895,  964 

John,     a    Revolutionary     sol- 
dier      632 

John,   a  soldier  of  1812.. 803,  804 

John    B 864 

John  H 100  7 

J.    L.    Mrs 360,1012 

L 1015 

Mr.,  at  Kettle  Creek   1049 

Mr 577 

N.   F.,  a  soldier  of  1812.. 19,  997 

Persons    949 

Robert    929 

Robert   D 106 

S 803 

Samuel    487 

Sanders    1058 

Sylvanus     696 

T.    D.    Dr 326,327 

Thomas     906 

Thomas  A.,   a   Revolutionary 

bugler    836 

Valentine,  Gen 906 

William     705 

William  H.  T.  Gen.,  593,  896,  906, 

916 

William    S 304 

Wall,   Drury 876 

Dr 627 

Henry    989 

Jesse   M 798 

Micajah     634 

William   D 798 

Wallace,  Alex.  M 574 

Campbell,    Maj 577,579 

James     686,748 

John    94  9 

.John    R 574 

W.    S 949 

Wallis,    Mortimer   R 318 

Walls,    Thomas     804 

Walnut  Branch,  near  Waynesboro,  542 
Hill,  a  famous  school  in  Wilkes 
1051 

Walpole,   Horace    52,  64 

M^alsh,     Patrick     900,913 

Walt,   Robert   387 

Walter,    Thomas    373 

Walters,    Edward    703 

Jeremiah    522 

Waltourville    737 

Walton,    A.    W 574 

"13     T>  668 

Coun'ty,treated  ' '.'.'.'.'.'.'.  I'o'o 3,' i 0 0 9 

Dorothy,   tomb   of    1004 

Sketch   of    1005 

George  Jr.,  Governor  of  West 

Florida    1004 

George,    142,    407,    410,    539,    653, 
682,  887,  892,  898,  912,  913,  91'4. 
915,    916,    938.   943 
George,    Gov.,    Signer   of   the 
Declaration    of   Independence 

1003, 1004, 1045 
George,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier and  cousin  of  the  sign- 
er     1048 

George,  Meadow  Garden,  the 

home  of   122,  124 

Henry  W 796 

John     915 

.lohn,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

John  H 940 


Index 


1129 


Judge     S92 

Lee 574 

Nathaniel,  at  Kettle  Creek.   l()4s 

Peter    SOO,  SO-l 

Robert     748,766 

Stokes    789 

Wamble,    E 997 

"Wanderer,   The,"   slave  vacht 445 

War,    Civil,    Battle    of    Lafayette, 

999,  1000 

Fort   Jackson    400,401 

Fort   McAllister    401 

Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea 

ends    401,  402 

Creek  Indian,   of  1836 310 

Hill:  where  the  famous  battle 
of  Kettle  Creek  was  fought 

131,  134 

Mexican,   Macon  in    294,311 

Oconee    ..271 

Of    1812:    where    an    English 

Flotilla    met    defeat 352 

Epitaph    on    tomb    of    Capt. 

John    Williams     354,355 

Mentioned     265,  267,  283,  284 

Seminole    291,  ^96 

Spanish    American    102S 

With    Mexico,     Chatham    in, 

297-396 

Woman's  Creek   537,875 

Ward,    A.    C 473 

James     473 

John  E 399,412,413,739 

Mrs.  Daughter  of  Judge  John 

Erskine     585 

Seth    308 

William     53  S 

William    A.    Col 34 

Commanded  a  Batallion  in 
the  war  for  Texas  Indepen- 
dence,  under  Fannin    3C 

Massacred    at    Goliad     36 

W.  P.  Judge   472 

Willard   Mrs 593 

Wardlaw,    George    B 317,318 

J.   C.   Capt 1002 

Wardrope,    Joseph     380 

Ware,  A.  G 574 

County    265 

Edward,    a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      539,  775 

Edward   R 424 

James,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     802 

John    67S 

Nicholas,    United   States   Sen- 
ator,   424,    447,    448,    913,    916. 
1009,  1010,  1060,  1061 
Warfield,   Edwin,  Governor  of  Mary- 
land     '.46 

Waring,   J.  F.   Capt 399 

Wm.    R.    Dr 894 

Warlick,    M 574 

Warm    Springs    780 

Warner,  Hiram,  Chief  Justice,  319,  49  7, 
..600,  780,  782,  844 

Home,  the  old  780 

Warnock,     John     705 

John  P.,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     939,  977 

Robert    705 

Warren,    Benjamin    702,705 

Charles    R 719 

County,   treated    1015-1019 

Mentioned    looo 

Eli,    Gen 718,719,721 

E.  W.  Dr 71S 

H.    M 301 

James    702 


Joseph  Gen 1015 

Josiah,    a   Revolutionary    sol- 
dier     718,  720 

Josiah   Love    719 

Kittrell   J 718 

Kittrell    718 

L.    L.    D.    Judge    522,523,718 

Lewis  B.  Dr 718 

Lott,  Judge,  522,  523,  71S,  721,  724 

Robert     926 

Robert  H 718 

Warrenton,    countv-seat    of    Warren, 

1015 

Warthen,  William   1023 

Washington    Academy    1055 

County,    treated     1019-1024 

Created  by  an  Act  estab- 
lishing the  State  Universi- 
ty     139,  140 

D.   C,   46,  107,   164,   176,   190,    194, 
261,   271,  297,  339,  373,  415 

"Gazette"     1047 

"News"     1047 

Ga.,  first  town  in  United  States 
named    for    Gen.    Washington 
1045, 1047 

County-seat  of  Wilkes 10  4  0 

Mentioned,      14,    125,    129,    131, 

143,  211,  212,   213,   217,   363,   411 

George,   3,   5,   18,   22,   83,   102,    108, 

302,  347,  397,  450,  502,  535,  545, 

631,  640,  732,  744,  848,  860,   887, 

891,  899,  901,  952,  1025 

Visits  Waynesboro    341 

And    Lee    University    3 

James  H.   R 316,319 

Mary    Hammond,    founder    of 

D.   A.   R.,   in  Georgia    316 

Place,  Macon  316 

Seminary    581 

William    Col.,    a    Revolution- 
ary   soldier    662 

Washington's    Visit    to    Augusta. .  .892 

Waterloo     206,  207,  210,  248 

Waters,    Elam    949 

John    627 

Peter    56  i 

Watkins,   A.  L 821 

George     913 

Josh    53S 

Robert    S3S,  913 


Watkinsville,     the  "  county-seat     of 

Oconee    

Watson,    Alexander    

A.   R 

Benjamin    

David     

Douglas     161, 

Jacob     

James  C 

John   and   Wife    

John    766, 

Larkin  D.   Capt 

Robert     

Thomas   Sen 

Thomas   E 299,  767, 

Watterson,    Henry    

Watts.   Berrj-   

Charles    

Presley    

Richard    E 

William    546, 

Way,   Andrew    

Edward    

James  B.   Col 

Nathaniel    

Parmenas    

Samuel 


838 
528 
604 
564 
720 
6S4 
766 
822 
564 
794 
347 
634 
766 
768 
929 
365 
633 
634 
934 
670 


732 


1130 


Index 


Waycross,    county-seat    of   Ware, 

1013-1015 

Mentioned    1009,  1010 

"Evening  Herald"    1013 

Wayne,    Anthony   Gen.,    an   officer 
of  the  Revolutionary,  sketch 

of     1025-1026 

Mentioned,    111,    112,    341.    388, 
407,  411 

County    266,  271,  281 

Treated    1024-1026 

James    388,403,412 

Waynesboro,    Washington's   Visit    to 

340,  341 
How  an  old  Church  was  saved 

at    34  2 

County-seat  of   Burlve    ..337,338 

Sketch    of    340-341 

Waynesville,  former  countv-seat  of 

Wayne    1024 

Wayside   Inn    312 

Weatherly,   Napoleon   699 

TV^eathers,    Peter    767 

Weaver,    Joseph    856 

Nathan    720 

Nathaniel     528 

Webb,    Alfred    503 

Clayton  S 676 

James    337,  888 

Richard    766 

Webster,   Benjamin    884 

County,    treated     1026-1027 

Daniel     301.  1026 

Daniel,   of  Coweta   487,490 

T\"eed,   Jacob    361 

Weems,  S 680 

W.  H.  Dr 895 

Welch,    Isaac    794 

Welden,    William    760 

Welkinson,    John    990 

Wellborn,    Alfred    864 

Col 7S1 

Curtail     1058 

J.    P 994 

Levi   T.    Dr 490 

Marshall  J.   Judge   ..669,671,829 

Olin    Judge     1038 

Thomas     1058 

William    J.    W 821 

Wellington.   Lord    248 

Wells,   Andrew  E 336 

Francis   33  7 

George   Gov.  ...'343,  687,  "702,1046 

James    ' 416 

James  B 823 

N.    W 317 

Nicholas     W 318 

Wereat,    John,    Gov 332,407,888 

Werner,    E.    A 574 

T\"ert,  Van,   original  county-seat  of 

Paulding     849 

Wesley,    Charles    Rev.,    66,  68,  406,  622 

John,    founder   of  Methodism,    52 

66,  68,  77,  79,  81,  406,  622 

Memorial    Church    77 

Oak,    The   story   of,    illustrated 

59,  66-68 
Wesleyan  Female  College,   the  first 
to  confer  diplomas  upon  wo- 
men      200-202,323,363 

West,    A.    J.    Gen 579,  7&"5 

Andrew     794,  795 

Charles    864 

David    789 

E.    P.    Dr 650 

Gibson    7sn 

G.    W 859 

India  Islands   332 

Indies     4,5,91,100 


Isam     936 

James    Rev 365,650 

James  B 789 

John     760,789,994 

W.    S 753 

Point,   N.   Y 296,1027 

Point,  Ga 218 

Point  Military  Academy 231 

Thomas     789 

W.    E 859 

W.    S 753 

Westberry,   John  S 1065 

Josiah  S 1065 

Milton    1065 

Western  and  Atlantic  R.  R.,  208,   291, 
293,    422,    459,    460,    461,    1033 
Cherokees     (Indian     Territory) 

182 

Circuit     283 

Westminster  Abbey    37  7 

Westmoreland,  Maria  J 604,978 

Caroline,    daughter   of   Willis 

F.  Westmoreland   546 

John   G.    Dr 546,574 

William     491 

Willis   F.    Dr 546,575 

Weston,   Joseph    9o9 

Myron    E 959 

S.     R 959 

Whalev,  James  Adolphus  879 

Wilkins   D 879 

W.  H.  Capt 1026 

Whatley.    Daniel,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier    948 

Samuel,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

Willis     836,  949 

W.    O.   B 859 

Wheat,    Moses    864 

Wheeler,   A 936 

County,    treated    1027-1030 

Henry    421 

John     421 

John   F 174 

Joseph    Gen 800,915,916 

Sketch    of    1027-1029 

W.    A 794 

"Tactics"     102S 

Whelan,    Peter,    Father    1054 

Where  an  English  Flotilla  met  de- 
feat      3"52-353 

Georgia's  great  seal  was  bur- 
ied       1056,  1057 

Whethers,  William    702 

Whiddon,    Lot    680 

Whigham,   William    5G5- 

Whigs 9,  276,  291,  303. 

WTiitaker,    Benjamin    70T 

Capt 342 

Daniel    678 

Jared   1 575' 

Mr 381 

P.   H 678 

White,  B.  A.  Dr 279,  895- 

Bluff,    the   Moustoun   Estate, 

388.  389,  683 

County,   treated    1030-1032 

Col 73» 

Cross  Movement  240 

D.   T.   Squire    920,921 

Edwin   D.    Judge    903 

George,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      771 

George  Rev.,  quoted  ..267.  270, 
295,  317.  336.  342.  361,  364,  369, 
317,  336,  342,  361,  364,  369, 
380,  416,  420,  424,  453,  467,  478, 
487,  496.  669,  678,  680,  684,  686, 
364,  369,  380,  416,  420,  424, 
453,     467,     469,    478,     496,    503, 


Index 


1131 


505,  510,  518,  520,  527,  528, 
530,  532,  538,  543,  544,  545, 
546,  554,  559,  560,  564,  607, 
.  627,  637,  644,  650,- 656,  669, 
678,  680,  684,  686,  691,  696, 
704,  714,  715,  720,  724,  745, 
748,  751,  754,  758,  759,  760, 
773,  775,  778,  781,  790,  793, 
798,  803,  814,  835,  850,  856, 
859,  861,  865,  875,  876,  879, 
926,  929,  933,  936,  939,  943, 
945,    948,    955,    963,    988,    989 

House,    The    886 

Hugh    L 550 

James    446,  511,  715 

At    Kettle    Creek    1049 

Jesse    424 

John    Col.,    a    Revolutionary 
soldier,    339,   407,    505,    668,   865, 
1030 

John,  of  Clarke  424 

J.   William  Dr 690 

Joseph    633,  638,  822 

Lacy,    daughter   of    Thomas 
White,   married  Mark  A. 

Candler    764 

Nicholas    706 

Oliver    539 

Page,     a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      776 

Path,  an  Indian  village 607 

Chief  of   the   town,    Ellija...606 

A    Cherokee    chief    179 

Samuel  Dr 274 

Stephen    H 776 

Thomas,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      481,712,715,764,765 

T\^ade   X65 

William    H.    Dr 579 

William    Pinkney,    United 
States  Senator  from  Mary- 
land     4  0 

Whitefield,    Benjamin    S65 

George.  Rev.,    77,  79,  99,  406,  1033 
Founder  of  Orphan  House  at 

Bethesda    80-84 

Quoted   on   Battle   of   Bloody 

Marsh    73 

WTiitfield,   George   C 773 

James    95 

County,    treated    1033,1040 

M 696 

Whitehead,   Amos    702 

Amos    G 908 

Caleb    703 

C.  L 785 

D.  A 859 

James    908 

John     650,  703,  908 

John  Berrien    908 

John    P.    C ..908 

John  Randolph    908 

Thomas    467,669 

Troup     908 

William     342,669,908 

White's  Historical  Collections  of 

Georgia,    (see   White,   George 
Dr.),    quoted,    81,  295,  332,  364, 
387,  414 
Statistics  of  Georgia,   quoted, 

149,  150,  152,  414 

"U'hitesburg.    Ga 368 

Whitley,    Capt 910 

Graner     512 

Whitlock,    Josiah    943 

\Vhitner,   John   C.    Maj 579 

Whitney,    Eli,    his    first    cotton    Gin 

125,  130,  1052 


Whittier,  John  Greenleaf,   New  Eng- 

gland   Quaker   Poet    ....49,777 

Whittington,    E 496 

Thomas    F 27  0 

Whittle,  James   949 

"Who    Struck    Billy    Patterson?" 

Origin  of  the  famous  query, 

674,  675 

Wicker,    John    1001 

Wiggins,  Amos  W 908 

Bill    940 

Jesse     720 

John    544 

Wiggs,    A.    T 326 

Wilcox,   A.  J 699 

County     299 

Treated     1032-1033 

Frank  L.   Maj 591 

George     472 

John    995,1032 

Mark    Gen 955,1032,1033 

Thomas     955 

Wilde,    Gen 216,217 

Richard  Henry,   915,  916,  899,  998 
Augusta's    monument    to    the 
author     of     the     "Summer 

Rose"    228-230 

Wilder,  J.  J.  Mrs.,  President  of  Geor- 
gia's Society  of  Colonial 
Dames    of    America,     54,  61,  62 

Jonathan     317.  31  « 

Milton 990- 

Wilderness,  Battle  of    206,207 

"Wilde's    Summer    Rose,"    an    au- 
thentic  account,   etc 230 

T\niey,    Leroy    M 319 

Wilkes  County,  Story  of 1049 

Treated      1040-1063 

Mentioned,      129,  131,    133,    143, 
147,    213,    214,    306,    363 

The    oldest    record    in 1043 

.John,    member    of    Parliament 
and    friend    of    the    colonies, 

609, 1040 

W.  C.  Dr 654,  792 

Wilkin,   P.   E.   Dr 785 

Wilkins.    Clement    564 

Grant    741 

William    863,  865 

Wilkinson,     Benjamin,     at     Kettle 

Creek    1048 

Mentioned  1043,  1057 

County  271,  281 

Treated    1063,1064 

Elisha,    at    Kettle    Creek 1048 

Fort    271,  278,  280 

H.   D 977 

James,    Gen 281,  1063 

J.   M.   Col 753 

Wilks,   E 544 

Willcoxon,  John  B 490 

Levi     490 

Willet,    J.    E 640 

Mrs.,    quoted    : 649 

William   and   Mary  College 630 

Williams,    Allen    684 

Ami     575 

Bennett    O'V'J 

B.  N 699" 

C.  A 967,  968 

Chauncey    C.    Rev.    (D.    D.), 

quoted,     .  .114,  115,  117,  119,  885 

Charles    702 

C.   H 824 

Charles  J.,   Major  of  Volun- 
teers in  Mexican  War,  396,  823 

Cooper   Judge    671 

Daniel    954 

D 990' 


1132 


Index 


Davie     781 

Edward,    Major    1032 

Edwin    P 1032 

Elisha    1023 

Eliza    M 636 

Elizabeth    954 

George  W 1032 

Henry    318 

H.    D 670 

H.    J 680 

H.   M.   Dr 368 

Humphrey    702 

James    702 

James,  at  Kettle  Creek 1048 

James  E 575 

J.   Li.   Rev 699 

James   M 676 

John    882,1015.1018 

John  Capt.,  an  officer  of  the 
United   States  Marine  Corps, 
formerly    buried    in    Camden, 

his  epitaph 354,  355 

John  J.,  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     760 

Joseph    954,  955 

Joseph    Jr.,    a    Revolutionary 

soldier    954 

Joshua    8SS,  1023 

Major     650 

Mary    954 

N 696 

Nancy    954 

Nathan    702 

N.   B 864 

Paul   691 

Peter    766 

Phoebe    954 

Rebecca     954 

R.   T.    Col 699 

Samuel     505,  773 

Sarah    770 

T.    F 1029 

Thomas     318 

Wiley     818 

William      423,424.505,715 

W 505 

William   H 954 

William  Thorne   78,403 

Zach     318 

Williamson,    Benjamin    865 

J.    B 856 

Li.,    at    Kettle    Creek 1049 

Mary    9  4 

Micajah,     Col.,       1046,  1048.  1057. 
1059 

Peter    564 

Robert  W 574 

S 544 

William     144,274,496.864 

Williford,   Benj.    C 934 

B.     P 575 

Willingham,    Bartow    796 

Bessie    Miss,    married    H.    H. 

Tift     792 

Brooks  M 859 

Willlngton,   S.   C 428 

Willis.  C.  A 327 

Francis    411,  1062 

George    1058 

Jack    949 

John   C 794 

Leonard    644 

Wilson,    Leroy    835 

Wilmington   Island    96 

River    87,  395 

Wilson,   Adelaide    399 

Quoted    78.79 

Historic   and    Picturesque   Sa- 
vannah  cited    84 


Asbury,    Prof 948 

Augusta    Evans     234,826 

Memories  of  St.   Elmo..  234,  235 

A.    N.    Prof • 575 

Claudius  C,   Brig  Gen.,  a  Rev- 
olutionary soldier    533,742 

E 1018 

George,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier      664,692,1007 

George    A 491 

Harriet,     daughter    of    James 

Wilson     533 

Henry    L. 575 

James  Capt.,  a  soldier  of  1812 

533,  092,  1017 

James  H.   Gen 974 

John     632,697,705 

John  J.   Dr 822 

John  S.  Dr.   (Rev.),   511,  514,  5'69. 
.  575 

John    T .575 

Joseph     627,656,1058 

Joseph   R.    Dr 888,903 

Leroy    680 

S 538 

Solomon    V 528 

Thomas    656 

"William  T.   Col 575,576 

"Woodrow  Mrs 384.  729 

Woodrow,    President.      413,    4  52. 
596,  601,  605,  656,  732,  742,  903, 
1029 
Inscription  to  the  women  of 
the   Confederacy   on   monu- 
ment  at   Rome    242 

Wilson's    Cave    looij 

Famous    Cavalry    974 

Wiltberger,    W.    H.    Capt 399 

Wimberly,    Abner    684 

Ezekiel  Gen. ' .' ." .' '.'.'.'..  .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.091 

F.    D 933 

Henry    794 

J.   S 959 

Lewis     940 

Olin  J 719,  720 

Zachariah    702 

Wimbish,   H.   S.   Dr 978 

William   A 978 

Winchester,  Va 364 

Winckler,    Van    R lOS 

Windell,    Oliver    729 

Winder.    Ga 688 

John  H 688 

Windham,    Jack    949 

Reuben,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier     948 

Winfrey,   Jesse    4Si 

Wingate.    Amos    684 

Wingfield.    Garland    105S 

Henrietta    636 

John     864,1046.1058 

John   Dr 803 

Thomas     105S 

Thomas  Dr 636 

Winn.    Allen    A 467 

Courtland    S 645 

A.   F 732 

D.   A S23 

D.    W.    Rev 62 

Elisha     643 

James   C.    Capt.,    Volunteer 
Officer  in  War  for  Texan 

Independence     36,  645 

Inscription    on    monument    to 
042 

John    727 

John    P 420 

Lewis     669 


Index 


113a 


R 656 

Richard  Capt 350 

Richard   D 645 

Samuel  J.   Judge    645 

Thomas   E 645 

T.    S..  Rev 730 

Winne,    Green    715 

Winship,    George    575 

Isaac    Mrs 928 

Isaac    715 

Joseph    57  5,715 

Robert     575 

Winter,  George  W 467 

Joseph   T.,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    658 

Wise,   C.   M.   Judge    301 

Joel     696 

John     365 

Wister,    Dr 611 

Owen 611 

Witcher,    Franlv    949 

Hezekiah      S59 

Jerry    949 

Witham,  W.   S 978 

Witherup,   Seb 705 

Witherspoon,   John  Jr 711 

John  Sr 771 

Timothy  Dwight    743 

Withlacoochee,  Battle  of   4  52 

Woddell,    Gereiom    766 

WofCord,  Col.,  an  officer  of  the  Rev- 
olution      652 

Gen 650 

James  D.    "Worn-out  Blanket" 

652 
William   T.,   Brig  Gen.    ..294,652 

Wofford's     Settlement     652 

Wolfington,    Thomas'  705 

Wolz,    J 241 

Womack,    D.    S 931 

V.    M 968 

Woman's    Tribute    to    Kennesaw 

Heroic    Dead    457-460 

Women    of    the    Confederacy,    mon- 

ment  at  Macon    314,  315 

Wood,    A 990 

Ashby    990 

Gary    835 

Col 705 

Constantine    . . . ., 1001 

D 1023 

George   879 

James   Maj.,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier     489,678 

James    Capt 365 

Jesse     M 859 

John  C 638 

J.    Y 1002 

Martin     528 

Miles    487 

Samuel     308 

Solomon,   Gen.,   a  Revolution- 
ary   soldier    703,708 

"Winston    491,  575,  678 

William    681 

William,     a    Revolutionary 

soldier    489 

Woodbury    School    581 

AVoodburn    745 

Woodland,    James    361 

Woodlawn,   the  home  of  William 

H.     Crawford    197,  199,  S45,  995 

Woodruff,  George  W 821 

John    W 575 

Louis     T 821 

Philo  D 821 

Woods,    Samuel    ' 775 

Thomas     267 

William     538 


Woodson,    Herbert    680 

Woodville    734 

Woodward,  A 346 

C.    D 326 

J.    C.    Col 282,  581 

O 793. 

Sarah  Mrs 794 

S.    P 935 

Woodward's  Cave    554 

Woody    Gap    992 

Woolbright,  D.   A 959 

Mr 724 

Woolfolk,    R.    T 821 

Slowiefll,     Gen 819,821 

W.   D.  Mrs 40 

Woolfolk's  Bend   816 

Woolridge,    T 865 

"Woolseley,   quoted    552 

Woolsey,    Capt 266. 

Wooten,     Lizzie    Miss     928 

Mrs 928 

Richard    B 491 

W.    E.    Capt 824 

Wootten,    C.   B.   Judge    524 

Thomas     1058 

William    E 524 

Word,    Charles    Mrs 550 

"World's  Best  Orations" 376 

Wormsloe,    county-seat   of   Noble 

Jones    87-89 

Home  of  W.  J.  DeRenne   ....755 

"Quarters"    88 

Worshams,    The    796 

Worth  County,  treated   1064-1065 

William  J.   Gen 1064 

Worthy,   William    .-997 

"Wrangham   Fitz-Ramble"    450 

Wray,  Rev.  Dr 824 

Wren,   Sir  Christopher,   quoted 630 

Wright,  A.   P 966 

Ambrose    707 

Ambrose  Ransom    900,916 

Augustus    R.    Maj. Gen.,    556,  707, 

768 

A.   W 1007 

Benjamin    Dr 859 

Capt 722,  871 

Charles     274 

Elizabeth,    heiress,    bride    of 

Gen.   Oglethorpe   51 

Ford     268 

Gilbert  J.,  Brig  Gen 524,  645 

Gov 646,763,765,839 

Gregg     900 

Henry     f.  .361 

James,     Gov.,      114,  386,  407,  633, 
881, 1040. 1041 

John   B 711 

J.    B 629 

.T.    F 1029 

Joseph     632 

Marie  Robinson  Mrs 489 

Moses  Judge   243,556,   1035 

Extract   from    speech    at   the 
unveiling    of    monument    to 
women  of  Confederacy,  244,  245 
Nathan    Sir.    father-in-law    of 

Gen.   Oglehtorpe   51 

Prof 438 

Richard     387 

Robert,    biographer    of    Gen. 

Oglethorpe    53 

Samuel   B 522 

Seaborn    4  58,  556 

Stephen    496 

Thomas,   a  Revolutionary   sol- 
dier       632 

U.    L 575 


1134 


Index 


William,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      680,804,1001 

William  A 707 

William    D 794 

William    J 835 

Wrightsboro,    a    settlement,     481,  482, 

763,     883 
A  historic  town  of  Georgia,  762 
Wrightsville,  the  county-seat  of  John- 
son     711 

Wyatt,   John,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      347,  803 

Wyche,  P.  M 538 

Wyleys,    The    295 

Thomas     963 

Wylie,  James  R 579 

Lollie  Belle   605 

Oliver    C 627,628 

Wylly,    Alex 387 

C.    S.    Capt 62 

Col 95 

James  Spalding  Capt 622 

Leo,   Sergeant  in  Mexican  War, 

396 

Wyllys,    The    610 

Wynn,  B.  J 327 

Thomas     794 

W.   M.   Judge    326,327 

Wynnton,    Ga 234 

X 

Xavier  Chapter,   D.   A.  R 550 

Y 

Yale    141,  477 

University     271,  272 

Yamacraw    86,  95 

Bluff     378 

Yancey    826 

Benjamin  C.  Col 556 

Mr.,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  694 
William    Lowndes,    orator    of 

Secession    556,818,1019 

Yarbrough,    Clement    702 

Joel     575 

Joseph     7  20 

Pickens     949 

William     720 

Yates,  Pressley   37  2 

Yazoo  Act   685 

Fraud,   the  an  episode  of  dra- 
matic      interest,     149,  151.  152, 
Burning  of  the  iniquitous  rec- 
ords  with   fire   from   Heaven 

152, 153 

Yeandle,    Wm.    H.   Mrs 164 

Y'eates,   W.   S.   former   State  Geolo- 


gist      188,  189,  1031 

Yeomans,    M.    J 959 

Yonah   Mountain    1031 

York  Town    256 

Battle   of    398 

Young,   Augustus    859 

E.  R 963 

F.  M.    Capt 1002 

Harris   College    648,970 

James     859,1001 

James   Edward    329 

John  Maj.    .634,  773,  774,  963,  990 

'"Marooners,  The,"   298 

Men's  Library  Association  of 

Atlanta    288 

Michael     963 

P.    M.    B.    Gen 290,  296 

Remer    964 

R 656 

Robert    859 

Samuel     467 

Thomas     380,864 

TVniliam    H 830 

William    H lOltS 

William    J.    Col 965" 

Younge,    Charles    387 

Henry,    Jr 387 

Philip     387 

Henry    387 

Youngblood,   Joseph    794 

Yow,    R.    D 563 

T.   K 931 

Yowell,    Jacob    98 

Z 

Zachary,    Charles    T 6S0 

James  B 835 

Zachry,    Abner    804 

Zaigler,  William   496 

Zangwell,    Irael     100 

Zavadooski,   Peter,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    386 

Zebulon,    the  county-seat   of  Pike.. 853 
Zellars,  Jacob,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      748 

Zellers,    William    S.    Dr 365 

Zellner.    Andrew    796 

B.    H.    Judge    795 

Zimmerman,    Godfrey    803 

Rupretch    530 

Zouberbuhler,   Bartholemew,  Rev.    ..79 
Zubly,    John    J.    Dr.    (Rev.),    383,  384, 

682,  683 

John  Z 410 

Zubly's   Meeting   House    383 

Zurich    206 

Zittrauer,    Paulus    531 


INDEX 


VOLUME  TWO 


Abbe,    Raynal    20S 

Abbeville,    coiinty-seat    of    Wilcox, 

103S-1039 

Abbott,  B.  F.  Col 432 

Joel  Dr.,  Congressman,  548,  1040, 
1050 

Abercronibie,   Charles    821 

Willie     789 

Abney,  W.   1 6G0 

Abrahams,  B.  H.,  quoted 518-520 

Acadians   in    Georgia,    The 207-211 

Achese,   an   Indian  village    55,61 

Adair,   Forrest    243,250 

George    "SY.    Col 431,750,750 

Green  B.  Mrs 914 

James,    antiquarian,    quoted.. 736 

Adams,   Alexander  Pratt  Judge 310 

Benj S2S 

D.  R 569 

F.  M 567 

G.  C,  his  fine  work 916 

John    Pres 313 

Levi    872 

Levy  M 873 

Major    461-464 

Thos 998 

'Wiley    894 

Wm.    E 935 

Adamson,    A.    Y 669 

G.    W 669 

N.   C 669 

W.    C.    Judge,    Congressman, 

548, 549 

Adkins,    Wm 796 

Adley,    Peter    97  5 

Agan-unitsi's    Search    for    the    Uk- 

tena,  a  Legend   454-457 

Agassiz,    Prof 22  4 

Agnes   Scott  College    407,704 

Ainsworth,    Daniel    1026 

Akerman,  Amos  T.  Hon.,  tomb  of,   413 

Mentioned    593 

Akin,  John   \V.   Hon.,   tomb  of ■(  11 

Mentioned    593 

Warien    Hon 592 

Alabama,  the,  a  famous  Confeder- 
ate cruiser    219,  220 

Alamo,    county-seat    of   Wheeler,    1029- 

1030 

Alaska    123 

Albany,  county-seat  of  Dougherty,  70S 

Albritton.  L.  L 596 

Aleck's   Mountain    785 

Alexander,    Elam     391 

E.  P.  Gen.,  tomb  of 335 


Mentioned .749 

James,  patriot   539 

James    F.    Dr 568,783 

James    W 709 

John    496,615 

J.   Hooper  Hon.,   quoted 949 

J.    R 994 

L.    B.    Dr 380 

Major     128 

Martha    800 

Mordecai    70S 

Peter   W.    Col.,    562,  569,  643,  720, 
1011 

Samuel    496 

Wm.   Major    125,128,129 

W.   F.   Major  and   Q.   M.    Gen., 

154-156 

W.    W 559 

Alford,   James    668 

Julius   C.    Hon.,    Congressman 

545,  560, 1002 

J.    Q.    A 971 

Alfriend,    A.   H.   Mrs.,   regent. .  .<n  i. 613 

Algood,   J.  Y 569 

Algood,    J.    Y 569 

Allen,    Beverly,    preacher  and   hom- 
icide      32,  314,  559 

Bolar    824 

Eason     559 

E.   A 567 

Egbert     857 

Francis  T 850 

John     P 798 

John    T 712 

Patrick   H 669 

Wm 824 

Wm.   H 1029 

Young    558 

Allgood,   DeForrest    393 

Allison,    John    L 987 

Allman,   James  D.,   tomb  of 350 

Philip     638 

Alma,  county-seat  of  Bacon. ..  .556-557 
Alpharetta,    county-seat   of  Milton, 

S76-877 

Alston,   James    725 

Robert  A.  Col 407,  750,  755 

Thos.    M 729 

Altamaca,    an   Indian    village 53,59 

Altamaha  River,  203,  204,  528,  534,  535, 

541,  542 
Alta    Vista    Cemetery,    Gainesville. 

375-378 

Mentioned    404 

Americus,    county-seat    of    Sumter, 

975-977 

Oak  Grove  Cemetery   394-395 

Amhoy,    Joseph    W 872 


1136 


Index 


Amicolola  Falls    S47 

Anabaptist    Church,    on    the    Kioka, 

Chartered     691 

Anasco,  Juan  de 409,  471 

Anawaqua,   an  Indian   queen 619 

Anberg.    Thos 796,797 

Anderson,  Adam,  author,   Trustee 

of    Georgia    526 

C.  D 744,  798 

Clifford    Hon.,    Atty.-GenH. .  .390 

Clifford  L.   Gen 761 

Davis    S 931 

Edward    G 311 

Enoch    B 807,808 

George     311 

George  D.  Judge   410,672 

George  T.  Gen.    ("Old  Tige") 

753 

James    671 

J.   H 750 

John    W 567 

Joseph   A 911 

Moses    1008 

Robert  H.  Gen.,  tomb  of,   297-298 

Mentioned    744 

Robert  H.,  Jr..   Caiit 298 

S.   M.    Corporal    679 

Uriah    727 

Wm.   J 798 

TVm.    P 911 

Andersonville:    the    Monument    to 

Major  Wirz   977-979 

True  story  of  by  J.  M.  Page, 

978 
Andrew,  Ann  Leonora,  wife  of  Bish- 
op Andrew,   tomb   of    360 

Benjamin,   patriot  ..538,  643,  1048 

Female    College    950 

James   Osgood,   his  ownership 
of  .s'ijive  i)rope)'ty  causes  the 

schism    of    1844 778-780 

tomb    of    395-396 

Mentioned    360,919,1048 

Andrews,  Garnett  Judge,   tomb  of,   353 

Mentioned     17,1050 

James,    231 

Andres,    Marshall   Dr 354 

M.    T 146 

Raid,    story    of    the    Famous, 

231-234 

Wm.    G luiO 

Anesthesia,    its    discovery    by    Dr. 

Crawford    W.    Long 131139, 

803-805 

Angier,    N.    D 

Anhayca  (Tallahassee,  Fla.)    ....54,61 

"Annals    of   Athens"    362 

Anne,  a  vessel  in  which  the  Georgia 

colonists    sailed     528 

Ansley,   Forsyth    856 

Anthony,   Boiling   1040 

Henry  H.  Hon 85 

J.  D.   Rev 1023 

Milton  Dr 

Samuel    Rev 395 

Anti-Tariff   Convention    558-562 

"Antony-Over,"    an    old    game 256 

Appalachicola   Bay    468 

Applewhite,    John    B 709 

Appling   County,    treated    555-556 

Daniel   Col 555 

Archer,  Henry  (M.   P.),   Trustee  of 

Georgia  527 

Thomas    (M.    P.),   Trustee   of 

Georgia    526 

Arkright,    Thos 299 

Arlington,  Ga.,  sketch  of   613-614 

Armour,    James    809 


John    7  72- 

Armstrong,    Capt 854 

James    774 

James  G.,  scholar  and  clergy- 
man,   with   strong   resemb. 
lance  to  Booth,  his   grave.. 432 

Arnold,    Alston    620 

E.   B 568 

John     1017 

Joshua  J 727 

Reuben  Col 428 

Richard  D.  Dr 299,  644 

Arp,  Bill   (Major  Chas.  H.   Smith), 

tomb    of,     412,  587,  593,  731,  783 
Articles  of  Confederation,  Delegates 

who    Signed    543 

Asbury,  James  W.  Mrs 147 

Ashburn,   G.  W.,    killing  of    903-905 

County-seat  of  Turner. .1005-1007 
Affidavit  signed  by  residents 

of    1005-1007 

TV'.  W 1005 

Ashley,    Cornelius   R 985 

Lodwick    615 

Nathan    614 

Nathaniel    985' 

Wm 615> 

Ashmore,    Otis   Hon 78,  82 

Tom    Peter    869 

Athens,  county-seat  of  Clarke,  his- 
toric   homes   of    658-660 

Oconee    Cemetery    362-37? 

Banner     371 

Atkinson,  A.  S.  Capt 617 

Edmnnd    Col 017 

H.    M 752 

John    615 

Nathan    615 

Samuel  C.  Judge    617 

Samuel   C.   Mrs 104S 

Spencer  R.  Judge,  quoted.  677-678 

Mentioned    617 

Wm.    Y.    Gov.,   his  tomb,    435-436 

Mentioned    434,550,697 

Atlanta,  county-seat  of  Fulton  and 

capital  of  Georgia;  "Gate  Ci- 
ty, origin  of,  739-740;  "leach- 
tree."  its  derivation,  741,940; 
in  the  Civil  War,  742-747;  be- 
comes the  State  Capital,  74  7- 
748;  Atlanta's  great  newspa- 
pers, 749-752;  first  Memorial 
Day,  752-754;  Confederate  Mon- 
uments, 755-756;  Woodrow  Wil- 
son, a  former  resident,  758-760; 
two  great  universities,  761-762; 
Oakland  Cemetery,  417-428; 
Westview   Cemetery,      4  28-432; 

mentioned    324,600,738 

"Constitution,"   45,   240,   623,  656, 
750-751,  844,  941,  1025 

"Georgian"     250 

"Herald"    750 

Hospital    Association 752 

"Journal"     751,  901 

"News"    752 

"Sun"    750 

Attapulgus,   Ga 703 

Academy    703 

Attaway,  J.  W 774 

Atteway,  Isiah    1007 

Augusta,  county-seat  of  Richmond; 
Poet's  Monument  unveiled,  955- 
958;  Walsh  Monument  un- 
veiled, 958-960;  Archibald  Butt 
memorial  bridge  dedicated,  961- 
963;  Hammond  Monument  un- 
veiled 964-966;  Georgia's  oldest 


Index 


1137 


bank,  968;  birth-place  Children 
of  the  Confederacy,  9C7-908; 
Summerville  Cemetery,  317- 
:i'iS;  Arsenal  Cemetery,  32.S- 
325;  City  Cemetery,  325-338; 
St.  Paul's  Church-yard.  312- 
317;  early  Masonic  history,  263. 
267;  siege  of,  512-516;  treaties 
made  at,  951-952;  mentioned, 
199,  209,  302,  326,  494,  495,  496, 
513 

Canal    963 

"Chronicle,"     31,     326,     327.     347. 
957, 958, 959 

Au  Muekalee   Creek    975 

Aunt  Matt,  a  negro  servant  to  Mr. 

Stephens    150 

Austell,    Alfred   Gen.,   tomb  of    ....423 

Mentioned     621,  1002 

Austin,    D.    N 798 

Avary,   Archer    693 

Avery,   Isaac  W.   Col.,   quoted,    154-166, 

905 
Mentioned.   562,  566,  747,  749,  750 

John  Gould,  Rev 636 

Axson,   Ellen  Louise   (Mrs.  Woodrow 

Wilson)    731,  760 

I.    S.    K.    Rev 731,834 

S.    E.    Rev 731 

Aycock,    Mr 509,510 

Aymay,  an  Indian  village   61 

Azilia,    the   Margravate   of    ....528-534 

B 

Baber,  Ambrose  Dr.,   physician  and 

diplomat;    his  duels,    32-33;   his 
tragic    death,    33-34;    tomb    of, 
387 
Bacon,  Augustus  O.  Major,  United 

States  Senator,  his  new-made 
grave,  388;  county  named  for, 
556-557;  burial  place  of  his  pa- 
rents, 342;  mentioned,  544,  680. 
843,  871,    945 

County,    treated    556-557 

James    T.,    quoted 954-955 

John,    patriot    54  0 

•  Tohn,   Si- 639 

Milton   E.    Rev.,   educator. .  .1002 

Wm.,    Jr 639 

Bagby,    Wm 654 

Bagley,  H.  C 999 

Bailey,  David  J.,  Congressman,  his 

tomb 393 

Mentioned    249,  546,  652,  567, 

611,  972 

Elmer    808 

Fleming  G 973 

Francis  G 987,  988 

James  Wray  Dr 377 

John    738 

John   E 878 

Robert    655 

Samuel   A 560,  575 

Samuel   T 391,575,704 

Baillie,    George    265 

Kenneth    195 

Bainbridge,    county-seat    of   Decatur, 

702-704 

Wm.  Commodore   702 

Baird,     James     Sir. 

Baisden,   Thomas  J 976 

Baisden's  Bluff   302 

Baker,     B.    T 

County,    treated    557-558 

George,   body  servant  to  Gov. 
Troup     893 


Harriet   Robie   Miss    698 

James   S 739 

John   Sr .62U 

John    Col.,    an   officer   of    the 
Revolution;    his  duel   on 

horse-back     6-7 

Mentioned    538,    557,843 

Josei)h   Rev 750 

Peyton    1019 

Richard,  servant  to  Gov.  Troup, 

893 
Timothv,    footman    to   Gov. 

Troup     893 

Wm.    Sr 639,643 

Wm.,    patriot    538 

Wm.   E.  Mrs 219,  221 

Baldridge,    John     1034 

Baldwin,    Abraham,    United    States 

Senator    543,544,878 

A.   J 987,  989 

Benjamin    925 

County,     treated     558-577 

H.   W.   Judge    884 

John    819 

Moses    H 986,987,988,989 

Moses   H.    Mrs 988 

Thos    P 884 

Bales,    W.    B 1028 

Ball,  Annie   1052 

Edward   639 

Frederick    104  0 

James  G.   M 1029 

John     1053 

Mary    1052 

Richard    Col 1052 

Ballenger,    James   H 928 

Baltimore    Conference    (Methodist) 

of    1S44    778-780 

Bancroft,   Frederick    122 

Bangs,  Joseph   1024 

Bank  of  Augusta,  oldest  in  Georgia, 

968 

Banks,   G.   Y 569 

John  T 393 

Joseph    ld21 

Joseph    R 879 

Martha  B 377 

Richard   Dr.,    tomb   of 377 

Mentioned    720,786,788 

Banks-Stephens    Institute    879 

Baptists,    Two   Pioneers:   the  story 
of    the   Mercers,    17  2-179  ;old 
Kiokee,    689-691;      Penfield: 
the    cradle    of   Mercer,    773-778 

Barbecue.    Georgia's   First 630 

Barber,   John  W 904 

Barclay,    Elihu    S 785 

Barker,    Edward    696 

Joseph    185 

Barksdale     845 

Barnard,    John    638,640 

Barnes,    Benj 798 

George  T.  Hon.,  Congressman, 

145,   146,   337,    547 
Gideon,  founder  of  -Barnesville 

930 

Barnesville,   Ga 930-931 

Barnett,  E.  A 1058 

E.    H.    Rev 432 

Nathan  C.  Col.,  secretly  buried 

the  Great  Seal  of  State 96 

Mentioned    351,600 

Samuel,  tomb  of 355 

Mentioned    806 

Wm.    Congressman,   tomb  of,   355 

Mentioned    545,  701,  821 

Barnett's    Reserve    854 

Barnhill,  J.   F 670 


1138 


Index 


Barnley,  Wm.  V 884 

Barnwell,  J.  T 794 

Barrett,  Chas  S.  Hon 1013 

Edward   W 45,46 

James  E 797 

Plaza    958 

Thomas   Glascock    337 

Vi'm.  Hale   337 

Barrick,   J.   R 750 

Barrington,    Fort     265 

Hall     219,  221 

John,    Sr.,   a   Baroret,   M.   P., 

Trustee  of  Georgia  527 

or   Burrlngton,    Thomas,    264,  265 

Barron,   Bishop   311 

T.    G 559,  589 

Wyllv,    gentleman    gambler, 

tomb  of 335-336 

Barrow,  Cornelia  j'ackson   306 

County,    treated    577-578 

David    C,    Chancellor;    county 

named    for    577 

Mentioned     659,  926 

Florence   306 

Pope  Judge,  United  States  Sen- 
ator     370,544,926,1047 

Sarah   Craig   3  70 

Barry,  A.  L, ....1013 

Bishop    311,640 

Bartlett,    Charles   L.    Judge,    Con- 
gressman      548,  549 

George  T.  Judge  391 

Jonathan    615 

Bartow  County,   treated    578-593 

Fort    201 

Francis  L.  Col.,  tomb  of 300 

Mentioned     ....562,563,567,593 

Theodosius  Dr 801 

Base-ball,  an  Ampiiran  game  of 

supposed  Indian  origin,  733-736 

Bass,    Edward    ; 989 

John    911 

Mrs.,  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Ra- 
bun      793 

Nathan    731 

Quinny    976 

R.    Mrs 754 

W.   A.    Prof 428 

Bates,   Anthony,   sergeant    783 

Bath,  an  old  town   224,  225 

Bathurst,    Henry   Earl,    Trustee  of 

Georgia    527 

Battey,   Robert  Dr.,   tomb  of 414 

Battle,    Andrew    774 

Archibald    J 77  7 

Arthur    W 867 

Cullen    774 

Jesse     •. 790 

Joseph   J 807 

J.   W.   Rev 793 

Lazarus   W 931 

Batts,  Adelaide  Miss 914 

Baxley,  county-seat  of  Appling  555-556 

Wilson     556 

Baxter,   Alice  Miss    812 

Bayard,   Nicholas  S.,   tomb  of 279 

Beach   Island,   S.   C 943 

W.  W 556 

Beal,    Frederick    '. 738 

Bealer,   Alex.  W.   Rev 214,707 

Beall,   D.    R 1009 

Erasmus   T 97  5 

J.    E 569 

.lames   J 6  22 

Robert   A.    Major,    duel    with 

Thos.  D.  Mitchell   32-33 

Mentioned    558,560,561 

Samuel    1053 

Thos 1009 


Thos.     N 559,1052 

Wm.    0 1052 

Bean,   Addison  Dr 879 

Bearden,  P.  W 886 

Beasiey,    A.    G.    Dr 143,146 

A.    G.    Mrs 147 

Beasiey,  W.   P 569 

Beauclerk,    Sidney    Lord,    M.    P., 

Trustee  of  Georgia   527 

Beaulieu,  Home  of  Wm.  Stephens,  518 

Beauregard,    Gen 232 

Beck,   Erasmus  W.   Hon.,   Congress- 
man     393,  547 

Home  at   Kingston    585-580 

J.   W.   Rev 611 

Marcus   W.    Judge    611,763 

Samuel    509 

Solomon    94  8 

Wm 1052,  1053 

Becker,    Bishop    311,646 

Beckom,    N.   A 614 

Berkwith.    John   W.    Bishop 298 

Beddell,    P.    T 795 

Bedell,    Columbus   C 904 

Wm.    R 904 

Bedford.   Arthur  Rev.    (A.   M.),  Trus- 
tee  of   Georgia    526 

"Bee,  The"    879 

Belcher,    Daniel    702 

Belfast:    the  home   of  James   Max- 
well      607-609 

Belitha,  Wm.,  a  Trustee  of  Georgia 

520 
Bell,    Hiram    P.    Hon.,    Congressman, 

547,  562,  568 

Isaac   C 873 

James    979 

John    S 896 

Norton   Mrs 

Otis   P 950 

Thomas    M.    Congressman. 

548,  549,  785 

Wm.    B 1031 

W.    R 

Bellamy,    Ellen   Washington   Mrs.,    965 

Belt,    Elizabeth    Talbot    Mrs 1052 

Belvin,   James  Major    860 

Beman,    Carlisle   P.    Rev.,    a   noted 

educator     124,571,572,790 

Nathan  S.  S.  Rev.,  a  pioneer 

educator     790 

Ben   Hill   County,    treated 593-597 

Benge,    John    1034 

Bennett,  J.  J.  Rev 803 

Benning,    Anna    Miss    160 

Henry    L.    Gen.    ("Old    Rock"), 
soldier  and  jurist,  tomb  of,  401 

Mentioned      562,  564,569,  903 

Henry  L.  Mrs 160 

Malinda  L 401 

Mary  Howard    401 

Pleasant   M 401 

Sarah    Cobb,    mentioned,    La- 
mar      946 

Benson,    John   B 795 

Benton,    Eugene     812 

M 812 

Thomas    Hart    12 

Bergman,   John  Ernest   Rev 189 

Bermuda    Island    194,195,200,853 

Bernard,    Edward    264 

H.    R.    Dr.    (Rev.),    quoted,    1043- 
104  4 

Joseph    H 118 

Berner,   Robert  L.   Col 881 

Berrien    County,    treated    595-597 

Eliza    283 

John  Major,  tomb  of   281 

John  MacPherson  Judge,  Uni- 


Index 


1139 


ted  States  Senator  and  Cab- 
inet    Officer,    tomb    of,    301-302 

Mentioned    31,  151,  281,  282, 

543,  544,  558,  559,  560,  561,  707, 
708 

Margaret    MacPherson    301 

Nicholas  Ancieux   282 

Richard  M.  D;- 282 

Wm.   Lieut 282 

Berry,   John  D.   Judge 

Thomas    417 

Thomas    J 4  38 

Wm.    B 

Bessant,   A.   J ' 628 

Bessie    Tift    College     879 

Bethel,   Ben j 1009 

Slingsby   Hon.    (M.   P.),    Trus- 
tee  of   Georgia    527 

Thos.    F 1009 

Bethesda  Orphan   House,    182,  197,  265, 
290,  649,  650 

Bethlehem  Baptist  fbhurch    812 

Bethune,   Marion  Hon 547 

Pa 213 

Betts,   Elisha    1017 

Beuler,  Peter   214 

Bevan,    Joseph    Vallance,   an   early 

historian,    tomb    of    284 

Bibb  County,  treated   598-605 

Thomas.   Ter.  Gov.   of  Ala 722 

Wm.   Wyatt  Dr.,   physician. 
United  States  Senator,  and 
Ter.  Gov.  of  Ala.,  543,  544,  545, 
722 
Biedma,   historian  of  De   Soto's   ex- 
pedition      52 

Bigby,   John  S.  Judge,   Congressman, 

432,  438,  547,  697 

Bigelow,   Benj.   F 931 

Billings,    Samuel    795 

Billups    Residence     (Joel    A.) 886 

Binks,    Bingo   Sir,  a  pet  dog  of  Mr. 

Stephens    152 

Bird,   James    821 

Sarah,   mentioned,   Lamar...  1042 

Thompson   Dr 944,1042 

Wm 1020,  712 

Wilson     938 

Bird's    Iron    Works    1020 

Bishop,   A.   B.  Capt 65,  902 

Henry   R 64 

John   A 988 

J.    M 701 

Thos 372 

Wm.    N 896,  899,  900 

Black,    Dr 857,858 

Edward  J.  Hon.,  Recollections 

of     970 

Mentioned     545,  546 

George  R.  Hon.,  Congressman, 

970,  54  7 

George  Seaborn  Gen 417 

J.  C.  C.  Hon 548 

J.    C.    C.    Mrs 104S 

John  Gordon  Mrs 951 

Major,    of   Oglethorpe. ..  .857,  858 

W.     A 569 

Blackburn,    Dr.,    of   Pike    930 

J.   C.   C.   Dr 884 

John    P 979 

Blackmon,   Frederick  Leonard  Hon. 

932 

Blackshear,  county-seat  of  Pierce,  929 

David    Gen.,     ".Springfield." 

his   home    in    Laurens,    829-830 

Mentioned,    559,    560,    561,    599, 

699,    628,  929 

James     7  04 


Blacksmith  of  the  Mountain  Pass, 

385,  946 

Blackwell,    A.    K 929 

J.    H.    Judge 812 

Blaine,    James   G.    Hon 978 

Blair,    Francis    P.,    Sr.,    Hon 1008 

Hugh      693 

James    784 

Blairsville,    county-seat    of    Union, 

1007-1008 

Blake,    Benjamin     1048 

Thos 264 

Blakely,    B.    R 973 

County-seat  of  Early   ....709-711 
Jonathan  Capt.,   a  naval  officer, 

709 

Blalock,   J.    L 568 

Bland,    "Silver   Dick"    235 

Blandford,    Clark    795 

Mark  H.   Judge    402,871 

Bleckley,  Logan  E.   Chief  Justice,   923, 

948, 1003 

Bledsoe,    David     938 

Blitch,    Benj 929 

Blodgett,    Foster       ^ 337 

Blood,    D.    R 999 

Bloodworth,    O.    H    B.,    Sr.,    Hon 881 

O.    H.    B.,   Jr..   Capt 879,880 

O.  H.  B.  Jr.,  Capt 879,  880 

Bloody  Marsh,    Battle  of.   Memorial 

unveiled    765 

Mentioned    206 

Blount,    Ann    Jacqueline    826 

James  H.    Hon.,   Congressman, 

tomb   of    389 

Mentioned     547,825 

John    T 980 

Blountsville,    Ga 825 

Blue  Ridge,  county-seat  of  Fannin,  729 

Mountains      211,221,729 

Bogue,    John    228 

Boifeuillet,  John  T.  Hon 828 

Bolton,   C.   C 808 

John    650,  1040 

Robert,   tomb  of   282 

Bolzius,   John   Martin   Rev 183 

Bonaventure  Cemetery,   Savannah, 

286-299 

Mentioned     79,278,285 

Bond,    Joseph,    tomb    of    386 

M.  L 781 

Bone,  James  W 987 

Micajah     924 

Bon   Homme  Richard    283 

Booth,    David    Col 599 

John    P 33 

Thomas    922 

Boring,    Isaac    884 

Bostick,   Chesley,   patriot   540 

Littleberry,   patriot   540 

N.    L 822 

Boston,  Ga 998-999 

Harbor    982 

John     311 

Mass 315,  316 

Bostwick,     R.     H 614 

Boswald,    Isaiah    938 

Bottome,    Mrs 864 

Boudinot,    Elias   Hon.,    of   Conn.    ..900 

Elias,    Cherokee    Chief,    211,  901, 

1034 

Bourn,    Joshua    763 

Bourquin,    H.    L 643 

Bourquine,    S 712 

Bowen,  Eliza  Miss,  historian   354 

Isaac    570 

Oliver,    Commodore,    patriot, 

tomb    of 314-315 

Mentioned     538,  485,  641 


1140 


Index 


Stephen    1039 

W.    P.   Major    310 

Bowers,    Ebenezer  J 824 

Bowling,    Timothy    628 

Bowman,   Henry  J 726 

Boyd,    Douglas    973 

James   D 973,393 

J.    W 848 

Marion  G.    Col 848 

Wier    Col 848,849 

Boy  kins,     James     774 

Boykin,     Samuel     561 

Boynton,   C.   E 427 

Hollis    974 

James   S.    Gov.,    tomb   of    393 

Mentioned     145,550 

Joseph    J 975 

Willard     974 

Boy's  Corn  Club,  its  origin  916 

Box,    Philip    638 

Bozeman,   C.   M.   Judge    ..933,934,567 

F.    H.    Col 933,934 

John     933 

John   Mrs 934 

Bracewell,   Burwell  W 559 

Bracken,   Peter   233 

Bradie,    David,    patriot    540 

Bradley,   Henry  Stiles  Dr.    (Rev.).. 803 

.John,    pati-iot    539 

Brady's   portrait  of  Mr.   Stephens.  .152 

Bramlett,    Alford   H 382 

Brandon,   David   S 994 

Morris     752 

Brandy  wine,    battle   of    313 

Branham,   Henry    938 

Brannon,    James    673 

Brantley,   Green    1021 

Harris     1025 

L.   A 864 

Thomas     987 

Wm.  G.  Hon.,   Congressman, 

548,  929 

W.  T.  Dr.  (Rev.)   176 

Zachariah    1026 

Brawner,   James  M 973 

Brazzell,    John    984 

Brenau    College    786 

Brewer,    J.    S 654 

Brewster,    V.    A 794 

Walter  S.  Capt 377 

Brewton,   Benj 569 

Hill     503 

J.    C.   Dr S94 

BrewtonParker    Institute    894 

Briar   Creek    56 

Brice,   Norman    1009 

Bridges    Wm.,    Gov.    Troup's    over- 
seer    S89 

Brier   Creek    4  7  5 

Briggs,    Henry    5G7 

steamboat,  with  \Vm.  Long- 
street    99-101 

Brisbane,   Adam   Fowler,    patriot,    539, 

638 

Briscoe,    L..    H 567 

Britt,   John  J 976 

Brittain,  M.   L.  Hon 148 

Broadnax,    John   H 938 

Broddie,   James    264,267 

Boggess,   Giles  S 627 

Bogle,    Joseph    592 

Brock,    AValter    793 

Brodus,    Augustus    L 971 

Brookins,  Heywood  Major  ..1021,  1022, 

1025 

Brooks,   Benj.   F 987 

County,    treated    605 

L..    L..    774 


D.    P 993,994 

Paschal     783 

Preston   S.    Hon 605 

Richard  P.  Mrs 761,  881,  882 

Wm.    H 950 

W.   M 999 

Broom   Town,    an   Indian  village. .  .65. j 

Broro  Neck    853,854 

Brown,  Andrew  M 796 

B.   B 973 

B.    H.   Mr.  and  Mrs 988 

B.  W 66S 

Chas.    McDonald    421 

David   615 

Edward    T.    Col 760 

Elizabeth  Grisham   (Mrs.  Jos- 
eph   E.)     421 

Epiis  Gen.,    tomb  of 374 

Francis,     patriot     538 

Franklin    Pierce    4  21,  4  2  2 

Henry    » 935,  1026 

Hugh    615 

James    R.    Judge    656 

Joe,    Pike,    History    of    ..656-658 

John     708 

John   L 66S 

John  M.  Col 351,745 

John    T 863,  864 

Joseph  E.,  War  Governor,  Uni- 
ted States  Senator,  and  jur- 
ist, tomb  of 420-422 

Rupture  with   Gen.    Toombs, 

43-44 

Mentioned,      145,    297,    544,    550, 

563,   564,  656,  680,   905,  945,  967 

Josei)h  M.   Governor,  94,  5 50-,  570 

656,  672,  674,  677,  680,  681,  757, 

761, 788 

Julius  L 421,  422 

Mark    M 976 

Minor  W 786 

Morgan     560,1021,1026 

R.    A 1000 

Robert  C 774 

Rufus    1019 

Thomas  Col.,  a  notorious  Tory 

officer    493-496,    512,     513 

Thos.    A 980 

Thos.  E 1026 

Wm.    B 729,980 

Browne,   George  Y.   Rev 887 

p.   F 5  70 

W.    M 564,568 

Brownson,  Nathan  Dr.,  Governor,   197, 
340,      538,      542,  549,  639 

Broyles,  E.  N.  Col 427 

Bruce,    Robert    203 

BrufCey,   Edward  C 45,46,47 

Brumby,   Arnoldus  V.   Capt 672, 

673,  682 

Richard  T.   Prof 672 

Thomas  M.  Lieut.,  naval  hero 
of  the  Spanish-American  war, 

his   tomb    4-9 

Raises  the  American  flag  at 

Manilla    682-683 

Mentioned    673 

Brunswick,    county-seat    of   Glynn, 

treated    704-705 

Chapter,  D.  A.  R.,  plants  lib- 
erty  tree    764-765 

Bruxe,    Albert    722 

Bryan    County,    treated     605-609 

George    H 795 

Goode    Gen 330,562,568 

Hardy     993 

Hugh     638 

James  H 919 


Index 


1141 


Jonathan,   patriot   ..199,538,539, 

643 
Joseph    Hon.,    Congressman.  .544 

Loverd    974 

Mary   E.   Mrs.,   author 752 

Samuel   J 919 

Seaborn    860 

Wm 638 

Wm.  .J.,  how  he  secured  his 

nomination  in  1896   235-238 

Mentioned    361 

Br.van's  Neclt  617 

Bryant,    John    784 

Langley    615 

Nathan    860 

Bryce,  John   407 

Wm 627 

Buchan,    B.    A 705 

David   M 705 

Buchanan,    county-seat    of    Haral- 
son     793-794 

Hueh   Judge,    Congressman, 

his    tomb    437 

Mentioned     547,697 

James,    of   Early    710 

James,    Pres.    ..341,  363,  567,  793 

James,    of    Clay    667 

R.     L. 574 

W.    T 729 

Buckner,   Alfred    971 

Buek,   Mr.,    owner   of   the   Payne 

homestead    63 

Buena   Vista,    county-seat   of  Mar- 
ion     869-870 

Buford,    Ga 783 

Bugg,    Sherwood    Capt.,    a    Revolu- 
tionary   soldier    516 

Bull,  Orville  A.  Judge   1002 

Bullard,     Lewis     570 

Bulloch,   Anna  Miss    218 

Archibald,    patriot.    President 
of  Executive  Council   ..91,  280, 
542,   549,    638,   639-641,   642,    837 

A.    S 228 

County,    treated    610 

Hall    217 

Irvine    Capt 219 

James    638 

James  Dunwody  Admiral    ..219, 

220 
James  S.,   Ex-Pres.   Roosevelt's 
Rrandfather,    tomb    of..6S5-6S6 

Mentioned     217-219,228,837 

Martha,    or  Mittie    217,218 

Wm.   B.    Hon.,    U.    S.    Senator, 

311,  543 

Wm.  G.  Dr 311 

Wm.    H 311,644 

Bullock,    Rufus   B.    Gov 97,550 

Bunch,    George    986 

Bundy,    Richard   Dr.    (Rev.),    Trustee 

of    Georgia    526 

Bunker  Hill,   gunpowder  for   ..483-484 

1019 

Bunkley,    Jesse    826,827 

Trial,    the   Famous    826-827 

Burch.    J.    C 568 

Morton  N 1053 

Robert     S 867 

Burgoyne,    Harry    Sir,    a    Baronet, 

M.  P.,  Trustee  of  Georgia,  527 

Burk,    Michael     987 

Burke,   Joseph   P.    Col 148 

Burkhalter,  David  N.,  867,  869,  870,  871 
John,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier, his  grave   867,869 

Burks,   M.   M.  Mrs 782 

Wiley   P 872 


Burnett,   B.   F 567 

John    610,  821 

S.    E 655 

Burney,    Andrew    638 

Green    B 1052 

John    W 809 

Thos.   J 884 

Wm.  V 610 

Burnham,    Dickerson     1004 

Robert  Noble   241 

Burns,   Andrew    638,952 

James    655 

Memorial    Cottage,    The.. 762-763 

Burnside,   AmBrose  E.   Gen 36 

James    847 

Thos.  E.,  duel  with  George  W. 

Crawford     ; 35-37 

Mentioned     692 

W.  A.  Judge  37 

Wm 847 

Burnt  Village,   a  tale  of  the  Indian 

Wars    460-464 

Burr,  Aaron   35 

Jason  972 

Burroughs,    Benj 282 

Burruss,  A.  J.  Prof 10I8 

Burt,    Moody    603 

Burton,  John  Dr.  (Rev.),  Trustee  of 

Georgia     , 526 

R 969 

Burwell,   Wm.    H.    Hon 790 

Bush,  David   1019 

Isaac    876 

J.    H 709 

James  T 709 

M.    H 570 

Butler,   Bessie  Miss    886,887 

C;;ounty-seat  of  Taylor   985 

Daisy    Miss     886 

David    E 884 

Edward     610 

Elisha    643 

James  L 971 

Joseph    638 

Pierce,  patriot  538 

Pierce    Major    768 

Shem,    patriot    539 

Wm 824 

Wm.    Orlando   Gen 085 

Butt,    Archibald   Major:   a  hero   of 

Titanic     960-961 

Memorial   Bridge    961-963 

Edgar  M.   Col 871 

Edward  H 961 

Jeremiah    1019 

John    Judge    871 

John,    Jr 1008 

Lewis    Ford    961 

Noah    Col 871 

Wm.    B.    Judge    871 

Buttermilk   Bluff    614 

Butts   County,    treated    610-611 

Elijah     567 

W.  H.  Mrs 886 

Byhan,   G 898 

Bynum,  James  R 988 

Byrd,    P.    M 566,568 

Sarah 366 

Byrne,    Thomas    669 

Byron,  Lord    557 


Cabaniss,   Elbridge  G.  559,  856,  878,  880 

Tomb    of    380 

H.    H 751 

Thomas    B.    Judge.  .  .548,  880,  881 

Cahill,   Dennis,  an  Irish  hero 963 


1142 


Index 


Cain,    Jeff    233 

Cairo,    county-seat   of   Grady 772 

Caldwell,    Thos 989 

Calhoun,    A.    B.    Dr 438,567,697 

A.    W.    Dr.,    tomb    of 423,697 

County,    treated    613-614 

County-seat   of  Gordon..  .770,  771 

E.    N.    Dr 427 

H.    M 614 

James    M.    Hon.,    Atlanta's 
War  Mayor,   tomb   of, 

42o,  426,  746 

James  S 501 

John    C,    Vice-President    of 

U.    S 30,  770 

Patrick,   duel   with  J.   R.    Wil- 
liamson      44,  48 

"William  Lowndes  Judge,   tomb 

of    426 

California    University     341 

Callaway,    James    63,828,1051 

Merrell    IO51 

Morgan   Dr 354 

Calthorpe,  Henry  Sir,  M.  P.,  King's 

Bench,   Trustee  of  Georgia,  527 

Camak,   James,   sketch   of 372,660, 

662,  663 

M.  W.   Mrs 660 

Camden   County,    treated 614-617 

M.    J 655 

Cameron,    B.   H 1002 

David    1002 

G.    H 1029 

James     1002 

James    H.,    pioneer.  ..  .1002,  1003 

Thomas    1002 

AVilliam    1002 

Camp,   Abner   669 

Alfred    619 

Benj 619 

•    Edwin  Mrs 242 

George    619 

Lang     619 

Sarah    Miss    672 

Septimus    914 

Thomas    620 

Virginia   Usher    914 

Walker     745 

W.    W 669 

Campbell,    Alexander  Hume,  M.   P., 

Trustee   of    Georgia 527 

C,    of   Morgan 559 

Col.,    British    Commander, 

187,  492,  503,  504 

County,  treated  618-621 

Duncan   G.   Col.,    tomb  of, 

352-353,    1045 

Jesse  H 971 

John    968 

John  A.   Judge 353,1042 

McCartin,  patriot   540 

"Walter    L.    Judge 559,854 

Campbellton,    Historic 619-620 

Camulla,  C.   S.,  of  Mitchell 877 

Candler,    Allen    D.    Gov.,    monument 

unveiled    786,789 

Tomb   of    376,377 

Mentioned    ...  .547,  550',  623,  683, 
846,  848 

Asa    G.    Col 762 

County,  treated   623-624 

Daniel    G.    Capt 377,788 

John    S.    Judge 788 

Milton  A.,   tomb  of .  .406,  547,  704 

Universitv    761 

W^arren  A.   Bishop,   762,  920,  1013 

William,   patriot    540 

Cannon,   H.   A 570 


H.   W 569 

Richard    629 

R.    H 593 

Canton,   county-seat  of  Cherokee, 

655,  656 

Cantrell,  J.  M 567 

Capachiqui,    an   Indian   village. .  .55,  61 

Capehart,   Hugh    1008 

Capers,  F.   W.    Gen 674 

Uncle  Bob,  a  prototype  of 

Uncle  Remus   941 

William   Bishop    778,780,919 

Carev,    George    Hon 545,693,1012 

Carlisle,  Willis  739 

Carlton,    Henry    772 

Henry  H.   Capt.,  Congress- 
man       372,  547 

.Joseph    B.    Dr 135,372 

Carmichael,   John   968 

Carnegie,   Andrew    240,242 

Carnes,    L.    E.    Mrs 160 

Peter   821 

Thomas    P.    Judge 17,544,738 

Carnesville,   county-seat  of  Franklin, 

738 
Carpenter,   George  Lord,  a  Trustee 

of   Georgia    526 

George    Washington    Greene.. .86 
J.  D.  Mrs.,  poem  on  Cassville, 

591 
Mr.,   a  Confederate  soldier. .  .591 

Carpet   Bag   Element. 97 

Carr,   Corrie    913 

John  P 911 

Kinchen    785 

Mark   Capt 194,838 

P.    C 985 

Thomas     195,693 

Carraway,    W^illiam     1009 

Carroll,    Charles   of    Carrollton 627 

County,    treated    024-628 

John    Bishop     645 

Tony     867 

Tripletts,    The    cS67 

Carrollton,    county-seat    of    Carroll,  62  7 

Carson,    A.    B 998 

J.    H 568 

M.    F.    Dr 973 

Carswell,   Matthew    1053 

Nathaniel   A 570,1052,1053 

R.    W 744 

William    1007 

Carter,    D.    A 614 

Farish    687 

Hepworth,    patriot    539 

James   S 712 

John    Capt 312 

John    D.    Mrs 160 

Josiah  751 

L.    A 596 

Robert  Rev.,   D.  D 403 

Robert  Sir,  a  Knight,  Trustee 

of  Georgia    527 

Robert  Mrs 158,  159,  160, 

162,  163 

Samuel   M 687 

Carteret,    Lord    533,  534 

Cartersville,   county-seat  of  Bar. 

tow     579,592,593 

Town  cemetery  410 

Cartledge,   Edmond    691 

J.,    delegate   to   Anti-Tariff 

Convention    559 

John    693 

Carwell,  James   629 

N.    A.    . , 562 

Casady,   Madison   729 

Casey,  H.  R.  Dr 562,567 


Index 


1143 


John    A rl-l 

Thomas     'i'-- 

Cash,    William    L. 904 

Cass   County   (Bartow) 300,589,593 

Lewis    Gen 589,590,985 

Station    589,  590 

Cassels,   Samuel  J.   Rev. .  .344,  834,  835 

Thomas   Q 834 

Cassville:    the   Former   Glories   Re- 
called     588,  591 

Female   College    589,590 

Academy,    Trustees  of 589 

The    old    cemetery 591,592 

Earlv    Settlers    592 

Castlen,  .lohn    1000 

Catawbas     4  4  2,  445 

'"Catch-the-ball,"    an   old   game 256 

Cater,    AVilliam    669 

Catholic   Cemetery,    Savannah 311 

Catholics,  the  Acadians  in  Georgia, 

20'7-211 

Catley,  Samuel  1019 

Cato,  Mrs.,  Gov.  Rabun's  daughter,  793 

Causton,     Thomas     629,634 

Cauthron,    Thomas    1009 

Cavendish,   Richard,   M.  P.,   Trustee 

of   Georgia    527 

Cedar    Creek    700 

"Cedar  Hill,"  Gov.  Lumpkin's  Home, 

363 
Cedartown,    county-seat    of   Polk, 

931,  932 

Academy    931 

"Central  Georgian"    1023 

Central    Presbyterian    Church. ....  .753 

Of    Georgia     856,857 

Chadwick,    Maj 116 

Chamberlain,    F.    P 427 

Chambers,    George    1034 

Peter,   proscribed  by  Tory 

Governor    540 

Chamblee,    Ga 215 

W.    R 784 

Champion,    David   H 1053 

Moses    Dr 809,810 

Mr 939 

Chance,    James    / 557 

Chandler,    Joseph    738 

Richard,   Esq.,   Trustee  of 

Georgia    526 

Zach    414 

Chaney,   James   894 

Chapman,   Brad.    Mrs 160 

James  H 669 

J.    N 146 

Chappell,  Absalom  H.   Col.,  Congress- 
man,  tomb  of  402 

Quoted     107,  140,  141 

Mentioned     546,944 

Absalom  H.  Mrs.,  first  Presi- 
dent of  the  Ladies'  Aid  So- 
ciety of   Columbus 158,163 

J.  Harris  Prof.,  quoted,   491,  499, 
787, 788 

Mentioned 351,  403 

L.    H 162,  944 

Loretta    Lamar    402 

Thomas   J 403,944 

Charles  V,   of  Germany 1,  2,  51 

Charleston,    S.   C 183,194,517,740 

Charlton    County,    treated 628 

John    712 

Robt.   M.   Judge.   U.    S.   Sen- 
ator,   tomb    of 303 

Mentioned     520,  544,  62S 

Thomas  U.   P.   Judge 303 

Walter  G.   Hon 77,86 


Charlton's  Life  of  Jackson,  quoted, 

8,  9,  11 

Chase,    Albon    371 

Chief-Justice     817 

Chastain,    Allen    797 

Benj 785 

F.     \V 546,664,568 

Morgan     866 

Thomas     982 

Chatham    Academy    649,650 

Artillery    72,  75,  87,  651,  834 

Chattahoochee  County,  treated 654 

River    215,  217,  222,  468,  471 

"The    Song    of" 326 

Valley    61 

Chattooga    County,    treated. ..  .654,  655 

Chattsworth     896 

Cheatham,    C.   A.  Dr.  and  Mrs 988 

R     S  898 

Cheatham's   HilV  '.'.'.'.'.".".".'.'.'.'.'.  .681,' 682 

Cheeves,   A.   J.   Rev 864 

Isaac    865 

I.    X.    Dr 864 

O.    C 864 

Chehaw,  an  Indian  village,  partic- 
ulars of  its  destruction,  832,  833 

Chelaque,    Province    of 58 

Cheney,  Isaac    1009 

Cheraws    60 

Cherokee    Baptist    College 588,589 

Corner    667 

County,    treated    655-658 

"Phoenix"     901 

Cherokees,   Yahoola,   a  legend.  .450-452 

The   Ustutli    452-454 

Agan-unitsi's    search    for    the 

Uktena    454-457 

Legend    of   Hiawassee. ..  .442-445 
Legend  of  the  Cherokee   Rose, 

445-446 
The   Man    Who    Married    the 
Thunderer's  Sister,  a  legend, 

471-474 
The   Enchanted   Mountain,   a 

legend    457-460 

Hanging   of   George   Tassel, 

787-788 

A'ann   House    898-899 

Traditions    of     899-902 

Treaty   of   Augusta 951-952 

Red  Clay:    the  Cherokee  Coun. 

ell    Ground    1034-1038 

Rose,   Legend  of   445-446 

Mentioned    66,  68 

"Chesapeake,   The,"   a  famous  naval 

ship     783 

Cheshier,    W^    J 568 

Chevalier,    Charles   F.,    patriot 540 

Chiaha,  a  town  of  the  Coosa  prov- 
ince     58,  59,  60,  61 

Chicago    Convention    of    1896,    The 

Famous    235 

Chickamauga  Park,    Georgia's  mon- 
ument      1014,  1015 

Chief  Town,   county-seals  and  noted 

localities    553,  1054 

Childers,    Flem    611 

Nicholas     790 

Oliver   P 877 

Children   of   the  Confederacy:   its 

origin    967,968 

Childs,    A.    K 372 

.7.    B.   Mrs 884 

W.    L : 659 

Chipley,   Wm.    C 904 

Chisca,  an  interior  Indian  province,  57 

Chisholm.    Edward   D 931 

^Valter  S.  Judge 290 

Chislum,    John    668 


1144 


Index 


Chivers,  Harriet    405 

Sabina,    Rev.   Jesse   Mercer's 

first    wife    141,175 

Thomas   Holley   Dr.,   an   er- 
ratic genius  ..167,  170,  405,  704 

Choice,    William    1007 

Christ   Church    Parish   described. .  .541 
Church,    St.    Simons  Island... 760 

Church,    Savannah   73,74,275 

Christian,    E 987 

"Index"     176,  752,  1045 

.1.    E 9S7 

N.   T 947 

Christie,   Thomas   C29 

Church,    Alonzo   Dr 661 

Tomb   of    369 

Chas 970 

Maj 816 

Chunn,  S.   L.  Maj 592 

Cincinnati,   Georgia   Society   of, 

6,  72,  316 
President  Washington  dined 

with  members  of 103 

Rhode   Island    Society    of.. 72,  73, 
81,  85,  86 

South   Carolina    Society   of 77 

City  Hall  Park    748 

Clanton,    Turner    37,  693 

Clarey,    William    1029 

"Clari,  or  the  Maid  of  Milan,"  a 
musical  drama  by  ,Tohn  How- 
ard Payne    62 

Clark,  Ann  Campbell 141 

Archibald  Maj 616 

B.  W 938 

George    Walton    140,  10'49 

Gibson,    delegate  Anti-Tariff 

Convention    

Hiram    611 

Hiram    Mrs 611 

John   Gov.    and   Gen.,    as   a 

duellist     13-15 

Duels  with  William  H.   Craw- 
ford     15-34 

His   grave   overlooking   St. 

Andrews    Bay    137-142 

Mentioned    3,  178,  550,  575, 

576,  784,  785,  811,  1042, 
1049,  1050 

John    Mrs 139,141 

J.    C.    F 989 

O 559 

Richard  H.   Judge,   tomb  of, 

32,  34,  384 

Mentioned  ....336,562,567,584, 

665,  823 

Walter  A.,    quoted 225,226 

William    894 

William    C.    Mrs 909 

Wylie  P 141 

W.  W.   Col 911 

Clarke    County,    treated 658-067 

Elijah  Gen.,  his  TransOconee 

Republic    106-114 

The  Bedford  Forrest  of  the 

Revolution      504-509 

His    Vow     512,513 

Mentioned   140,494,495,751, 

882,  922,  952,  1040-,  1041 

Elijah,   Jr 845 

E.   Y 746,747,749,750,756 

Gibson    845 

Hannah,  a  Revolutionary 

heroine    1041 

James    974 

Marshall   J.    Judge 424,974 

William    Henry    Rev 312,407 

Clarkesvllle,    county-seat  of  Haber- 
sham      784-785 


Clark's  (Gen.  Elijah)   TransOconee 

Republic    106-114 

Clary,    Robert    19,20 

Claxton,   county-seat  of  Evans 728 

Clay,    Alexander   Stephens,    U.    S. 

Senator,    tomb  of 409 

Mentioned    221,544,680 

County,    treated    667-668 

Henry    102,  714 

Joseph    I^aymaster^General, 

tomb   of    280 

Mentioned   484,538,543,038, 

643.  821 

Joseph,    Jr 649 

Clayton,    Augustin    S.    Judge,    Con- 
gressman,   tumb   of 369 

Mentioned     545,  559,  560',  948 

County,    treated    668,669 

C.    S.,   of   Rabun 948 

Edward    F ...337 

Jesse  786 

Julia    Carnes    309 

Misses    753 

Mr 561 

Samuel    708 

W.    Wk    Mrs 753,754 

W.    W.    Judge 756 

Clayton's   Compendium    808 

Georgia  Justice 944 

Cleaveland,    Benj.    Col 785,1030 

Cleghorn,    Chas 589 

Clement,   William   1028 

Clements,    H.    W.    Dr 875 

Judson    C 547 

J.   W.    Dr 772 

Cleveland,  county-seat  of  White, 

1030, 1031 
Grover   President,    296,    349,    435, 
751,  759,  919,  920,  945,  981 
Henry,   description  of  Liberty 

Hall     150-154 

Jesse  F.  Hon 545 

Larkin    780 

Lloyd  Judge   973 

Washington  C 567,  980 

Clift,    Joseph    W 547 

Clifton,  Nathan  974 

W.   W.,  delegate  Anti-Tariff 

Convention    559 

Clinch  County,   treated    669-670 

Mentioned     295 

Duncan  L.   Gen 546 

Tomb  of   295 

Rifles     966 

Clinton    Academy    824 

DeWitt   Gov 824 

Ga 824 

Close,    Henry    629 

Cloud,  Aaron  Mr.,  proprietor  of  the 

tower  on   Stone  Mountain.  .248 
Cloud's  Tower,  on  Stone  Mountain,  248 

Cobb,    Andrew  J.    Judge 926 

County,    treated    670 

Confederate    Monument    408 

In   the  Mexican  War 679 

Mentioned    214 

Howell   Gov.,    tomb   of, 

363,  364,  368 

Mentioned.   18,  341,  351,  364,  384, 

544,  545,  546,  550,  563,  594,  655, 

660,  903,  946 

H.    W 592 

John  A.  Judge,  303,  063,  940,  1010 

Tomb  of   365 

Joseph   Beckham,    quoted 095 

Lamar  Maj 946 

Mary   Ann   Lamar,   wife   of 

Gov.   Cobb    364 

On   slavery    354 


Index 


1145 


Thomas,   of  Dooly 707 

Thomas    Col 946 

Thomas  R.  R.  Gen.,  562,  564,  567, 
660,  755,  927 

Tomb  of   364 

Thomas  R.   R.   Mrs 660 

Thomas  R.  R.,  Jr.,  a  lawyer,  364 
Thomas  \V.   Hon.,   tomb  of... 356 

Mentioned     543,545,773,925 

William    786 

William  A 1009 

Cobbham   365 

Cobb's  Legion    364 

Cobbs,  The:  Howell  and  Thos.  R.  R., 

a    sketch    of    663-664 

Cochran,  Cheedle  619 

D.   A 569 

James  821 

L.t.-Col.    in    Oglethorpe's 

Regiment   769 

Jonathan    638,643 

R.   1 1053 

R.   J 570 

Code  Duello   1-49 

Cody,   M.   D 569 

Cofaqui,  an  Indian  village 56,61 

Coffee  County,   treated    686 

Edward    948 

John   Gen 545,686,985 

Peter    H 985 

Room,   at   Savannah 103 

Cohen,    Peter    702 

Philip  Jacob,  patriot 539 

Cohutta    Mountain    452,453,454, 

895,  896 
Cokayne,  Pranais,  Esq.,  Trustee  of 

Georgia    527 

Coker,  F.  M 427 

J.,    delegate   Anti-Tariff   Con- 
vention     559 

Colding,  Robert  L.  Hon 86,  87 

Cole,  E.   W.  Mrs.,   her  gift  to  City 

of   Augusta    955-958 

Joseph    628,  629 

Richard    615 

Robert    D 438 

Whlteford  Mr.  and  Mrs 957 

^Vhiteford,    Jr 957 

Coleman,   John   G 567 

Coligny,   Gaspard   de 534 

Coligny's    Huguenot    Colonies,    534-536 

College   Temple    697 

Colley.  F.  H.   Col 1050 

Collier,    Benj 709 

Charles  A 751 

Dickie  W 879 

John  Judge,   tomb  of 426 

Mentioned    739 

Merrill     704 

Robert  W 1008 

Colling,  Thomas   1008 

Collins,    J.    S 614 

Nathaniel    F 693 

Robert    558 

Seaborn   L 867 

W.    A.    L. 559 

W.    A.    S 567 

W.   J 857 

Colonel's    Island    195,  200,  500,  838 

Colonial    Cemetery,    Savannah,    71,  73. 
290,  294,  302 
Dames    of   America,    Georgia 
Society,     unveil     Ebenezer 

tablet    180 

Park,   Savannah    275-286 

Memorial    Arch    652-654 

Seal     S9 

Colquitt,    Alfred    H. .  .145,  403,  544,  546, 
550,  562,  564,  567,  958,  1018 


Gov.  and  U.  S.  Senator,  tomb 

of    383,  384 

County-seat  of  Miller 875,876 

County,  treated 686 

Family  Record,  The 687-688 

Henry     688 

Hugh    H 688 

John    618 

Jonathan    1009 

O.    B.    Gov 870 

Peyton    H.    Col 403 

Walter  T.  Judge,  U.  S.  Sena- 
tor,   recollections   of 686-687 

Mentioned    400,544,546,618, 

619,  827,  875,  1018 
Colquitts,  The,  a  Parallelism.  .688,  689 

Colson,    Paul    993 

Columbia    County,    treated 689-693 

Columbian  Museum  643 

Columbus,    Ga 308,  376,  902,  903, 

904,  905 

Llnwood   Cemetery    397 

Memorial    Association,    first 

organized    156-167 

Memorial   Day's   Birth-place, 

156-167 
Soldier's   Aid    Society, 

157,  158,  160 

Comas,    J.    H 556 

Comer.  A.  J 1031 

Hugh    M.,    Sr 299,820 

Laura  Beecher     Mrs 160 

Commerce,    Ga 806 

Compton,    Martha    Lumpkin 661 

Thomas   M 927 

Conasauga,   an   old   Indian    town, 

59,  60,  61 

River    59 

Cone,    A.    B 999 

F'l-ancis  H.   Judge,  fight  with 

Mr.  Stephens   38,  39 

Tomb   of    359 

Mentioned     773 

Joseph    871 

Peter  Hon 610 

Reuben    427,  704 

AVilliam   Capt 616 

Coney,    E.    F.   Mrs 764 

Confederacy,    History   of   its    Secret 

Service  in  Europe 220 

Children  of.  Its  origin 967-968 

Confederate  Cabinet,   last  meeting 

of    1040 

Cemetery,    Marietta.  .407-410,  679 
Dead,    monument    to,    Mari. 

etta     408 

Flag    Pole,    Blakely 710,711 

Government's  Last  Order  154-156 

Monument,    Savannah    652 

Monument,  Blakely  711 

Monument,    Monticello    812 

Soldiers'   Home    762 

Congress,    Members    of 544-549 

Congressional  Cemetery,  Washing- 
ton,   D.   C 277,302,344 

Library    263 

Conine,    AV.    Y 669 

Conley,    Benj.    Gov 550 

Connasauga  River   769 

"Constitution,"   celebrated  frigate, 

The   702 

Constitution   of   1777 91,820 

Constitutional  Convention  of  1808,   747 
Continental  Congress,  Delegates  to, 

542-543 

Convention  of  1798 820 

Conwell,  W.  D.   Rev 812 

Conyers,  county-seat,  of  Rockdale,  969 
Stephen     615 


1146 


Index 


William  L.    ...* 911 

Cook,  Anne  Wooten   3S9 

Benj.    F 988 

John    Capt 389,599,858 

J.    O.    A.    Dr 883 

John    Raiford    Dr 600,  SliO 

Joshua    M 654 

Martha  Pearson   (Mis.  Isaac 
Winship,       Macon's       first 

child    600,  601 

Philip,   Gen.   C.   S.    A.,   tomb 

of     389 

Sketch   of    858-859 

Mentioned 540,600,749,855, 

857,  881 

Philip  Maj.,   tomb   of 389 

Mentioned     599,600,831,858 

Philip  Hon.,   the  present   Sec- 
retary  of  State  98,  600,  831,  859 

Sarah  G 389 

W.    F.    Dr 654,  8S3 

William   Major,    Oglethorpe's 

Regiment    769 

Zadoc  Hon 54  5 

Cook's    House,    Mrs 887 

Cooley,   William    ..819 

Coope,   Richard,   Esq.,   Trustee  of 

Georgia   526 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley,  Trustee  of 

Georgia    526 

George    F 79  7 

Hunter  P.  Dr 45,  47,  432 

James    1008 

John   M '. 644 

John  T 797 

Mark  A.  Hon.,  Congressman 

•and  industrial  pioneer 546, 

592,  849 

Thomas    774 

Coosa,   a   rich  and   plentiful    Indian 

province     57,58 

Coosa wattee    Old    Town 59 

River    59,  769 

Cope,    Chas.,    pi-oscribed    by    Tory 

Governor    539 

Lewis,    proscribed    by    Tory 

Governor    539 

Copse   Hill    328 

Coram,    Thomas,   a  philanthropist. 

Trustee  of  Georgia 526 

Corbett,   James    1039 

Corcoran,    W.    W.    Mr 70 

Cordelc,    county-seat   of  Crisp. .  199-501 

Corker,  Stephen  A.  Hon 54  7 

Corn,    John    569 

Cornwallis,    Fort    513 

Lord     71 

Corn\feTl.   Getters,  M.    P.-,  Trustee  of 

Georgia    527 

Cornwell.   Elijah  Rev.,   soldier 811 

Corry,    Mary    Miss 146 

Corvell,    Annie  Miss    681 

Coston,    Mr 794 

Cothran,    W.    S 731 

Gotten,    Sarah    M.    Hill 1048 

Cotter,    W.    J.    Rev.,    foot-note. .  .67,899 
Cottineau,   Achilles,   J.  M.   de   Ker- 

lognen     283 

Denes  L.  de  Kerlognen,   tomb 

of     283 

Cotting   Vault    145 

Cotton.   George    1019 

Gin.    invention   of,    by   Eli 

Whitney    93 

Seed   as  a   fertilizer 828,829 

Seed   Oil,   its  first   manufac- 
ture     S85 

Cuudert   Bros 759 


Coulter,    .lames    7  22 

"Countryman,    The,"    a    paper    for 
which  Joel  Chandler  Harris 

began  to  write   940,941 

County  seats.    Chief    Towns   and 

Noted   Localities    553-1054 

Couper,   James  Hamilton 767 

John    498,  499,  838 

Covington,  county-seat  of  Newton, 

its    Indian    legend 910-912 

Its    ante-bellum    homes.  .912  914 

Female  College   911 

Manual    School    911 

Cowart,    J.    S 614 

Cowday,    W.    W 7  74 

Coweta  County,   treated 696 

Cowetas    446,  447,  44S 

Cowles,  Jeremiah   386 

Cowpens.    former  county-seat   of 

Walton     '.  .1016-1017 

Cowper,    Basil    638 

John    821 

Cox,    Edward    Capt 407,750 

Fleming    233 

Needham    7  2  7 

W.    B 427 

Wm.   T 569- 

Craft,    Wm.    H.    Corporal 679 

Cramer,    Christopher    186,638 

Crampton's    Gap    384,945 

Crane,    B.    E.    Maj 427 

Horace  A 84 

Mrs 753 

Wm.   T 1000 

Craven,    John   J.    Dr 813 

Crawford    County,     treated 693-696 

George  W.,  Governor  and   Sec- 
retary   of    War,     duel    with 

Thos.    E.    Burnside 35-37 

Tomb  of   321 

Mentioned  546,  562,  505,  569,  692 

Joel   Hon 545,710 

Martin    J.    Judge 402,  546,  904 

Mary  Ann    (Mrs.   Peter),  her 

epitaph    693 

Nathan    693 

Nathaniel   Macon   Rev. .  .562.  568, 
j    '  '  571.  577 

Peter  H  m.,    his   tomb 36,692 

"William   D 871 

William    H.,     United     States 

Senator,    Secretary    of    the 

Treasury,       diplomat      and 

jurist,    as   a   duellist.  .13,  15,  16 

Duels    with    John    Clark.  .  .17-34 

Duels  with  Peter  Van  Allen, 

16,  17 

Anecdote  of  school  days.... 695 

William    H.,    mentioned    ...3,11, 

139,  140,  178,  368,  543,  545,  925, 

982, 1050 

Wm.    \y.    B 884 

Crawfordville,    county-seat    of    Talia- 
ferro     982 

Ga.,   home  of  Mr.   Stephens, 

142-153 

Crayton,    M'm.    L 796 

Creek   Indian   Agency 693 

Burnt  Village,  a  Tale  of  the 

Indian   Wars    460-464 

Indians,    Legend    of    Lover's 

Leap     446-448 

Legend  of  Sweetwater  Branch, 

449-450 
Murder  of  Gen.   Mcintosh, 

624-626 
Queen  Elancy  Lvne,  a  legend, 

478-480 


Index 


1147 


Tamar   Escapes   from   the    In- 
dians      467-4G8 

The  Enchanted  Island  ..464-466 

Treaty   of  Augusta 951-952 

Mentioned    110,113,820 

Cresman,    Mr 993 

Creswell,   David  Col.,   Rev.   soldier, 

tomb    of    355 

Elizabeth    1052 

James    Rev 1052 

Crew,    B.     B 750 

Crews,    Abram    921 

Reuben   J 560 

Crisp,   Charles  F.   Judge,  tomb  of, 

394,  547 

County,     treated     699 

Crisson,    Reese    S46 

Crittenden,    H.    A.    Capt 951 

R.    F.    Col 951 

Robert    G 979 

Croft,   Philip    055 

Croker,    Dr 860,862 

John    975 

Mary     862 

Crosby,    James  C.    Rev 344 

Crow,    E.    B 808 

Crowall,    Col 37 

Crowell,   Henry    559,1021 

Cruger,    Col 609 

Grumpier,    John    707 

Crystal  Palace  in  London,   The.... 230 

Uubbege,    J.    B 644 

Culbreth,    Archibald    727 

Cullens,    Augustus   A 1021,  1026 

Fredericli     1021 

F.    T 668 

Culloden,   Historic    882-883 

Culpepper,    Chas 1053 

Culver,    Hardy    791 

Cumberland    Island    74,76,614 

Gumming,  Alfred   Gen.,  a  Confeder- 
ate   officer,    tomb   of 319 

Mentioned     744,967 

Alfred,    Gov.   of  Utah 318-319 

County-seat    of    Forsyth 736 

Eleazer    1052 

George    B 310 

Harford    Montgomery    Dr.... 31 9 
Henry   Harford,    father    of   the 
Augusta   Canal,    tomb   of... 318 

John   Dr 299 

Joseph   B.,   his  inscription  for 
the    Georgia    Monument    at 

Chickamauga    1014-1015 

Julia    Ann    319 

Julian,    tomb    of    318-319 

Thomas,    tomb    of 317 

Mentioned    968 

%Yilliam  Col.,  duel  with  George 

McDuffle,    of   S.    C 29-31 

Tomb  of   317 

Mentioned    560,561,736 

Cummins,  Francis  Rev.,  D.  D.,  Pres- 
Cummins,   Francis  Rev,   D.  D.,   Pres- 
byterian pioneer,    tomb  of, 

300,  773 

Sarah     3G0 

Cunningham,    W.    H.    C 614 

W.  M.  Rev 573 

W.  R 663 

Cupp,  George  W 671 

Curry,  Jabez  L.  M.  Dr 844,  845,  947 

William   84  5 

Curtis,    Henry    62  7 

Cushman,    Ira    667 

Cusseta,   county-seat  of  Chatta- 

hoocTiee    654 

Cussetas     446,  447,  448 


Gust,  John  Sir,   a  Baronet,  M.  P., 

Trustee    of   Georgia    527 

Cutafa  chiqui     469 

Cuthbert,    Alfred,    U.    S.    Senator, 

tomb    of    322 

Mentioned     ...197,  281,  544,  545, 
559,  560,  819 
County-seat   of   Randolph, 

949,  950 

George     281 

John    A.    Judge 197,201,281, 

322,950 

Sarah    (Mrs.    Alfred) 322 

Seth   John    Col.  .281,  538,  638,  649 
Cutifachiqui,    an    Indian    village, 

56,  57,  58,  59,  61 

Cutts,    A.    S.    Col 395,  85T 

Cuvier    83 

Cuyler,    Henry,    patriot 539 

Jeremiah     190 

Jeremiah   L 310 

Richard    R 310 

Cyclopoedla  of   Georgia 715 

D 

Dabney,  Austin,  a  negro  patriot,  and 

Wm.  H.  Col 428,  562,  568,  770 

Dade    County,    treated    700 

Daffin,    Philip    D 77 

Dagg,  John  D.   Rev 777 

Dahlonega,  county-seat  of  Lumpkin 

early  gold-mining  days,  846-850 
Dallas,    county-seat    of    Paulding. .  .928 

Ed 1011 

George  M.,   Vlce-Pres.  U.   S.,   928 

Kate     Weaver     782 

D'Alvigny,   Chas.  Dr 418 

D'Alvigny,    Noel   Dr 746 

Female  College  1034 

John     1033 

Dalton,    county-seat    of    Whitfield, 

1033-1034 

Dame,   George  M   670 

John  T.  Judge   670 

Daniel,  A.  C 568 

A  lien  Gen 866 

David    G 739 

Elizabeth    782 

B.   P.  Gen 972 

James    669 

John    R 559 

John  W.   Hon 

Milton    Dr 393 

R.    T.   Judge    972 

Thos.    B 930 

Daniell,   Wm.   C.   Dr 299,651 

Danielsville,  county-seat  of  Madison, 

866 

Mentioned    133 

Darby,    John   Dr 883 

D'Arcy,   James  Lord,   Trustee   of 

Georgia    526 

Darden,    Abner    931 

Darien,    county-seat    of    Mcintosh, 

850-851 

Mentioned,    202,    205,    206,    224, 

226,  302,  541 

Hussars    651- 

Dasher,  John  Martin   190 

DaughtfTs   of   Iho   Amer.   Revolution, 
Dorothy  Walton  Chapter  un- 

veil.s    monument    989-991 

Fielding  Lewis  Chapter,  men- 
tioned      682 

Founded     in    Georgia     ..381-382 
Hospital  Corps  of  Atlanta 

Chapter     758 

James  Monroe  Chapter,   men- 


1148 


Index 


tioned    882 

Jared   Irwin   Chapter,    men- 
tioned     1020 

Nathaniel  Macon  Chapter,  un- 
veils  tablet    598-599 

Peter    Early    Chapter,    men- 
tioned     710 

Piedmont   Continental   Chap- 
ter,  seeks   to  preserve  Var- 

ner    House    611-612 

Unveils  tablet   757-75S 

Presents    flag    760 

Savannah   Chapter  dedicates 

memorial   arch    652-654 

Samuel  Elbert  Chapter 1027 

Davenport,    H^Hi-y    569 

S.  M 793 

W.   H.   C 567 

Davidson,   John  S.  Hon.,  tomb  of.. 335 

Kate  Miss  939 

Davies,  Edward  patriot   538 

Davis,    Benj 820 

Buford  M 798 

D.    H 1005 

H 909 

Hall  speech  of  Mr.  Hill,   593-595 

I.    N 559 

James    774,669,739 

James  R.   Capt 1012 

Jefferson,    Pres.    Confederate 
States,  story  of  how  he  was 

shackled 813-815 

Mentioned    729,742,801,978 

Jefferson    Mrs 122 

Jenkin    638 

Jesse   M.    Rev 986 

John   B 979 

Jonathan    774 

L.   L. 808 

Miles    784 

R.   T.    ...; 569 

Sallie,    mentioned    Pope 104  8 

Warren  866 

Warren    Mrs 902 

Wm.,   patriot   540 

W.   P 1028 

Dawsey,    Matthew    798 

Dawson  County,    treated    701-702 

County-seat    of    Terrell. .  .986-988 

Dr 856 

Edgar  G 701 

John     821 

"Journal"    987 

Thomas  H 693 

Wm.  C.  Judge.  United  States 

Senator,    tomb    of    358 

Mentioned,    136,    544,    545,    546, 
559,    560,    986 

Dawsonvllle    701-702 

Day,  Joseph  860 

W.    T 569 

Dead    Towns  of  Georgia,  by  Jones, 

quoted    182,187 

Deadwyler,  P.  M.  Dr 726 

Dearing,  Albon   660 

Albon  P 382 

Wm 372 

DeBouverie,   Jacob   Sir,    a  Baronet, 

Trustee  of  Georgia   527 

Decatur,   county-seat  of  DeKalb...704 

Town  Cemetery   404-407 

County,    treated     702-703 

Stephen  Commodore   ....702,704 

Declaration  of  Independence   196 

Deese,  Joel   1053 

Defence,    Fort     201 

Defiance,   Fort    113 

DeFoe,    Daniel    225 

DeGive,   Laurent    431 


DeGraffenreid    391 

John    702 

DeKalb  County,  treated  704 

Barc»n,  an  officer  of  the  Rev- 
olution    704 

DeKerloquan,    Denil   L.    Cottineau, 

tomb   of    283 

DeLapierre,  Ange  Dr 135 

Delegall,    Col 638 

Philip    Lieut.,    Oglethorpe's 

Regiment    769 

Deloney,    Edward    607 

Demere,  Raymond  Lieut.,  Oglethorpe's 

Regiment     769 

Mentioned    539,  638 

Demetre,    Daniel    264 

Denard,  Hugh  L 797 

Denham,    Daniel    1009 

Denmark,   Brantley  A 299 

Malacchi     610 

Dennard,    Harris    975 

Dennis,    Dr 856 

Isaac    567 

John    T 930 

Wm 936,938 

Densler,  Philip,  patriot  539 

Dent,    Wm.    B.    W.   Hon.,   Congress- 
man, his  tomb 430 

Mentioned   540,097,795 

DeRenne,  George  W.  J.,  tomb  of.. 290 

Mentioned     79,  279,  052,  708 

W.    J 265,  208 

Derry,  Joseph  T.  Prof.,  quoted  966-907 

Mentioned    744,700,903 

Desbrisay,  Albert  Capt.,  Oglethorpe's 

Regiment 769 

De   Soto,   Hernando,   Memorials  of 

his    march     51-62 

Fascinated  by  an  Indian  wid- 
ow     468-471 

Mentioned    61,  248,  731,  786,  896, 
897,  1032-1033 

Dessau,   Washington  Hon 391 

D'Estaing,  Count  518 

Deveaux,   Col 638 

Dexter,  Clara  M.  Mrs.,  affidavit  on 

origin  of  Memorial  Day,  163-164 

Mentioned    157,159,162,103 

DeVaughn,  J.  E 804 

DeVeaux,  Peter,  patriot  539 

Dewberry,  W.  G 509 

Diary    of    President    Washington's 

Georgia  Visit   102-105 

Di  Cesnola,  L.   P.   Gen 80 

Dick,  Henry  J 417 

Dickerson,    A.    H 975 

R.    B 569 

R.    G 670 

W.    T 670 

Dickinson,  John  P 703 

Digby,  Edward,  afterwards  a  Baro- 
net, Trustee  of  Georgia 525 

Dill,   John    607 

Dillard,    James    948 

John     948 

Dillingham    615 

Dillon,   Dominick  T.    970 

Robert  Mrs 277 

Dismuke,  Frederick  D.   Col 393 

Divine,    K.    C.    Dr 438 

Dixie,  Life  in    147 

Dixon,  Emmet  E.  Dr 377 

Tillman   1021 

W.    T 83 

Dobbs,  A.  M 660 

David     673 

James  M.  Lieut 679 

Thos.    A 704 

Willis    709 


Index 


1149 


Dodd,  Green  T 427 

Philip    427 

Dodge  County,  treated   705-707 

Land  Co 705 

Norman  B 766 

Orphanage     767 

Wm.   E.,   New  York  merchant, 

705,  766 

Doles,  George  P.  Gen.,  tomb  of 351 

Donalson,  George  W 703 

Doney,  M.  D 975 

Donoho,    Edward    1019 

Dooly  County,   treated    707-708 

Jahn    Col.,    patriot    and    sol- 
dier      539 

John  M.  Judge,   a  noted  wit, 
his  experience  as  a  duellist, 

24-26 

Mentioned   511,844,1016 

Dopson,    Alex.    T 985 

Dorchester   Settlement    194 

Dorsey,  Benjamin   738 

Joel    707 

Matthew   799 

Rufus  T.  Judge   432 

Stephen    G 668 

Wm.    H 372 

Doster,    B.   R.   Dr 710 

Dougherty,   Charles  Judge   372,827 

County,   treated    708 

J 986 

Robert    827 

Doughty,  Wm.  Henry  Dr.,  tomb  of,  331 

Douglas,    county-seat   of   Coffee 686 

David 639 

Emma  Neal  Mrs 913 

Francis    975 

Gertrude  Miss   886 

J.    W 884 

Marcfellus     569 

Stephen  A.  Hon 346,  686,  823 

Dowd,   Burton  W 867 

Downing,  L.  T.  Mrs 160 

Dowse,    Gideon    840 

Doyal,  L.  T.  Col 973 

Dozier,   A.   J 560 

L.    B 668 

Dozier  D.   P 569 

Drake,   Gilman    393 

John  C.   Dr 1009,1010 

Drane,    Hiram    980 

Walter    693 

W.    A 821 

Drawdy,    Charlton   C 670 

S.    L.    Judge    670 

Drayton,   an  old   town    707,708 

Stephen    638 

Wm.   H.    170 

Drewry,    Jones    610 

Samuel    878 

Dried  Indian  Creek  910 

Drury,   Allen    825 

DuBignon,  Fleming  G.   Hon.,  tomb 

of    309 

Mentioned    350,670 

Institute    670 

Dublin,  county-seat  of  Laurens,  827-829 

DuBose,  Catharine  Anne   375 

Chas.   W.   Hon 37  5 

Dudley  M.   Gen 353,547 

John    E.    Rev 407 

L.    D.    Mrs 660 

R.   T.   Hon 577 

Sidney    C 950 

Duelling  Ground,  Famous,  at  Sand 

Bar  Ferry   953-955 

Duels   in  Georgia    (Under  the   Code 

Duello)     1-51 


Duffel,  Wm.,   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      575 

Dugas,  Louis  A.  Dr.,  tomb  of 332 

Duggar,   Sampson    1002 

Duke,    John    794 

Thos 821 

W.    A 904 

"Dukesboro    Tales"     148,790,791 

Dunbar,  George  Capt.,   Oglethorpe's 

Regiment    769 

Mentioned    203 

Duncan,    James   E 797 

Dungeness   House    74 

Dunham,  Wm.  A 851 

Dunlap,    Richard    G 901 

S.    C.    Col 788 

Thos 592 

Dunne,   E.  F.   Gov 681-682 

Dunning,   S.   C 228 

Dunwody,   James    840,821 

James   Rev 218 

Dupont,   Josiah    540 

Dupree,   Lewis  J 559 

T.  W ..569 

Durham.  Abner  871 

John    703 

Dutcher's  History  of  Augusta,  quoted 

10 

Dye,    Beckham    725 

Dyer,    Edwin    931 

John   P 810 

Dyson,   Edward  Chaplain,  Oglethorpe's 
Regiment    769 


Earliest    Political    Subdivisions    of 

Georgia  541 

Early  County,   treated    709,712 

Eleazer   781 

Eleazer,    makes    first    map. 

Fort    699 

Joel,    his    views    on   slavery,    781 
Peter  Gov.,  his  neglected  grave, 
780-781 

Recollections    of 711-712 

Mentioned      24,544,699.773 

Early's  Manor   781 

Earnest,   Jacob    824 

East  Hampton,  L.  I.,   Payne's  boy- 
hood   home    63 

Easters,   John  W 1029 

Eastman,    county-seat    of    Dodge.. 707 

Riot.    The    707-70>9 

W.  P 705 

Eaton,    Wm 934 

Eatonton,   historic  old,   county-seat 

of    Putnam    934-936 

Independent  Press    1023 

Eaves,  W.  T 793 

Ebenezer:   the  story  of  the  Salz- 

burgers    179-192 

Creek    185 

Echols  County,   treated    712 

Ector,    Hugh   W 559 

W.    B 873 

Edgefield    Chronicle,    quoted 955-956 

Edmondsnn,  Martha  V.  Miss  ..936,  938 

Edmiinilson,    Thos 938 

Eduoatiunal    Journal,    the     879 

Edward  VII,  of  England   132 

Edwards,    Ben.   J.   Judge    1018 

Chas.    G.   Hon 548,549 

Joe    Rev 860,  861 

John  M 622 

John  P.  Judge 1017 

Joseph    846 

Kate    861 


1150 


Index 


M.    C.    Judge    990 

M.   C.  Mrs 989,  991 

Price    Juflge     793 

Harry   Stillwell,   quoted,    .604-605 

W.  P.  Hon 54  7 

Effingham  County,  treated   712-713 

Kbenezer:    tne   Siory   of  the   Salz- 

burgers    179-192 

Hussars    192 

Egmont,   Earl  of.   Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia      527 

Elbert   County,   treated    713-727 

Samuel    Gen.,    Revolutionary 

officer  and   Governor,    198,  538, 

549,    638,    649,    712,    725,    952,    1026 

Elberton,  county-seat  of  Elbert  725-726 

A  dead  town  of  Effingham   ..712 

Elder,   Hub    930 

Jack    930 

Josiah,    a   Revolutionary   sol- 
dier     924 

Elholm,  A.   C.  G.,  a  sergeant  in  the 

Revolution    518 

Eliza,  a  negro  servant  to  Mr.   Ste- 
phens     ■ 149 

Ellaville,    county-seat   of   Schley. ..  .969 

Ellijay,  county-seat  of  Gilmer   763 

Ellington,  Edward   286 

E.    C 947,  569 

Elliott,    Catharine    379 

Bishop    Sarah    Barnwell 307 

Gray    195,  264 

John,   patriot    541 

John,    U.    S.    Senator,    Laurel 

View,  his  home  837 

Tomb    of    339 

Mentioned     ...197,217,219,543, 
84  0    83  8 

Robert  W.  B.  Bishop '.307 

Stephen  Bishop,   tomb  of,  307-308 

Mentioned    298 

Stewart,    mentioned    218 

Thomas,    patriot    541 

Ellis,    Eliza   Mrs 950-951 

Henry   Gov.,   visit   of  Masonic 

Lodge   to    267 

Mentioned   ...199,   541,   549,   606 

Iddo   Dr 125,  126 

Leonora  Beck  Mrs 611 

Lizzie  Rutherford,  tomb  of... 397 

Martin    696 

Myron    873 

Roland  Hon 1010 

Koswell,   Mrs.   Lizzie  Rutiier- 
ford,    originator    of    Memor- 
ial  Day    156-167 

Roswell    Capt 398 

W.    D.     Mrs 754 

Wm.    Dr 857 

Elrod,    J.    O.    Dr 881 

Elzey,    Arnold    Capt 967 

Emanuel  County,  treated   727-728 

David,   soldier  of  Revolution, 

and   Governor    550,727 

Emory  College    354,  911 

Enchanted    Island,    the,    a    legend, 

464-466 

Mountain,   the,   a  legend,   457-460 

England,    l,    3,    69,    186,    200,    209,    294, 

485,  492,  529,  586 

John  Bishop   645,  646,  647 

Ennis,   Azariah    970 

Robt.    A.    904 

Ensign,    Isaac   W 380 

Episcopal   Cemetery,   Marietta,   Ga., 

678 
Church  of   Georgia  (see  Christ 

Church  >     298,308 

Epting,  M.  J.   Rev 180 


Erskine,   John  Judge    428 

Lord     737 

Erwin,   Alex.   S.  Mrs 946 

Isabella    800 

Thos 796 

Espey,    James    845 

John  F 784 

Esquiline,   home  of  Col.  Moses    ....403 

Estes,    John   B.    Judge    786,377 

Estill,    John   H 299,644 

Etheridge,  Harrison   988 

Wm.    E 825 

Etowah  Mounds,   the  Famous    .578-585 

River    59,  233,'271,  731 

Eudisco    Academy     725 

Evans,    A.    W.    Col 1024 

Beverly  D.,   Sr.,  Col 1024 

Beverly   D.,    Jr.,    Judge 1024 

Clement  A.   Gen.,   tomb  of    ..420 

Mentioned     728-729,755,974 

County,     treated     728-729 

George   C 1024 

Julian    Dr 1024 

Lawton  B.  Hon.  747,  749,  968,  969 

Louis   1024 

Ora    882 

Wm 938- 

Eve,  Joseph  A.  Dr.,  tomb  of   332 

Mac  B.   Major    337 

Paul   F.    Dr.,    tomb   of 332-333 

Wm.    F.    Judge    965 

Wm.   F.   Mrs 967 

Everett,   Chas.  H 708 

Jarnes    798 

James  A 799 

John    F 643 

Robert  W.  Hon 548 

S.    D 864 

Thos.    H 975 

Ewen,    Wm 285,638,639 

Ewer,  Amhoy,  Esq.,  Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia      527 

Exile    Camp    988 

Exley    712 

Exum,    Benj 1053 

Eyles,  Francis  Sir,  a  Baronet,  M.  P., 

Trustee   of    Georgia    526 

Eyre,  Robert,  Esq.,  Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia      526 

Ezzard,    Wm.  Judge    427,704,740 


Fain,  Ebenezer   IOCS 

W.    C 568 

Fair,   Zora,   a  heroine   of  the   Civil 

War    921 

Fairburn,  county-seat  of  Campbell, 

621-622 

Fairchilds,  John  T 1053 

Faircloth,  B.  C 973 

Falligant,  Robert  Judge    323 

Fannin,    A.    B 228 

County,    treated    729 

James  W. ;  his  command  mas- 
sacred  at   Goliad    115-121 

Farley,    Samuel    643 

Farmer,    Thomas    794 

Farmur,    John    264,  267 

Farnsworth,    Anderson    569 

Farris,    Samuel    559 

Faver,    A.    C.    Mrs 872 

Fay,    Calvin    756 

Fayette  County,  treated   730 

Fayetteville,   county-seat  of  Fayette, 

730 

Fears,  Zachariah    88'4 

Featherstone,    C.   N.    Capt 417 

Featherstone,  L.  H.  Judge   697 


Index 


1151 


Federal   Constitution  of  1TS7    .......90 

Convention  of  17S7,  delegates 
to    5*3 

Convention  of  1781,  delegates 

to    ...543 

Felder,    Samuel     J^7 

Thomas     S.     Hon '9° 

Fell,    Henj.,    patriot ■>*^> 

Wm.  L. ^^* 

Felton.   A.   C |63 

Ham    '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.  •  • '.'.'.'.'.'.".".'.  862,"  863 

Shadrack  R 863,  864,  86G 

Wm.  H.  Dr.,  of  Bartow;  tomb 

of    ^l*' 

Mentioned     547,  593 

W.  H.,  of  Macon   860,  862 

Wm.    H.    Mrs 407,590,856 

Fenwick,    Edward    ,---i--"^oo 

John   Roger  Gen.,    tomb   of...  29^ 

Ferdinand  VII,   of  Spain    8(8 

Ferdon,   J.   H 670 

Ferguson,   Malcolm    yj'^ 

W ^"^^ 

Ferrell,    Joel    H 931 

Wiley     611 

Few,   Benj.    Col 95- 

D.  P.    Mrs oo" 

Ignatius   A.   Dr.    (Rev.)    .911,919 
Wm.    Col 538,  543 

Ficklin,    Fielding   Dr 174,1051 

O.    B.    Hon o8b 

Field,   Lida,    Miss,   historian 846 

E.  E ..56r 

Of   Honor    (Under    the   eode 

Duello)     1;^J 

Finch,   John    i°6 

N.  P.  T '51 

Flnck,  W.  J.  Rev 18'] 

Findley,    James    oil 

Firmian,  Count   • i^J- 

First  Baptist  Church,  Atlanta .--'^^ 

Commercial  House  in  Georgia,620 
Jury    Empanelled    in    Georgia, 

Lady  of  the  Land    (Mrs.  Wil- 

son)     269-271 

Methodist    Church,    Atlanta..  <3( 

Rally  of  Patriots    641 

School  for  Girls    806 

Fish,   Calvin    l]] 

Nathan    811 

Wm.    Col 8o8 

W"--".     H.    Chief- Justice 8.tS 

Fisher,    Wm ,-^2?? 

Fiske.  John  Prof '^'^'  'Ji. 

Fitch,    John,   inventor,    101,  iib 

Fitzgerald,   Robt.   J 1039 

Fitzpatrick,   Gov.,   of  Ala '92 

H.  H 886 

John     569 

Phihp    669 

Rene     559 

Reuben     989,824 

'Tlag,    Georgia's   State    551 

Flag-pole,    Confederate,    at   Blakely, 

710-711 

Fleetwood,    Leroy    1053 

Fleming,  John    615,  84  5 

Peter  W 834 

Samuel    84  5 

Wm 821 

^Vm       B.     Judge .562,568,310 

Wm.   H.   Hon 326,548 

Fletcher   Institute    994 

Flewellen.   E. 'A.   Dr 567,1011,607 

Thos 1009 

Flewellvn,  Archelaus   1019 

Flint  River   693 


Floerl.    John    186,638 

Florence,  A.  B 611 

Florida     107,  198,  209,  222 

Floumoy,    Josiah    980 

Martha   Cook    Mrs 601 

Robert,    a    soldier    of    Revolu- 
tion,  his  tomb    373 

Samuel    560 

Thos 18 

Wm ''74 

Floyd,   Charles  Capt 201 

Charles    L.    Gen 28,616 

County,    treated    730-736 

James  U 1025 

John  Gen.,  Indian  fighter,  his 
duel  with   three  weapons. 27-2S 
139,  599,  616,   708,  730 

John  Judge   912 

John  of  Early    709 

John  J 911 

Place    886 

Richard   S.   Capt 28 

Thos.    S 876 

"Flv   Leaf,"   a   school  paper 698 

Flyhtt,  J.  J.   Judge 70-3 

Foley,    John    310 

Folkston,  county-seat  of  Charlton.  .628 

Folson,  H.  B.  Hon 841 

Quqted     887-793 

Pennywell    597 

Wm.,    Ensign    769 

Ford,   Edward  E.  Dr.   Rev 312 

G.     G 1053 

Lewis  D.   Dr 337 

R.  G.,  Sr 570 

W.    J 1053 

Foreacre,   G.  J 427 

T5"orman.    Thos.    M h:,if,  iss9 

Formwalt,  Moses  Hon 428,739 

Forrester,    Mary    853 

Forsyth,  Anna  Miss   160 

County,    treated    736-737 

Historic,    county-seat   of 

Monroe    877-881 

Town  cemetery   398,381 

John  Gov.,  member  of  Cabinet, 
and    dinlomat,    wounded    by 

a  sword  thrust 31-32;  m.  21, 

302,   314,   543,   54.5,   .550,  558. 
650,   737,   878,   900 

Recollections   of    736-737 

T'ark      652 

Robert,   tomb  of   314 

Fort,    Allen    Judge    395,821 

Drury     559 

Henry     5  <  0 

Ira   E 391 

James  A 569 

Tomlinson   Dr.,    tomb   of, 

349,  708,  9'"> 

Wm.    A 975 

Augusta    513 

Barrin'gton     265 

Bartow     210 

Charlotte     17,24 

Cornwallis     513,512 

Defence     201 

Defiance      113 

Frederica      184 

Gaines,  county-seat  of  Clay 

667-668 

Grierson    496,    512 

Hawkins,  the  cradle  of  Macon 

.-)9So99 

^Tentioned    858 

Irwin     1027 

.lames    1029 

McAllister    607 

Mcintosh   at    500-503 


1152 


Index 


McPherson    745 

Moosa    206 

Morris,   the  last  to  lower  the 

Colonial  flag   198-202 

Mentioned    196.842 

Mountain    896-897 

Perry     870 

Pulaski    296,    297,    300 

Sanders     304 

Tonyn    617 

Tyler,  the  last  to  surrender  in 

1865    1004-1005 

Valley     798-799 

Warren,  Mass 152,  982 

AVilkinson    600,    858,    1052 

Fortner,   M.   G 1039 

Foster,    Arthur    693 

Eugene    Dr 337 

Fred   F.   -Tudge s,s4 

George   \V 821 

'       John     693 

Nathaniel  G.  Hon 546,   884 

Sheppard     W.     Mrs.,      former 

State   Regent,   D.   A.   R 598 

761,    989,    990 
Thomas    F.     Hon.,     Congress- 
man     402,   403,   545,   546,   773 

Wm 975 

Fouche,    .Jonas    772,821 

R.    T 417 

Simpson     730,568 

Fox,   Amos  Dr 756 

Walter     629 

France     1,  2,  15,  50,  lOS,  207,  368, 

534,  53.5 

Honors  Dr.  TLiong  132 

Francis  I,    of  France 1,    2 

Wm 639 

Franklin,   A 821 

j^_   ]yj 59-2 

College  ' '.".".'.'.'.'..'.".".'.' .14,"  362,    369 

County-seat  of  Heard   796 

County,    treated     738 

George    821,    1026 

Samuel  0 1025 

Wm 729 

Franklinville     84  5 

Fraser,    Donald   Rev 407 

Fraser.    John    845 

Charles    95 

Frederica,  Fort  184 

Town    541,760 

Frederick,   Daniel,    pioneer 859,    S6l 

D.    B 861 

James  D.   Major 855,   860,   861 

John    Sir,    a    Baronet,    M.    P., 

Trustee  of  Georgia    527 

Thomas,     member    of    Parlia- 
ment,  Trustee  of  Georgia.. 526 

Walter     861 

AVilliam   of  Prussia 181 

Fredericksburer.    Battle    of 364,377 

Freeman,   A.   M 709 

Colquitt,      a     Revolutionary 

soldier     924 

James    393,   568 

James   Hon 972 

James  C.   Hon 547 

John,  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 

924 

Major    141 

Miller  Garrett    710 

M.    R.    Dr 1024 

R.   W.   Judge    697 

Sargent    S 9S5 

Wm 971 

French    Acadians   in    Ga 207-211 

Capt.,   a   British   officer.  .518,  519 
H.    L 969,  569 


Huguenot    Colonies    534-536 

Fricker,  C.  A.  Mrs.,  regent  ...977,990 

BMer,    J.    H 567 

Fry,    George  T.    Mrs 754 

Fryer,    Zach    930 

Fudge,    Y.    W 614 

Fulcher,  Mr.  (of  Tulcher),  enter- 
tains  Washington    104 

Fuller,   Wm.   A.   Capt.,   tomb   of 424 

Mentioned     231,  232 

Fulton  County,  treated   738-763 

John     638 

Robert,    inventor    99,101,319 

Samuel,    Jr 810 

Samuel,    Sr 810 

Fugue,   Henry  C 828 

Furlow,    T.    M.    Hon 976,562,569 

Furman,    Dorothy    M 379 

Fuser,  Col.,  a  British  officer, 

499,    500,    502 

Fussell,   D.   J 654 

Futrelle,   .Latques,   novelist,   lost   on 

the  Titanic   961 

H 

Gage,    Gen 46S 

Matthew     925- 

Gainer,    Samuel    G67 

William,      a      Revolutionary 

soldier     1026 

Gaines,   Edmond  P.   Gen..  .667,  699,  786 

Richard     592 

Gainesville,   county-seat  of  Hall, 

785,  789 
Alta  Vista  Cemetery  at.. 375-378 

Gaither,   Brice    935 

Lt.-Col.  of  the  U.   S.  Army.. 113 
Gallatin,  Albert,  antiquarian,   52,  55,  56 

Gallup,   Prentiss    615 

Galphin,    George,    celebrated   Indian 

trader     56,538,639, 

818,  819,  820 

Galphinton,   or  Old  Town 818,820 

Gamble,  Roger  L..  Hon.,  Trustee 
and    Congressman,    tomb   of 

345,   545,    546,   559,   560 

Roger  L..    Judge    346 

Gammage,    Dave,    first    Mayor    of 

Marshallville     860,861 

Ganahl,   Joseph    323 

Gannon,   L.  V 738 

Garcillasso,     writes     narrative     on 

expedition   to  America.  .52,  469 

Gardener,  R.   B   569 

Gardiner,  Asa  Bird,  Hon.  Report  to 
the  Rhode  Island  General 
Assembly  on  the  finding  of 
Gen.       Greene's       body       in 

Savannah    71-89 

Gardner,    James    Hon.,    tomb    of 

333,    334,    96S 

Lewis     691 

Thomas     976 

Garland.   F.   G.   Rev.,   tomb  of 311 

Maria  Louisa   376 

Garlington,    Mary   M.    Creswell 1052 

Garner,   T.   S 794 

Garnet,  Mr.,  entertained  Washing- 
ton     104 

Garrard,    Frank   U 157 

Louis  F.    Mrs 163 

Louis   F.   Mr 403 

Garrett,    Daniel   A 975 

W.    J 432,  621 

Garrison,    Druries    ■. 712 

N 559 

Gartlanci,  F.  X.  Bishop,  of  Savan- 
nah  646 


Index 


1153 


Gartrell,    Anne   Eliza    847 

Lucius  J.   Gen..  .425  ,546  ,621,  904 

Garvin,  J.   P 569 

Gary,   Wm.  T.   Judge 337 

Gaston.   Wm 299 

Gate   City   Guard   of  Atlanta 14S 

"Gate   City":    when   tlie   sobriquet 

was   first  used    739 

Gattman,  Mr 80 

Gaulden.   Ciias.   S 975 

G.    S 567 

Gauley,    Dr 994 

Gauxule,   an  Indian  settlement, 

58,   59,   60,   61 

Gay,   Jordan    730 

Mary  A.  H.  Miss   147 

R.    D.    Mrs 990 

Wm 756 

"Gazette,  The  Georgia."  first  news- 
paper in  Georgia 642,  643 

Geddes,   John,    Sr 7.83 

"General,  The,"  how  captured:  the 
story  of  the  Famous  And- 
rew's   Raid    231-234 

Genesis   Point    607 

Genet,  a  French  emissary.  107,  108,  109 
"Gentleman  of  Elvas,   The",  a  Por- 
tugese  cavalier  of   De    Soto's 

expedition    52,    55 

George  II  of  England   89,  195 

Jeptha   V 930 

Georgetown,  county-seat  of  Quit- 
man  947 

Georgia  Agricultural  Society,  origi- 
nated at  Stone  Mountain   ..249 

Baptist   Convention    773,774 

Commissions     the    first    war 

ship  484-486 

Female  College    826 

First  Commercial   House   in.. 629 
First  jury  empaneled  in. 628-629 

"Gazette"    73,  85 

Historical    Society    ....77,79,84, 
290,  291,  517 
"Illustrated"    by    William    C. 

Richards     247 

Issues    the   first   patent    for   a 

steam-boat     99-101 

Medical   Association    132 

Medical    Society    804 

Military  Academy    672 

Military  Institute   ..409,  673,  674, 
679,    680,    682 
Patriot  outlawed  tay  the 

Tory   Government    537-541 

Railroad,  its  origin   663 

Railway    884 

Regiment  of  Colonial  Troops. 278 

"Republican"     643 

"Scenes"     385 

Society  of  the  Cincinnati   ..6,   72 

Society   Colonial   Dames    765 

Unveils     Ebenezer    Monu- 
ment      ISO 

Society,   Sons  of  the  Revolu- 
tion         77 

Society  of  Colonial  Wars  ....76.') 
The   Only   Free   Soil   Colonv..629 

Trustees  of   525-528 

"Georgian,    The"    752 

Capitol,  a  monument  to  Offi- 
cial  Integrity    748 

Colonial  Charter 89 

Earliest   political   subdivisions 

541 
Early   Masonic   History. .  .263-269 

First   Barbecue    «3o 

First   General  Assembly.  .639-640 
First   Governor:    his   myster- 


ious death    170-172 

First  Newspaper    642-643 

P''irst    Secession    Convention 

637-638 

Great    Seals    S9-9S 

Monument    at    Chickamauga 

1014-1015 

Oldest    Bank    968 

State    Flag    551 

Gerdine,  John  Dr 365 

William     92  7 

Germans  in  Georgia  (Salztaurgers), 

179-193 

Gettysburg    304,    319 

Dead    of,    Savannah    Monu- 
ment   to    309-310 

Gholston,   J.    S 568 

Gibbons,    John,    patriot    539 

Joseph,   patriot    539,    638 

Thomas,    duel    with    James 

Jackson     11-12 

William,   patriot   285,  539, 

543,    638,     643 

William    Sir    649 

William,   Jr.,   patriot   484,540 

Gibson,  George    627 

Ga 763 

James    703 

John,   a  Revolutionary  soldier 

620 

John   H 703 

Obadiah     973 

Robert     638 

Springer     931 

Sylvanus    1009 

Thomas,    Jr 560 

AVilliam    Judge    764 

Gierlow  Prof 168 

Gignilliat,    James    821 

Gilbert,    Elbert   J 1052 

Felix    H 1039 

Felix     1050 

Thomas     821 

Gildersleeve,   Cyrus   Rev.,   inscript. 

tion  on  his  wife's  tomb.... 343 

Giles,    J.    M 568,856 

Gill,    William   C 831 

Gillespie,    W.    H.    T 807 

Gillett,  W.  S.,  member  of  the  Savan- 
nah  Steamship  Co 228 

Gilmer    County,    treated 763-764 

George  R.   Gov.   14,    36,    140,    545, 

550,    559,    560,    561,    586,    700, 

787,    788,    924,    925,    927 

Quoted 601 

Tomb    of    356 

George  R.  Mrs 357 

Jeremy  F.  Gen.,  tomb  of,  304-305 

John   T.    Dr 725 

nilmer's    "Georgians"     741 

Gilpin,    Joseph   Dr 988 

•  Gilreath,   G.   H 592 

Nelson     592 

Giltman,   Alexander  Adair   831 

Girard,  where  the  last  fighting  of 
the  war  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi  occurred    902-903 

Girardeau,   John  B 638 

John   L..   Rev 836 

Girardeau's    Landing    503 

Girardy,    Victor   J.    B.    Gen 330 

Glascock   County,    treated    764 

Thomas    Gen.,     Revolutionary 

soldier,   tomb  of    329 

Mentioned 345,    545,   764,   832 

William    Hon.,    a    patriot. 

329,    538,   952 

Glass,    Elijah    669 

James    976 


1154 


Index 


Josiah    19,    20 

M.  ^ 989 

Glen,  John,  a  patriot  285,  539,  638,  643 

Glenn,    David   M 654 

John     "39 

John    T.    Hon 427 

John  W 884 

Joseph     975 

L.    J 568 

Samuel    569 

"William    C.    Hon.,    former   At- 
torney-General,   his   grave.. 432 

Mentioned      655 

Glover,    Eli    Capt 810 

John    H 410,  673 

Sketch    of    671-672 

Kelly    1007 

T.    C 567 

Glynn    County    764 

"The  Marshes  of"    326 

Godwin,  E.  L.,  editor,  of  New  Y^ork  122 

Goetchius,    George    T.    Dr 417 

Henry  R. 157,   743 

Henry  R.   Mrs 160 

Goethe     182 

Goettee,    William    929 

Goffe,   Francis    264 

Gold    Mining    in    Georgia    at    Dah- 

lonega    846-850 

Golden,  W.   F 793 

Goldsmith,    Oliver    840 

William     592 

Goldwire,    Benj 264,    267 

Wm.    H S46 

Goliad   Massacre   of  Fannin's   Com- 
mand     115-121 

Texan   Monument    120 

Goliad   Massacre,    survivor   of,    694-695 
Gonson,    John    Sir,   a    Knight,    Trus- 
tee of  Georgia  526 

Goode,    Eugenia   Miss    752 

Hamilton    Mrs 753 

Hamilton    Maj 750 

Goodin,   C.   W 808 

Goodman,    B.    L 763 

John    611 

Wm.    B 1031 

Goodson,    George    613 

Goodwyne,   C.    0 882 

Goolsby,   Aaron    710 

Gordon,   Ambrose  Col.,   tomb   of.... 315 

C.    P 559,    560,    561 

County    302,    315 

Frank    224 

G.    G 569 

George  W 559,561 

Institute     931 

James,   a  patriot    540 

John  B.   Gen. ..132,   419,   425,   544, 

550,  688,  689,  728,  729.   754,   756, 

923,  '1003,    1010,    1011,    1012 

John  W 825 

Peter    629 

Thomas     520 

William   W.,    railway   pioneer, 

tomb    of    30-3 

Mentioned    315,    299 

Gorneau,  Israel  Christian  Rev 1S3 

Zachariah,    Rev 1010 

Goss,    Hamilton    1019 

^Vill^am 979 

Gouche,    Harry   Sir,    a   Baronet,    M. 

P.,  Trustee  of  Georgia 5-'>7 

Gould,  Annie  Miss  767 

David    Banks    430 

Gould  or  Gold,   Benj 901 

Harriet     901 

William    Tracy   Judge    329 

Goulding,  Ann  H 400 


P^rancis    U.    Dr.,    inventor    of 

the  sewing  machine    225 

His  grave  at  Roswell   684 

Author      of      the      Young 

Marooners    222-225 

Mentioned    216,    585,    586 

Thomas  Rev 223 

Tomb    of    399 

Gove,    Samuel  F.   Hon 547 

Grace,    Jared    821 

Graddick,    Chas.    Wallace 930 

Grady    County,    treated    772 

Henry    Woodfin,    orator,    jour- 
nalist,   his   tomb 129-430 

Mentioned 43,    44,   244,   731, 

750,    751,   803,   847 

Home  in  Athens    660 

John     629 

Julia  King  (Mrs.  Henry  W.),  430 

William   S.  Maj 660 

Tomb    of    367 

Graham,   B.  J.  W.  Rev 1013 

Jackson    568 

James    265 

John,    Lt.-Gov 71,73.75,264 

265,    278 

John    M 763 

Vault    .- SO,    87 

W.    A 668 

Gramling.   John   R 427 

Grandy,    Samuel    264 

Grant,    John    T.    Col 659,    1017 

Tomb    of    4  26 

Joshua     703 

L.    P.    Col 417,    432 

Grant,   U.   S.    Gen 742,   905 

W.   D.   Capt.,   tomb  of   426 

Grantland,    Seaton    Hon.,    Congress- 
man,   tomb   of    350,545,973 

Graves,    Admiral     4  86 

John,  a  patriot    540 

John    Temple    Col.,    editor    of 
tlie   "New  York   American" 

250,    752 

Gray,   county-seat  of  Jones 825 

"Gray   Goose,"   a  famous  horse   be- 
longing   to    the    Tory,    Mc- 

Girth     497,  -iPS 

Gray,  James  M 568 

Jarries  R 752 

J.   W.   Hon 7  29 

R.  D 821 

Scott    851 

"Wm.  D.  Corporal   679 

Graybill,    Henry    790 

Great    Anti-Tariff    Convention 55S 

Great     Ogeechee,     Hero     of     (Col. 

John  White)    518,  520,   541 

Great  Satilla  River   542 

Great  Seals  of  Georgia   89-98 

Greelv,   Horace    7  50 

Green,    Henry   Kollock   Dr 391 

James    Mercer    Dr 391 

John     638 

Miles  L. 798 

Sallie  Mitchell  Mrs 867 

Simeon    667 

Thomas   G 936 

Greene   County,    treated    772-783 

Frederick  J 976 

George  "U'ashington  Prof.,  son 

of  Gen.   Greene 81,   82,  83 

87,    278 
Nathanael   Gen.,    at   the   siege 

of  Augusta    514,    515 

Remains    discovered    in    Sav- 
annah      71-89 

Tablet  on  Colonial  vault..     278 


Index 


1155 


Mentioned    151,    355, 

772,   811,   871 

Nathanael  Dr 76,   82 

Nathanael  Ray    76 

Nathanael     Mrs.,     widow,    of 

Gen.   Greene    74,   103 

William    J 798 

Greensboro,    county-seat    of    Greene 

772-773 

Female  Institute    773 

Ga 224 

Town    cemetery    357-362 

Greenville,     county-seat     of     Meri- 
wether     871 

Female  Academy    872 

Town   Cemetery    432-435 

Greenwood,   Hugh  B 783 

Thomas  B 1002 

Greer.    Allen    857 

-^  559 

Greshani,  e!  B.  ' ." .' .' .' ." .' .' .' .' .' .' .' ." .' .' . .' .' .' .  567 

Gresham,    John    925 

John  J.  Judge    391 

Junius     973 

IViarniaduke    974 

Wheeler    845 

William    655,    704 

Grice,   Warren  Hon 828,  947 

William   L.    Judge 798 

Grierson,   Colonel,   a   'lory   L.eader,   496 

Griffin,  C.   S.,   of  Spalding 971-973 

Isaac    M 703 

Joel     855 

Joel   B 857 

John  Judge   18,  1042 

U    U    Gen 881,971 

Male  and  Female  Academy.. 971 

Matthew,  a  patriot   539 

Oak  Hill  Cemetery 391 

S.   H 797 

T.    1 596 

W.    E 613 

Griffith,    E.    S.    Hon 793 

Oliver  H 950 

Griggs,    James  M.    Hon 548 

His   monument    991,993 

Grimes,   Thos.   N 904 

Thos.   W.   Hon 403,   548 

Grimsley,   Robert   709 

Grishain.    Joseiih    Rev 42 

Mary   Steele    421 

William    Steele   Col 421 

Grogan,  George  C.  Judge 726 

Gross,    .Tohn    A 970 

Solomon    1028 

W.  H.   Bishop,  of  Savannah.  .646 

Groves,    Rigual   N 722 

Guerrier,    Col 118 

Guerry,    Jacob   M 559,795 

Guildf<ufl.    N.    C 80 

William,  a  negro  Legislator,  1010 

Gumm,   Hilda  Miss    990 

Gunby,  Robert  M 693 

Gunn,   D.   F 568,   876 

James,  a  Revolutionary  Offi- 
cer, afterwards  U.  S.  Sena- 
tor,   a    prominent    Yazooist 

12,   543. 

'Tomh    of     344.345 

Gunn,    L.    M 1039 

Gunpowder   for   Bunker   Hill.  ..  483,  4S4 

Gunter,    John    1034 

Gum,  W.   R 146 

Gwinnett.  Button,  signer  of  the 
Declaration  and  Governor, 
fatal  duel  with  Gen.  Lachlan 

Mcintosh    4-6 

Tomb    of    2  80 


Mentioned     .  .  .197,  198,  279,  542, 
549,  783,  843,  851 

Gwinnett  County,   treated    783-784 

Mentioned    577 

Institute     570 

H 

Haas,   Jacob   751 

Habersham    County,    treated.  .784,    785 

James  Gov.,   tomb  of 276 

Mentioned     264,205,267, 

539,    629,    642 

James   Dr.,    patriot 27  7 

J 228 

John,  patriot  ..277,  539,  543,  649 

John  Clay  Dr 311 

Joseph  Col.,  patriot,  Post- 
master-General in  Wash- 
ington's   Cabinet    102 

His    bold    exploit    in    arrest- 
ing  Gov.    Wright    486-488 

Mentioned    277,    484,    539, 

638,    643 

Joseph   Clay    305 

Mary    Bolton,    epitaph 276 

R 228 

Richard  W.  Hon.,  Congress- 
man     546,    784,    785 

Robert    630 

William    Neyle    305 

Hackett,   James   S 928 

Thomas   C 546 

Hafer,   William    860 

Hagerman,    Harrison    W 980 

Haines  N.   W 1021 

Hale,    S.    C 567 

Hales,    Thomas    Rev.,    Trustee    of 

Georgia     526 

Hall,    Alexander   Maj 872 

Boiling   Hon 545 

County,    treated    785-789 

Daniel   M 1053 

David     712 

P.    W 849 

Hewlett  A.  Hon.,  Attorney- 
General     697 

J.    A 771 

James    Mrs 873 

James   Hamilton    Kev 438 

John    611,  930 

John    I.    Judge 393 

Joseph  Hill  Hon 799 

Luther  E.,  Governor  of  Louisi- 
ana      435 

Lyman    Dr.,    signer   of    the 

Declaration    and    Governor... 5 

Mentioned    ..196,    538,    517,    542, 

641,   842,   952 

L.    W 929 

Samuel,   of  Oglethorpe 857 

.'■Samuel,  of  Hancoclc 789 

Seaborn    556,    567 

Simeon    726 

Talmadge     615 

W.    J.    Mrs.,    quoted 769 

Halley,   Benj 867 

Halsey,    Hopkins    Hon.,    Congress- 
man     545 

Halsted.  David  B 933 

Ham,  H.  W.  J.   Col. 377 

Hamber.   J.    K 793 

Hambright,    A.    R.    T.    Rev 899, 

1036,   1038 

Hames,  Wm.  P 976 

Hamilton,   Alexander    36 

A.    J.    Judge    864 

Benjamin     568 

County-seat  of  Harris   795 


1156 


Index 


D.  B.    Col 592 

George   W 795 

James    S.    Dr 661 

John     730 

Robert,    patriot    539 

Thomas     730 

Thomas   N 372,   693 

William     784 

Hammond,    Alfred   Maj 725,    726 

A.   D.   Col 881 

Amos  W 4  22 

C.    D 567 

Dennis  F.  Judge  697 

E.  W.    Col 393 

x\.   J.    Congressman,    tomb    of, 

422 

Mentioned    345,417,    547,    883 

Samuel  Col.,  Revolutionary 
patriot,  monument  unveil- 
ed  in  Augusta    964,   9C5 

Mentioned    382,   544 

William  M 994 

Hampton.    Col 105 

Ga 797 

John  J 798 

Hanbury,     \V'illiam,    Esq.,    Trustee 

of  Georgia    526 

Hancock  County,  treated 789-793 

John    641 

Shadrach    984 

Hand,    Julia    Miss 218 

Handley,  George  Gov 549 

Hanes,   A.    T 1028 

Joshua    J 669 

Haney,   Henry    233 

Hansen,    A.    H.    Judge    ..562,    569,    994 
Andrew  J.  Gen.  210,  410,  672,  673 

Major     857 

William    Y 560,    673 

Happ,    Pinkus    1025 

Haralson  County,    treated    793 

Hugh   A.   Gen.,   his  tomb 1003 

Mentioned    ...425,    546,    773,    793, 
827,    923,    1002 

Vincent     1017 

Harber,    G.  W.   D 807 

Paul  T 807 

AV.    T 807 

Harbin,  Oliver  Wiley   233 

Hardaway,   Robert  H 438 

Hardee,    John    615 

Noble   A 1025 

Robert   V.    Judge    827 

Robert   U 920 

W.   J.   Gen 615,    617,    744 

Hardeman,    Thoinas,    Jr.,    Col.,    Con- 
gressman  390,    546,    755 

Harden,   Alfred  Bearing    7  7,   82 

Dr 922 

Edward   Gen 67,    88 

Edward    .1.    Judge 310 

John  Li.  Judge  99  7 

Mary      Miss,      sweetheart     of 

John    Howard    Payne G8,  69 

Thomas    H 299 

William  Hon 77,   79,   840 

Harden's   Hill    922 

Hardin,    A.    T 730 

John    693 

Martin     702 

William  Col 586,   797 

Hardman,    Felix    911 

Henry  E.   Rev 805 

John    B 806 

L.  G.  Dr 805,   807,   808,   1033 

Robert    L. 805 

Sallie   Miss    806 

Sanatorium    807 

T.     C 806,  808 


W.     B.    Dr 807 

Hardwick,    a   Lost   Town 605-607 

F.    T 899,    1038 

George    W 1019 

Lord     605 

Robert    A 975 

Thomas     W.     Hon.,     Senator 
elect,     native     of     Thomas 

County    548,  549,  995,1027 

AA  uUum,    a   Revolutionary 

soldier   1026,   1027 

William  H 97;', 

Hardy,   John,  a  patriot   538 

Hargrove,    B.    W 56  7 

Zachariah     592 

Zachariah    B 559,730 

Harkins,   Wm 7  30 

Harkness,   James  W 611 

Harnlan,    George   W 929 

John  C.  Hon 1027 

Miles    K 975 

Zachariah    Hon 859 

Zachariah    E 878,879,881 

Zachariah  H.  Hon 380 

Harmony    Grove,    afterwards    Com- 
merce      805 

Harnev,  John  M 643 

Harp,  H.  M 1007 

Harper,    Frank    989 

Chas.   M.    Col 417 

J.    A 929 

John  J 795 

M.     G 794 

William     845 

Harper's  Ferry    304 

Harrell,  A.  P 7  06 

D.   B 987 

David     975 

.Tames    845 

Wright     706 

Harrington,    William    569 

Harris,   A.   C 570,   783 

B.    T 568 

Charles  Hon.,  tomb  of       279 

Mentioned    629,   795 

Charles  W 990 

Co'rra  White,   novelist    721 

County,    treated    795 

Francis     639 

Francis   Henry    638 

Henry,    pioneer  of  Greenville, 

his    tomb    435 

Henry    R.    Congressman,    his 

tomb    434-435 

Mentioned    ...547,    562,   568,    872 

Iverson    L.    .Judge    351 

Tames,    patriot    540 

.leptha    C 708 

Jeptha  V.  Gen 721 

.Jesse    976 

.Joel     Chandler,     creator     of 
Uncle    Remus,    his    tomb. 

430,   431 
"The    Wren's    Nest,"    his 

home    239.    244 

Boyhood    Haunts   of   Uncle 

Remus    939.  942 

Mentioned    225,    491,    644. 

751,    752 

John     911 

John  L.  Judge  562,   568 

Joshua    J 668 

Joshua  W 872 

Julian    242,    752 

J.    M 568 

Lindah    990 

Lloyd     938 

Nathaniel   Dr 1025 

N.    E.    Judge    (Gov. -elect) 984 


Index 


1157 


Sampson  W .'5V2 

Sarah   Elizabeth    V20 

Stephen   W 372 

Thomas   J bTO 

Thomas   W 560 

Walter  B 87  2 

W.   M hOl 

William     ;673,  930,  985 

W.   J.   Hon 932 

Young  J 72() 

YounK   L.    G 371 

Harrison,    Alexander    939 

Benjamin     821 

1  laiiiel    >S5r) 

D.    L. ^64 

Gen 812 

G.    B 1028 

George  r.,   Sr.,   Gen 30G,  loio 

Georjse    1'..    .Jr.,    Gen 300 

G.    W f.14 

Hezekiah     928 

James  P 8  79 

Joseph  S.  Mrs 138 

T.    J 140 

W.  H.  Capt 974 

Harrold,   Frank  Mrs 990 

Harry,     a     body     servant     to     Mr. 

Stephens    149,150,983 

Hart    County,    treated 795-796 

Nancy    845,  9.'?2,  1042 

Hartford,      old      county-seat      of 

Pulaski    932 

Hartridge,  Gazaway  Hon 645 

Julian    Hon.,     Congressman, 

tomb    of    307 

Mentioned     547,  652 

Hartwell,   Ga.,   county-seat  of  Hart, 

795 

Harvey,   John   696 

.T.   M 568 

Harville,    Samuel    567 

Harwell,    H.    J 795 

Hai-wood,   Jim    706 

Haslam,   William    860,862, 

Haslett,    John    228 

Hastings,    Battle   of 1 

David  Rev.    ..'. 840 

Hatch,    H.    S 1028 

Hatchell,  J.  J 998 

Hatcher,  John  1053 

Hatley,    Henry    610 

Hatton,    Abel    985 

Hawes,    A.    L 558 

Hawkins,    Benj.   Col.,   Indian  agent, 

599,    693,    93.3 

David     1008 

Fort,    tablet    unveiled 598,599 

Mentioned    699 

Robert   L 700 

Samuel  H 395,  976 

Thomas,   surgeon,   Oglethorpe's 

Regiment    769 

Thomas  D 628 

Willis  A.  Judge   .395,   562, 

569,    833 
Hawkinsville,  county-seat  of  I'ulaski, 

9.3.3 

Origin  of   name    933 

Hawks,   Chester    592 

Hawthorn,    William    702 

Hav,  George  M 1 029 

Gilbert    21,  1040 

Hayden.   C.    I' 520 

Julius    A 427.739 

Hayes,    John    Rev.,    soldier,    tomb 

of     404 

Mary 405 

President   759 

Robert     987 


Thomas     405 

Haygood,    Atticus    G.    Bishop,    his 

old  home    922 

Tomb  of   396 

Mentioned    791,919 

Green  B 427,  922 

Laura    Miss,    educator,    mis- 
sionary      397,  922 

Hayne,    Linwood    C.    Hon 957,958, 

959,    905 
Paul  H.,    poet,   monument  in 

Augusta    955-958 

Tomb  of   327-328 

Wm.    H.,    poet 928 

Haynes,   Chas.   R.   Hon.,   Congress- 
man      545,790 

Nathan     1026 

Thomas     559,560,561,790 

William   P.   Dr 1025 

Hays,   .1.    K.   Mrs.,   regent 854 

Pioneer  resident  of  Lanier.. 856 

James   J 994 

.John,   of   E;arly 710 

Haywood,  Augustus   938 

■■Haycwood,"    home   of   Judge   And- 
rews     1050 

TTazelluust.    Ga 81.3 

Head,   D.    B 794 

Dr 857,  858 

W.    H 881 

Tomb    of    379-380 

W.    J 568,  793 

Headen,    William    592 

Healev,    Thomas    G 427 

Heard.   Chas.  A 655 

County,    treated    796 

Eugene  B.  Mrs 723,724 

House    154,1040 

Fort    1039 

Stephen    Hon 549 

Thomas    Jefferson    723 

Hearn,    Francis  Mrs 936 

Hearst,   Wm.   Randolph,   of  N.   Y...752 

752 

Heath,  Chappell   1019 

Heathcote,  George,  M.  P.  and  Trus- 
tee   of    Georgia    526 

William  Sir,  a  Baronet,  M.  P. 

and  Trustee  of  Georgia 520 

Hebbard,   M.   H 884 

Helfinstein,   Jacob    187 

Joshua     .-. 187 

Helmer,  Mary  Mrs 227 

Hemphill,   W.   A.    Col.,    tomli   of 424 

Mentioned     750,  751 

Philip  W 730 

Henderson,    Daniel    1053 

Edward      233 

Isaac   P 911 

Jack  Col 912 

.Tack,    Jr 913 

M 568 

R.    A 797 

Robert  Col 912 

Hendrick,   Gustavus    824 

Henry     ; «11 

John  B 911 

Hendricks,    Henry    567 

Hendrv,   Alexander   950 

E.    D 509,  929 

Henley,    Micajah    845 

Henry  Countv,   treated    796 

IV,  of  France  2 

J.    P.    .  .1'. 228 

Patrick     12,  345 

"Herald,    The   Atlanta" 750 

TIerbst.    Chas 756 

Ilermsdorff,   Capt 184 


1158 


Index 


Hernando   de   Soto:    memorials   of 

his   march   through   Georgia 

in   1540    51-62 

Herndon,    O.   L.   Dr 1022 

Herod    Town,    Memorial    unveiled, 

898,  991 

Herring,   John    1001 

Herrman,   Ike  Capt 102 

Herron,    Alexauaer   (.  apt..    Ogle- 
thorpe's   Regiment    769 

Leroy    963 

Hester,    Betsey,    servant   to    Gov. 

Troup    893 

George,     servant     to     Gov. 

Troup     893 

Robert     726 

Hester's    Bluff    837,838 

Heyward,  Duncan  C,  Gov.  of  S.  C.,29.5 

Judge     102 

Hlawassee,  county-seat  of  Towns,  1000 

Legend   of    412-445 

River    455 

Hickey,  J.  J 654 

Hickman,    H.    H 323 

Hicks,   Chas.   R.,   a  Cherokee  Chief, 

901 

Daniel     lo»3 

Higgins,  Osborn   1053 

High,    Emma  Miss    886 

J.    M 432 

Shoals,  Ga. :  where  the  Clark- 
Crawford   duel   was   fought, 

21-22 

Hightower,  Dan   795,   930 

James    inio 

J.  W.  F.  Capt 1011 

R.   E 1011 

W.   C 1011 

Hiley,   Mr.,   of  Macon 860 

Hilhouse,  C.  W 1053 

Hill,    Abraham     1  lUU,  1047,  1048 

Alexander   Franklin    433 

Ben 563,    565 

Benj.    H.,    U.    K.    Senator,    chal- 
lenged by  Mr.   Stephens.  .39-41 
Difficulty   with  Mr.    Yancey, 

41-42 

Mentioned  in  foot-note 4  2 

Defence    of   Andersonville. .  .978 

Quoted     594-595 

Mentioned    ..418,   419,   544,   547, 
562,  5»i4,  569,  659,  784,  1002,  1048 

Benj.  H.,  Jr.,  Judge 417 

Blanton        661 

Burwell    Pope    1048 

Chas.   D.   Hon 419 

D.     P 562,564,568 

Edward   Y 809 

Eli    G 987 

Gibson   F 872 

H.    A 784 

H.    C.   Mrs 812 

Hampton   W 1002 

Henry    1046,  1048 

Henry  P 973 

H.   Warner  Judge.  .433,  872,  104S 

Henry   Willis    438 

Isaac     1046,1048 

Jamea    A 1047 

James   M 700 

John     1048 

John    M 428,438 

Joshua    Se'-i.     .  .  .544,  546,  810,  .S84 

Lodowick  Meriwether    1048 

His    county    home 1049-1050 

Mary  Jane  Mrs.,  quoted.  .872-874 

Middleton    655 

Rhode    427 


R.    S 508 

Si     856 

'1  heojjhilu.s    1046,  10-4  8 

T.    J 560 

Thomas     1047 

Thomas   A 932 

Virginius   G 831 

Walter   B.    Hon    923,980 

Tomb    of    371 

Wiley  Col 1049 

Wiley   Pope   Col.,    his   country 

home      1050 

William    G 438 

Hilliard  Institute    879 

Henry   W 879 

.Tames    569 

Thomas     628 

\Villiam     707 

Hills,  The,  of  Wilkes   1046-1049 

Hillyer,   Dorothy  M.  Furman 379 

George   Judge,    668,  069,  758,  1017 

Junius  Judge,   tomb  of 424 

Mentioned    546,1017 

J.  F 774 

Shaler  G 722,777,881 

Tomb    of    379 

Hilsman,    J.    A 886 

Hines,    J.    P 567 

Thomas     703 

W.    H 932 

Hinesville,    Ga 201 

Hirsch,    Joseph    427 

Historic  and  Picturesque  Savannah, 

by   Adelaide   Wilson    229 

Church-Yards     and     Burial 

Grounds    273 

County-seats,  chief  towns  and 

noted  localities 553 

History  of  Alabama,  and  incidental- 
ly   of    Georgia    and    Missis- 
sippi,  by  Albert   J.   Pickett.. 52 
Of  Atlanta  and  its  Pioneers.  .740 
Of  Georgia,   by  Isaac  W. 

Avery     566,  747 

Of  eGorgia,   by  Lawton   B. 

Evans    ..., 747 

Of   Hernando   de   Soto  and 

Florida,  by  Barnard  Shipp,     52 
Of  the  Discovery  and  Settle, 
ment  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley,   by    John    M.    Monette, 

M.  D 52 

Of  the  Secret  Service  of  the 

Confederacy  in  Europe 220 

Hitchcock,   C.    B 794 

Hobbey,   Winsley    970 

Hockinhull,    John    Dr 701 

Hodges,    Benj.   Judge 709 

Elias     190 

F.    B 795 

Mary    Miss    160 

M.    B.   Mrs 160 

Richard     629 

William    1021,  1026 

Hodgson,    E.    R.,    Jr 661 

Edward    R.,    Sr 373 

Hodgson    Hall 291 

William   B 291 

Hoge,    E.    F.    Col 751,753,750 

James    1013 

Mrs 753 

Hogg,   Ex. -Gov.  of  Texas 611 

Hogue,   S.   K.    . , 932 

Holcombe,   Absalom    785 

Henry    Re\' 174 

Holden.  Horace  M.  Judge,  144,  140,  147 

W.    O 146 

Holder,  Jno.  N 803 


Index 


1159 


Holiday,   .Ino.    N ^^i" 

Holiday,    James  K '  ?J^ 

Holland.    Benj ^^-i 

Isaac  

Roger,"M.     11,     Trustee     of 
Georgia     ^-^ 

Wm.    F If^l 

HoUiday,  Abner  E 9"'' 

T}     jj  bob 

HoUifield,    k:  nV  br  ■ 1025.  102S 

Hollingshead,  Wm.  H. •  •  •  ■ '»» 

Hollingsworth,   John  C  Jr.,   "^^"^^^f'^'^g., 

Robert    ^^l 

Hollinshed.  Dr.    ..............•••■•■««;; 

Hollis.  T.  b'.  ■ .' .' .' 38" 

Holloway,    Barnes    ■■'■^■' 

Edward     \ll>^ 

Peter    iH,,^ 

Zachariah    '  ,  * 

Holly,   Dr ^^ 

Holman,  David    •  •  •  •  J?'' 

Holmes,   Abiel  Dr ^^   '  oqi 

Isaac   Capt ■J,^i 

James  P ^°' 

John     539 

Joslah    ?3o 

Oliver  Wendell  Dr 1^2 

Richard     'V'- 

Holmesville     •  •  •  •  •  f.-'^ 

Holsendorf,    William    -^^ ' '  nna 

Holt,   Chas.   C.  Mrs ;  •-■.;•  V-o  ■?^« 

Hines    o  i3.  o4(>,  5o9,  6^8 

James    1039 

SimGOTi    yo;> 

Thaddeus  G.   Judge 391,688 

William  S.  Col   391,  688 

W.  W.   Judge    ■'•329,  688 

Helton,  Gideon  H 556 

Holzendorf,    John   K Si^i 

Col.,    a  German   engineer Hi 

"Home.   Swept  Home."  John  How- 
ard Payne's  Georgia  Sweet- 
heart   and    Tmpri.=<onment.  62-71 
•     The    original    draft    and    the 

poem    revised    ; 63 

"Home.   The",   a  vessel  wrecked  at 

sea      385,  601,602 

Homerville,    county-seat    of    Clinch, 

669-670 

Hood,    Arthur  Judge    562,  .569 

Q     J     S06,  80  ( 

C'.   y.  Mrs.'" 806 

Q     ■\;^r  S(l5,  806 

c:  w:,  Jr." ■.'...■ 806 

Gen --i*^ 

John   B.    Gen 7  31.  /^4 3 

Supersedes    Johnston (42 

Mary   Miss    806 

Ruth    Miss    806 

Wiley     811 

Hook,    Daniel   Rev 102.> 

K.  B.  Dr 1025 

James    S.   Judge    l u2l ,  1^25 

Hooper,    Edward,    M.    P -527 

John   W.    Judge.  5S9,  592,  7:i0,  900 

Obadiah    "38 

Hooten.  J.   M.  Dr 8i.5 

Hope,    Lawson    '21 

Hopewell,    Presbytery    •'>_l^0 

Hopkins,  F.  M 8/6 

Isaac   S.  Dr 920 

John   D.    Judp-e    .428 

Mr.,    fights    Gen.    John    Floyd 

with  three  weapons 27,28 

Solomon  A 932 

Sophia,    Wesley    refuses    her 


communion    635 

Hoppe,  D.  Rev 180 

Hornby,   William •  •  •^.  •  ^^b 

Horrv,  an  old  county-seat 86 (,868 

Horse    Shoe    Place,     a    plantation 

owned  by  Gov.   Troup 889 

Horton  and  Oliff   863,  864 

Will,      Ensign,      Oglethorpe  s 

Regiment   ^69 

William    S ^rb 

House  of  Brunswick,  The o.vi 

Houston    County,    treated    '9^ 

Ann  Lady    ::°* 

County  Academy   !_->i 

Female  College   i J' 

James,   a   patriot    '}fJ 

John  Gov JO'- 

gir'aen."":::::::;::ii3;"906,"907 

Houstoun,  George  Sir  •- J4,  b.if> 

James    ■■■_■  •  ",V 

J Ohn    Gov 294.520.  53  (,  542 

549,  638,  641,  642,643.  649 

Patrick   Sir,   tomb   of 293-29_4 

Mentioned    264.  26.5    2b  i, 

285,  540,  639 
Patrick  Lady,  tomb  of... 293,  294 

Mentioned    VoVkaq 

William,   a   patriot -^*' X^o 

Howard,    Charles /--."itt 

Chas.   Wallace  Dr ^'^'  ar, 

C.  N.   Dr *'"* 

Jett   Thomas   Lieut 348 

John     • ^^^ 

John  Rev.,  tomb  of   3b4 

John  H 561 

]y/[a,j "^^ 

Mary  Wallace iT'"^'* 

U    u    Gen.,   "Baltics  a>-d  Lead- 
ers of  the  Civil  War" 743 

Peter    .',;]•! 

Samuel    \-  •  •  ■, ' '  V  VJ/  '^fr 

Thomas  C.  Col.,  tomb  of.. 384,  /56 

William    M 803,993 

William    Schley,    Hon.    ..••••384, 

548,  549 

Wm.   M.   Hon ;;«'^o? 

Howe.    Elias    /no  '  W'?  '  ^oi 

Gen 199'    »03,    504 

•J^QJ.^^  alt) 

Howell.   Clark  "lion.    ..683,751,958,959 
Tells  story  of  Bryan  s  nomi-^ 

nation    .^ V,--.    ^r a 

Clark,    Jr.,    quoted 6a6,  bob 

C    H    M '"8 

E'van  P.   Capt.   242,  749.  751,  102.5 

His    tomb    it. 

Gen     '  "''^ 

Philip     ^38 

Howley.    Richard    Gov 197,538,543 

Hoxev,    Thomas    J^^ 

Hoyle,   Adam *"' 

Hoyt,  Henry  F.   Dr 8"^ 

Nathan    Dr..    tomb   of •.••••■■ -f"; 
Samuel  B.   .Tudge,   tomb  of... 427 

Stephen  Rev 344 

Hubbard,  George  L. ..bo< 

Hubner,    Chas.    W.    Maj.,    ^l^o^^^^^g.^^gg 

Hucka.    Robert,    M.    P.,    Trustee    of 

Georgia     f*-" 

Hudson.    David   Mrs o^-" 'o^a   o^s 

Irby    9oo,  936,  938 

I,     W 559 

R. 904 

rri        -p  5  6  S 

W    J.    '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 568 

Huff,   Jim   Dr 988 


1160 


Index 


Huggins,   J.   H 569 

Hughes,  Dudley  M.   Hon   548,  5-t!) 

E 559 

Fort    702 

Fort    (Bainbridge)    703 

N.  C 1052 

Huguenot    Colonies,    Coligny's.  .534-530 

Huie,  Andrew  L 669 

John   M 669 

Hull,    Asbury    372,567 

A.     £....362,365,663,665,666,927 

A.  L.  Mrs 665 

Henry    9S3 

Henry  Dr 372 

Quoted     663-664 

Hope    Rev 1039 

Tomb  of   362 

J 559 

Robert     983 

Hulsey,   A.   C 969 

W.   H.   Judge    425 

Humbolt     813 

Humphreys,   George  W 1017 

John    793 

John    J 896 

Joseph     821 

R 821 

Humphries,    C 569 

Hunter,    Adam    1052 

D.    C 655 

Hardy     798 

John     655 

"William     650 

Huntington,    Lady    649,650 

Hurd    and    Hungerford    810 

Hurrican    Creek    478 

Shoals    478 

Hurst,    ^Villiam    568 

Hurt,  Joel   938 

Hurtel,  Gordon  Noel,  account  of  the 

Calhoun-Williamson    duel. 4 5-4 8 

Hutcheson,  R.  B 793 

Hutchings,    Asa    7o3 

Hutchins,    Anthony    710 

G.     R.     Hon 932 

N.    L.    Mrs.,    Judge 6S,S 

Hutchinson,   E.  B 793 

R.    R 793 

Hutchison,    Woods   Dr 804 

Hyatt,  James  W 794 

Hyman.    H.    E 1928 

Pressly    1026 

Robert     1026 

lacoda  Trail    478 

Illinois  Monument,   Kennesaw  Mt., 

681-682 
Independent  Presbyterian  Church, 

Savannah    229,  290 

Indian    Antiquities   of   Floyd.. .  .733-734 
Fighting  in   the   Swamp.  .596-597 

Fishery,    The    915 

House:   Home  of  Chief  Vann, 

898-899 
Myths  and  Legends  of   ..441-480 
Springs,    the    Varner    House, 
'  611-613 

Mentioned     730,  797 

The    (Cherokees,    Creeks,    etc.) 
Tamar  escapes   from    ....467-468 
Wars,  Burnt  Village,  a  Tale  of, 

460-464 

Widow,  De  Soto  infatuated  with, 

468-471 

Indigo    103 

Ingraham,   Benj.,  a  Moravian,   632,  633 

T.    G 932 

Ingram,    Roswell    938 

"Initials,    The"    158 


Inman,    Hugh    T 427,751 

Joshua,    patriot   and    soldier.. 539 

S.   M 751 

Walker    P 427 

"Instincts  of  Birds  and  Beasts". .  .224 

"Intelligencer,    The"    

Inverness 

Irene,  a  Moravian  school 212 

Irish    Volunteers    966 

Ironville    801 

Irvin,  Chas.   M 884 

John    1021 

Irving,    Theodore,    historian 52 

Quoted     496-471 

Irwin,   Alexander,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier    800,  1027 

Chas.    M 831 

County,   treated    . . .  .■ 799-801 

David,    Judge    672,673 

Elizabeth    .800 

Fort    1027 

Frank     619 

Hugh   Lawson    800 

Isabella   E 800 

Jane    .' 800 

Jared,   Gov.   and   Revolutionary 
soldier,    his    family    record, 

799-800 

Mentioned,  18,  24,   111,  113,  550, 

808,    821,   968,    1023,   1024,   1027 

Jared,    Jr 8oo 

John   Capt 80o 

John  Lawson,  a  Revolutionary- 
soldier    800,1027 

Margaret    800 

Margaret   Lawson    800 

Martha    Alexander    800 

Thomas     800 

Wm.,    a  Revolutionary   soldier, 

800,  1027 
Irwinton,    county-seat   of  Wilkinson 

1052-1053 
Irwinville,  county-seat  of  Irwin  800-SOi 

Isaacs,   Robert   228 

Island   Town,   an  Indian  village    ...655 

Isle  of  Hope    265,  288 

Of   Syke    202 

Itinerary  of  Hernando  De  Soto 61 

Iverson,   Alfred  Gen 744,903 

Alfred,  U.  S.  Senator 544,546 

Robert    935 

Ivey,   F.  C 999 

Henry,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier,  his   grave    914-915 

J.  A.  Dr.   (Rev.)    990 

J 

Jack's   Creek,    Battle   of,    mentioned, 

14,    139,    508,    1018 

Jackson,    Abraham    19 

Andrew  Gen.,  Pres.  U.  S.,  30,  31, 
610,  699,  832, 848 

Apia  Miss    990 

Chas.  T.  Dr.,  claimant  to  dis- 
covery of  anesthesia  ..135, 136 

Charlotte    293 

County-seat   of  Butts   610-611 

County,    treated    801-813 

Davenport    364 

Eb    651 

Father    241 

Florence  Barclay  (Mrs.  Henry 
R.) 

Henry  Dr.,  tomb  of 368-369 

Henry    Capt.,    45,  46,  47,  145,  364. 

927 


Index 


1161 


Henry  R.  Gen.,  seizes  arsenal 

at  Augusta   <>G6f)f)7 

Tomb  of   295-296 

Mentioned    30G,  369,  644,  675, 

679,  744 

Henry    R.,    Jr 364 

Jabez    Hon.,    Congressman. .  .545 
James,  Chief-Justice  and  Con- 
gressman     546,  1017,  387 

James  Gen.,   Gdv.,  a   Revolu- 
tionary patriot,  as  a  duellist, 

7,  9 

Kills     Gov.     Wells     9 

Duel  with   Robert   Watkins.9-11 
Speech  to  soldiers  at  siege  of 

Augrusta    514-515 

Narrowly    escapes   assassina- 
tion     574 

Mentioned,    ..303,   344,  345,  365, 
543,  550,  821,  947 

James,   of  Wilkinson    1053 

J.   M 570 

John    K.    Gen 330,744 

Joseph  W.  Hon.,  Congressman, 

546 

Tomb  of   305-306 

Major     102 

Martha   Cobb    (Mrs.   W.   H.) 

Mary  Miss  69 

Mary  Charlotte,   tomb  of   ....277 

Robert    1053 

Ftonewall  Gen.    (T.   J.)    877 

Thomas    Cobb    364 

Wm.  Major   520 

Wm.   H.   Col.,   tomb  of 365-366 

Mentioned    1016 

.Jacksonville,    former  county-seat   of 

Telfair    985 

Jacobs,   Joseph   Dr 763,1043 

Thornwell   Rev 573,761 

James,   Fort    1029 

John   H 750 

Jameson,    K 845 

Mr 105 

S.   Y.   Rev 777 

.Jamestown   Exposition    382 

Janes,    Absalom    560 

Jansen,   Stephen  Theodore,  Member 
of    I'arliament,     Trustee    of 

Ga 527 

Jarrett,  Deveaux  Dr.,  patriot. 540,  1042 

Jasper  County,   treated    808-813 

County-seat  of  Pickens   ..928-929 

Spring     189 

Wm.    Sergeant    1 88,  928 

Jeff  Davis  County,   treated    813-818 

Jefferson,  county-seat  of  Jackson, 
where  anesthesia  was  dis- 
covered     131-139 

Mentioned    801-803 

County,    treated    818-821 

Thomas  Pres 809,  917 

■Jeffersonville,   countv-seat  of  Twiggs, 

1007 

Jeffries,    S.   C 560 

Jelks,    J.    0 864 

Jenkins,  Charles  J.  Gov.,   tomb  of, 

321-322 

Mentioned  ' 96,  55^),  822 

Count v,    treated    821-822 

Howell  W 1001 

Jack    930 

John,    patriot    53  9 

John  M 929 

Royal    1053 

Thos 950 

Jennings,  Jefferson   567 

Jernigan,  Lewis  A.  Judge   1026 

Jerusalem   Church    179-192 


Jesse  House  1051 

Jesup,  county-seat  of  Wayne,  1028-1029 

Gen 1029 

Jewish    Burial    Ground,    Savannah, 

311-312 

Jobson,   F.   W 797 

Joe  Brown  Pike,   history   of ...  .656-658 

Johnson,    Abda   Col 592 

Andrew    Pres 121 

Billy    619 

B.  F.    Capt 93 

Chas.    H 972 

County,   treated    822 

D.  D 569 

David    973 

.    Dennis    770 

E.  M 568 

E.    V 1039 

Gabriel    667 

Greene  F.  Mrs 812 

Henry    857 

Hersehel  V.  Gov.,  U.  S.  Sena- 
tor, tomb  of   346 

Mentioned   ...334,  544,  550,  562, 
563,    565,    568,    594,    673,    822 

Isaac    859,  860 

James  Gov 404,   546,   550 

James    559 

James    642 

James    F 567,569 

Jared    845 

Jennie  Miss    1017 

J.  M.  Mrs 7  54 

John   B 008 

John   Calvin    Rev 922 

John    Calvin    922,923 

Mark    592,  94  2 

Nicholas    929 

Samuel    667 

Samuel  C 701 

Samuel  D 668 

Thomas    94 

Walter    922 

Wm.  Judge   84 

Wm.   Col 1048 

^Vm 1017 

W.    L 1028 

Johnston.    Hiram    988 

Joseph    E.    Gen.,    159,    652,    674, 
742, 921, 1034 

Nehemiah     1017,1018 

Richard  Malcolm    144 

Quoted    148-150 

Mentioned     770,791-792 

Stephen,    patriot    539 

Thomas     976 

Johnstone,    George   H 7  5 

Launcelot,  his  great  inven- 
tion     885 

Joice,   Wm : ...  896 

Joiner,  W.  J 1 028 

.Jolly,    John    736 

Levi    587 

.Tones,   A.    S 500.567 

Charles  C,   Jr..   historian  and 

scholar,    tomb    of 322 

Quoted    i,    187-189,    468-471,    528- 
534,     579-581,     581-583,     583-584. 
732-735,     839-840 
Mentioned,    52,    53,    55-56,    58-61, 
194,   201-205,    212,   344.   483,   502, 
520,   576,   76S,   785,   819,   836,   897 
Charles  C.  Dr.   (Rev.),  evangel- 
istic work  among  the  slaves, 

835-836 

Mentioned     344,  835 

Charles  Edgeworth    201 

Countv,    treated    824-827 

C.  W 989 


1162 


Index 


Dudley   738 

Edward    63S 

Elijah   E 884 

Francis    Edgeworth    Capt.    ..337 

G 821 

George  Dr.,  U.  S.  Senator,  phy- 
sician,   jurist,    tomb   of 289 

Mentioned    543,651,821 

Gordon  T 806 

Henry    638 

Henry,    patriot    54 u 

James     Hon.,     Congressman, 

544,  821,  824 

James   H 7  89 

James    T 795 

James  "W 7S() 

Jesse   P 592 

John  Major,  duel  on  horse-back 

f>-7 

Mentioned    197 

John,  of  Montgomery  821 

John   A.    Col 403,903 

John    A.    Mrs 158,160,161 

John  H.  Major,  builder  of  El- 

berton    72G 

John   H 226 

John  J.  Hon.,   Congressinan.  .546 

John   L 872 

John    Paul,    naval    officer    of 

Revolution    283,  751 

John    R 875 

John  W.,  Congressman 540 

Lavonia  Hammond    726 

MaJachi    589 

M.  Ashby,   Rev 957,965 

Matthew    90  0 

Koble   Judge,   companion   of 
Oglethorpe,    Colonial   Captain 
and    Jurist,    master    early 

Masontc   Lodge    264-267 

Tomb  of   287 

Mentioned,    289,    629,    639,    641, 
642 
Noble  Wymberley  Dr.,  patriot, 

tomb    of    288 

Mentioned  78,  102,  264,  265,  267, 
278,  289,   484,  538,   638,   641,  642 

Obadiah    925 

Robert   A 872,  873 

Russell    806 

R.    W 655 

Sallie   Miss    967 

S.  A,  H.   Capt 1024,  1025 

Samuel    G 60S 

Sam.    P.    (Rev.,    tomb  of 411 

Mentioned    593 

Seaborn,   Hon.,   tomb  of    310 

Seaborn   Col.,   Congressman. 

400-401 

Mentioned    545,  546,  575 

Seaborn    Mrs 160 

Thomas    725 

Thomas  Col 913 

Thos.  F 911 

Thos.    F.    Col 913 

Tho.s.   G.  Judge    668 

Vault    7  9,  SO 

W.    A 1053 

AV.    B 567 

Wm 638,  722,  845 

Wm.  Col.,  tomb  of 355 

Willis    A 831 

Jonesboro,   county-seat   of  Clayton. 

608-669 

Jordan,   E.  H 812 

Fleming    809 

Harvie    812 

John,   a   Revolutionary    soldier, 

1020. 


.Tohn    W 982 

Josiah    1048 

Leland    812 

Leonidas    351 

Polly,    mentioned.    Hill 1048 

Reuben    658 

Wm.  M.  Mrs 1049 

Jourdan,    Tabitha,    mentioned,    La- 
mar     399,  907 

Jug   Tavern,   afterwards   Winder... 578 

"Just  from   Georgia"    751 

Justice,  John  G 795 

K 

Kaigler,    Henry    798 

Kane,   Father   958 

Karow,    Edward   Mrs 87 

"Kearsarge,    The"     392 

Keen,  Chas.  M ;  ... 858 

Keeter,    Adin    929 

Keifer,   Theodore    639 

Keiley,   Benjamin  J.    Bishop,   (luoted, 

645-648 

Keith,  Jehu  W 559 

Jethro  T/ 702 

Kell,   John,    patriot    540 

John  Mcintosh,    Gen.,    tomb   of 

393 

Mentioned    852 

Kellogg,  M.  P.,  Prof.,  his  tomb,  437-438 

Mentioned    697,098,099 

Kellum,     Seth     7D8 

Kelly,   Edward  J 78,  SO,  82 

.Tames  M.  Hon 797 

John    J 310,648,649 

Thomas     1008 

Kelsey,   Joel    739 

Kenan,    Augustus   H.    Hon.,    351,    562, 

564,  567 

O.    H.     Judge 559,697,900 

Kendall,    David    980,1009 

Robert,   Esq.,   Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia      526 

Thomas    R.    Rev 1013 

Kendrick,    Adolphus   D 798 

James    1021 

Judson    798 

Kennedy,  Fields   772 

Solomon     555 

W.   D.   Dr 624 

Kennesaw  Chapter,   U.   D.  C.    .408,  682 

Mountain    00,  407,  081 

Rangers    679 

Kennon,    Charles    559 

Charles  L lOUl 

Lewis     828,935 

Kent,  Charles,  patriot   540 

Family,   of  Wheeler    1030 

W.    T 1028 

Kerkly,    Lemma    671 

Kerksey,    James    993,994 

Wm 994 

Kerley,    John    931 

Ketchum,    R.    C 568 

Ketterer,   Philip    556 

Kettle    Creek,    Battle    of,    139,  141,  500, 

1041 

Key,   Caleb  W 884 

James    B 668,069 

Joshua    774 

Tandy   W 796 

Thomas   H 559 

Kicklighter,    Fred    739 

Kiddoo.    David   Judge    539,987 

Kiker,  H.  A 794 

Kile,   John   Si- 739 

Kilgore,    Willis    509 

Killen,   John    797 


Index 


1168 


Samuel    D 7  97 

Kilpatrick,   J.  H.   T 773 

KimbaTI,  Chas.  D.  Hon.  Gov.  of  R.  I.  80 

House  700 

Kimbrough,   James    790 

Kimsey,   Elijah    509 

Thomas     78.5 

Kincaid,  W.   J.  Capt 973 

Kinchafoonee,   afterwards  Webster, 

County    1029 

Creek    809 

King,    Alfred  H 931 

Barrington    220,  085 

B.  B 1009 

Capt.,    a    Texan    commander, 

119, 120 

C.  W.  F 054 

Evelyn   Miss    218,219 

Hiram    703 

.Tack    Capt 45,46,47 

Trames    738 

John   Capt 216' 

John    615,  821 

J.  A.  M 839 

John  P.  Judge,  U.   S.   Senator 

and    railway    pioneer.  .312,  544, 
560,  587,  770,  854 

Julia  Miss    837 

Louisa   927 

Margaret    927 

Porter  Hon 427,927 

Ralph    218 

Robert    028 

Roswell,  founder  of  town  of  Ros- 

well,   his  tomb   684-685 

Mentioned    210,217,839 

T.    B.    Dr 1022 

Tandy    D 730 

Thomas    218,702 

Thomas   Butler,    Congressman 
and    railway    pioneer,    tomb 

of    707 

Mentioned    296,546,559 

\Vm.  P 763 

^Vm.  R.  Hon 792 

Yelverton   P.    Col 575 

Kingsley,    Charles    993 

Kingston:    Story  of  the   Old  Beck 

Home     585-588 

Mentioned    224 

Kiokee    Church     (Baptist) 689-691 

Mentioned    172 

Creek     689 

Kirby,    Father    646,647 

Kirkland    568 

James  H.  Chancellor  ....956,957 

Kirkpatrick,   James  "Wallace 407 

Kirksey,    Elisha  J 904 

Kiser,   J.    F 427 

M.   C 427 

Kittles,    John    R 970 

Kleckley,    Dan     857 

Knight,    Jonathan    845 

Levi    J.    Capt.,    his   Indian 

campaign    596-597 

Lucian  Lamar,  historian,  un- 
■v-eils    monument    at    Herod 

Town    990-991 

Dedicates    Bums    Memorial 

Cottage    763 

Addres.s  at  the  grave  of  Mr. 

Stephens    149 

Accepts  a  flag  for  the  State 

761 
Address  at  the  grave  of  Gov. 

Candler    788 

I^nveils   monument  at   Fort 
Hawkins    598 


Wm 1028 

Knox,   Henry  Gen 112,690 

Samuel    508 

Knoxville,  county-seat  of  Crawford,  095 

Kogler,    John    712 

Kolb,    Martin    911 

Wilde    884 

Kollock,    George   J 299 

Henry  Rev 311 

P.  M 299 

Ku-klux  in  Georgia   903-905 

Kurtz,   Wilbur   G.,    quoted 231-234 


LaFayette,    county-seat    of   Walker, 

1013-1014 
Gen.,   arrives  on  Georgia  soil, 

050-652 

Banquet    to     574-577 

Mentioned    .  .07,  si,  82,  400,  576, 

730 

George    Washington    ....574,575 

Volunteers 574 

LaGrange,  county-seat  of  Troup,  1001. 

1002 

Female    College    1002 

Lamar.    Albert    R.    Col 563,044,947 

Andrew  J.  Rev 947 

Basil     946 

C.    A.    L.    Col 903,947 

Tomb    of    308 

Caroline  Agnes   308 

Evalina   943 

Ezekiel  Dr 940 

Gazaway   B 947 

Harmong    919 

Henry  G.  Judge,  Congressman,       , 

tomb    of    388 

Mentioned,    545,    575,    001,    827, 
945 

Henry   J 382,391,824 

Homestead   of  Putnam    ..942-943 
James  S.   Rev.,    theologian  and 

scholar,    quoted    718-719 

Article    on    the    Old    Field 

School    252-253 

Tomb    of    337 

J.    T.   Dr 988 

Jefferson    J 943,944 

Jefferson  Mirabeau    945 

Tomb    of    307 

John,   tomb  of    942 

Mentioned    393 

John  Basil,   tomb  of    384-385 

Mentioned     567,  946 

Joseph  B.  Hon 947 

Joseph   Rucker,   Associate   Jus- 
tice Supreme  Court  U.  S. ..252, 
721,   803,  946 

LaFayette   Capt 568,946 

Lavoisieir   LeGrande    943 

Loretta,  meTtioned.   Chappell  944 

Lucius   Mirabeau   Col 945 

Lucius  Q.  C  Associate  Justice 
Supreme   Court   U.    S.,    Mem- 
ber   of    Cabinet,    and    U.    S. 
Senator,  his  last  hours.  602-604 
Speech    at    Emory    College, 

920-921 

Mentioned    391,908,919,944 

Lucius   Q.    C.    Judge,    tomb    of, 

348-349 
Mentioned,    300,    942,    944,    945, 
1042 
Mary  Ann   (Mrs.  Henry  G.)..388 
Mary    Ann,    mentioned,    Long- 
street  945 


1164 


Index 


Mary  Ann,   mentioned,   Cobb, 

364,  946 
Mirabeau  Bonaparte  Gen.,  Sec- 
ond   President    of    Texas    Re- 
public,   soldier,   diplomat  and 
poet,    recollections  of    ..906-908 
Inscription    on    monument    to, 

908-909 
Mentioned,    ..399,   402,   942,   944 

Peter  Col 559,843,845,946 

Philip    262 

Prudence,   mentioned,  Winn.. 946 

Rebecca    9  4  7 

Susan,  mentioned,  Wiggins  ..945 

Thomas    821,845 

Thomas    Randolph    942,944 

Thompson  Bird  Dr. 945 

Victoria,  mentioned,   Lochrane, 

945 

Wm.  B.  Judge  945 

Walter  D.   Mrs.,   Pres.   Ga.   U. 

D.    C 148,  825 

Wm 262 

Zachariah,  of  Wilkes   843 

Zachariah    Col 351,384,946 

Lamb,   H.   K 868 

J.    C 567 

W.    B 596 

Lambdin,   Charles   E 931 

Lambert,  John,  tomb  of  342 

Mr.,   entertains  Washington,    104 

Lambert's  Causeway    343 

Lamkin,    John    84  5 

Lancaster,  Thomas   789 

Land,    F.    E.    Mrs 990 

F.  M 163 

Landers,    John    691 

Lane,  Annie  M.  Miss,  regent,   140,  l4l, 

1050 
Charles  W^    Rev.,   tomb   of    ..3f>7 

Daniel  T 703 

Dawson   B 884 

Edward    727,  935 

Emmie  Miss  1050 

George     919 

Henry    265 

James  H.  Dr 176,1045 

Joseph   H 687 

Nancy    H 687 

Richard  A lOol 

Samson     738 

Walter   P 907 

Lang,    Henry   C.   Capt 1026 

Isaac    615 

Langdale,   E.    S. 1021 

Langmade,    E.    S 570,1026 

John    1026 

Langston,    Wm.    J 850 

Langworthy,  Edward,  patriot,  538,  542, 

543 

Lanier,    a    forgotten    county-seat,    854, 

855,  856,  857 

Lewis    010,  821 

Robert  S 930 

Sidney,    poet,    musician,    lec- 
turer, his  monument  in  Au- 
gusta     955-958 

Birth-place   of    604-605 

Mentioned     326,570,761,803 

Stirling   390 

L'Apostre,  Henry,   Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia      520 

Laroche,  James,   Member  of  Parlia- 
ment,   Tru.stee    of    Georgia,     526 
LaRose,    Essie    (Mrs.   Joel   Chandler 

Harris)    242 

Lasseter,    S.   F.    Dr.    .• -988 

Emory    703 


Lemuel    M 708 

W.    A.    B 703 

Last  order  of  Confederate  Govern- 
ment      154-156 

Latham,  T.  W.  Col 432 

Latimer,   Charles    407 

Eleanor    Swift     407 

F.   H 566 

J.    H 567 

S.   TI 569 

Wm 589,  592 

Laurel  Grove  Cemetery,  Savannah, 

299-311 
"View:    Home   of    Senator   El- 
liott      837 

Laurens   County,   treated    8:^7-831 

Henry   Col 6 

Lavoisier,    Col 574,575 

Lavonia,    Ga 720 

Law,   David  G 770 

James    786 

Wm.   E.   Judge    197,835 

Lawhorn,    Allen    795,559,987 

Daniel     987 

Lawrence,    Fort    693 

James  Capt 783 

J.     M 772 

Nicholas    267 

Dawrenceville,  county-seat  of  Gwin- 
nett.     783 

Lawson,   Hugh,   gent 559,800 

Margaret    800 

Thomas  G-   Judge,  Congress- 
man     548 

Lawton,  Alexander  R.  Gen.,  tomb  of, 

296-297 

Mentioned    74  9 

J.  S.  Dr 905 

Sarah   Alexander    (Mrs.   A.    R.) 

297 

Lay,   Wm 655 

Leak,    Robert     668 

Wesley    971 

Wm 971 

W.    W 593 

Leaksville,    afterwards   Jonesboro,    668 

LeConte,    John    996 

John   Dr 341 

Joseph    Dr 341 

Louis    340 

Pear,    the    340,995-997 

AVm.,    patriot    540,638 

Ledbetter,    Gen 233 

Lee,  Bell  Mrs 860 

Bennett    619 

Chas.  Gen 198 

County,    treated    S31-833 

F     F  705 

Eiiza'beth  Mrs.'  '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'339,' 340 

Francis   195 

Gordon  Hon.,  Congressman,   548, 
549,  680 
Henry   Gen.    ("Light-Horse 

Harry")     513 

Ivv  L.,    quoted    241,941 

James  W.  Rev.,  quoted,  181-182. 
632-033 

Mentioned 634,  636,  637 

John    862 

Peter    668 

Robert    E.    Gen.,    249,    364.    587, 
742,  750,  877 

R.  E.  Institute  1  01  0 

Stephen  D.  Gen 7'28 

Thomas    638 

Warren     857 

Leesburg,   county-seat  of   Lee 831 

Lee's    Old    War-Horse 319,375,786 


Index 


1165 


Legion    13 

Legend    of   Hiawassee 44-i-445 

Of   Lovers'    Leap    446-44S 

Of    Nacoochee    441-44'2 

Of  Sweetwater  Branch. .  .449-450 

Legwin,  W.  A 14G 

Leigh,    Capt 700 

Leightner,  J.  M 654 

Leman,   John    Ensign,    Oglethorpe's 

Regiment    769 

Lemlie,   Philip   S 559 

LeMoyne.    John    646 

Lenoir,    Basil    0 924 

Lenter,    Seaborn    896 

Leonard,    Charles   A 939 

James    P 980 

Ludwell   E 987 

Van    559 

Lester,    George   N.    Judge 410,672 

Henry    569 

Rufus  E.   Hon.,  Congressman, 

tomb    of    298 

Mentioned    548 

Letheon,    135 

Leverett,   B.  Mrs 812 

Matthew    872 

LeVert,    Dr 325 

Female    College    979-9SU 

Octavia   Walton    (Madame), 

tomb    of    325 

Mentioned    979,980,1052 

Levy,    Mr 933,944 

Lewis,   Artemus    975 

Banking    Co S64 

David     638 

Dixon  H.   Hon 792 

D.  W.    Col 36 

Emily  Mrs 973 

E.  B.    Hon.,    Congressman, 

Elam  B 727 

Elbert    857 

G.  A.  Mrs 1018 

Henry    T.    Judge,    nominated 

Bryan   in   the   Chicago   Con- 
vention     235-237 

Tomb  of   360-361 

James    559 

J.   L 559 

John    F 864 

John   W.    Dr 656 

T.    S.    Capt 432 

Lexington,    Historic    Old,    county- 
seat  of  Oglethorpe,    ....924-925 
Leyden,    Austin    Major,    ..753,756,905 

Liberty    County,    treated S33-843 

Hall:  the  home  of  Mr.  Stephens 
142,  153 

Light   Dragoons    G50 

Liberty's  Oldest  Family:   the  Max- 
wells     837-839 

Liddell,   Andrew  J 730 

Ligon,    J 559 

Lilly,    Adair    167 

Limerick,    James    Lord,    Trustee    of 

Georgia    526 

Lincoln,  Abraham  Pres.,  122,   123,  665, 

817 

Benjamin  Gen 843,518,103 

County,    treated    843-845 

Lincolnton,    county-seat   of   Lincoln, 

843-844 

Lind,  Jennie   69 

Linder,    Charles    W 822 

Lindley,    E.    H 567 

Lindsay,    Horace    700 

J.    T 1051 

Reuben    725 

Lindsey,    J.    W.    Hon 788 

Samuel    833 


Linnwood  Cemetery,  Columbus,  156-167 

Mentioned     397-404 

Linton,   Alexander  B 372,663 

John   S.    Dr 372 

Lion  of  Lucerne    251,418 

Lipscomb,     Andrew    A.    Chancellor, 

tomb    of    370 

Francis   Adgate    370 

Nathaniel    796 

"Lisiiings  of  the  Muse"    64 

Lithgow,   Mr 105 

Little,   Daniel  M 976 

"Giffen"    400 

Satilla   River    542 

Wm 982 

Wm.  A.  Judge  980 

W.    G 1053 

Littlefield,  T.  P 1029 

Livingston,    Alfred    Col.,    his  escape 

from  Tne  Indians   917-919 

Mentioned    911 

Ga 730 

Isaac     709 

John    P 705 

Leonidas    F.    Hon.,    Congress- 
man     548,  917 

Lloyd,  Benj.,  patriot  539 

Caroline  Mrs 286 

James    696 

Samuel,  Trustee  of  Georgia  ..527 
Lochrane,    Osborne  A.   Chief-Justice, 

tomb  of  422-423 

Mentioned      388,661,945 

Lochren,  Wm 667 

Lockett,    Wm 696 

Lockhart,    Henry    560 

Samuel    610 

Samuel  L 558 

Samuels 610 

Loftis,    Samuel    700 

Lofton.    .Tames     720 

John   720 

Logan,   1.    P.    Dr 562,568,753,754 

Logue,    Calvin    568 

Lombards 1 

Lommy,    John   W 976 

London     338 

John    821 

Long,   Caroline   Swain    367 

Crawford  W.  Dr.,  discoverer  of 

anesthesia     131-138 

Tomb  of  366-367 

Mentioned   660,  661,  803,  804,  866 

Elizabeth    Ware    133 

Ellen  Williamson    133 

H.    H 569 

Henry    L 831 

James    133,866 

James  L 971 

J 998 

Jefferson  F.  Hon 54  7 

Jones  Dr 660 

M.   E.   Mrs 286 

Samuel    133 

Thomas     559 

Longstreet,   A.   B.   Judge,   329,  780,  919, 

944 

Hannah,  tomb  of  319 

Helen  Dortch    (Mrs.   James), 375, 

376 
James  Gen.,   tomb  of   ....375-376 

Mentioned     304,  371,  786,  788 

James  C 945 

Maria    Louisa    Garland,    first 

wife    of    Gen.    Longstreet, .  .376 
Wm.,  given  patent  for  steam- 
boat     99 

Tomb  of   313 

Mentioned   101,319 


1166 


Index 


Longstreet's  "Georgia  Scenes" 385 

Liooscan,   M.    Mrs 909-910 

LiOper,    Joshua    712 

Lopez,    Gen 648 

Lord,   Maria  Miss    826 

Wm 638,  790 

"Lost    Arcadia.    A" 225 

Lost  at  Sea:  Shipwrecli  of  the  "Home" 

601-602 
For    114    Years:    Mystery    of 
Gen.  Greene's  Place  of  En- 
tombment     71-89 

Louisiana    107 

Purchase   Exposition    382 

Louisville,   cemeteries  of    344-347 

Gazette     94 

Love,   Bunnie  Miss    967 

James  R 654 

Peter  E.    Dr.,    Congressman.    546 
828,  994 

Lovejov,  Samuel  610 

Lovelace.   T.   J 794 

Lovers'   Leap,   Legend   of   446-448 

Lovett,  Howard  Meriwether  Mrs. ..921 

Wm 970 

Low.   J.   H 568 

Lowe,  Aaron   856,  857 

And   Co 228 

Lewis  D.  Mrs 757 

Mrs.,  Gov.  Rabun's  daughter,  793 

Philip,   patriot    540 

Wm 1009 

Lowndes    County,    treated 845-846 

Wm.    Hon 845 

Lowndesville    845 

Lowrey,   Allen    988 

John   R 1007 

J.    S.    Mrs.,    Staie    Historian, 

D.   A.  R 989 

J.  W.  P 988,989 

Lowry,   W.   M 427 

Lowther.    Samuel    824,1019 

Loyall,    Fannie,    mentioned,    Boynton 

393 

Jesse    810 

John    911 

Richard    911 

Loyless.   J.   E 989 

Lucas,  Frederick  W 372,  661 

John    790 

Luckie,    A.    F 911 

.Tames    9  2  5 

W.    D.   Major    756 

Lucy   Cobb   Institute    364 

Luke,    Jasper  M 595 

John    C 801 

"Luminary,    The,"    Atlanta's    first 

newspaper      7  50 

Lumpkin.   Ann,  mentioned.   A'lden..926 

Callie,   mentioned.   King 927 

Charles   M 927 

Countv-seat  of  Stewart ..  .974-975 

County,    treated    R46-850 

E.   K 927 

Edward    P 927 

Elizabeth,   mentioned,   Whate. 

lev    926 

Elizabeth  Walker  927 

Family    Record,    The    926-927 

Frank     927 

Henry  H .'.878 

Independent  Academy   974 

James  M 927 

John     774,  821,  925,  926 

John  C 927 

John  H.    Hon.,    Congressman 

417.  546,  730,  927 
Joseph    Henry.    Chief-Justice, 

571,  659,  660,  886,  926,  927 


Joseph   Henry,    Associate-Jus- 
tice     147,  763,  927 

Joseph  Troup  927 

Lucy,   mentioned,   Gerdine.  . .  .927 

I«ucv,    mentioned.    Pope 926 

Marion   McHenry,    mentioned, 

Cobb    927 

Martha,  mentioned,  Compton,  927 

Miller    G 927 

Pleiades    926 

Robert  C 927 

Samuel,   Associate-Justice    ...927 

Samuel  H 927 

W.   W.   Prof 927,365 

Wm 927 

Wilson  Gov.  and  United  States 

Senator,   tomb  of    362-363 

Mentioned    544,    545,     550,    661. 
774,    926,    950,    974,    1017 

Wilson.    Jr 927 

Lumpkins,   The:   a  sketch  of    ..665-666 

Luther,   Martin    179 

Lutheran   Meeting   House    (Salz- 

burgers)     179 

Lyle,   D.  R 568 

James    R 923 

Lynden,   E.   S.   Dr 662,763 

Lyon,    John  A 929 

Norris    795 

Richard    F.,    Associate- Justice, 

390,  947 

Lyons    932 

County-seat  of  Toombs 999 

Mc 

McAdoo,  Wm.   G.  Hon 23 

McAfee,    J 559 

J.    A 1028 

John  W 786 

W.    H 849 

McAlhaney,  R.  W 712 

McAllister,    Fort     607 

John    772 

J.   M.   Mrs 159,162 

McArthur,    Peter    1052 

Mc.Auley,   Murdock    993 

McBride,   J.   M 793 

N.  M 709 

McCall.   Charles   610,  821 

Frances     845 

Francis    610 

Hnsh    Major,    tomb    of 282 

Quoted     4 

Mentioned   193,  195,  513,  520,  609 

John    933 

.John    G 985 

Moses   N 970 

Sherrod    610 

McCallie,    S.   W.   Prof.,   State  Geolo- 
gist     896,  897 

McCaskill.    John    860 

Murdock    860 

McCav.    Charles    638 

H.    K 744 

McClellan,    D 1053 

McClendon,    J.   J 697 

McCIesky,     David     786 

McCIung,    .1.    H.    Judge 866 

McClure,    .Tames    783 

John,  patriot   537,638 

McCollom.   Leonard    667 

McConnell,   James    669 

John    567,  786 

.1.    T 567 

Lincoln   Rev 1013 

McCook,  J.  C.   F 654 

Patrick    H 987 

McCord,   Cora,   mentioned,   Gov.   Jo- 


Index 


1167 


seph  M.  Brown   G75 

John    Oil 

Joseph   A 148 

AlcCoy,  Alex.,  a  Cherokee 901 

Daniel     V3G 

McCrary,    John    T 976 

McCuUar,  Matthew   974 

McCuTioch,  J.  J 568 

McCulloh,    antiquarian    5:i,  i)ij 

McCune,  Rufus   611 

Mcuaniel,  Henry  D.  Gov.,  14  5,  4  26,    5oO 

.56-J,  509,   749,  y.')8,  1U19 

Charles  J.   Gov.,    his  home  at 

Marietta    674-677 

Ira   0 426,739,774 

John    986 

An  episode  in  his  career,  677-679 

Tomb  of   678 

Mentioned    . .  .410,  .550,  617,  619, 
672,  673,8^4,  827 

George  Mrs 990 

John     1015,1016,1035 

Marv  A 617 

W.    A 569 

McDonough,  county-seat  of  Henry.. 796 
James  Cai>t.,   a   naval  utHcer,  <96 

McDowell,    G.   M 569 

John   845 

McDuffie    County,    treated    850 

George    Hon.,    duel    willi    Col. 

Wm.    Gumming    29-31 

Mentioned    317 

McElroy,    Andrew    703 

McEntyre,     Chief     1035 

McFarland,   John   McNair    1035 

McGee,   Burton    896 

Hugh,    patriot    540 

McGehee,  Dr S6i 

Micajah    1046 

Sarah,  mentionen.   Hill 1047 

McGillivray,    Alexander,    halfbreed 

chief    of    the    Creelcs,    107,  246, 
820,  952,  953 
McGirth,   Daniel,   a   celebrated   Tory, 

496-497 

McGowan,  Alexander   702 

McGriff,  P.   T.  Judge 934 

T.    J 569 

McHenry,   J.    G 886 

McHunter,    Alexander    938 

Mclntire,   Frank  r.    Capt 653 

Mcintosh,   Aeneas   Sir    852 

Ann     852 

Catharine,  mentioned,  Troup,  853 
Chilly,   a  Creek  Indian.. 619,   625 

Commodore     197 

County,    treated    850-854 

George     616,638,643 

Harold    224 

Henry   M.    Hon 992 

James    McKav    Commodore.  .197 
342,  852 

John   Capt 853 

John   Col.,    of   the   Revolution, 

at  Fort  Morris    500-503 

Mentioned    ...198,  205,  499,  552, 
539,  599,  638,  64  0 

John     H 821 

John  Mohr,   pioneer  Immigrant 

and   soldier,    203,    205,    851,    852 
John   S.    Col.,   of   the   Mexican 

War    852 

Lachland  Gen.,  of  the  Revolu- 
tion,   kills    Button   Gwinnett 

in   a   duel    4-6 

Tomb  of   279 

Mentioned,    102,    103,    205.    537, 

638,  851,  852 

Maria   J.,    novelist,    197,    608,    852 


J^gg^pyg        627 

Roderick  Capt,',". '.!  .i'j^", '638,  853 
Wm.   Gen.,  Chief  of  tlie  Cow- 
etas  or  Lower  Creeks,  his  old 
home,    the    Varner    House 

611-613 

Murder  of   624-626 

His    unmarked    grave. ..  027-628 

Mentioned     619,638,852,853 

Wm.,     patriot     540 

Mclntoshes,    The:    a    Noted    Clan, 

851-853 

Mac  Intyre,   A.   T.,   Hon 549,994 

McKay,    Henry    K.    Judge    395,  432,  744 

McKee,    Wm.    L 976 

McKellar,    Dr 856 

McKenzie,    Chesley     948 

John   Henry    860 

J.    \V 864 

T.     R 864 

W.    L 864 

McKinley,    Carlisle,    i)oet    and   editor, 

tomb    of    357 

Mentioned     697,  925 

Ezekiel    Hon 697 

Junia  Miss,  lier  D.  A.  R.  mem- 
orial     757-758 

Wm.    Pres 981 

McKinne,    John    968 

McKinney     729 

McKinnie,   J.   P 228 

McKinnis,  Daniel    703 

McKinyan,   Charles    985 

McKnight,    Washington    Rev 316 

McLain,    W.   A.   Mrs.,   regent,    989,  990, 

991 

McLane,   W.   A 1039 

McLaughlin,   Ann   Mrs 286 

McLaws,    LaFayette    Gen.,    tomb    of, 

303-304 

Mentioned    674 

McLean,  Andrew,  patriot  540 

H 569 

John,    patriot 540 

Josiah,    patriot    541 

Mrs 994 

Wm.    H 610 

McLendon,   J.   J 697 

Wm 864 

McLeod,  D.  A 570 

John   Rev.,    first   Presbyterian 

minister  in  Ga 203 

McMahon,    P.    H.    Rev.    (Father)    ..959 

McMichael,  E.  H.  Hon 868 

W.   G.   Rev 611 

McMillan,    Archibald    993 

Daniel     1002 

Garnett    Col 547,784 

John   Capt 855 

Robert  Col 725 

McMullan,    Capt 855 

McMullin.    S 559 

MacMuriihy,   Daniel   Capt.,    a    Revo- 
lutionary  soldier,   tomb  of, 

330-341 

McNeal,  James   821 

McNuItv,    M.   A 987 

McPhane,   W.   H 1053 

McPherson,    Fort    758 

James  B.    Gen.,   a  Federal  of- 
ficer,   killed    744 

McRae,  county  seat  of  Telfair.  .985-986 

Daniel    M 985 

Duncan    985 

John,    Sr 894 

Thos.  M 566,  569 

Wm 985 

McWhir.  Wm.  Rev.,  his  academy  at 

Sunbury    839-840 


1168 


Index 


Mentioned    19-t 

AfcWhorter,    Hamilton    Judge    78!S,  927 

Mabry,  C.  W r.()8 

Kphraim    931 

W.   J. 5G7 

Mack,   Martin  Rev 214 

Mackay,     Cliai'ie.s     Ensign 20;) 

Hugh   Capt.,   Oglethorpe's  Reg- 
iment     2().3,"205,  7C9 

James    Knsign,    Oglethorpe's 

Regiment    G09,  709 

Macon   Athenaeum    382 

County,  treated   S,')4-8,")r> 

County-seat  of  Bibb,  cradle  of, 

!i98-.''i99 
The  first  white  child  born  in, 

600 

Rose  Hill   Cemetery    381-391 

History   Club 604 

Light   Artillery    382 

Telegraph     240,  599,  947 

Macy.    R.    H.    &   Co 981 

Maddock,    Joseph,    Quaker    638 

Maddox,  John  W.  Judge   548,  O.'jo 

Robert    F.    Col 427 

Maddux,    John    810 

W.  D.  Dr 810 

Madison,     county-seat    of    Morgan, 

S83-884 

Collegiate  Institute   884 

County,    treated    866 

Female  College    884 

Madison's     Historic     Homes.  ..  .885-887 
Maffett,   John   Col.,   of  the   Revolu- 
tion,  tomb  of   404 

Magridge,  Francis    629 

Maham,    Major    513 

Mahon.    Mis 856 

Tower    513 

Mahone,   Thomas   795 

Maine,   Lewis    1019 

Maitland,   Capt 485,187 

"Major  Jones'  Courtship"    305 

Mallard,   John  B 834 

Robt.    Q.    Rev 753 

Mallary,   C.   E 567 

Mallon,    Bernard    Prof.,    tomb    of... 427 

Maltbie,    W 

Maltby,  Richard    9S9 

Man  Who  Married  the  Thunderer's 

Sister,    The    471-474 

Manahan,  W.  J.  Lieut 679 

Manasas,   town  of   589 

Manilla  Bay,  Battle  of  673 

Manly,    Dr 864 

Mann,  D.  W.  ' 976 

J.  W 709 

Luke     638 

Zachariah    669 

Manson,  F.   E 568 

"Many,  Many  Stars,"  an  old  game,  256 

Marbury,    Horatio,    Capt _^11 

Leonard,    patriot    540.  038 

Margravate  of  Azilia,    The    ....528-534 
Marietta,  county-seat  of  Cobb.  .670-673 

Confederate  Cemetery 407 

Georgia    Military    Institute, 

673-C74 
Where  two  Governors  lived, 

674-677 

Mentioned     216,232,679,741 

Marion   County,   treated    867-871 

Markham,    Wm 427,739 

Markwalter,   Theodore,  sculptor 142 

Maroney,    Philip   D 1008 

Marsh,    E.    W 427,914 

McAllen  B 914 

Spencer .1013 


Marshall,   Abraham   Rev.,   Baptist 

pioneei-     691 

Alfred   Colquitt    383 

College    971 

Daniel    Rev.,    Baptist   pioneer, 

141,  174,  689 

Jabez"  P 774 

John   Rev.,   Marshallville  named 

for  800 

Solomon    693 

W.   B 569,  980 

Marshallville,  Ga 859-862 

Nicholas    797 

"Marshes    of    Glynn,    The" 326 

Mai'thasville,    afterwards    Atlanta, 

363,  738 

Martin,    Alonzo    233 

Archibald    7  89 

Barkly    559 

Billy     860 

C.    H 801 

David     1021 

Francis    S 809 

G.      I' 808 

H.    M 794 

I.     A 941 

Institute    802 

Isaac   Capt 264,267 

James,   patriot    514,516 

James  E 703 

Jane  E.  Ware  Mrs.,  a     davit 
on  origin  of  Memorial  Day 

157-159 

John,  a  Cherokee  1034 

John,   a  soldier  of  Revolution, 

tomb  of 330,  516,  540 

John,  naval  officer   195,196 

John    Gov 549,638 

J.  H.  Judge  933 

.lohn    H 448 

L.    H.    0 568,  719 

Marshall     516 

N.  T.  Capt 811 

Thomas  H 749 

T.    H 747 

Wm 568,  703,  736,  849 

Wm.    D.    Rev 802,803,1048 

W.   D 568,  808 

Maryland     326,  384 

Mason,    G.    L 1028 

John    C 935 

S.   W 644 

Masonic  Hall,  Savannah   648-649 

History:  Georgia's  Early,  263-269 

Lodge,  First  in  Georgia 196 

Lodge   of   Eatonton 93S-939 

Lodge   of   Oglethorpe    857 

Lodge  of  Washington,  D.   C, 

962,  963 

Massee,    Needham    859,862 

Massey,   Martha  Miss    826 

Nathan    884 

R.    J.    Dr.,    quoted 249 

Mentioned    30 

Mathers,   Thomas    264,267 

Matheson,  Daniel   975 

Mathews,  D.   A.   Dr 726 

George,    Governor   and   soldier 

of  Revolution,  tomb  of 313 

Mentioned     Ill,  112,  113, 

544,  549 

Matthews,    Capt 651 

James    883 

John    1021 

John    B 784 

J.   E.    F.   Judge    1012 

J      Q 559 

josiah    M.' ' ". '. '. '. '. '. ". '. '. '. '. '. '. !'.".'.!! 980 
Wm.    A 798 


Index 


1169 


W.    B 9'- 

W.    C lO'^t* 

\Vm.    H 528 

Mattox,    Elijah    669 

John   A 981 

John   Homer   Dr 669 

Maulden,    A.   M 1000 

Maxwell,   Audley    640,837-838 

Audley  Col 838 

Elisha,    proscribed    by    Tory 

Government    540 

TOlizabeth    609 

James    838 

His    home,    Belfast 607-609, 

638,  639 

.Tames    Col 195,  838 

J.   Ben 19,  821 

Lieut 609 

Point    838 

Rebecca    838 

Thomas,    proscribed    by    Tory 

Government    538,  608,  838 

Thomas,  Jr..  proscribed  by  Tory 

Government    540 

T\Mlliam   Col 638,834 

W.  M.   Capt 651 

Maxwells,  The:  Liberty's  Oldest  Fam- 
ily     837-839 

May,   Benj 974 

James  T 98.5 

P.   L.  J 857 

Mayer,  David,  his  tomb   431 

Mayes,    Edward    34  9 

Mayfield,    Stephen     969 

Maynard,    Wm.    T 380 

Mead,    Cowles   Hon 544 

Meade,   George     G.   Gen 904,90.3 

Meaders,   B.  R 849 

K.    C 84  7 

Meadow,   Richard  D 765 

Meadows,    Milus    R 1009 

Means,   Alexander    563,569 

Alexander   Dr.    .397,  562,  915,  919 

Medlock,   John  W 407 

Meek,    A.    B.,    Historian    .52,59 

Mehaffey.    J.    H.    Sergeant 679 

Meigs,  Josiah  Dr 14 

W.     H 14 

Melbone,    Edward    G.,    painter,    his 

tomb     284 

John  Gen 28  4 

Mell,    Patrick    H.    Chancellor,    tomb 

of    370 

Mentioned     7  77 

Wm.    H 919 

Mellen,    George    Dr 899 

Melsaps,    Reuben    622 

Melvin,    George    Capt.,    of   the   Revo- 
lution     518 

Memoirs  of  Judge  Richard  H.  Clark, 

823 

Of  Jefferson  Davis  122 

Memorial  Arch:  Colonial    Park,  652-054 
Day:    its    ti'ue    history ...  .156-107 

Memories  of  Fiftv  Years 410 

Of    Joel    Chandler    Harris 24  4 

Mendes,   Isaac  P.   Rev 648 

Menifee,    Willis    P '. 632 

Menzies,    John    264,267 

Mercer,   George  A.  Hon 75,82 

George  A.  Capt 652 

Herman    708,982 

Hill    177 

Hugh  W.  Gen 297,  744,  745 

Jesse    Rev.,    immersed    in    a 

barrel    of   water    172 

Sketch  of   174-179 


Mentioned,    141,    773,    774,    775, 
790,  820,    821,    1039,    1043,    1046 
Jesse  Mrs.    (The  Widow   Sim- 
ons)      177 

Silas  Rev.,    Baptist   pioneer, 

his    conversion    172-173 

Sketch    of    173-174 

University:  how  a  great  Christ- 
ian school  was  financed  by  a 

Colonial   Jew    1043-1044 

Wm.    A 931 

"Mercer's  Cluster,"    the   first   Baptist 

hymnal    177,  104  5 

Mercers,   The:   Two   Pioneer  Baptists, 

Silas  and  Jesse   172-178 

Merchison,    K.     . .  .  , 793 

Merchon,   H.   M 567 

Mercier,    F 709 

Meriwether  County,  treated 871-875 

David,   Congressman  and  In- 
dian  Commissioner    544 

James,   Congressman  and  In- 
dian Commissioner   54  5 

.Tames    A.,    Congressman    ....546 

Merritt,   T.   M.   Capt 871 

Mestin,   Randall   W 867 

Methodism  in  Georgia,  The  Wesleys, 

631-633 
Wesley's  Diary  and  Hymn 

Book    636-637 

Schism    of    1844    778-7S0 

The   cradle   of    633-634 

John    Wesley's    Love    Affair, 

634-636 

Metropolitan   Museum   of  Art    81 

Metter,  county-seat  o^  Candler   ....623 

Metzler,  Mrs 994 

Sophia  Miss    994 

Mexican  War  371 

Mezzle,  Jesse    727 

Middlebrooks,    James   Mrs 923 

James   M 1009 

Middleton,    Hugh,    patriot    541 

Sarah    987 

Midway  Church,  Centennial  of  833-835 
Religious    work    among    the 

slaves    835-837 

Mentioned  7,   194,   195,   199,   516, 
570,  501,  502 

Church-Yard    338-344 

Hill      574 

River     193,  194,  19.8,  500 

Seminary    570 

Miles,    Gen.,    shackles    Mr.    Davis.. 815 

"Militia  Drill.    The"    385 

Milledge,    Catharine    Elliott    379 

John,    soldier    of    Revolution, 
Governor  and  U.  S.  Senator, 

tomb  of  320-321 

Mentioned   ..8,    18,   484,539,   543, 
550,  639 
John,    son   of  Gov.    Milledge, 

his     tomb     379 

John   Capt 917 

John,  pioneer  and  immigrant,  628 

John    Mrs 754 

John  Chapter,   D.   A.   R 67 

Milledgeville,  county-seat  of  Baldwin, 

Town  Cemetery   347-352 

Mentioned      558,  741 

Millen,    county-seat    of    Jenkins 821 

John  Hon.,   tomb  of    309 

Mentioned     295,  546,  821 

Miller,   Andrew  J.  Judge,  tomb  of,  328 

Recollections   of    876 

Mentioned     334,616,876 

A.    L.    Judge    749,798 

Andrew    948 


1170 


Index 


B.    S.    Hon 871 

County,    treated    875-870 

Frank   H 337,  87« 

H.    V.    M.    ]>r.,    pliysician   and 
United   States   Senator,    "The 
Demosthenes    of    the    Moun- 
tains"      948-949 

Tomb    of     416 

Mentioned    544,592,730 

James   M 798 

Joseph    709 

Major,  a  Texan  commander.  .117 

Major,   of  Oglethorpe    857 

Odrey    285 

Phineas    74 

Phineas  Mrs 74 

Samuel,  patriot   538 

Stephen    F.    Major,    quoted,    558, 

686-687,  97U-971,  997-998,  1000- 

1001 

Mentioned    ....574,576,577,701, 

737, 876 

Thomas   615 

Mills,   John  B.   Mrs 973 

Nancy,    mentioned,    Simons, 

mentioned,    Mercer    1043 

Patrick     H 987 

Thos.    R 973 

Milner,   Pitt  S 971 

Willis    J 930 

Milton  County,   treated    876-877 

D.  R 929 

.John   Hon 821,820 

W.    P 568 

Mims,   Henr3'   979 

John    P 427 

Joseph    976 

Minis,  J 228 

Philip,   patriot    539 

Minor,   Wm 855 

Mint,  U.  S..  at  Dahlonega  846 

Miona   Springs    854,855 

Miscellanies   of   Georgia    402 

Mississippi  University   349 

Valley  in  the  Civil  War 742 

Mitchell,   Archelaus  H 919 

Benj 1053 

Camilla  Miss    877 

County,    treated    877 

Daniel    R 416,  730 

David   B.   Gov.,   tofhb  of 350 

Mentioned   19,    27,    139,    550,    968 

E.  A 975 

Frances,  historian   446 

Hardy    809 

Hartwell    889,  892 

Henry    569 

Henry  Gen.,  tomb  of 374 

Isaac    W.     Dr 34 

James    883 

James    M 975 

John     824 

Judith    Mrs 873 

O.  M.  Gen 231,  232 

Place,  a   plantation  owned   by 

Gov.  Troup,  where  his  death 

occurred     889-892 

Robert     228,417,930 

R.  V.  Dr 417 

Samuel    929 

S.   N 1039 

Thos.  D.   Hon.,  duel  with  Ma- 
jor   Beall     32-33 

Killed   by  Dr.   Ambrose  Baber, 
33-34 

W.    J.    F 569 

Wm 883,  929 

Wm.    L 372 

Mlxon,   A.   C.    Rev 909,917 


W.    W 1028 

Mobley,   B.   D 556 

C.    T 1018 

Moncrief,    Arthur    1019 

Monegan,    James    I'rof 809 

Monette,    John    M.    Dr.,    antiquarian, 

52,  56 

"Monroe  Advertiser"    878 

County,    treated    877-883 

County-seat   of   Walton.1017-1018 

Edward    V 833 

Fortress    813 

James   Pres 229,1017 

James  Chapter,   D.   A.    R 882 

Nathan    391 

Neill    828 

Philip    M 833 

Railroad,    one   of   the   oldest   in 

the  State   386,  879 

"Montezuma  Georgian,  The"    865 

"Record,    The"     865 

Ga 862-865 

Montgomery,    Claude    808 

County,     treated     887-895 

Guards    960 

James    704 

Richard   Gen.    ...302,893,894-896 
Robert   Sir,   his   Margravate   of 

Azllia    528-534 

W.  S 569 

W.   W.   Gen 320 

W.  W.  Judge    320 

Monticello,  county-seat  of  Jasper,  809- 

811 

Moody,    James    1017 

Moon,    James   G 184 

Thos 932 

Mooeny,   James,  ethnologist,   52,  56,  58, 

59,  61 

Quoted    450,    et   seq. 

Moor,    Henry    569 

Moore,  Andrew,  patriot   538,638 

A.    R 559 

Benning  B.   Judge 845 

Chas.,    Sr 800 

Henry  liev 636 

John     559,  96S 

John   L.   Dr 393 

Lee  C.   Mrs 619 

Mary     800 

Matthew   R 702 

Madison,    coachman    to    Gov. 

Troup     890 

Richard    D.    Dr 372 

Robert,  Member  of  Parliament, 

Trustee  of  (JSorgia    526 

R.  H.  Col 847,  849 

S.  Li 567 

Thos 372. ,559,  669,  800 

T.    C 794 

Wm.    A 427 

Moran,  P.  J 751 

Moravian  Mission,  at  Spring  Place,  900 

Moravians    in    Georgia    211-215 

Morel,    John    264,638,643 

Morell,    I'eter    640 

Moreno,   Theodore  Major   377 

Morgan  County,   treated   883-887 

Daniel    Gen 514,613,883 

.  B.    F.    Rev 990 

George,   Oglethorpe's  Regiment, 

769 

Hiram    613 

Joseph    Capt 33 

Joseph  H.  Major   754,756 

Joseph   H.    Mrs 752,753,754 

Manoes    700 

Samuel    589 

Stokeley    809 


Index 


1171 


Wm.    li 5S9 

Morganton,    former   county-seat    of 

Fannin    729 

Morris,    Charles   Prof 372 

D 94V 

Fort,  the  last  to  lower  the  Co- 
lonial  flag    198-202 

James    H 729 

Joseph     7  04 

Nicholas    E 975 

Thos.,    patriot    538 

Wm 701 

Morris  Station  233 

Morrison,    Elizabeth    S9o 

John    821,  890 

Malcolm    558 

Peter    890 

Wm.    R.,    "Horizontal    Bill".. 235 

Morrow,   R.   E 667,669 

Morton,    A.    H 923 

J.    Sterling    236 

Wm.   G.   T.    Dr.,    claimant   to 
discovery    of    anesthesia,    131, 
135,  136 

Wm.    M 372,559,663 

Mosely,   Benjamin   821 

Benjamin  T 560 

Henry    T 559 

Moses,  Chas.  L.  Hon.,  Congressman, 

548 

His  tomb   438 

Raphael  J.,  executes  last  or- 
der of  Confederate  Govern- 
ment      154,-156,  403,  903,  904 

Moss,  John  D 661 

Mossman,   Mrs 75 

Mott,   John    882 

J.    P.    Prof 882 

Mound   Builders,    The,   an   unsolved 

problem    583-584 

Mounger,  T.  T 570 

Mount    Carmel    695 

Pleasant;  the  old  home  of  the 

Talbots   1051-1052 

Vefnon,  county-seat  of  Mont- 
gomery     893-894 

Wm , 668 

Zion  Academy   790 

Mrs.  Wilson  Comes  Home 269-271 

Mulberry  Grove,  home  of  Gen.  Na- 

thanael   Green,    71,    73,    74,    82, 
103 

Trees,  cultivation  of 91 

Mulky,    Isaac    985 

Mullryne,  John  486,  488 

Mundon,     John     1028 

Mundy,    A.    J 669 

Munn'erlyTI,    Chas.    J.    Hon 567,703 

Munro,  Annie  M.  Mrs 867 

George    P.    Hon 871 

Ida    Miss     870 

Murchison,  J.   E 1028 

Murder  Creek  Baptist  Church 811 

Murdock,  R.  B.  Mrs 160 

Murph,    Conrad    860 

Nash     860 

Nash  Mrs 86u 

Murphey,    Charles  Hon.,   Congress- 
man, tomb  of  406 

Mentioned     546,562,567,704 

Murphy,   Anthony    233,428,765 

John     982 

Susannah    331 

Murray  County,  treated   895-902 

Francis   M 980 

Thomas   W.    Hon.    ..844,845,896 

Murrell,  Joseph  H 9ii 

Muscogee  County,   treated    ....902-909 
Muse,   A.   W 558 


David    875 

Musgrove,  W.  V 670 

Myer,    Casper  Mrs 147 

Myers,   Edward  H.  Dr 310 

Mordecai     673 

Myrick,   Daniel  J.  Rev 1013 

Shelby  Judge   1013 

Wm 929 

Myrtle   Hill   Cemetery   Rome    271 

Mentioned    414-217 

Myths  and  Legends  of  the  Indians, 

441-480 

"Of  the    Cherokees" 52 

N 

Nacoochee,  Legend  of   441-442 

Old     Town     1032-1033 

"Or  Boy  Life  from  Home".. 224 
Valley:   Relics   of  a  Forgotten 

Race    1031 

Mentioned     58,59,60,458 

Nance,  S.  T 614 

Napier,  George  M.  Hon 148 

Napoleon    15,  83,  323 

Nazareth,    Pa 213 

Neal,  James  1053 

John    427 

McCormick     911,913 

R.    S ■ 567 

T.    B.    Capt 427,913 

Wm.    D.    Corporal 679 

W.    R 569 

Neidlinger,   John  G 190 

Neil,   S.   T.  Mrs 799 

Nell,    Thos 973 

Nelms,  M.  J.  Dr 807 

Wm 725 

Nelson,    A.    Capt 679 

Charles  Haney  Gen.,  his  mon- 
ument     771 

C.    K.   Bishop    86,87,88 

Gen 667 

Henry  B 557 

James    620 

R.    W 987 

Thomas  M.   Col 403 

Nesbitt   Hugh    968 

Nesbitt.  R.  T.  Mrs 4  07 

Neufville,    Edward    Rev.,    D.    D.    ..299 

Nevin,  Mitchell  A 417 

New  Cemetery,  Louisville   346-347 

Newcomb,    Col 220 

Ebenezer    185,186 

Bchota    59,769,771,900,901 

Hope  Presbyterian  Church  ..866 
International  Encyclopedia.  ..131 
Inverness,   the   Story  of  the 

Scotch  Highlanders 202-207 

Newland,    George    S 712 

Newman,    Mark    1024 

Newnan  Academy   698 

County-seat   of  Coweta 696 

Daniel    Gen 545,574,576 

Oak  Hill  Cemetery    435-438 

New    Orleans    327,  938 

Newport    River     535 

•  R.  1 71,  86 

Newton    557 

•    Ariz 568 

County,  treated   909,921 

C.    E 973 

Ellzur  L 372,663 

John  Rev.,  pioneer  925 

Tomb  of  357 

John   Sergeant,   Revolutionary 

soldier     188,  558 

John   H 372 

John    T 886 


1172 


Index 


Moses    1027 

Ralph    Prof 798 

W.    H 973 

William    931 

New    Town    818 

"York  Afnerican,"  John  Temple 

Graves,    editor    250,752 

"News,    The"    807 

Nevle,   William    286 

Nicholls,  John  C.  Judge,    .310,547,929 

Nichols,  J.  P 973 

Nicholson,   John  W 3  7  2 

Nickerson,    Reuben     372 

Nightingale,     Phineas    Miller     75 

Niles,    L.    0 860 

Nimmons,   Wm.   Potts,    first  child 

born  in  Newnan,  his  tomb,  43  7 
Nlsbet,  Eugenius  A.  Judge,  tomb  of 

388 

Mentioned,    546,    562,    567,    570, 

571,  661,    773 

James   Dr 372,821 

James    T 388 

John    372 

Judge     563 

Mrs 565 

Sarah    371 

Thomas    Cooper     390 

Nissen,   James,   first  resident   of  At- 
lanta to  be  buried  in  Oakland, 

417-418 

Nitschman,    David    214 

Nixon,  Robert  F 417 

W.  M.  Mrs 967 

Noel,   John  Y 31-1 

Norbury.  Richard  Capt.,  Oglethorpe's 

Regiment     769 

Norcross.  J?>natTian  Hon 427 

Norris  Brothers  of  Macon   864 

J.    V 558 

Wm 614 

North   Carolina    505,509,782 

Northen,  W.  J.  Gov 550,  790,  874 

Tomb    of    420 

Norton,   Charles  Eliot,   Prof,   of  Har- 
vard   College    122 

J.    S 999 

W.    J 146 

W.    J.   Mrs 147 

Norwood,   Thos.   M.   Judge,   oration 
at    unveiling   of   Stephens 

monument    146 

Mentioned    544,547,883 

Noted  Localities,   Historic  County- 
seats    and    Chief    Towns,    553, 
1054 

Nottingham,    E.    T.    Mrs 694 

Warren  D.  Judge  798 

Nova    Scotia    207 

Numerado    4  78 

Nunes,    Daniel    264,265,267 

Moses 264,  265 

Nunn,  R.  J.   Dr 299 

Nunnally,   G.   A.   Rev 777,1017 

Nunnehi,    The    451,452 

O 

Oak   Grove    Cemetery,   Americus, 

394-395 
Hill   Cemetery,   D.  C,  where 
John   Howard   Payne  is 

buried      70 

Hill  Cemetery,   Griffin   ...391-394 
Hill   Cemetery,    Newnan.  .435-438 

Oakland,    Calif 341 

Cemetery,   Atlanta   417-428, 

Mentioned     755,  756 


Obear,    Bowles   Hill    Mrs 886 

O'Brien,   Andrew   L 950 

James   Father    354 

O'Bryan,   William    538,638 

"Observer,    The"    807 

Ochis  or  Achese,  the  Muscogee  name 

for   the   cmulgee    River 55 

Ocilla    801 

Ocklocknee   River    55,61 

Ocmulgee   River,    65,    56,    381,    829,    933 
Oconee  Cemetery,  Athens,  Ga.,  62,  132, 

362  372 

County,    treated    921-924 

Rebellion,    The    108 

River,   55,  112,  363,  773,  780,  891, 

893 

War     820,  890,  953 

Ocute,    an   Indian    Settlement    ..55,61 

Odell,    Benj 948 

Oden,  Mr.,  entertained  Washington,  105 

Odingsell,    Benj.,    a    patriot    539 

Chas.,   a  patriot   539 

Odum,    W.    C 558 

Ogeechee,  Hero  of  (Col.  John  White) 

518-520 

River     191,605,853 

The   Great    56,61 

Ogilly,    Hugh   J 884 

Oglethorpe   and    Candler   Universi- 
ties     761 

County,    treated    924-928 

County-seat   of   Macon,    854,  855, 

856,  858 

Gen.,    Recollections    of    ..925-926 

James  E.   Gen.,   founder  of  the 

Colony     of     Georgia,     151,  184, 

202,  203,  204,   206,  211,  212,  213, 

263,  265,  287,  312,  525,  526,  549, 

628,  629,  630,  631,  632,  640,  649, 

766,   769,    850,   851 

Infantry   of   Augusta. 966 

Light  Infantry  of  Savannah,   300 

University    570,  571,  573 

Oglethorpe's   famous   quarries 927 

Regiment 768 

Ogletree,    William,   a   Revolutionary 
Col.,    monument   unveiled, 

S81-8S2 

Ohoopee  River  984 

O'Keefe,   D.   C.   Dr 428 

Old  Carrollton   627 

Cemetery,    Louisville    ....344-346 

"Church  Bell,  The"   937 

Ebenezer    185 

Field    School,    The    252,-263 

Guard,    of   Atlanta    148 

Holmesville    555 

Jewish    Burial   Ground,    Savan- 
nah      311-312 

Kiokee    689-690 

Lanier,    a    forgotten    county- 
site    856 

Masonic  Hall,   Savannah,  648-64  9 

Midway  Church-Yard 338-345 

I^resbyterian     Cemetery,     Ros- 

well    685 

"Rock,"     Henry    L.    Benning, 

tomb    of    401 

Ruckersville,    a   Rural   Commu- 
nity     713-719 

"Si,"    Sam  W.   Small    243 

Town   or   Galphinton    818 

Olin,   Dr 778,779 

Oliphant.    G.    F.    Prof ini3 

Oliver,   B.   T.  Cr 857 

Dionyslus    722 

James    707,  821 

John  G 559 


Index 


1173 


W.    J 951 

Olustee,    Hero    of •;•.  •••?o, 

Olympic,   The,   Dewey's  Flag-Ship,   682 

O'iSTeill,    Ferdinand    Capt 853-So4 

James   Father   646,693 

•jeri-y.    .Ir.,    Father 046,64/ 

Jerry,    Sr.,    Father    646,647 

John    B.    Judge 31 

Oostanaula    River 59,    731 

Oothcaloga,  afterwards  Calhoun.  Ga., 

769-777 

O'Reilly,  Father    746 

Organon  of  Scripture   945 

Orme,  Richard  McAllister  351 

Orphans  Home  for  Catholic  Children, 

354 

Orr,  James  L. 563 

S.    P.   Prof 804 

Osborn,  Wm.   C 795 

Osgood,   John  Rev 344 

Ossabaw    Island    542 

Oswald,   Joseph,   a   patriot S38 

Outlaw,    Morgan    A 822 

Overbv,  Basil  H.  Hon 1003 

'  Recollections   of    923-924 

Tomb   of    425 

Bartow    923 

Earle   Mrs 923 

Nick     923 

Overstreet,  John  W.  Hon 548 

John    568 

Owen,  Allen  F.  Hon 546,  980 

J.    O.    Dr 973 

Owens,    Alice   Miss    806 

George   W.    Hon,    310,    545,    784, 

785 

William   Capt 811 

Oxford,  seat  of  Emory  College  919,  920 

Female  Academy   919 

Town   Cemetery    395-397 

P 

Pace,   Columbus  L 911 

Thomas,    patriot    540 

Padgett,    E 567 

Pafford,  Rowan   567 

Page,   James  M 978 

John,    Member    of    Parliament, 

Trustee    of    Georgia    526 

Paine,   Robert   Bishop    780 

W.   W.  Hon 547 

Paley,    John    831 

Palmer.    Col 206 

H.  E.  W.  Judge    782 

W.  D.,  Sexton,  Oak  Hill,  New- 
nan     435 

Palmetto,    Ga 622 

Palmour,  Noah    9S5 

Panuca,   a   town   in  Mexico 60 

Paris,   name   changed  to  Swainsboro 

72  7 

R.   M 567 

Parish.    Josiah     59,') 

Pai-ishes   of  Geoi-gia   Described.  .'541542 
Park,  Frank  Hon.,  Congi-essman. .  .54  9 

J 559 

J.    G 559 

John  W.  Major  391 

R.    E.    Mrs 967 

R.  E.  Capt 391,  603 

Theatre,     London     64 

Parker.    Dr 603 

C.    T.    Hon 932 

Henry.    Royal    Gov    5  49 

Hyde   Sir    504 

Jeremiah     822 

John     Li 705 


Moses     975 

Samuel    628 

T.   C.   Mrs.,   State  Regent,  D. 

A.    R 598-599,  990 

Wm 596,  597 

Parks,    Susan  Miss    812 

Wm.   J 884 

Parrish,    John    824 

Paschal,   Agnes  Mrs 847 

G.  W.  Judge  847 

Pate,   A.  C.  Judge   707 

Paterson,   John    894 

Patofa,    an   Indian   village    56,61 

Patrick,   John  H 568 

Patten,  M.  A.  Mrs 160,162 

Patterson,  Josiah  S 559 

N.    J 567 

Robt.    M 798 

T.    E.    Judge    973 

Thomas    667 

Pattillo,   J.   A 784 

Patton,    Julius  M 589 

R.    H.    Dr 592 

Paulding  County,  treated   928 

John,  Major  Andre's  Captor,  928 

Paulk,    D.    H 801 

J.    L. 801 

M.   J 801 

Paxon,   Frederick  J.    Col 240 

Payne.   George    34 

J.    P 951 

John  Howard,  author  of  "Home, 
Sweet    Home,"    his    Georgia 
sweetheart   and    Imprisonment, 
62-70 

Mentioned    1036,1037 

T.    M.   Mrs 812 

W.    A 682 

Peabody.    J 560 

"Peachtree,"    its   derivation    740 

Creek    741 

Peack,  Wm.  Henry  Prof.,  his  tomb  430 

Peacock,   G.   W 1028 

L.   H 703 

■\Vm.,   patriot    539 

Z 1028 

Pea  Ridge,   afterwards  Buena  Vista. 

868-869 

Pearce,   J.   G 884 

Pearson,    Jeremiah    809 

Martha    389,  600 

Randolph    975 

Peebles.   W.   H 797 

Peel,   Wm.   Lawson  Mrs 757 

Peeples.    Benj.   M 884 

Cincinnatus    Judge,    380,  750,  880 

Henrv    760 

Joseph    1019 

Tyler  M.  Hon 783 

Pegg.   Wm 976 

Peircy,  Wm.  Rev.,  patriot  538 

Pelham.   Ga 877 

John  Major    87  7 

Pendleton.   Chas.   R.   Col 599 

Coleman    935 

P.    C 1023 

Penfield,    Ga.,    the   cradle   of  Mercer, 

773-778 

Mentioned     176,177 

Josiah,    his    gift    to    education, 

177,  773,  775,  1039,  1046 

Penn,    Maud   Clark    813 

Wm 810 

Pennington,  .Samuel    884 

Pennsylvania     213,  214 

TTniversity   of    132,133,367 

Percival.  .Tohn  Lord,  Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia      525 


1174 


Index 


Philip  Hon.,   Trustee   of   Geor- 
gia    527 

Perdue,    James    A 872 

Perkins,   Amelia  Mrs 805 

John    265 

S.    H 569 

Perry,    county-seat   of   Houston 797 

C.   Y 985 

Dowe   1001 

Fort     870 

Geo.   B 975 

J.  B.  Mr.  and  Mrs 988,989 

Joel    709 

Josiah    .....* 911 

Oliver  H.  Capt 797 

Ferryman,    Thos.   J 1007 

Persons,  George  "W 798 

Henry  H.   Hon.,   Congressman, 

547 

Peter,  the  Hermit  364 

Peters,  Richard,  tomb  of  426 

Petersburg,  an  old  tobacco  market,  721 

Pharr,  John   860 

Phelps,    Anson,   Jr 766 

Thos.   J.,  Mr.  and  Mrs 951 

Virginia    951 

Phenix,    Telemon    264,  267 

Philadelphia    288,  484,485,  517,  643 

Phillips,    Anthony    896 

Chas.  D.   Col 672 

Erasmus  Sir,  Baronet,  Trust- 
ee of   Georgia    526 

George   925 

George  D 784,785 

John  Sir,  Baronet,  M.  P.,  Trust- 
ee of  Georgia  527 

Johns 878 

Mill    Church    173,176 

M 559 

Monroe   Mrs 812 

Naomi    Sli 

P.   J 744 

Wm.    Gen 672,    410,905,966 

Wm.    R , 971 

Philomathea   Academy    725 

Phinizy,    Ferdinand    371,968 

Hiram,    Jr 569 

Jacob  Sr.,    569 

Jacob,    Sr 569 

John    337 

Phoenix  Hall   219 

Pickard,    W.    Li.    Rev 1013 

Pickens,  Andrew  Gen.,  of  the  Rev- 
olution     613,928 

County,    treated    928-929 

Pickett,  Albert  J.,  historian  ,52,  56,  58, 

59 
Joseph    56S 

Piedmont  Continental  Chapter  D.  A. 

R 757,761,881,882 

Pierce,  Ann  M.,  wife  of  Bishop 373 

County,    treated    929 

Franklin    Pres 92  9 

George  F.  Bishop,  tomb  of, 

372-373 

His    home    790-792 

Mentioned    773,919 

George  F.   Jr 373,790 

Lovick  Dr.,   tomb  of  402 

Mentioned    384 

Mr.,    entertains   Washington   104 

R.    H 567 

W.    G 613 

Wm 285,543 

Piggin,   Mr.,   patriot    538 

Pike,    Albert    Gen 997 

County,   treated    929-931 

Story  of  Austin  Denny.  .509-512 


Zebulon  Gen 929 

Pinckard,  James  S.  Capt.,  879,  SSO,  881 

Pillow,    Gideon   J.    Gen 1014 

Pinkard,    Thomas   C 795 

Pindartown,  an  old  Indian  village  1054 

Pinson,  J.  J 567 

Pioneer  Citizens  Society   740 

Pitman,    J.    G 568 

Pitner,  J.  M.  Col 1051 

Pittman,   Daniel  Judge   432 

James    S21 

J.  G 559 

Philip     702 

Pitts,    Colman 593 

P.    T 568 

Wm.   M 850 

Pizarro    52,54 

Plant,   I.   C 391 

R.   H 391 

Piatt,   Ebenezer  Smith,   patriot 539 

Pleasant  Grove  Academy  703 

Poe,    Kdgar    Allan    167,405 

Washington    Hon.,     390,  546,  562, 

567 
Poet's  Row,   Augusta  Cemetery    ..325 

Polhill,    Thomas    821 

John    G.    Judge    827,1053 

Thomas    Sr 712 

Polk,   Ann  F.,   married  Johnson,    ..346 

County,    treated    

James  K.,   Pres 30,346,824 

Leonidas   Gen 346,824 

Wm.    Judge    346,823 

Pollet,    Blassingame    707 

Pollock,   P.  D.  Dr 777 

Polock,    Cashman,    patriot    539 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Gov.  of  Cuba  53 

Ponder,  J.  O.  Mrs 882 

W.    G 569 

Pool,  Adam  783 

Poole,    James    J 969 

John    S 928 

Pope,    Alexander    1051 

Burwell,  pioneer  1047 

Burwell   Gen 327,821,1048 

Henry  Augustine   1047,1048 

J.    J 393,  812 

John     1047 

Leroy     723 

Middleton     926 

Nicholas     722 

Sarah     926 

Wiley  Col.    ...140,511,1047,1048 

Wiley   Hill    1048 

Willis    1047 

Zachariah    824 

Pope's    Chapel    1047 

Popes,    The,    of    Oglethorpe    and 

Wilkes    1046-1049 

Porter,  Abner  Dr 343 

A.  G 568 

O.    S 916 

Porterdale,   its   origin    916 

Portilla,   Col.,   a  Mexican  commander, 

117 

Pott,    Gideon    228 

Potts,  Wm 806 

Poullain,    T.    N 568 

Powell,    Arthur   G.    Judge    711,763 

Benj 867,  869 

Edly   948 

Hannah    838 

James    821 

.Tames   Edward    364 

J.     M 556 

Josiah,   patriot    196,538 

N.    B 560 

Nettie  Miss    870 


Index 


1175 


Norborn  B 979 

R.    A.    J 951 

Thos.  S.  Dr.,   tomb  of   374 

W.   H 973 

Wm 702 

Powelton    Academy    790 

Powers,   Abner  Judge    391 

Clem 559 

Horace    605 

James    '. 867 

Prather,  John  S.  Col 753,756 

S.  M.  Capt 855 

Pratt,  Nathaniel  Dr 216,217 

Pratte,  B.  A 756 

Pray,   John 820 

Job,  mariner  and  patriot 541 

Prehistoric   Memorials    578-581 

Prendergast,   C.    C.    Father 647 

Prentiss,  Sargent  S 997 

Presbyterian   Cemetery,   Lexington, 

356-357 

Cemetery,   Roswell    685 

Church  at  Lexington,  oldest  in 

Synod    925 

Church  at  Lexington,  oldest  in 
Church,    at   Roswell    216,  217,  221 
Presbyterianism,    pioneers    of    357,  360 

Prescott,  George  W 667 

J.  B 568 

Jesse  P 712 

Preston,  county-seat  of  Webster,  1029 

Wm.  C.  Hon 672 

Pretender,    The    203 

Prevost,  Gen.,  a  British  commander,' 
501,  500,  518 

Prewett,    Samuel    704 

Price,    Charles    655 

Hawkins     592 

H.    P 567 

W.    P.    Col 37.  547 

W.   W.  Mrs 923 

Prince,  Chas.  H.  Hon 547 

Mary    R.    (Mrs.    Oliver   H.) 

"Of   Wales,"    a   vessel 203 

Oliver  H.,  U.  S.  Senator,  lost 

at   sea    601-602 

Monument    to    385 

Mentioned    543 

Oliver   H.,    Jr 372 

Princeton,    N.   J 270,281 

Pringle,  Coleman  R.  Hon 1025 

Printup,  Daniel  S 417 

Martha   Miss    1017 

Prison  Life  of  Jefferson  Davis,  by 

Dr.   Craven   814 

Prottuo,    Dr 857 

Provincial  Seal    90 

Prudden,   Sidney   936 

Pruett,  S.  W 567 

Pruniers,   Joseph    264 

Pryce,    Charles    264 

Puckett.  Wm.  H 593 

Pugh,   Francis   727 

Frederick,    patriot    540 

James    638 

Pulaski,     Count     576 

County,    treated    932-934 

Fort    290,297,300 

"Pulaski,  The,"  a  vessel  lost  at  sea. 

Pumpkintown    619 

Purifoy,    Dr 878,879 

Puritans  in  Georgia   833-837 

Putnam    County,    treated    934-9"47 

Q 

Quanimo,  Dolly   504 

Quarterman,   John   Rev.,    tomb  of.. 341 


John,  Patriarch  in  Israel 839 

Robert    Rev 344,839 

Quash    504 

Quebec    302 

Queen  Elancydyne,  a  Legend  ..478-480 

Quigley,    Edward    Father 647 

Quillian,   Henry  K 763 

J.    P 807 

W.   A 807,  808 

William     1013 

Quinn,   Patrick    739 

Quitman  County,    treated    947 

Ga 605 

Guards    880 

John  A.    Gov 880,947 

R 

Rabenhorst,    Rev.    Mr 187 

Rabun    County,    treated     948-949 

County    Academy    948 

J.   W.  .Gen 792 

Matthew    790,821 

William  Gov.,  his  family,  792-795 

Mentioned,    228,    550,    790,    832, 

948 

Rachels,   Mr 873 

Rae,  James  638 

•  Robert  638 

Ragan,    Abraham    872,873 

Ragland,    John    723 

Rahn,    Jonathan    187,190 

Raikes,   Robert    634 

Rainey,   H.   N.,   Jr.,   Hon.,   his  work 

for  Bartow  County 578 

T.    B.   Col 871 

Rainwater,   P.  P 876 

Raleigh,   Walter  ISir,   traditions  of, 

630,  631 
Raley,   Chas.   a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier      575 

Ramsay.   F.    G 567 

Tlamser,   Jacob    975 

Ramsey,  David  Dr 520 

Isaac    559 

J.  N 569,  904 

Randall,    James    Ryder,    tomb    of,    326 
Monument    in    Augusta    955-958 
Mrs.,   Sister  of  Judge  Colquitt, 

618, 619 

Randle,    E.    W 975 

Randolph   County,    treated    949-951 

John    808,  809 

John,   of  Roanoke 949 

Ranjel,  Secretary  of  the  Expedition 

Id    (County)     808 

to   America    52,57 

Rawlings,   Wm.   Dr 1022 

Rawls,  Allen  610 

.lames    610 

John    610,  933 

Morgan  Hon 547 

Rawson,    E.    E 427,975 

W.   A 427,  975 

Ray,   Duncan   702,993 

.James,  a  patriot   540 

John    438 

Joseph    691 

Ruby  Felder  Miss,  State  PJd- 

itor,   D.   A.    R 699 

Samuel  J 391 

Reab,    Cara   Netta 325 

Ready,  William   615 

Reck,    Gerr   Von 183 

Reconstruction    97 

Mr.  Hill's  Davis  Hall  Speech, 

593,  595 
The   Killing  of  Ashburn,   903-905 


1176 


IXDKX 


Red   Clay:   the  Cherokee   Council 

Ground    1034-lOSS 

Redding.    Robert    1009 

Reddish,    Isham    556 

Redingriield,   James    974 

Red  C>ak  Cemetery 915 

Oak  Methodist   Church 915 

•'Old   Hills   of   Georgia,    The," 

296,  306 

Reed,    Andrew    Sergeant 679 

Jesse    569 

Stephen     7S5,  7S6 

Thomas  W.,  article  on  Dr. 

Crawford    W.    Long 132-139 

Wallace  P 747,  749 

Reeder.    J.    X 795 

Rees,    Capt 651 

Mildred  Miss    .^. 224 

Reese,  Augustus^ 562,~563,  564,  569 

Col.,    of  Marshallvllle S60 

David   A.    Hon.  .546,  559,  560,  S0« 

F.  F.    Bishop, 654 

Seaborn    Hon 547 

Thaddeus   B S64 

Reeves.    B.   B.    Dr 9S8 

Frank    930 

J.    W.    Mrs 931 

Reid,    Alexander   938 

Chas.   TV 221 

David     968,1039 

Edmond    937,939 

G.  R 1039 

John    B 393,972 

Joseph    Dr 932 

R.    A 793 

R..    J 146 

Robert  Raymond  Judge 544 

Samuel     936,1001 

Sidnev  CoL    936 

TVilliam     1004 

\r.    S.    C 559,  S27 

Reidlesperger,    Christian    639 

Reidsville.   county-seat  of  Tattnall. 

9S4-985 

Reins.    Frederick  P 822 

Re-Interring  the  Dead 754 

Remington.    Edward    P 993,  994 

"Reminiscences  of  an  Old-time 

Georgia    Lawyer"    353 

Remsen.  Rem .=,59,844,845 

Remshart.    "W.    C 1029 

Render,     James    Judge 873 

J.   R.   Mrs 873 

P^     D.     Mrs 873 

Renfroe,   J.  W.   Hon 1025 

Nathan    1025 

Renick.    Edward    J 759 

"Researches  on  America,"  bv  James 

H.   McCuUoh   52 

Rest  Haven   Cemetery,   Washing- 
ton,   Ga 352-354 

Reviere.    Thomas    W 100^9 

Revill,    W.    T.    Mrs 873 

Wm.    T.    Hon 672 

A  distinguished  educator,   his 

tomb    434 

Revolution,   fatal  duel  between 

G'winnett    and   Mcintosh 4-6 

CoL   John  White's   Brilliant 

Exploit    51 6-520 

Ebenezer  in    186-189 

Fort  Morris:  the  Last  to  Lower 

the  Colonial  Flag 198,201 

Gen.    Greene's  body  discovered 

in    Savannah    71-89 

Duel    on    horseback 6-7 

Siege    of    Augusta 512-516 

Revolutionarj-  Camp-nres,    Tales 


of    4&3 

Puzzle,  A   520-521 

Reimolds,    Bartimeus    786 

F.  F 850 

Gov 605,819 

Home    587 

John    Gov 549 

Joseph     539,635 

Joseph    D 987 

Parmedus    562,569,911 

William   H 560 

Rhea,   John    806 

Rhode  Island  Society  of   the  Cin. 

cinnati      72,  73,  76,  81.  85,  86 

Ribault,    Jean    534,535 

Rice,   Chas.   F.  Mrs 967 

George   D.    Judge 564,567,672 

G.  L.   D.    Dr 861 

John  H 592 

William    SSI 

PJceboro,    Ga 200 

Rice   fields    103 

Richards,    R.    H 428 

Robert    M 796 

William  C.  author  of  "Georgia 

Illustrated"     247 

Richardson,   A rmistead    774 

A.    R 969 

E.  H 931 

F.  H 751 

I.    W 661 

John    975 

Littleberrj-    707 

Richard     12S 

S.    L 569 

T\'.,    Sr 286 

W.    B 568 

Richardsone,    Cosmo  P.   Dr 311 

Richmond    Academy    267,369 

County,    treated    951 

Hussars    966 

Samuel    1021 

Richter,    M.    L 886 

Packets.    E.    L 729 

Riddlepurger,   T.   H 794 

Ridge,  John  Chief 64,  898,  899,  900, 

1034.  1038 

Ridley,    C.    L   Dr 612 

R.  B.  Mrs.,  daughter  of  Sen- 

ator  Hill    419 

Riley,    Harrison    849 

Mr 244 

Rillion,    P.    W 1000 

Rio,  a  pet  dog  belonging  to  Mr. 

Stephens    149 

Inscription    to    153 

Riordan,    John    E 94  7 

Rising    Star    Lodge 938,939 

Rivers.  Joel  1053 

R 986 

Roach,    Ann  Mrs 864 

Robb.    Mrs 369 

Roberson,   Smart,  a  Troup  servant,  889 

Roberts,    Bryan    J 596 

Coleman   M 696 

Daniel     517,639 

Daniel  E 970 

John    638,970 

J.    TT.    Dr 860 

O.    G.    Maj 612 

William     595 

Robertson,  Abner  P 693 

Benj.   P 100-4 

James    638 

J.   J 570 

James   W.    Col 672,673 

Martha    Mrs 873 

P.    E.    B.    Mayor 7SS 


Index 


11' 


Virgil    1031 

Wiliiam     811 

Robinson,    A.    M T9i 

George     739 

James  V 667 

John     560,610 

i^uke   911 

Pickering    639 

Randall,    Revolutionar>"   sol- 
dier      433 

Roby     751 

S 560 

T.    C.    Jr S07 

W.     H.     Maj 568,  855,  S56 

Robson,   John   884 

Neil     756 

Roche,    Matthew,   Jr 638 

Rockdale    County,    treated 969 

Rockraart,    Ga 932 

Rock  Mountain,    former  name  given 

Stone    Mountain    -246,741 

Rock-W'ell,     Samuel     ooS,  560,  561 

Roddenbery,    Park    995 

S.    A.    Hon 549,994,995 

Roddey,    R.    L 569 

Roddy,    E.    L.    Dr S7S 

Rodgers,  Moses  Capt.,   commander 

of    "The    Savannah'"... 228,  229 

Robt.   Li.   Judge 674,680,681 

Rogers,    Brittan,   a  Revolutionary 

soldier,    his    tomb 882 

Commodore 934 

Curren     1009 

George    \^' 795 

Henry    ICOl 

John    A.,    Jr 984 

Joseph    1008 

Loula   Kendall   Mrs 1010,1013 

Methodist    Church    882 

O.    Lu    Dr 1022 

Ozburn    T 912 

Simeon     1009,1010,1021 

William     984 

Roland,  David   1052 

Ralph,    Mr 993 

Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Savan- 
nah       645,646 

"Romantic  Passages  in  Southwest- 
ern History,  Including  Pil- 
grimage of  De  Soto,"  bv  A. 

B.    Meek   52 

Rome,    county-seat    of    Floyd.  .730,  731 
Gr.,    girlhood   home    of  Mrs. 

Wilson    731 

Burial  of  Mrs.   Wilson,   First 

Lady  of  the   Land 269-271 

Ga.,   Myrtle  Hill  Cemeterj-. .  .414 

Mentioned    371 

Roney,   Henry   C.  Judge 850 

Roosevelt,    Theodore  President    ...218. 
339,  6S.5.  837,  841,  843 
Contributes   to   the   L'ncle 

Remus  Memorial   Fund 239 

His  mother's   home  at    Ros- 

well,    Ga 215-222 

Root,    Sidney    Maj 425,974 

Rose,    Cherokee,    I..egend   of 445-446 

Hill  Cemetery,  Macon   ...381-391 
Hill,    the   Heard   plantation. 

723-725 

Hugh    F .'..929 

Simri     381,390,857 

"U'ashington    , 938 

Rosecrars.    Gen 232 

Rosemont.   a  plantation,  owned  by 

Gov.    Troup    SS9 

Ross,    Daniel    1015.1016 

F.   D lOoZ 


J.    B 688 

John,    principal   chief   of  the 
Cherokee    Nation    ..66,67,900, 
901,  902,  1015,  1016,  1034,  10-38 

John    B 390,945 

Luke     688 

Rosser,  J.   A.   Rev 407 

Rossville,    heme   of   an   Indian   chief, 

1015 

Roswell,    Ga 222,223,741 

■The  home  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's 

mother     215-222 

The  last  years  of  Mr.  F.  R. 

Goulding  spent  at 226 

Roper,  Alva  C 904 

Rounsaville,    John    Wesley 417 

Rourke,    John,    Jr 654 

Rowe,     Allen     567 

F.  F.   Prof 1010 

Row^land,    C.    A.    Mrs 226 

Royal,   Ezekiel   985 

Rozar,    J.    .1 705 

Rucker,    Elbert    721 

mizabeth    Tinsley    714 

John   714 

Joseph,    pioneer  planter  and 

financier    714,719 

J.   W 427 

Mary   La.niar    945 

Tinsley    719 

Tinsley    719 

Tinsley    TVTiite    721 

Ruckersville,   Old 713-719 

Rudd,    James    774 

Rudicill,    B.    F.    Dr 380 

Rudisill,   John  "W.   Col 1021 

Rudolph,    Amzi   Judge 849 

Capt 854 

Ruger,   T.   H.   Gen.,   Military  Gov- 
ernor     550 

Rumph,  Lewis,   pioneer 860,  862 

Sam.,  pioneer  peach  grower,  861 

S.    H.    Mrs 860 

Rumsey.  .James,  an  inventor 101 

Rundle,  Thomas  Rev.,  Trustee  of 

Georgia    526 

Russell,    George  B 589 

John   H 736 

John    M 1004 

Mr.,   entertains  Washington.  .104 

Richard   B.    Judge 763 

W.    A 432 

William     639 

Rutherford,    A.    S 569 

John,    a    Revolutionary    sol- 
dier,  his  tomb 1026 

John   C 366 

J.     H 821 

Lizzie,    tomb    of 39S 

Originator  of  Memorial  Day, 

156-167 

Lizzie   Chapter,   V.   D.   C 157 

Marv  Elizabeth  Miss   (Lizzie 

Rutherford)    160 

Mildred  Miss   1017 

Mildred  Lewis,  an  educator  of 

wide  note    227,366 

N.   G 1021 

William  Prof.,  tomb  of.  366,  lC-17 

Ryals,    Joseph    559.894 

Samuel    713 

Ryan.    Abram    J.    (Father),   monu- 
ment in  Augusta   955  95S 

Daniel    63S 

Dennis   L.    1019 

John    42S 


1178 


Index 


s 

Sabine's  Notes  on  Duelling,  foot- 
note    31 

Saddler,  Wm.  T 831 

Sadely,   Sarah   Miss 68-2 

Saffold,    Adam    G 884 

Isham  H 1021, 

James  Capt 599 

Reuben    884 

Thomas  r 562,  569 

Sage,    Ira    Y 427 

Saint,    Capt 984 

Andrews   Bay    138,141 

Andrew's   Parish,    described.  .542 

Augustine,    Fla. .  .5,  198,  206,  498, 

500,  502,  506,  535 

Catharine's  Inlet    535 

Catharine's    Island    6,197 

Catharine's  Sound    193 

David's  Parish,    described. ..  .542 

George,   Society  of 196 

George's    Parish,    described.  .542 

Mentioned    819 

James's  Parish,  described. ..  .542 

John's   Cathedral    545-648 

John's    Parish,    described 542 

Mentioned    6,196,197,488, 

516-518,   641,   835,    842,    843,    853 

John's    River    502,534,535 

Joseph's  Convent   177 

Luke's  Methodist  Church,   Col- 
umbus, first  memorial  oration 

delivered  in    156-157 

IMary's    Parish,    described. ..  .542 

Mary's    River    535,542,614 

Matthew's  Parish,  described,  541 

Patrick,   a  dead   town 614 

Patrick's    Parish,    described.  .542 
Paul's   Church-yard,   Augusta, 

.312-317 

Paul's  Parish,  described 542 

Philip's  Parish,   described. ..  .542 

Simon's    Island    184,202,296, 

499,  705,  765,  766 
Thomas's   Parish,   described.  .542 
Sallette,   Robert,   Adventures  of, 

4S8-491 

Saltus,  Samuel,  patriot  538 

Salzburger   Church    179-192 

Salzburgers,   The,   at  Ebenezer, 

Story   of    179-192 

Mentioned    91,211,212,213, 

476,  478 

Sams,    Stanhope   Augustus    407 

W.    M.   Rev 407 

Sand  Bar  Ferry,  a  famous  duelling 

ground     953-955 

Sanders,    Billington   M.    Rev. ..  .774-777 

C.   C.    Col 377,  787 

John    702,  1008 

W.    C 428 

Sandersville,    county-seat  of  Wash- 
ington     1020-1024 

Sand    Hills    323,325,327 

Sandiford,    John    538 

Sanford,   Daniel  B.   Judge 351 

Jeremiah,   soldier   of  Revolu. 

tion,   his  tomb 361 

Jesse    785 

John   W.    Col 575 

R 559 

S.    P.    Prof 774,  777 

Wade    P 1052 

San   Jacinto,    Battle   of 120 

Sanson,   Wm 1039 

Santa   Anna,   Gen 115,907 

Sautee,  an  Indian  lover 1033 


"Sapelo,   or  Child   Life  in  Tide 

Water"      22  4 

Sapfold,    James    824 

Sarzedas,    Abraham    264 

Satilla   River    535 

Saussy,   Joachim   R.   Dr 310 

Savage,   Robert   976 

Thomas,   patriot    538 

Savannah,   description    of   the   town 

bv    Gen.    Washington 103 

Colonial    Park    275-286 

Bonaventure     286-299 

Catholic   Cemetery    311 

Discovery    of    Gen.    Greene's 

body    in    Savannah 71-89 

How    the   citv   was   captured 

by    the    British 503-504 

Laurel    Grove    2  99-311 

Old   Jewish    Burial   Ground, 

311-312 

Mentioned    188,  189,  193, 

194,  199,  200,  205,  209,  216,  218, 
270,  515,  516,  517,  518,  541,  740, 
853,  854 
See  also  Chatham  County. 

"Georgian"     643,  644 

"Herald"    644 

"Morning  News"    .  .644,  s,S4,  242, 
299,  305 

"Press"    64  5 

"Republican"    720 

River     56,  82,  184,  185,  ISS, 

203,  212,  296,  312,  467,  468,  528, 
534,    713,    714,   719,   960 

Steamship    Co 228 

"Savannah,   The,"   her  maiden  trip 

across  the  Atlantic   228-230 

Savannah's    Confederate    monument, 

652 
Historic    newspapers    ....642-644 

Saxton,    Nathaniel,    patriot 540 

Scarboro,    David     707 

Joel    L 557 

Scarborough,  Wm 228,229 

Schley   County,    treated    969 

Wm 545,  550 

Schneider,    J.    Gotlieb 187 

John    187 

Jonathan     187 

Scotch    Highlanders,    Story  of.. 202-207 

Scotland     220 

Scott,    Alexander   Rev 172 

David    J.    Rev 803 

Dr.,    Rector   of   St.    James, 

Marietta     672 

Fort     703 

Francis     629 

George   W.    Col.,    tomb    of 406 

Jacob    931 

Mr 994 

Rebecca  (Mrs.  George  W.)...407 

Robert    SO 

AValter    Sir    152 

Winfleld    Gen.,    703,848,  901,  1037 

Scoville,    D.    C 794 

Screven   County,    treated 969-971 

F.    T 503 

James  Gen.,   of  the  Revolu- 
tion,   tomb    of 339-340 

Monument    to     841-842 

Mentioned     7,639,830 

James   P.   Dr 310 

John    Col 83 

Scruggs,    Wm.    D.   Col.,   diplomat. .  .431 

Seabrook,  Paul  E.  Judge 837 

Seagrove.    James    19,615,821 

Robert   615 

Seals,   John  H.   Col 750,752 


Index 


1179 


Of    Georgia    S9-9S 

Searcy,   W.   K.   H.,    Sr 973 

\V.    E.    H.,    Jr 973 

Seay,  Capt 45,46,47 

John  J.   Mrs 731 

Secession  Convention,   The 562-566 

Seely.  F.   L. 'i'52 

Seyrist,  Laban   • 797 

Seminole    Indians    445,446,727 

Senimes,   Albert    1051 

Andrew    Greene    722 

Paul    J.    Gen 403,903 

Raphael   Admiral    382 

Senators,   U.  S.,   from  Georgia,  Last 

of    543-544 

Sermons,    Benjamin    567 

Setze,    Lizzie    Waddell    Mrs 672 

Sevier,    Gen 731 

Sewanee,  Tenn.    (Univ.   of  South),   961 

Seward,  David  L 1013 

Frederick   W 123 

James  Li.  Hon.,   Congress- 
man     546,  994 

Wm.    H.,    a    Georgia   school- 
master     121-130 

Mentioned    935 

Sewing  Machine,  The,  by  whom  in- 
vented?     225-22<r 

Shackelford,    Dr 118 

Edmond    774 

Emmet    938 

Shankle,   Grogan  Rev 805 

Lrovlck    P 805 

Marvin    805,  807 

Olin    Dr 805,807 

Seaborn    M 805 

Shannon,    A.    H 807 

James    663,  774 

John    F 807 

Shanock,   Wm.   C 700 

Sharp,    Cyrus    380,878 

Hiram     627 

J.    L.    Mrs 805 

John,    patriot    540 

W.     H 668 

Sharpe,   T.    A 567 

Shaw,    Alfred    884 

Louise   Mrs 74 

Simeon  Rev 1010 

Shealy.    P.    E.    Rev 180 

T.    W.    Rev 180 

Sheets,    Tarlton    619 

Sheffield,    R.    W 567 

Wesley    709 

W.    C 567 

Sheftall,    Levi,    patriot 539 

Mordecai,    patriot    ..196,311,538 

Sheftall,    patriot    539,  561 

Shell,    W.    B 567 

Shellman,    Col 651 

Ga 950-951 

J.    M 712 

W.    F 951 

Shelton.    Charles  J : . .  .985 

"Shenandoah,   The,"   a  Confederate 

cruiser    219,  220 

Shepherd,    Anne  Mrs IGO 

Henrv   S 828 

Sheppard,    John    E.    Capt 867,868 

J.    E.    Hon 868,871 

Mrs.,     of    Covington 913 

W.    D.    Mrs 805 

W.    D 808 

Sherman,    T.    S 569,1009 

W.    T.    Gen... 74,  90,  573,  588  ,590, 

592,  673,  674,  680,  742,  743,  746. 

747,  824,  921,  941, 1023 

Sherman's  andalism    276,286 


Sherrod.    Benj 1040 

Sherwood,    Adiel,    Dr 197,246,741, 

774,  776, 781 

Shields,  Wm 975 

Shiloh,    Battle   of    232 

Shine,  John,   soldier  of  Revolution, 

575,  855 

Shipp,    Bernard,    historian 52 

J.   E.   D.,  Life  of  Crawford, 

quoted     10,17,22 

Shivers,    Wm.    Mrs 793 

Shoemate,   .Joseph  D 70'4 

Short.   W.   B.   Hon 871 

W.    B.    Mrs 867 

Shorter,    Alfred,    tomb   of 415,730 

Eli   S.   Judge,   tomb  of 398 

Mentioned    33,828 

John    G 563 

Martha  B 415 

Reuben    C 774,809 

Shoulder  Bone   Creek 790 

Shropshire,    F.    C 568 

James  W.    Dr 986,987 

John    613 

^Vesley    567 

Sibbald,    George    610 

Sibley,    Amory    337 

George   R 337 

Josiah    337 

Wm.    C,    tomb    of 333 

Sickles,    Gen 304 

Sikes.    W.    L 1053 

Silk  Culture  in  Georgia 91,  536-537 

Sills,    F.    H.,    editor 624 

Silver   Bluff    56,59 

Silvey,    John    4  31 

Simmons,   E.   G.   Col 395 

Henry     932 

James    566,569,1001 

J.    M ' 989 

James  P 562,  566,  568 

John    N.    Mrs 753 

M 1053 

Wm.    E.    Hon 783 

Simms    691,  693,  821 

Richard     567 

Richard   L 911 

W.    G 848 

Wm.    Gilmore    169 

Simons,  Abram  Capt.,  an  eccentric 
.Tew  of  large  means  and  a 
Revolutionary  soldier  whose 
wealth   endowed    Mercer, 

1043-1046 

Nancy   Mrs 1043 

The  Widow,  marries  Rev.  Jesse 

Mercer    175-176 

Simpson,   James  Y.   Dr.,   foot-note,   135 

John   M 975 

Leonard    671 

Sims,  J.  Marion  Dr.,  establishes 
claim  of  Dr.  Long  to  dis- 
covery  of  anesthesia l.'G 

Richard   L 559,911,919 

Wm 879 

Sinclair,    .Jesse    10-07 

Singer.    John,    Jr 975 

John    G 975 

Singleton,    George   W 797 

J.    L 569 

Wyatt    R 976 

Si.sk,    Singleton    568 

Sister's    Ferry    29 

Sitton,    B.     F 849 

Skelton.    J.    H 568 

Oliver    P 876 

Skinner,    Oliver    19 

Skrine,   Benj 1021 


1180 


Index 


Quintillian     1021 

Virgil     1021 

AVm 1021 

Slade,    Jeremiah     826 

Thomas   B.,    pioneer   educa- 
tor     S25-S26 

Slappey,    George    SCO,  862 

Mary     860 

Slater,    C.    C 567 

John  F 396 

Slaton,    John   M.    Gov 240,435,550, 

577,  578,  677,  623,  624,  653,  681, 
872, 1048 

John   M.   Mrs 936 

W.    M.    Hon 1048 

Slatter,    John   J ; 795 

Slaughter,    Martin    G 673 

Sledge,    Whitfield  H 1001 

Sloan,   Andrew    Hon 547 

Slone,    Wm 559 

Sloper,   Wm.,   Member  of  Parliament, 

Trustee  of  Georgia    526 

Small,    Sam   W.,    "Old    Si" 242,750' 

Smallwood,    Robert    J 703 

Smart,    Edmond    703 

Smelt,   Dennis    Dr.,    Congressman,    544 
Smith,  A.   B.   Hester,   wife  of  Gov. 

James  M 376 

A.    D 709 

A.  D.    Dr 8G4 

Adam   J 850 

Benj.    Dr 846 

Blakely     867 

B.  D 1028 

Carrie    Weaver    Dr 782 

Catharine     959 

Charles     979 

Charles  H.  Major   ("Bill  Arp") 

■     412,  587,  593,  730,  783 

Daniel  H 736 

David   D 728 

D.    B 728 

Didhelf    712 

Edward  C 973 

F.  M 567 

Gay    884 

George   G.    Rev.,   historian, 

quoted    140,778,819 

Gustavus   J 744 

Guv,   soldier  of  Revolution. .  .81 1 

G.  K 567 

Hoke,  United   States   Senator, 

Governor,    and    member    of 

Cabinet    544,550,076,678, 

751,  927 

Hoke,   Institute    870 

H.    H.    Dr 428 

Isaac,  soldier  of  Revolution,  1018 

Jackson  G 931 

James    556,824 

James   Major    576 

James  A 567 

J.  Henley   750 

James    M.    Gov 404,  550,  557, 

686,    695,    788,    883,    904, 
1009, 1011 

Tomb    of    376 

James  R 1021 

Jf.mes   W 1028 

Jasper  N.,   an   eccentric   old 

gentleman,    his    tomb 328 

John,    patriot    540,638,643 

John    J 935 

J.  R.   Hon 148,568 

J.    R.    Dr 1025 

L.    B 569 

M.   L.    Gen.,    tomb   of 371 

Nathan     760 


Otis   Rev 777 

Peter   Francisco    697 

Rembert    G.    Rev , 78'2 

R.    L.    J.    Col 808 

R.    Thursfield    636 

Samuel  Rev.,   LL.  B.,   Trustee 

of    Georgia    526 

Sidney   >r 879 

Simeon    L 730 

S.    J.,    Jr 808 

Stephen    785 

Sydney    976 

"The,"    a   locomotive 233 

Thomas    831 

Thos.    R 703 

W.   J 875 

Wm 707 

AVm.    ("Uncle   Billy"  ).  .1026,  1021 
Wm.    ("Hell  Nation"),   soldier 

of    Revolution 438 

Wm 730,846 

Wm.   D.   Gen.,   tomb  of 334 

AVm.    E.    Hon 547 

Wm.    G 811 

AV.    H 804,  805 

Zachariah    725 

Smyrna    Church-Yard 354-355 

Smythe.    AA'm.    M.    Major 904 

Snap    Bean    Farm 239 

Snead,    Claiborne  Judge,    tomb   of.. 332 

Capt 858 

Sneed,   James   R 643 

Snider,    John,    patriot    541 

Snow,    Chas.    AA" 975 

L.    D 856 

Social    Circle,    Ga 1018-1019 

Sockwell,   W.  W 793 

Solomon,  David   1025 

E.    AV 568 

Henry    10O7 

Song  of  the  Chattahoochee 336 

Sorrel,    G.    Moxley 306 

Soule,    Joshua   Bishop    780 

South  Carolina 108,   171,  202,  210, 

4S4,  485,  495,   497,  498,  504,  529, 

532,   533,   534,   622,   630,    Gs9,  953 

Carolina  Society  of  Cincinnati,  7  7 

Georgia     College     986 

Southern    Bank,    Savannah 84 

Central   Baptist   University  of 

Ga 1034 

Female  College   1002 

"Miscellany,    The"     750 

"Recorder,    The"    351 

"Temperance   Crusade"    752 

"Southwest    Georgian"        857 

"Souvenirs    of    Travel" 325 

Spain    108,  109,  110 

»Drury     824 

Spaniards     51  62,  468-471 

Spalding    County,    treated 971-973 

James    Hon 279 

R.    D.   Dr 432 

Thomas   Hon 544,559,560, 

561,  767,  821 

Spangenberg,    Gottlieb    Rev 212,214 

Sparks,    Carter   AA" 931 

John,   soldier  of  Revolution,  1026 

Thomas    H 931 

AA^    H.    Col 937 

AVm.    H.    Rev 410 

Sparta,    county-seat    of   Hancock, 

789-790 

Town  Cemetery 372-379 

Spaulding,   A.  T.   Rev 886 

Ga 865-866 

Speakman,    John    228 


Index 


1181 


Speer,  Alexander  M.  Judge,  tomb 

of  391 

Mentioned     881,883,884 

Emory    Judge    547,883,924 

Eustace    W.    Dr 371,883 

D.    N.    Major 431 

Margaret   Houston    715 

Thomas  J.   Hon.,    Congress- 
man     547 

Wm 714 

Speers,   Elizabeth  Mrs 884 

Speight,    R.    F 793 

Spillers,   John  T.,    survivor   of 

Goliad    694-695 

Spence,    David    913 

George    569 

Spencer  Capt 609 

John,   patriot    539 

Mr.,   entertains  Washington.  .104 

R.    1 794 

Samuel  401 

Samuel,  patriot   540 

S.     B 562,  569 

Wm 264 

Sperry,    John    C 860,861 

Marcus    860 

Spinks,    Garret    H 928 

Spinner,    Mr.,    entertains    Wash- 
ington     104 

Spivey,   Caleb   938 

Jethro    828 

Wm 1009 

Springer,  John  Rev.,   pioneer  edu- 
cator     174,1039,1050 

Wm.    G 790 

Springneld,    county  seat    of   Effing- 
ham      712 

"Springfield,"    Gen.    Blackshear's 

home    829 

Spring    Place,    Ga 68,  896-897,  900, 

901,  902 

Place   Mission    211 

Sproull.    J.    P 593 

Stacy,  James  Dr.,  quoted.  .200-201,  343, 

996-997 

Tomb  of   438 

Mentioned    227,  697,  835 

John    643 

Staf¥old,     Thomas     615 

Stafford,    Alvis    930 

Thomas    821 

Stanaland,    J.    C 999 

R.    T 610 

"Standing  Peachtree,"    an   Indian 

rendezvous     

Stanfield,    Posy    857 

Anson  W 850 

Stanford,    John   R 785 

Levi    696 

Stanley,   Henry  M.   Hon 828 

James.  Earl  of  Derby,  Trustee 

of   Georgia    526 

John    669 

Marcellus    372 

Thomas     372 

Stanton,    Frank    L.,    poet 751,941 

Stapler,    John   R 846 

Staplers,    Harman    860 

Stapleton,    George    568 

Stark,    James    H 611,971 

Wm.    A.    Judge 973 

W.    W.    Judge 808 

Stark.s.    E.    C 808 

Starksville    831,  833 

Starnes.   Ebenezer  Judge 320 

Starr,    E.    P 570 

Hilliard .!!!  .!!669 

Statesboro,  county-seat  of  Bulloch,  610 


Statesville,  county-seat  of  Echols.. 712 
State  Rights:   the  Hanging  of  Tas- 
sel     787 

Statsvey,    Benj 712 

Statuary   Hall    133 

Steadman,   now  Porterdale 916 

E.    Col 916 

Steamboat,  first  patent  for  issued  by 

Georgia    99-101 

Steed,   Leonard  G 

Wm.    P 850 

Steel,   Mrs.,   of  the  Revolution 151 

Steele,  Sarah  Trippe 369 

Steelman,   V/m.   H 785 

Steiner,    Abraham    Rev 898 

H.    H.    Dr 337 

Stephens,    Alexander    714 

Alexander  H.  Hon.,  Governor, 
Congressman  and  Confeder- 
ate Vice-President,  assaulted 

by  Judge  Cone 38-39 

Arrest  of  Mr.   Stephens, 

Liberty  Hall    142-153 

982-984 

Mentioned    133,359,422,425, 

546,  547,  550,  562,  564,  565,  569, 
594,   750,   803,    904,   905 

Chapter,  U.  D.  C 147 

County,  treated 973-974 

Dr 878,  879 

High   School    147 

J 969 

John    983 

J.   T 569 

John   W 929 

Linton    Judge,    reinterred    at 

Liberty   Hall    984 

Mentioned  374,  562,  563,  568,  982 
Memorial    Association,    Officers 

of     146,  147 

Moab    669 

Nathan    728 

T.   J 730 

T.    T 999 

Wade  H 904 

Wm.,  of  Upson  1009 

Wm.    Gov 185,549 

Wm.    Judge    ..84,  85,  537,  648,  649 

Stephenson,  Matthew  Dr 847 

Sternes,   Jesse    1009 

Sterrett,    Jehu    

Stevens,    Henry    J 344 

John    195,639 

J.   W 569 

Samuel    517 

Wm.    B.    Bishop,    historian, 

quoted     ...204-205,208-211,214, 

457-460,    4S7'-488,    517-518,    534- 

536,   925-926 

Mentioned    52,110,483 

Stevenson,   W.   A 808 

Stewart,  Allan    638 

County,    treated    974-975 

Daniel  Gen.,  of  the  Revolution, 

tomb    of    339 

Monument    to    841-842 

Mentioned    217,651,837,843 

Fred     611,  806 

John    Hon 952 

John  D.  Judge,  Congressman, 

tomb    of    392 

J.    J 876 

Martha     17,  837 

W.     W.    Dr 782 

Wm 863 

Stiles.    Cary    ^Y 569 

George    W 3 1 0 

Margaret  Cooper    2^8 


1182 


Index 


Wm.    H.    Hon 546 

Stirk,    John,    patriot 186,  IS i,  190, 

539,  638,  643 

Samuel,    patriot    187,539 

Stith,     W l\--i'n] 

Stocks,     Thomas    Judge. .  .361,  m3,  <74 

Stockton,    Joseph   H 850 

Stokes,   Anthony   480 

John    W 825 

W.    H.    Rev I'^G 

Wm.    S 55,  84 

Stone,    B.    A 998 

Ellerson  D.   Rev 3(2 

G.    L 801 

Jesse      696 

Mountain:   a  monolith  of  pre- 
historic   times    245-251,418, 

436,  753 

Thomas,    patriot    538 

Stonewall   Cemetery,   Griffin 393 

Storey,    E.    M.    Gen 438 

"Stories    of    Georgia" 225 

Storrs,  Seth  P 559 

Story,    John    T 654 

Of    Austin    Dabney 509-512 

Of  the  Dodge  Millions 706-767 

"Of  Georgia  and   the   Georgia 

People"    819 

R.    L. 1053 

Stovall,    George    T 323 

Lewis    844 

M.    A.    Gen 330,744 

Pleasant    323 

Pleasant    A.    Hon. .  .645,  804,  958, 
959,  979 

Stephen  B 708 

Strain,    Wm.    W 772 

Strange,    C.    B 867 

Straus   Family,    The 981-982 

Isidor    980-982 

Lazarus    981 

Nathan    980-982 

Oscar    S.    Hon 982-988 

Steel,  George   851 

Street,   J.    C 568 

Strickland,   Barnabus   774 

Hardy    568 

Henry     569 

James  B 929 

J.   J.  Judge    660 

Stringer,   John    786 

J.    R 784 

Strobel,  Mr.,  historian  185,  187-188,  190 
Strohaker,  Rudolph,  patriot. .  .187,  539 
Strong,    Charles,    a   soldier    of    the 

Revolution    000-067 

Chai-les  H.  Rev'. 648 

Christopher  Major    599 

Christopher   B.    Judge 935 

Sallie   K.,   m.    Pope 1047 

Strother,    C.    R 568 

Stroud,    Orion    560 

Stroup,   Berry  J 727 

Strozier,    John    L 872,873 

Stuart,   Henri   (or  Henry)    L.,   pre- 
sents a  portrait  of  Dr.  Long 

to  Georgia   132 

Tomb  of   367 

Stubbs,   James  A 1039 

Studivant,    Edwin    ...655 

Sturges,   Daniel,   executes  device   for 

Geoigia's   Great    Seal 95 

Styles,    Carey   \V 562,750 

Suggs,  C.  L 793 

Sullivan,   James  84 

Richard  A 850 

Thomas   A .589 

Sunmier,   J.  M '.  1053 


Summers,   C 931 

Summerford,   ^\'m 79T 

Summerhn,    \V.    T 794 

W.    W 793 

Summers,  Joseph   640 

Summerville   Cemetery,    Augusta, 

317-319 
County  seat   of  Chattooga, 

054-655 

Sumter   County,   treated 975-979 

Sumterville,    afterwards    Dublin, 

827,  828 
Sunbury:  an  Extinct  Metropolis, 

19'i(-198,    263,    500,    519,    839-840-, 
852 

"Sunny    South,    The" 750,752 

"Sunshine":   the  Home  of  Bishop 

Pierce     790-792 

Surrency,    Allen   P 556 

Sutcliff,   John,   patriot    539 

Sutherland,    Eli    786 

Sutton,    J.    D 875 

Louise    882 

Tom     866 

Suwah,  The,  a  tribe  of  Indians.. 60,  61 

Swann,   T.  S.   Mi-,   and  Mrs 912 

Swanser,   Samuel   622 

Swainsboro,   county-seat  of  Elmanuel, 

727-728 

Sweat,   J.   L.  Judge 557 

Swedenborg,    Emanuel    823 

Sweetwater  Branch,   Legend   of, 

449-450 

Swift,   W.   A , 726 

Wm.    T 797 

Swindle,   W.   L 596 

Swinney,    Richard,   patriot 541 

Sylvania,    county-seat    of    Screven, 

969-970 
Sylvester,   county-seat   of  Worth.. 1053 

Symes,    George    629 

"Symond,    The,"    a   vessel 632 

Synod    of  S.    C.   and   Ga 571 

T 

Taft,  Wm.  H.  Pres.,   803,  946,  960,  962, 

981 
Tait,  Chas.  Judge,  United  State  Sen- 
ator and  Jurist,   16,   18,   19,   20, 
25,  139,  543,  1042 
Assaulted  by  Gen.  John  Clark, 

23-24 
Challenges    Judge    Dooly    ..25-26 

Talbot  County,  treated    979-982 

Home:    Mount    Pleasant     ..1052- 
1053 

John,   tomb  of   354 

Mentioned,    354,   355,    975,   1051 

Mary  Williston   355 

Matthew   Gov.,    tomb   of.. 354-355 

Mentioned,    550,    821,    979,    1040. 

1051 

Phoebe     355 

Thomas,   tomb  of   355 

Mentioned    1051,1052 

William  Lord,  Trustee  of  Geor- 
gia     526 

Talbotton,    county-seat    of    Talbot, 

979,  980 

Female  Academy   979 

Tales   of  the  Revolutionary   Camp- 

Fires    483 

Taliaferro,   Benj.   Col.,   duel   with 

Francis   Willis    12-13 

Mentioned     544,821 

Chas 793,  794 

County,    treated    982-984 

Dickerson     570 


Index 


1183 


p.    R.    Capt 1022,  1025 

Talitchlechee,  a  Creek  Leader,  478,  479 
Tallahassee,  ancient  town  of  Anhay- 

co   located    near    54 

Fla 979 

"Tallassee    Strip"    S20 

"Tallequah,  or  Life  Among  the  Cher- 

okees"    224 

Talmadge,    Aaron    .380 

Talmage  Normal  Institute  1052 

Wm.    A 372 

High   School  at  Midway    573 

Samuel    K.    Rev.    ..571,    572,    574 
Tamar,   escapes   from   the   Indians, 

467-468 

Tampa  Bay   51,  54 

Tankersley,  Wm.  B 693 

Tanner,   Abner    883 

J.    B 669 

John,  Ensign,  C)glethi>rpe's  Reg- 
iment     769 

Tarbutton,    Benj 1021,1026 

Tarlin,   Peter    638 

Tarling.  Peter,  a  Patriot    538 

Tarrentine,   George  \V 795 

Tarver,    Elisha    979 

Hartwell     934 

Hartwell  H.  Gen 688 

Tassel,  George,  the  Hanging  of,  787-788 

Tate,    F.    Carter  Hon 548 

J.   M 559,  560 

Overton    720 

Rebecca    Clark    720 

Tattnall  County,   treated    984-985 

Edward  Fenwick,  tomb  of 292 

Mentioned    545 

H.    Mrs.,   Widow   of  Gen.   Jo- 

siah   Tattnall,   tomb  of    292 

John  R.  F.  Col.,  tomb  of 293 

Josiah  Gov.,  tomb  of  . . .  .291,  292 

Mentioned    287,  543,  550,  648 

Josiah,  the  Elder   486 

Josiah   Commodore,   tomb   of   293 

Josiah  Mullryne    293 

Tatum,  T.  W.  M 793 

Tautphoeus,  Baroness  158 

Taylor,   Col 105 

County,    treated    985 

David,   Jr 559,  560 

Elizabeth,   owned  Wesley's  Di- 
ary     636 

Giles   B 797 

Henry    859,860 

Henry  L 950 

Jeremiah  H 702 

John,  an  anecdote  of 997-998 

John  T 596 

J.  W 999 

Richard     1034 

Robert    372,660 

Robert   N 933 

William    729,  950.  1052,  1053 

Zachary  Pres.   of  U.   S.,    35,    321, 

869,  985  ,1053 

Tazewell:    a    Former    county-seat,    867- 

868 

Academy    867 

Teasley,  W.  A 567 

Tebault,    C.    H.    Mrs 972 

Tefft,    Israel    K 310,520,644 

Telfair  Academy  290 

Alexander    291 

County,    treated    985 

Edward  Gov.,  patriot,  tomb  of, 

290 

Mentioned,     104,     105,     285,     484, 

538,   542.   543,   549,  639,   643,  953 

Edward.   Jr 291 

Hospital      290 


Josiah  G. 291 

Mary,  Home  for  Aged  Women, 

290 

Sarah    291 

Thomas,  a  Congressman  291,  545 
Temperance  in  Georgia,  pioneer  move- 
ment     915 

Temple    College    697 

Tenn,   Zechariah,   a   Patriot    549 

Tennille,    Ga 1027-1028 

Wm.    A 1026 

Terrell,    Alex.    W.    Judge,    quoted,    906- 

908 

County,  treated  986-993 

pjdward 1004 

Uncle   George,   a   i>rototype   of 

Uncle    Remus    243,941 

James    738 

Joel,    E.    G.   Dr.,   his   tomb 434 

Joseph  M.,  Governor  and  U.  S. 

Senator,     his    tomb 433-434 

Mentioned    544,  560,  872 

Thomas     1039 

William   Dr 545,986 

Tomb    of    374 

Wm.    H.,    foot-note    251 

Testing    of   a   Skeleton    584-585 

Texas,   Massacre  of  Fannin's  com- 
mand   at    Goliad    ll.'>-121 

Mentioned    ....906,907,908,909 

"The"    233 

Tharp,   Benj.   F 797 

Thiot    Colonial    Vault    279 

Thomas,    Adeline   Miss    84  7 

B.   M 744 

County,     treated     993-999 

County  Academy    993 

P.   A 570 

Gen 746 

George   D 3  72 

James    Dr 84  7 

Jett    Gen 348-352,993,1008 

John    828 

John   H 879 

John   S 567,574 

L.    P.    Col 783 

Matthieu     264 

Nina  Mrs 660 

Stevens    372,  661 

"Walter  Mrs.,  Regent   710,  711 

William     557 

AV.    W 372,  718,  749 

Thomason,    Paul    M 938 

Thomaston,   county-seat   of  Upson, 

1008-1010 
Thomasville,  county-seat  of  Thomas, 

994 

Thompson,    A.    C.    Prof 1021 

Hotel,    Atlanta    359 

John    1009 

Maurice    771 

Peter  G lOO" 

Robert     723 

Wiley    Gen 545 

Tomb  of    726-727 

William   Esq.,    tomb  of    316 

A^'ill  H     771 

Wm.  T..  Editor  and  Humorist, 

tomb    of    ;i05 

Mentioned     .  . .  .644.  751.  884,  941 
Thomson,  county-seat  of  McDuffie,  850 

High    School    850 

J.    Edgar    S50 

Thornton,  E.  H.  Mrs 913 

W.    C.    Capt 987,988 

Thorpe.  Benj.  F.  Rev 776 

Thrasher,  B.  E.  Hon 922,923 

John     923 

Sarah    Barton    923 


1184 


Index 


Threadcraf t,    George    638 

Thronateeska,    or   Flint    River    703 

Thunderbolt     286,  4S8 

Thurman,   A.    S.   Judge    810 

David   Revolutionary  soldier,   924 

Thurmond,    Richard   1' 850 

S.    P.    Judge 372 

Thweat,    Thomas    1009 

Ticknor,    Dr 405 

Francis  Orray,   tomb  of    400 

Francis    Orray    Mrs 160 

George    C 833 

I.   T.  Rev.,  D.   D 432 

Stewart     782 

Tidwell,   M.   M 568 

Tift,    Bessie    College ^i9 

County,    treated    999 

H.    H.    Mrs 879 

H.    H.    Capt 999 

Nelson   Hon 54  7,708 

Tlfton,   county-seat  of  Tift 999 

Tillman,    Joseph    560 

Tilman,  Isaiah  568 

Tinsley,  Elizabeth    714 

Green     557 

Wm.  Dr 873 

Tishmauga,   an   Indian    Town    480 

Tison,  Cornelius   595 

Isaac   P 831 

"Titanic,    The,"    wrecked    at    sea, 

960-961 

Titlow,   Jerome  B.   Capt 814 

"To  Allegro  Florence,"  in  Heaven,   167 
Toalli   (in  Irwin  County),   an  Indian 

Town     55,  61 

Tobacco  92,  103 

Toccoa,    county-seat   of   Stephens, 

973-974 

Todd,   H.    W 688 

J.  Scott  688 

Tolbert,    William    828 

Tomlinson,  Harris   568 

Humphrey   797 

Tompkins,    Henry   B.    Judge   45,  46,  432 

Nick    938 

■V\^    A 1028 

Tomo-chi-chi     212 

Tomson,   Prof.,  Schoolmaster  of  the 

Old   Field   School    252 

Tondee's    Tavern     288,638,641 

Tonyn,   Fort    617 

Took,   George,  an  Indian    900 

Toombs,    Augustus    1051 

County,    treated    999 

Gabriel    1051 

Gov.    Brown     43-44 

Last  Appearance    14  5 

Tomb  of   352 

Mentioned,  40,  157,  354,  544,  546 

562,  565,  570,  714,  719,  744,  983, 

1048, 1050 

Robert  Gen.,  U.  S.  Senator  and 

Confederate  Secretary  of  State. 

hostile    correspondence    with 

Sarah    1048 

Toomer,   J.   B.   , 585 

Tories,    Skeletons    of    Found    ..844-845 
The:    Georgia's   Reign  of   Terror, 

491,  499 

Torrence,    Harriet  Miss    160 

Matilda  Miss    160 

Wm.    H 558,560,561 

Mansfield     560 

Tory    Government,    Georgia   Patriots 

outlawed   by   the    537-541 

Pond 844 

Tower,    Christopher,    Mem.   of   Par., 

Trustee  of  Georgia 526 


Thomas,   Mem.   of   Par.,   Trust- 
ee   of   Georgia    526 

Townball,  an  old  time  Georgia  game, 

257 

Towns    County,    treated    1000-1001 

George  W.  Gov.,  tomb  of 383 

Recollections   of    1000-1001 

Mentioned    545,546,550,979 

George  W.  B 979 

Sherwood    892 

Willia'm     704 

Willis     866 

Tracy,  E.  D.  Judge   390 

Tragedy  of  the  Swamp,   A    ....474-478 

Trammell,   Paul  B 1034 

Wm.    T 730 

Trans-Oconee  Republic,  Gen.   Elijah 

Clarke's    106-114 

Travelers'    Rest:   a   Forgotten   Town, 

855 

Mentioned     854,863 

Traylor,    John    1009 

Treatv  at  Shoulderbone    110 

Of   Augusta    100 

Of   New   York    ill 

Trenchard,    J.   A 726 

Trenton,  county-seat  of  Dade    700 

Tripoli    934 

Treutlen,    Christian    712 

John  Adam,  Georgia's  first  Gov- 
ernor,   his   mysterious   death, 

170-172 
Mentioned,    138,    186,    187,    638, 
537,  549 
Tribble,    Samuel    J.    Hon.,    Congress- 
man      548,  549 

Trice,    James    1009 

Triebner,  Rev.  Mf.    .  .  .  ; 187,  189 

Trippe,  Robert  P.,  Judge,  tomb  of,  378 

Mentioned    546,878,880 

Robert   P.,    Jr 378 

Turner  H.    Judge.  ..  .564,  567,  592 

Wm.    T 378 

Trotter,    H.,     sergeant     679 

Troup   County,    treated    1001-1005 

Dr 302 

Florida     830,  889 

George   Michael,    Governor   and 

U.   S.   Senator,  his  last  days, 

new     facts     brought     to     light, 

887-893 

Where    he    died    1030 

His    last    will    and    testament, 

830-831 

Mentioned,    139,    140,'   283,    317, 

400,     543,  544,  545,  550,  575,  576, 

627,     652,  828,  851",  853,  1001 

Life    of    310 

George  M.   Jr 830,891,892 

H.    B 568 

James    559 

James   McGillivray    892 

Oralie     830 

Robert  L 891,1030 

Robert    T 892 

Troupville    845 

Troutman,  Joanna  E.   (Mrs.  Vinson), 

designs  Lone  Star  Flag,  694,  695 

Trulock,    W.    S 864 

Truman's   Field   of  Honor,   foot-note   1 
Trustees    for    Establishing   the    Col- 
ony  of   Georgia,   a  complete 

list     525-528 

Mentioned    91,211,212 

Trustees'    Seal    89 

Tubman,    Richard    C 969 

Tuckasee-King.  a  dead  town 713 

Tucker,   H.   C 567 


Index 


1185 


H.    H.    Rev.,    Chancellor,    his 

tomb     431 

Mentioned    777,881 

L.   R 801 

Nathan     568 

Tufts,    Francis    825 

Tulcher,    (or    Fulcher),    Mr.,    enter- 
tains Washington    104 

Tumlin,   Lewis  Col.    ..412,  579,  592,  503 
Tumuli,    Etowah    Mounds,    Curious 

Relics     5S1-5S2 

Tunis     63,  70 

Tupper,    H.    A.    Dr.    (Rev.)    1051 

Turkey   Creek,    a   plantation   owned 

by  Gov.   Troup    889,892 

Turnbull,    Louise   Miss    S86 

Samuel,    Member  of   Parliamen, 

Trustee  of  Georgia    527 

Turnell,   S.   A 886 

Turner,    Charlie    930 

County,    treated    1005-1007 

Edwin    C 1009 

Henry    E -.985 

Henry    G.    Judge    547 

John  B.   Dr 1026 

John  D 428 

J.    E 1023 

Joseph    A 9  10,941,976 

Plantation,     The     940-941 

Sam     866 

Smith     570 

Thos.    B 980 

T.    M 568 

Wm 125,126,128 

Turnipseed,    Levi     797 

R.   A 668 

Twiggs   County,    treated    1007 

David  E.  Gen 1037 

John   Geh.,    of   the    Revolution, 

11,  113,  538,  952 

John   D.    Col 307 

Two  Pioneer  Baptists:  the  Story  of 

the   Mercers    172-179 

Tybee    Island     485 

Tyler,    Anna    Miss    160 

Emma  Miss 160 

Fort,  last  to  surrender  1004-1005 

John    Pres 78 

John    Mrs.,    159,  160,  161,  163,  164 

Mary   Miss    160 

Robert    C.    Gen 1004 

Tyner,    Richard    467,468 

Richard  Mrs 467 

Tyrconnel,    James    Lord,    Trustee    of 

Georgia     52  6 

Tyrer,  George,  Esq.,  an  alderman  of 
London,    Trustee   of  Georgia, 

526 

U 

Uchees,  The,   a  tribe  of  Indians 56 

Uktena,    Agan-Unitsi's   Search    for, 

454-457 

I^lumsuti,    The    45i 

Umasauga,    an   Indian   village 480 

"Uncle    Dick,"    a    servant    to    Mr. 

Stephens     150 

"Remus,"    (Joel   Chandler  Har- 
ris)      0.39 

His    tomb     430-431 

Boyhood    haunts    of    ....939-942 

Remus  Magazine   242,  752 

Remus  Memcirial  Association,  240 

Under    the    Code    Duello    151 

Underwood,    Dr Stj-i 

John    C 828 

John   W.    H.    Judge,    Congress- 


man,   tomb    of    415 

Mentioned     546,759 

Joseph     785 

Wm.     H.     Judge     730,559 

Union  Academy,  where  Wm.  H.  Sew- 
ard taught    121-131,935 

County,    Treated    1007-1008 

Society   196,  650 

United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy, 

Blakely    Chapter    710,711 

Kennesaw   Chapter    682 

Lizzie   Rutherford   Chapter.  ..  157 

Stephens   Chapter    147 

States    Arsenal    at    Augusta, 

seized   966-967 

States  Branch  Bank  at  Savan- 
nah    128 

States    Mint,    at    Dahlonega.  .84  7 

University   of   California    341 

Of    Georgia,     365,368,374 

Of  Halle   214 

Of   Jena    214 

Of  Mississippi    349 

Of    Pennsylvania,     ..132,133,367 

Of  the  South    307 

Upson    County,     treated     1008-1013 

Stephen    Hon.,    tomb    of.. 356-357 

Mentioned,    .  .  .510,  511,  924,  925, 

1008 

Stephen  C 661 

Upton,   Gen 983 

Urquhart,  John  A.  Mrs 160 

Urrea,    Gen.,   a  Mexican   commander 

115,  116 

Usher,    Robert   0 911 

Ustutli,    The    452-4  54 

Usry,  Joshua  F 568 

Utah,  Governor  of,  Alfred  Gumming, 

Utrecht,   Treaty   of    207 

V 

Vail,    Amos     726 

Valdosta,  a  plantation  owned  by  Gov. 

Troup    828,888-889 

Ga 846 

Vallomtarosa,    a    plantation    owned    by 

Gov.     Troup     828,889 

Van   Allen,    Peter   Lawrence,    killed 
in  a  duel  by  Wm.   H.   Craw- 
ford     18-24 

Van   Buren,    Martin   Pres.    ..16,31,302 

Van  Dyke,  H.  M.  Dr 847 

Van  Epps,   Howard  Judge   372 

Van  Metre,  E.  K.  Mrs 587 

Van    Wert,    former    county-seat    of 

Paulding    696,  932 

Vann,    Charles    1034 

David    or   Joseph,    Cherokee 
Chief,   his  home   in  Murray, 

898-899 

Mentioned    211,896 

House    67,  898-S99 

Where   John   Howard   Payne 
was    imprisoned. 

H.   A 999 

J.   S 876 

Vanover,   John  B 987 

Van's  Creek   714 

Varnadoe,   S.  M 568 

L.    L.    Col 996 

Varner.    Hendley    971 

Plouse,  The,  Indian  Springs, 
where  Gen.  Wm.  Mcintosh 
signed   his  death  warrant.  .r,i  i 

Veal,  Lee   866 

Lee  Mrs 866 


1186 


Index 


Veazy,  John   7 ;» 0 

Venable,  James  M.,  first  to  be  given 
anesthesia  for  a  surgical  op- 
eration      ' 131-139 

John    Capt 377 

Venezuela    4  31 

Venlery,    Augustus    9  31 

Vernon,    James,    Ksti.,    Trustee   of 

Georgia    5^0 

Vienna,  county-seat  of  Dooly  ..707-708 
Vincent,  Joseph    866 

Thomas    264,  267 

Vinson,    Carl   Hon.,    Congressman.  .049 

Mrs.     (Joanna    E.     Troutman), 
designs  flag  of  Texas 694 

Tally    5.39 

W.    P.   Mr.   and   Mrs 988 

Virgin,    W.    H.    Capt ...603 

Virginia      354,  355 

Medical    Monthly    136 

Vivian,  Virgil   H 851 

Vocelle,   James   T 450,615 

W 

"Waddell,   Isaac  W.   nev 410,  072 

James  D.   Col 410 

James  I'.   Prof.,   tomb   of    ....368 

Moses   Dr.,    tomb    of    302,368 

AVilliam  H.   frof.,    tomb  of   ..308 

W.   J 793 

Wade,   D.   F.   Dr SOO,  861 

Nehemiah,   patriot   538 

Peyton   L.    Judge,    ..560,661,828 
■\Vadley,   Moses,    Railway   pioneer, 

tomb  of   320,  1024 

Wagner,    Fritz    Mrs.,    daughter    of 

Joel    Chandler   Harris    242 

Walcott,    George   M 93S 

Waldhauer,    Jacob     638 

AValdhaur,   .Jacob   Casper    180 

Walker,    Allen   IM 1009 

A ndrew    W 971 

And  McPherson,  killed:  Battle- 

Field  Memorials    744 

Anna    Polk    Mrs 824 

County,     treated     1013-1010 

E.    B.    Mrs 753 

Edmond    884 

Freeman  Maj 543 

Tomb  of   323-324 

George    P.     Capt 87 

George   W 1019 

Henry     809,  973 

Jack    Chief     1036 

James   Sr ions 

James    Bayard    337 

J.    Randall  Hon 549,929 

James    Sanders     722 

John    B 884 

John   T 988 

John    Williams    722 

Memorable    722 

Mr 128 

Nathaniel     938 

Nathaniel   F 1009 

R.    L..    Mrs 990 

Richard    S 930 

Robert      930 

The  Widow,  marries  Herschel 

V.    Johnson    .3^6 

Valentine    Gen 324 

Walter  Mrs S62 

T\niliam     774 

William  H.  T.  Gen.,  324,  744,  907, 
1052 

Tomb    of    745 

William   1 694,695 


Wm.   S.  Gen 756 

^V'all,   Dr 770 

Solomon    867 

Wallace,    Campbell  Maj 116,424 

?:iijah    992 

Zachariah     867 

Waller,   Robert  Tyler   78.80,82 

Walnut    Hill     174 

Walsh,    Marie    959 

Patrick,  his  monument  unveiled, 
958-900 

Tomb    of    334 

Mentioned    144,146,544 

Walters,    R 821 

Walthour,    Andrew    489,490 

AValthourville,  Ga 489 

Walton,   A.   R 793 

B.    R 568 

Christian   Hill    1046,1047 

County    57  7 

Treated     1016-1019 

County  Academy   1017 

Dorothy,  D.  A.  R.  Chapter,  un- 
veils   monument     989-991 

F.  H 729 

George    Gov.,    Signer    of    the 

Declaration,    United    States 
Senator  and  Jurist,  6,  113,  197, 
325,  503,  537,  542,  543,  549,  638, 
643.  980 

.Tudge,    Attorney-General 104 

John     638,641,642,643 

Peter    774 

Peter,   Sr 884 

Robert,   patriot    538,845 

"AVanderer,    The,"    a    slave    ship, 

308, 957 
AVansall,   Edward,  Quartermaster, 

Oglethorpe's   Regiment    769 

Ward,   Benj.   F 809 

Col.,    commander   of   Georgia 
Regiment  in  the  Texan  War, 

117, 119, 120 

H.    R 559,  979 

•Tames    568 

John    950 

John   E.    Hon 197 

Tomb   of    341,852 

J.   Q.  A.,  artist   151 

Mr 124.  .128 

Peter  Y 669 

Thomas   E 707 

W.    A.    Col 694 

Wardlaw,    James    783 

AA^ard's    Station     95» 

Ware.    Edward    Dr 662 

Edward  R.  Dr 372 

Henry    821 

Nicholas     516,  543 

R.    A.     (Dr.)    Mrs.,    159.    161,  162 
Robert    Capt.,    Revolutionary 

soldier    516 

Shadrach    860,  862 

Waring.  James  J.  Dr 311 

AVm.    R.    Dr 311 

Warner,   Hiram  Chief  Justice,   his 

tomb     433 

His   narrow    Escape    ....874-875 

Mentioned,    546,    559,    560.    562, 

565.  568,  872 

Obadiah  Judge,  his  tomb 433 

Mentioned    872 

Warren   County,    treated    1019-1020 

Eli   Gen.  , 828 

Fort    152 

G.  L 608 

J.    C.   Dr.,    foot-note    135 

Joseph  Gen 1019 


Index 


1387 


Kit,   Rev 828 

LK)tt,   Hon 546,828 

L.    C.   A 947 

Thomas     1039 

Warrenton  Academy   1019 

Warthen,    R.    L 1023 

Thomas  J 1024,1025 

Washington,    Annie   Tufft    382 

Artillery      9G0 

County-seat    I()a9-104() 

County,   treated    1020 

County  Female  Institute 1021 

D.  C,   221,  263,  270,  277,  298,  302, 

344,  367,  382 

George,    4,    6,    74,    109,    111,    139, 

277,   315,   369,   953,   957,    1052 

His  casket    1011 

George    Steptoe    316 

Ga 173,    174,    175.    176,    177 

Historic    Homes    1050,1051 

Hugh    Vernon    382,757,965 

James  H.  R.,  tomb  of 381 

Leroy  Hammond    382 

Mary  A.  Hammond,  founder  of 
the  D.  A.  R.  in  Georgia,  tomb 

of    381-382 

Mary    Elizabeth    382 

Robert  Porter   382 

Rest  Haven  Cemetery   ..352-354 

Smyrna  Church-Yard 354-356 

Samuel    Hammond    382 

Thomas,   patriot   54  0 

William    600,  858 

Washington's  Georgia  Visit:   the 

Diary   of   his   trip,    100-103,  290 

Waterhouse,    Euclid    569 

Waterloo     323 

Waterman,    William    629 

Waters,  George  M 1034 

Watkins,    Anderson    968 

Benj 879 

Digest    10 

Garland   T 722 

George    10,11 

Isham    975 

Robert    722,  821,  922 

Duel  with  James  Jackson  ..9-11 

Robt.    H 722 

Samuel    723 

William    722 

Watkinsville,  Historic  County  seat  of 

Oconee    921-924 

Watson,  A.  M 709 

A.    R 750,  756 

Chas 264,267,639 

Columbusi    668 

Jacob   933 

Pendleton    619 

Thomas     559 

Thomas   E 147,548,850 

Watt,    James,    renowned    inventor.  .110 

Watterson,  Henry   750 

Watts,  John   821 

J.    N 951 

J.   N.   Mrs.,   regent    951 

W.   N 989 

Way,   Moses  Rev 344 

Parmenus    643 

Wayne.  Anthony  Gen 103,  189.  544 

County,   treated    1028-1029 

James  M.   Judge    310.  545 

Waynesborough.   l*resident  Washing- 
ton's  Visit   to    104 

Waynesboro,    Ga 224 

Waynesville,  former  county-seat  of 

Wayne    1028 

Weaver.  Benj.,  a  Revolutionary  pa- 
triot     782, 1011 


G.  A.,   Sr 782,1011,1012 

Hudson     7  S2 

J.   A.   Dr 7  82 

J.    C.   Dr 782 

Olin    Dr 782 

S.  R 668 

T.  A.   D.   Judge    782,1011 

W.    T.    Prof 7«2.  1011,  1012 

Wm.    W.   D.    • 782 

Webb,    Alfred    567 

Clinton    M.,    quoted     223 

Clinton  M.  Mrs 223 

John    1011 

John  Capt.,  Industrial  pioneer 

915 

John    C 790,1004 

Webster   County,    treated    1029 

Daniel     70,  s.'i,  150,  151 

Weed,  Jacob    614,  615 

Welch,  George  W ! 1007 

Welchel,    David    568 

Wellborn,    Alfred    872 

A.   R.   Dr 776 

C 5r,9 

J.    P 569 

Marshall   J.    Hon 403,546 

Tomb    of    423 

Wells,   Andrew  E 610,638,521 

Horace   Dr.,    claimant    to    dis- 
covery   of    anesthesia    131,135, 
136 
Lieut. Gov.,    killed    in   a   duel...0 

Wereat,    John    5:i8,  549,  638 

Wesle.v,  Charles  Kev 631-634 

John  Rev 1  so,  631-637 

Impressed   by    the   Moravians, 

213 

Samuel    Rev 631 

Wesleyan    Christian    Advocate    899 

Wesley's  Georgia  Diary  and   Hymn 

Book     036-637 

Wesleys,  The,  John  and  Charles, 

031-633 

West,  Andrew  Gen 250 

Chas.  N 311 

Fred   H 831 

James    1017 

.John    62S 

.John  T.  Hon 850 

Mary    A 975 

Point,   Ga ooo,  1003-1004 

Point    Academy    I004 

Samuel,  patriot   54  0 

Wm.  E 931 

W.     E 569 

Wm.  F 950 

Wm.    S.    Hon.,    Hnitod    States 

Senator    544,871 

Westbrook,  W.  T 864 

Western  «&  A.  R.  R.,  the  State  Road 

in    Georgia    231 

Westmoreland,   J.   O.  Dr 753 

W.    F.   Mrs 754 

Wm 972 

Weston,  Myron  E 987 

S.     R 9S9 

Westphalia,   treaty  of    181 

Westview   Cemetery    756 

Whaley.  E.  R 999 

W.   H 1029 

Whateley.  O.  B 927 

S.    J.    T 1019 

Whatley.    Wilson 1017,1019 

Wilson,    O.    B 931 

Wheeler  County,  treated   1029-1030 

Isaac    614 

.Joseph  Gen 744 

William    875 


1188 


Index 


Whelan,    Peter,    Father    046,647 

A\lielehel,    Davis    ')06 

Whiddon,  William   702 

Whitaker,    Benj.    Hon 968 

Jared  I.   Hon 428,750,800 

O.   D 1004 

Simon    800 

W.  H.  H.  Dr 1025 

Whitdon,     Eli     727 

White,   Andrew  J 1009 

B.   B 1009 

Bluff     294 

Cornelia     957 

County,    treated    1030-1033 

Edward  Major,   tomb  of   282 

George    Rev.,    quoted,    ..T08,  441, 

442,  445,  460,  464,  467,  468,  488, 

491,  499,  514,  515,  673,  885,  886, 

887 

House    ..^ 269,495,512 

James     659,  704 

John  Col.,  patriot.  Hero  of  the 
Great    Ogeechee,    Trustee    of 
Georgia,   371,    518-520,    526,  53S, 
1030 

L. 810 

Milton    772 

N.    B 810 

Oliver    772 

Robert,    Rev 648 

Wade   620 

W.    B.   Mr.   and  Mrs 957 

Willie   S.    Miss    899,1038 

Whitefield  County,  treated   ..1033-1038 

George,  Rev.,   182,   265,   276,  633, 

634,   635,    6'36,   649,   650 

J 774 

Whitehead,    C.    L. 568 

J.    B 432,  883 

Whitelay,  Richard  H.  Hon 547 

White's   Mill    915,916 

Whitner,    John   C 905 

Whitney,    Inventor    of    the    Cotton 

Gin     93,  968 

Whittle,    L.    N 391 

Wiclier,    N.    A 569 

Wiggins,    .J.    S 904 

S.    P.    Rev. 957 

Wilburn,    Jack    668 

Thomas     668 

Wilcher,   Jordan    867 

Wilcox  County,   treated    1038-1039 

J.    L. 1039 

Kate     927 

M.irk     Gen 985,1038 

Wilde,    Richard    H.    Hon 545 

Tomb  of 326-327 

Wilder,    Milton    1007 

Wiley,    LeRoy   M 390 

Nicholas    354 

Wilhite,    Calhoun    Dr 726 

Wilkes  County,  treated 1039-1052 

Heroic    Women    of     1041 

In  the  Revolution   1040 

Manufacturing  Co 1040 

W.    C.    Dr 865,866 

Wilkins.,    William     693,935 

Wilkinson,    C.    C 65  4 

County,    treated    1052-1053 

Fort    600 

.Tames  Gen 610,1052 

Margaret    927 

Willcox.    C.    P.    Prof 372 

Willet,  J.   B.  Prof 777 

"William  my-trimble-toe,"    an    old 

game    ■?r-.f\ 

256 
William,   the  Conqueror   1 


Williams,    A 774 

Ammi     427 

Benj 693 

C.    C.    Dr 315,512,513 

Chas.    J.    Mrs 753 

Tomb    of    398 

Secretary    of   the    Columbus 
Memorial    Association.  .156-167 

Her  famous  letter   163-164 

Chas.   W.  Capt 923 

Duke    1009 

Eb.    T.   Hon 29 

George     857 

G.    W.    M 568 

George   \V.,   quoted    1031-1032 

H.   D 568 

Howell     558 

James  E.,  an  early  Mayor  of 

Atlanta,   tomb   of    426 

John    1021 

J.   M 797 

L. 567 

Mason    886 

Oscar   860 

Samuel    P 987 

Shepherd     610 

Tom    Maj 756 

Wiley     559 

William   Capt.,    663,  702,  703,  756, 
935,  970 

William,    Sr.,    638 

W.    M.    Capt 753 

W.    N 793,794 

Williamson,  Andrew,  patriot   ..538,894 

Andy    738 

Eldredge  Dr 1020 

Elizabeth   Thweat    1042 

Frank    696 

James    564,  569 

J.  R.,  duel  with  Patrick  Cal- 
houn     44-48 

Martha    (Fitch)     1042 

Mary   (Campbell)    1042 

Micajah    Col 139,944.1042 

Nancy     (Clark)     1042 

Rev.     Mr 988 

Sarah  Gillian,  a  heroine  of  the 

Revolution    1042 

S'lsan    (M.    Bird) 1042 

W.    L.    Mrs 806 

W.    W 559 

W^illiford,    H.    O.    Col 807 

T).    L 886 

Willingham,   Bessie    (Mrs.   H.   H.   Tift) 

879 

B.  S.  Hon 881 

Brooks     931 

Willis    569 

William     691 

Willis,    Francis    Col.,    duel   with   Col. 

Benj.    Taliaferro    12-13 

Mentioned     544,1039 

R.    J 568 

Stephen     873 

W.    H.    Col.,   of  Macon 855-858 

Wills,    David   Dr 573 

Willson,    John    968 

Wilmington    River    286 

Wilson,    Adelaide,    author   of   "Hist- 
toric  and  Picturesque  Savan- 
nah.",   quoted    229,633-634 

Claudius    C 744 

Enoch    856 

George     821 

James  A 988 

James    H.    Gen 902 

John,   patriot    540 

J.    G.    N.    quoted 478-480 


Index 


1189 


John    T 929 

j_    ]\^ ._  _  _  592 

John's!  Rev.]  D.D.,'  tomb  of,  421 
John   Townsend,    quoted,    167-108 

Jos.  R.  Dr 760 

Mrs.,    Comes  Home    269-271 

Thomas  Rev.,   M.   P.,   Trustee 

of  Georgia   527 

Woodrow  Pres.,  28.  645,  786,  803, 
841.  946 
An  incident  in  his  career  as 

a   lawyer    758 

Woodrow    Mrs.,    her    girlhood 

home    731 

Her  m-ave    417 

Mentioned     367,  807 

Wm.    T.    Col.,    tomb   of    425 

W.   W 712 

Wimberly,  Ezekiel  Col 599 

Joshua  R 1007 

Wimpy,   A.    G 849 

Winbourn,   B.   L. 987 

Susie    Cole   Miss    653 

Wimbush,    Wm.    M .'..976 

Winder,    county-seat   of   Barrow. 

577-578 

Wingfield.   Garland    1050 

Winham,    William    831 

Winn,  A.  A 567 

Abiel    Capt 834 

James    C.    Capt 120 

James  E.  Capt 783 

John    Rev 540.643,835 

John,  Sr.,   639 

Vorer   Ke^- 344.840 

Thomas   E.   Hon 548 

Thomas    S.    Rev 344 

R.   D 568 

Winship,    Emory  Capt 601 

Isaac  Mrs.,  Macon's  first  white 

child    600.601.753 

Joseph     427 

Robert  Mrs 923 

Winslow,    Col 208 

Winston,    Thomas    1004 

Winter,  John  Gano,  a  financier 613 

Joseph,  a  patriot    613 

Winters,    John    672 

Joseph   H.    Sergeant    679 

Washington    671 

Wirz,    Henry   Maj.,    his   monument 

at   Andersonville    977-979 

Wise.   Henry  A.,   Governor  of  Va.,   900 

J.   W.   Hon 549 

Witcher,    Hezekiah    931 

John,    Sr 931 

Larry     931 

Witherspoon,     John     638 

"Witt,    David    559 

Wittich,   Lucas  L 8S4 

Wofford,    Gen 565 

Wm.    B 785 

William   T 562,   567,   587,   592 

Wollaston,  Francis  Esq.,  Trustee  of 

Georgia    527 

William,  Member  of  Parliament, 

526 

Womack,    Wylie    982 

Wood,    Bob    914 

Carey,  pioneer  of  Covington, 

911,  912 

James  Mrs 848 

James   S.    Mrs 800 

Jesse   M 931 

John  S.  Mrs.,   regent    653 

Joseph     517,  538,  543 

Joseph,   Jr..   a   patriot 538 

Mary  Jane    912 


Pauline    912 

R.   A 904 

R.   P 56S 

R.  R.  Major  and  Q.  M 155 

W.    A.    Judge    831 

Woodberry,   Rosa  Miss    967 

Woodbridge,  G 821 

AVoodbury,   Ga 875 

Woodfin.  Wm.  G.  Prof 777 

Woodin.    Alfred    W 739 

Woodland   Female   Academy    931 

James     615 

Woodruff,    George   W.   Mrs 160 

Joseph    Col.,    patriot   and    pio- 
neer      853-854,538 

Joseph,  Jr.,  Capt 853 

Mary,   married  Capt.   O'Neill,   853 
Mr.,  successor  to  Mr.   Seward 

to  Union  Academy    130 

"Stories"    224 

Wareham    971 

Woods,   Middleton    725 

Woodson    &    Bowdre    1009 

Woodward,    James   G.    Mayor    761 

Wool,  John  E.   Gen 901 

AWjoidi-idKe.     \Villiam     654 

Woolf.    McDowell  Mrs.,   founder  of 

Children  of  the   Con 967 

Woolfolk.    William    G.    Mrs.,    157.    159, 
162,  163,  164 
AfPdavit  on  origin  of  Memorial 

Day    162.163 

Wooten,  Ann   '. 600 

C.    B 989 

John  Maj 600,  858 

Mrs.    Governor  Rabun's 

daughter     793 

Station,  afterwards  Leesburg, 

831 
Wootten,  Priscilla,  married  Pope,  1047 

Thomas     1047 

Worcester,  Samuel  Rev 900 

Word,    John    592 

Timothy  C 1017 

■V^^ordsworth,   Capt 617 

Worley,    Wm.    J 84  9 

Wormsloe,  Estate  of  Noble  Jones,  265, 

279,  288 

Worrell,    Bedford   S 975 

Solomon     1052 

Worrill,    Edmond    H 980 

Worth  County,  treated    1053-1054 

Wm.   J.    Gen 1053 

Worthington,    Dennis    846 

Worthy.  Henry   875 

Wren,  Christopher  Sir  363 

"Wren's  Nest,    The":    its  Memories 
of    Joel    Chandler    Harris, 

239-244 

Wright.  Ambrose  638 

Ambrose  R.  Gen.,  tomb  of 330 

Mentioned    347 

Augustus  R.  Hon.,   415,   546,   592, 

731 

Benj.  Judge  438 

B.    W 567 

Chas 617 

T>ionyslus,  a   patriot    540 

Frank    808 

■Oermvn     617 

Gilbert   J.   Gen 783,881 

Tomb    of    378 

Henry  Gregory,    tomb  of   ....347 

James  Sir,   A  Royal  Governor 

of   Georgia,    194,    265,    276,    485, 

486,  492.  517.  537.  549.  609,  641. 

951,  952 

His  arrest   486-488 


1190 


Index 


Georgia    527,  G2S 

John,  Mem.  of  Tar.,  Trustee  of 

John    B 8-21 

Joseph    Mrs 913 

Matthew     975 

Obert   Capt 832 

William    2G5 

William    A.    Gen 347 

Wrlghtsville.   Ga S2l 

Wuce,   W.   B 72!) 

Wyatt,   Josei)h   M 978 

Wvche,    George,    a    patriot    540 

Wyer,    H.    0 774 

Wylev,    Richard,   a   patriot    539 

Wylly,   Alex.  Campbell  Cfipt 7G7 

Richard     278,  G40 

Wynn,  Andrew   \V 9SU 

X 

Xualla,    an   Indian   town 58,59,61 

Y 

Yahula     450-452 

Yahoola   Creek    4  52 

Yancey,    Benjamin    Cudworth    Col.. 

tomb   of    41  G 

Mentioned     42,  G60,  1U20 

Goodloe   H.    Capt 42 

William  Lowndes  Hon.,   Con- 
federate States  Senator  and 
orator  of  Secession,  difficulty 

with   Mr.   Hill    41-42 

Mentioned    41G,  1020 

Yarbrough,    Wm 855 

Yates,    Presley    507 

Samuel    228 

Yazoo    Act    344,  345 

Duels   caused    by    7-12 

Yeomans,   M.   J.   Hon 993 

Yoakum,    Henderson,    historian    of 


Texas,   quoted    llG-121 

Yonah   Mountain    58,400,1033 

Yopp,    J.    W 568 

Yorktown,    surrender    at     71,853 

Youmans,    C.    S 929 

Young,    C.    H SG3,  8G4 

E.   Caroline    413 

Elijah   R 994 

Isaac    G3  8 

Jacob    508 

"Marooners,  The"   ..210,222-225, 
399, 684 

Michael     610 

Mike  Col 993 

Pierce   M.    B.    Gon.,    Congress- 
man,   diplomat,    tomb    of... 412 

Mentioned    547 

R.    M 413,  568 

Sophia     277 

Thomas,    a   Tory    609 

Thomas     628,  629 

Wm 277,643,638 

Wm.    J 995 

Wm.    P 673 

Willis     970 

Yupaha,    an    Indian    pri)vince    ...54,57 

Z 

Zachaiy.    Daniel    9G9 

James  L 850 

Zebulon,    county-seat    of    Pike.  .929-930 

Zeigler,    Solomon    970 

Zimmerman,    Philip    845 

R.    P 884 

Zinzendorf,    Count     211,212,214 

Zittrauer,    Ernest    187 

Zouberbuhler,    Bartholemew    ..649,650 

Zuber,    S.   D.   Mrs 990 

Zubly,  David   638,643 

John  Joachim  Dr.  (Rev),  542,  638 


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